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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Chinese_Mainland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_in_Chinese_Mainland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Xiangsheng in Chinese Mainland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Chinese_Mainland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_in_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Xiangsheng in Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_in_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Xiangsheng in Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Malaysia_(Overseas_Chinese)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_in_Malaysia_(Overseas_Chinese)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Xiangsheng in Malaysia (Overseas Chinese)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_Malaysia_(Overseas_Chinese)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Xiangsheng in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_social_commentary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_social_commentary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>As social commentary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_social_commentary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Xiangsheng_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Xiangsheng_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Xiangsheng classifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Xiangsheng_classifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Xiangsheng classifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Xiangsheng_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_number_of_actors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_number_of_actors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>By number of actors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_number_of_actors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>By content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>By chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_genre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_genre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>By genre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_genre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable performers</span> </div> </a> <ul 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title="Xiangsheng – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xiangsheng" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%84%B1_(%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%B0_%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0)" title="상성 (공연 예술) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상성 (공연 예술)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" title="相声 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="相声" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xiangsheng" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Сяншэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сяншэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangsheng" title="Xiangsheng – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Xiangsheng" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сяншен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сяншен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" title="相声 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="相声" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2119392#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Xiangsheng%22">"Xiangsheng"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Xiangsheng%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Xiangsheng%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Xiangsheng%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Xiangsheng%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Xiangsheng%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:antiquewhite;">Crosstalk</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg/210px-%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg/315px-%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg/420px-%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%90%8D%E6%B5%81%E8%8C%B6%E9%A6%86%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Xiangsheng performers in a Tianjin theater.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Medium</th><td class="infobox-data">Sound</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">a traditional <a href="/wiki/Performing_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing art">performing art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">Chinese comedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Originating culture</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Originating era</th><td class="infobox-data">late <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Xiangsheng</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%81%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:相聲">相聲</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:相声">相声</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">face and voice<sup id="cite_ref-TamWesoky2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TamWesoky2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Xiàngsheng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xiangsheng</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%81%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:相聲">相聲</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:相声">相声</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiàngsheng</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'face and voice'), also known as <b>crosstalk</b> or comic dialog,<sup id="cite_ref-Davis2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a traditional <a href="/wiki/Performing_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing art">performing art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">Chinese comedy</a>, and one of the most popular elements in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>. It is typically performed as a <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialog</a> between <a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">two performers</a>, or rarely as a <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologue</a> by a solo performer (similar to most forms of <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a>), or even less frequently, as a group act by multiple performers. The Xiangsheng language, rich in <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusions</a>, is delivered in a rapid, bantering style, typically in the <a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin dialect</a> (or in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> with a strong <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">northern</a> accent). The acts would sometimes include singing, <a href="/wiki/Kuaiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaiban">Chinese rapping</a>, and musical instruments. </p><p>Xiangsheng has connections with the <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> Double act that developed in approximately the same era. Some Westerners have studied the art of Xiangsheng.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One <a href="/wiki/Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian">Canadian</a> student of Xiangsheng, Mark Rowswell, who uses the stage name of <a href="/wiki/Dashan" title="Dashan">Dashan</a>, has said that the closest English equivalent is "<a href="/wiki/Who%27s_on_First%3F" title="Who's on First?">Who's on First?</a>", a sketch by <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello" title="Abbott and Costello">Abbott and Costello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dashan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dashan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many acts in vaudeville and radio double acts, as well as the screen comedy dialog that evolved from them, are similar to Xiangsheng in their formula. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Format">Format</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Format"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern Xiangsheng comprises four classic skills: </p> <ul><li><i>Speaking</i> (simplified Chinese: 说; traditional Chinese: 說; pinyin: <i>shuō</i>): to tell a story, which is the pragmatic mechanism of humor (i.e. making jokes or using <a href="/wiki/Tongue-twisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongue-twisters">tongue-twisters</a>).</li> <li><i>Imitating</i> (simplified Chinese: 学; traditional Chinese: 學; pinyin: <i>xué</i>): includes <a href="/wiki/Kouji" title="Kouji">Kouji</a>, accents, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, and other sounds, as well as imitating the "singing" and actions of specific characters in traditional Chinese operas such as <a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingxi_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingxi art (page does not exist)">Pingxi</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangzi_art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangzi art (page does not exist)">Bangzi</a>.</li> <li><i>Teasing</i> (Chinese: 逗; pinyin: <i>dòu</i>): to make a joke—tease is the soul of Xiangsheng.</li> <li><i>Singing</i> (Chinese: 唱; pinyin: <i>chàng</i>): only <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiping_lyrics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiping lyrics (page does not exist)">Taiping lyrics</a> can be considered as singing in Xiangsheng.</li></ul> <p>Xiangsheng is most commonly performed by two actors. The leading actor is called Dougen (simplified Chinese: 逗哏; traditional Chinese: 逗哏; pinyin: dòugén) and the supporting actor is called Penggen (simplified Chinese: 捧哏; traditional Chinese: 捧哏; pinyin: pěnggén). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Xiangsheng is generally thought to have originated in the late <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>, particularly during the rules of the <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi Emperor</a> in the mid-1800s, although its roots may extend as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>. It began as a form of <a href="/wiki/Street_performance" title="Street performance">street performance</a>, incorporating joke-telling, comedic banter, imitations, or borrowing from other performance arts, such as Peking opera, all with the express purpose of making audiences laugh. By the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, Xiangsheng had evolved into a more modern format. It was performed in <a href="/wiki/Teahouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Teahouses">teahouses</a>, theaters, and, eventually, on radio and television. </p><p>There are three major sources of Xiangsheng: <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> Tianqiao, <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> Quanyechang, and the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Confucius" title="Temple of Confucius">Confucius Temple</a>. The origins of certain modern-day Xiangsheng pieces can be traced back well over 100 years, though in many cases, the original author is unattributed. Many skits in "traditional Xiangsheng" have evolved through generations of performers successively revising material, retaining the general structure or "heart" of a piece while updating specific references with more modern material. </p><p>One of the earliest Xiangsheng pioneers is a person known by the name of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sanlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sanlu (page does not exist)">Zhang Sanlu</a> (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">张三禄</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">張三祿</span>), who performed during the mid-19th century. Originally a performer of Ba Jiao Gu (<i>drum-song</i>) (Chinese: <span lang="zh">八角鼓</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">bā jiǎo gǔ</span></i>), Zhang eventually switched to doing imitations and telling humorous stories. Later artists considered Zhang to have been one of the first Xiangsheng performers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangsheng_in_Chinese_Mainland">Xiangsheng in Chinese Mainland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng in Chinese Mainland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> in 1949, the popularity of Xiangsheng increased. Previously seen as relatively low-class street performing, Xiangsheng became regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> art form. Because it was performed in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, Xiangsheng became a useful tool for promoting the use of Mandarin Chinese throughout China. </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Hou_Baolin" title="Hou Baolin">Hou Baolin</a> led a group of Xiangsheng performers to reform Xiangsheng, removing language and content that was considered "vulgar" and generally making it more "politically correct". Hou later became widely regarded as a master of Xiangsheng. He is often regarded as "China's <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with many forms of performance art, Xiangsheng was banned during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>. It experienced a huge resurgence in the mid-1970s, with many skits <a href="/wiki/Satirizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirizing">satirizing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a> and excesses of this period. With the popularization of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> in the 1980s, Xiangsheng became a standard feature of the annual <a href="/wiki/CCTV_New_Year%27s_Gala" class="mw-redirect" title="CCTV New Year's Gala">New Year's Gala</a> of <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television</a> (CCTV), as well as other popular performing arts shows in China. </p><p>Xiangsheng entered a period of decline in the 1990s, caused largely by increased official sensitivity towards political and social satire following the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">1989 Tiananmen Square protests</a>, as well as the lack of performance venues outside of sanitized state-run television programming. Many performers called for a return of performing Xiangsheng in teahouses and small theaters, which had traditionally been the main venues for Xiangsheng performances but were almost never used at the time. A new generation of Xiangsheng performers emerged from this movement, including <a href="/wiki/Guo_Degang" title="Guo Degang">Guo Degang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guo has been credited with renewing interest among young <a href="/wiki/Millennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennial">millennial</a> audiences, who found Xiangsheng to be boring and didactic. Guo's rise to fame, while representing a very traditionalist movement, pitted him against more mainstream, establishment performers, such as <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Kun_(comedian)" title="Jiang Kun (comedian)">Jiang Kun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years, to appeal to younger audiences, animators have created <a href="/wiki/Animated" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated">animated</a> versions of various skits using audio from past broadcasts. The animated versions often use humor in a literal sense, illustrating scenes or stories described by the performers. There are some variety shows for young Xiangsheng actors to promote themselves like "Xiangsheng Has New Talents" (Chinese: 相声有新人) and "Happy Comedian" (Chinese: 欢乐喜剧人), both hosted by Guo Degang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangsheng_in_Taiwan">Xiangsheng in Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng in Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, a group of Xiangsheng performers followed the Republic of China's retreat to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. The same year, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Yian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Yian (page does not exist)">Chen Yian</a> (Chinese: 陳逸安), Wei Longhao (Chinese: 魏龍豪), and <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhaonan" title="Wu Zhaonan">Wu Zhaonan</a> met and hosted a Xiangsheng show on the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Corporation_of_China" title="Broadcasting Corporation of China">Broadcasting Corporation of China</a> and Taiwan Police Radio (Chinese: 警察廣播電台). After 1967, he<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (September 2019)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> began collecting data to produce "Xiangsheng Collections", "Xiangsheng Highlight", "Xiangsheng Anecdote", and "Rediscovery of Xiangsheng". </p><p>Initially, Xiangsheng's main audience was <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">internal immigrants</a>, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Military_dependents%27_village" title="Military dependents' village">military dependents' villages</a>. In 1985, the performance workshop Biao Fang (Chinese: 表演工作坊) launched <i>That Night, We Speak Xiangsheng</i> (Chinese: 那一夜，我們說相聲), a play performed by Li Liqun (Chinese: 李立群) and Li Guoxiu (Chinese: 李國修), which caused a stir. </p><p>In 1989, Biao Fang launched the stage play <i>Tonight, Who Speaks Xiangsheng?</i> (Chinese: 這一夜，誰來說相聲), which was performed by Li Liqun (Chinese: 李立群), Jin Shijie (Chinese: 金士傑), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Lihua_actor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Lihua actor (page does not exist)">Chen Lihua</a> (Chinese: 陳立華). Numerous other plays were produced, including: </p> <ul><li><i>Taiwan Bizarre Talk</i> (1991; performed by Li Liqun),</li> <li><i>That Night, We Speak Xiangsheng</i> (Chinese: 那一夜，我們說相聲; 1993; performed by Li Liqun and Feng Yugang (Chinese: 馮翊綱)),</li> <li><i>Another Night, They Speak Xiangsheng</i> (1997; performed by Feng Yugang, Zhao Ziqiang (Chinese: 赵自强), and Bu Xueliang (Chinese: 卜學亮), and</li> <li><i>Millennium Night, We Speak Xiangsheng</i> (2000; performed by Zhao Ziqiang, Jin Shijie, and <a href="/wiki/Ni_Min-jan" title="Ni Min-jan">Ni Minjan</a>).</li></ul> <p>In 2005, <i>This Night, Women Speak Xiangsheng</i>—performed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fang_Fang_actress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fang Fang actress (page does not exist)">Fang Fang</a> (Chinese: 方芳), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deng_Chenghui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deng Chenghui (page does not exist)">Deng Chenghui</a> (Chinese: 鄧程慧), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiao_Ai_Xianghsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiao Ai Xianghsheng (page does not exist)">Xiao Ai</a> (Chinese: 蕭艾)—was launched. Although all these plays were claimed to be Xiangsheng,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2019)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> they were actually <a href="/wiki/Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Theater">theater</a> performances. </p><p>In April 1988, Feng Yugang and Song Shaoqing (Chinese: 宋少卿) formed Comedians Workshop, which aimed to merge theater with Xiangsheng. Huang Shiwei (Chinese: 黄士伟) joined in 2001. On July 8, 2004, Comedians Workshop assisted Dream Theater to perform <i>Give Me a Tape.</i> </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Zengqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Zengqi (page does not exist)">Liu Zengqi</a> (Chinese: 劉增鍇) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lin_Wenbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lin Wenbin (page does not exist)">Lin Wenbin</a> (Chinese: 林文彬) founded the Taipei Musical Art Troupe. In addition to Xiangsheng, they also introduced many Chinese traditional <a href="/wiki/Quyi" title="Quyi">Quyi</a> (a traditional form of Chinese art), such as Shuanghuang (Chinese: 双簧), <a href="/wiki/Pingshu" title="Pingshu">Pingshu</a> (Chinese: 评书), <a href="/wiki/Shulaibao" title="Shulaibao">Shulaibao</a> (Chinese: 数来宝), <a href="/wiki/Kuaiban" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaiban">Kuaiban</a> (Chinese: 快板书), Jingyun drum (Chinese: 京韵大鼓), Meihua drum (Chinese: 梅花大鼓), Xihe drum (Chinese: 西河大鼓), Danxian (Chinese: 单弦), and Taiping lyrics (Chinese: 太平歌詞), which have also promoted the exchange of performances between Taiwan and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>. </p><p>On August 26, 1999, Wu Zhaonan announced the establishment of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zhaonan%27s_Xiangsheng_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zhaonan's Xiangsheng Club (page does not exist)">Wu Zhaonan's Xiangsheng Club</a>. Only direct disciples of Wu Zhaonan could become official members. In addition to Xiangsheng, it also introduced Quyi, including Shuanghuang (Chinese: 双簧), Pingshu (Chinese: 评书), Shulaibao (Chinese: 数来宝), Kuaiban (Chinese: 快板书), Danxian (Chinese: 单弦), Taiping lyrics (Chinese: 太平歌詞), and Peking opera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangsheng_in_Hong_Kong">Xiangsheng in Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng in Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Xiangsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Xiangsheng (page does not exist)">Northern Xiangsheng</a> has been popular in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a> period. As early as the Qing Dynasty, storytellers from China brought Xiangsheng to South <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and Hong Kong. </p><p>After Hong Kong was ceded as a British colony,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the development of Xiangsheng entered a unique period of localization. In the early years of the Republic of China, Hong Kong's Xiangsheng mainly performed in the street, and most Xiangsheng artists were jugglers, such as Pingshu and Kouji. Xiangsheng performers came from all walks of life. They were knowledgeable and enjoyed chatting, thus using Xiangsheng to make a living. </p><p>In the 1940s and 50s, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong cinema">Hong Kong cinema</a> began to develop rapidly, and Xiangsheng began to integrate into emerging media. In old Hong Kong movies, Xiangsheng-inspired comedy began to integrate into early Hong Kong cinema, mostly in the form of monologs and characters teasing each other. </p><p>In 1957, the first Chinese-language TV media in the world was created; it was called Rediffusion Television Limited and was the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">Asia Television</a>. Xiangsheng became a fixed performance for <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety shows</a>. In 1967, <a href="/wiki/Television_Broadcasts_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Broadcasts Limited">Television Broadcasts Limited</a> (TVB) was created, and the variety show <i><a href="/wiki/Enjoy_Yourself_Tonight" title="Enjoy Yourself Tonight">Enjoy Yourself Tonight</a></i> was launched. Xiangsheng began to appear in several variants in the variety show, such as the host's speech and the show to show lines. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangsheng_in_Malaysia_(Overseas_Chinese)"><span id="Xiangsheng_in_Malaysia_.28Overseas_Chinese.29"></span>Xiangsheng in Malaysia (Overseas Chinese)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng in Malaysia (Overseas Chinese)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, a number of performers from <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> for development (before <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia#Expulsion" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feng_Xiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feng Xiang (page does not exist)">Feng Xiang</a> (Chinese: 冯翔), <a href="/wiki/Bai_Yan_(actor)" title="Bai Yan (actor)">Bai Yan</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu_Ding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu Ding (page does not exist)">Lu Ding</a> performed Xiangsheng in this region. In the multi-language environment of Malaysia, "Malaysian Xiangsheng" became different from Xiangsheng in mainland China and Taiwan. Since Mandarin Chinese is not a mainstream language in Malaysia, there are few professional performers in Malaysia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Xiangsheng_in_North_America">Xiangsheng in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984, 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">comedian</a> Mark Rowswell started learning <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating in 1988, he went on to study Xiangsheng at <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> with a Chinese comedian and Xiangsheng master, Jiang Kun (姜昆).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started using the Chinese name '<a href="/wiki/Dashan" title="Dashan">Dashan</a>' (大山), now a household name in China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dashan has consistently improved his Chinese over thirty years, frequently appearing on national Chinese television.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His career has consisted of a wide variety work, not just Xiangsheng, and in recent years he has gravitated more towards Western-style <a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">stand-up comedy</a> in Chinese, with elements of Xiangsheng incorporated into the act.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dashan has served informally as a cultural ambassador, using his work to help bridge cultural gaps between <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, American comedian Jesse Appell, known as Ai Jiexi (艾杰西) in China, started on his journey with Xiangsheng.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally from <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, Appell went to <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a> where he joined the <a href="/wiki/Global_China_Connection" title="Global China Connection">Global China Connection</a> (GCC) and regularly performed stand-up comedy.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to China in September 2012 to study Chinese at <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Scholar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he improved his Chinese and was awarded the Critical Language Enhancement Award (CLEA).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of his Fulbright Scholarship, he studied Xiangsheng with a master of the craft, <a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangquan" title="Ding Guangquan">Ding Guangquan</a> (丁广泉).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appell founded a <a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">comedy</a> center, LaughBeijing, that hosted over 300 shows per year in Beijing from 2016 to 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Team_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Team-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of his work today also focuses on bringing the Western-style stand-up comedy to China.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sees himself as a cultural ambassador, combining his talents with the power of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to help <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">U.S.-China relations</a> and bridge cultural gaps.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_social_commentary">As social commentary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As social commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The small scale and popularity of Xiangsheng make it second only to word of mouth in reflecting popular concerns. Hou Baolin and others have said that Xiangsheng items are "works of comic nature which use satire and humor as their principal base. The cross talks use witty speech, bitter, ridiculous ridicule, in order to achieve the purpose of arrogant "big laugh" and entertaining people. Its earliest form was derived from the juggling of "Yuyou". In these jokes, artists often pinned their mockery and whipping against the rulers. Their satirical content strikes home at contemporary malpractices and also often includes political satire." The role of Xiangsheng in the social commentary was seen after the fall of the Gang of Four in 1976 when Xiangsheng performances provided the first open criticisms of the gang. After 1976, Xiangsheng has also satirized corrupt officials and members of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, although criticism of the party as an entity remains off-limits.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackerras_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackerras-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xiangsheng_classifications">Xiangsheng classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Xiangsheng classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_number_of_actors">By number of actors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By number of actors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dankou Xiangsheng: a monolog by a solo performer</li> <li>Duikou Xiangsheng: a dialog between two performers</li> <li>Qunkou Xiangsheng: a group act with at least three performers</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_content">By content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: By content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ironic Xiangsheng: performers criticize themselves, others, or concepts, such as Hou Baolin's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walking_in_the_dark_xiangsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walking in the dark xiangsheng (page does not exist)"><i> Walking in the dark</i></a> (Chinese:夜行记) (criticizes people who do not follow the traffic rules), Jiang Kun and <a href="/wiki/Li_Wenhua_(film_director_and_politician)" title="Li Wenhua (film director and politician)">Li Wenhua</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photograph_xiangsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photograph xiangsheng (page does not exist)"><i> Photograph</i></a> (criticizes the social phenomenon during the Cultural Revolution).</li> <li>Complimentary Xiangsheng: performers praise themselves, others, or concepts, such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ji" title="Ma Ji">Ma Ji</a>'s <i>The New Peach Garden</i> (praises <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>), Hou Yuewen's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Story_of_Jingjiu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Story of Jingjiu (page does not exist)"><i> Story of Beijing–Kowloon railway</i></a> (praises the constructor of <a href="/wiki/Beijing%E2%80%93Kowloon_railway" title="Beijing–Kowloon railway">Beijing–Kowloon railway</a>)</li> <li>Entertaining Xiangsheng: performers aim to entertain, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speaking_in_tongues_xiangsheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speaking in tongues xiangsheng (page does not exist)"><i>Speaking in tongues</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_chronology">By chronology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: By chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tradition Xiangsheng: in the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Late Qing Dynasty</a></li> <li>New Xiangsheng: after 1949</li> <li>Contemporary Xiangsheng: after 1980</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_genre">By genre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: By genre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ma Sect Xiangsheng: the representative personage <a href="/wiki/Ma_Sanli" title="Ma Sanli">Ma Sanli</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Zhiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ma Zhiming (page does not exist)">Ma Zhiming</a> (Chinese: 马志明)</li> <li>Chang Sect Xiangsheng: the representative personage <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang_Lianan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang Lianan (page does not exist)">Chang Lianan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chang_Baokun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chang Baokun (page does not exist)">Chang Baokun</a> (Chinese: 常宝堃)</li> <li>Hou Sect Xiangsheng: the representative personage Hou Baolin</li> <li>Liu Sect Xiangsheng: the representative personage <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Baorui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Baorui (page does not exist)">Liu Baorui</a> (Chinese: 刘宝瑞)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_performers">Notable performers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"></p><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Xiangsheng" title="Special:EditPage/Xiangsheng">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sanlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sanlu (page does not exist)">Zhang Sanlu</a> (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">张三禄</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">張三祿</span>) is considered to have been one of the fathers of Xiangsheng. Zhang was born in Beijing in the late Qing Dynasty. His disciples include <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Shaowen" title="Zhu Shaowen">Zhu Shaowen</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Yantao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Yantao (page does not exist)">A Yantao</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Chunhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shen Chunhe (page does not exist)">Shen Chunhe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Yantao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Yantao (page does not exist)">A Yantao</a> (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">阿彦涛</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">阿彥濤</span>) better known by his <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a> A Er (阿二) or A Cier (阿刺二), was a Xiangsheng performer of <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a> descent. His disciples include En Xu, Gao Wenkui, Chun Changlong, and Shen Zhushan. A Yaotao was born in Beijing to a rich family of the Sumuru clan belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>. During his childhood years, he developed an interest in traditional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> and experimented with several different vocal techniques. Later, his family came down in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(September 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In order to support his family, he studied under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Sanlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Sanlu (page does not exist)">Zhang Sanlu</a> and became a second-generation Xiangsheng performer.</li> <li>Shen Chunhe, better known by his <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a> Shen Er (沈二), told stories before performing Xiangsheng. He studied under Zhang Sanlu and became a second-generation Xiangsheng performer. His disciples include Wei Kunzhi, Wang Youdao, Li Changchun, Gao Wenyuan, Feng Kunzhi, and Yu Erfu.</li> <li>Zhu Shaowen (1829–1903), known by his <a href="/wiki/Stage_name" title="Stage name">stage name</a> Qiongbupa (穷不怕), was one of the fathers of Xiangsheng. He was born in Beijing, and his ancestral home was <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>. Zhu was honored as one of the "Eight Oddities of Tianqiao" (天桥八怪). His disciples include Pinyouben, Fu Guizhen, Xu Changfu, and Fan Changli.</li> <li>Hou Baolin</li> <li>Ma Sanli</li> <li>Liu Baorui (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">刘宝瑞</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Liú Bǎoruì</span></i>)</li> <li>Ma Ji</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Baohua" title="Chang Baohua">Chang Baohua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangquan" title="Ding Guangquan">Ding Guangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Kun_(comedian)" title="Jiang Kun (comedian)">Jiang Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hou_Yaowen" title="Hou Yaowen">Hou Yaowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Qiru" title="Guo Qiru">Guo Qiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashan" title="Dashan">Dashan</a> (Mark Rowswell)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Gong" title="Feng Gong">Feng Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Degang" title="Guo Degang">Guo Degang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yu_Qian_(comedian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yu Qian (comedian) (page does not exist)">Yu Qian</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">于谦</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yú Qiān</span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Yunpeng" title="Yue Yunpeng">Yue Yunpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sun_Yue_(comedian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sun Yue (comedian) (page does not exist)">Sun Yue</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">孙越</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sūn Yuè</span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feng_Yi-kang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feng Yi-kang (page does not exist)">Feng Yi-kang</a> (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">冯翊纲</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">馮翊綱</span>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sung_Shao-ching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sung Shao-ching (page does not exist)">Sung Shao-ching</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh">宋少卿</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Li-chun" title="Lee Li-chun">Lee Li-chun</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh">李立群</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Bates" title="Liam Bates">Li Mu (Liam Bates)</a> (Chinese: <span lang="zh">李牧</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Mù</span></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jindou" title="Li Jindou">Li Jindou</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-TamWesoky2017-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TamWesoky2017_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing-fai_TamSharon_R._Wesoky2017" class="citation book cs1">King-fai Tam; Sharon R. 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Springer. pp. 76–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4960-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-4960-6"><bdi>978-981-10-4960-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+Just+a+Laughing+Matter%3A+Interdisciplinary+Approaches+to+Political+Humor+in+China&rft.pages=76-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017-08-28&rft.isbn=978-981-10-4960-6&rft.au=King-fai+Tam&rft.au=Sharon+R.+Wesoky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwyIzDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_L._Davis2004" class="citation book cs1">Edward L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sohu.com&rft.atitle=%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BB%E8%BF%87%E4%BA%BF%EF%BC%81%E5%B8%88%E4%BB%8E%E4%B8%81%E5%B9%BF%E6%B3%89%E7%9A%84%22%E6%B4%8B%E5%8C%97%E6%BC%82%22%E8%89%BE%E6%9D%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%90%E8%A7%82%E6%8A%97%E7%96%AB_%E7%9B%B8%E5%A3%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2Fwww.sohu.com%2Fa%2F378516544_99922437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF新华网2021" class="citation web cs1">新华网 (2021-02-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.sina.com.cn/tech/2021-02-23/doc-ikftssap8290544.shtml">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"美国东北人"艾杰西的中式喜剧情缘"</a>. <i>finance.sina.com.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=finance.sina.com.cn&rft.atitle=%22%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%22%E8%89%BE%E6%9D%B0%E8%A5%BF%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%BC%8F%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7%E6%83%85%E7%BC%98&rft.date=2021-02-23&rft.au=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.com.cn%2Ftech%2F2021-02-23%2Fdoc-ikftssap8290544.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2021" class="citation web cs1">Team, GCC Global (19 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gccglobal.org/comedy-intercultural-communication-and-global-diplomacy-an-interview-with-jesse-appell/">"Comedy, Intercultural Communication and Global Diplomacy: An Interview with Jesse Appell – Global China Connection"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comedy%2C+Intercultural+Communication+and+Global+Diplomacy%3A+An+Interview+with+Jesse+Appell+%E2%80%93+Global+China+Connection&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=GCC+Global&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgccglobal.org%2Fcomedy-intercultural-communication-and-global-diplomacy-an-interview-with-jesse-appell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKanthor" class="citation web cs1">Kanthor, Rebecca. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-10-07/amid-increasing-us-china-tensions-humor-serious-business">"Amid increasing US-China tensions, humor is serious business"</a>. <i>The World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World&rft.atitle=Amid+increasing+US-China+tensions%2C+humor+is+serious+business&rft.aulast=Kanthor&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2020-10-07%2Famid-increasing-us-china-tensions-humor-serious-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackerras-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mackerras_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras2004" class="citation book cs1">Mackerras, Colin (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S2CEqPGpyioC"><i>The Performing Arts in Contemporary China</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415361620" title="Special:BookSources/9780415361620"><bdi>9780415361620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Performing+Arts+in+Contemporary+China&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780415361620&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS2CEqPGpyioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXiangsheng" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiangsheng&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External 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Xiangsheng Online</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">天津相声网</span></span>) (Simplified Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngng.com.tw">Comedians Workshop (based in Taiwan)</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">相聲瓦舍</span></span>) (Traditional Chinese)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manchustudiesgroup.org/2013/03/16/learning-manchu-through-comedy/">A Translation of a routine on "Learning Manchu"</a> by Lei Lin, Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060523083514/http://www.danwei.org/tv/stifled_laughter_how_the_commu.php">Stifled Laughter: How the Communist Party Killed Chinese Humor, from Danwei.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_opera" title="Template:Chinese opera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_opera" title="Template talk:Chinese opera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_opera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese opera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_opera_and_Chinese_narrative_traditions170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a> and Chinese narrative traditions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dramatic theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebei_bangzi" title="Hebei bangzi">Hebei bangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan_opera" title="Henan opera">Henan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaihai_opera" title="Huaihai opera">Huaihai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin_opera" title="Jilin opera">Jilin opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liuqiang" title="Liuqiang">Liuqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_opera" title="Longjiang opera">Longjiang opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_opera" title="Lü opera">Lü opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maoqiang" title="Maoqiang">Maoqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_opera" title="Peking opera">Peking opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_opera" title="Ping opera">Ping opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_opera" title="Pu opera">Pu opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinqiang" title="Qinqiang">Qinqiang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_opera" title="Shanxi opera">Shanxi opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_opera" title="Cantonese opera">Cantonese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaojia_opera" title="Gaojia opera">Gaojia opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_opera" title="Han opera">Han opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_opera" title="Hakka opera">Hakka opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_opera" title="Huai opera">Huai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangmei_opera" title="Huangmei opera">Huangmei opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_opera" title="Hui opera">Hui opera</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunqu" title="Kunqu">Kunqu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liyuan_opera" title="Liyuan opera">Liyuan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_opera" title="Lu opera">Lu opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_opera" title="Min opera">Min opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ou_opera" title="Ou opera">Ou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puxian_opera" title="Puxian opera">Puxian opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_opera" title="Shanghai opera">Shanghai opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao_opera" title="Shao opera">Shao opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_opera" title="Sichuan opera">Sichuan opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_opera" title="Suzhou opera">Suzhou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Taiwanese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_opera" title="Teochew opera">Teochew opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzi_opera" title="Tongzi opera">Tongzi opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_opera" title="Wu opera">Wu opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_opera" title="Wuxi opera">Wuxi opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_opera" title="Yangzhou opera">Yangzhou opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_opera" title="Yue opera">Yue opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_opera" title="Ritual opera">Ritual opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuo opera">Nuo opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comedic/Light theater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Errentai" title="Errentai">Errentai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower-drum_opera" title="Flower-drum opera">Flower-drum opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea-picking_opera" title="Tea-picking opera">Tea-picking opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Quyi" title="Quyi">Quyi</a></i> (narrative)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_baiju" title="Nanjing baiju">Baiju</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Errenzhuan" title="Errenzhuan">Errenzhuan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyang_Flower_Drum" title="Fengyang Flower Drum">Flower Drum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guci" title="Guci">Guci</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuaibanshu" title="Kuaibanshu">Kuaibanshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naamyam" title="Naamyam">Naamyam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pingshu" title="Pingshu">Pingshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_pingtan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhou pingtan">Pingtan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulaibao" title="Shulaibao">Shulaibao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanci" title="Tanci">Tanci</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiangsheng</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canjunxi" title="Canjunxi">Canjunxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanben" title="Yuanben">Yuanben</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanxi_(theatre)" title="Nanxi (theatre)">Nanxi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zaju" title="Zaju">Zaju</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuanqi_(theatre)" title="Chuanqi (theatre)">Chuanqi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zidishu" title="Zidishu">Zidishu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_opera" title="Revolutionary opera">Revolutionary opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_role" title="Sheng role"><i>Sheng</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Xiaosheng" title="Xiaosheng">Xiaosheng</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_role" title="Dan role"><i>Dan</i></a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Wudan" title="Wudan">Wudan</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing_role" title="Jing role"><i>Jing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chou_role" title="Chou role"><i>Chou</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Costumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera_costume" title="Chinese opera costume">Costumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_sleeves" title="Water sleeves">Water sleeves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lingzi" title="Lingzi">Lingzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pear_Garden" title="Pear Garden">Pear Garden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shengqiang" title="Shengqiang">Shengqiang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunbai" title="Yunbai">Yunbai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bian_lian" title="Bian lian">Bian lian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comedy299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comedy_footer" title="Template talk:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comedy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comedy299" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedian" title="Comedian">Comedian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedic_device" title="Comedic device">Comedic device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_festival" title="Comedy festival">Comedy festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_troupe" title="Comedy troupe">Comedy troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_timing" title="Comic timing">Comic timing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">Farce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorist" title="Humorist">Humorist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impersonator" title="Impersonator">Impersonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionist_(entertainment)" title="Impressionist (entertainment)">Impressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joke" title="Joke">Joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-color_humor" title="Off-color humor">Off-color humor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Ribaldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophomoric_humor" title="Sophomoric humor">Sophomoric humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet_humour" title="Toilet humour">Toilet humour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prank_call" title="Prank call">Prank call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_line" title="Punch line">Punch line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_gag" title="Visual gag">Visual gag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wit" title="Wit">Wit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_comedy_films" title="American comedy films">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comedy_films" title="British comedy films">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_comedy_films" title="French comedy films">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Italian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedy_(drama)" title="Comedy (drama)">Theatre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">Ancient Greek comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Italienne" title="Comédie-Italienne">Comédie-Italienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corral_de_comedias" title="Corral de comedias">Corral de comedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre of ancient Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_comedy" title="Chinese comedy">China</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xiangsheng</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hong Kong <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenong" title="Lenong">Lenong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludruk" title="Ludruk">Ludruk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dgen" title="Kyōgen">Kyōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzai" title="Manzai">Manzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owarai" title="Owarai">Owarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakugo" title="Rakugo">Rakugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarugaku" title="Sarugaku">Sarugaku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_comedy" title="Korean comedy">Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_theatre_(aesthetic)" title="Boulevard theatre (aesthetic)">Boulevard theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Comedy drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_humours" title="Comedy of humours">Comedy of humours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_manners" title="Comedy of manners">Comedy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_menace" title="Comedy of menace">Comedy of menace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_act" title="Double act">Double act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">Improvisational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macchietta" title="Macchietta">Macchietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-person_show" class="mw-redirect" title="One-person show">One-person show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantomime" title="Pantomime">Pantomime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequinade" title="Harlequinade">Harlequinade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_comedy" title="Restoration comedy">Restoration comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimental_comedy" title="Sentimental comedy">Sentimental comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die_larmoyante" title="Comédie larmoyante">Comédie larmoyante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">Shadow play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Shakespearean comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">Sketch comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spex_(theatre)" title="Spex (theatre)">Spex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_comedy" title="Stand-up comedy">Stand-up comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_theatre" title="Street theatre">Street theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_absurd" title="Theatre of the absurd">Theatre of the absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">Tragicomedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">Vaudeville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:70px">Music<br />and dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad_opera" title="Ballad opera">Ballad opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">Cabaret</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-chantant" title="Café-chantant">Café-chantant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9-th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre" title="Café-théâtre">Café-théâtre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-ballet" title="Comédie-ballet">Comédie-ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_club" title="Comedy club">Comedy club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_hall" title="Music hall">Music hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">Musical theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffe" title="Opéra bouffe">Opéra bouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_bouffon" title="Opéra bouffon">Opéra bouffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_buffa" title="Opera buffa">Opera buffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ra_comique" title="Opéra comique">Opéra comique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta" title="Operetta">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue" title="Revue">Revue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_music" title="Comedy music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_album" title="Comedy album">Album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_song" title="Novelty song">Novelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_comedians" title="List of musical comedians">Musical comedians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_novel" title="Comic novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_comedy" title="Radio comedy">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_comedy" title="Television comedy">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_(comedy)" title="Roast (comedy)">Roast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comedic_genres" title="Comedic genres">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comedy" title="Alternative comedy">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribaldry" title="Ribaldry">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_comedy" title="Character comedy">Character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_comedy" title="Christian comedy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cringe_comedy" title="Cringe comedy">Cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadpan" title="Deadpan">Deadpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_comedy" title="Documentary comedy">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_comedy" title="High comedy">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_comedy" title="Low comedy">low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult_comedy" title="Insult comedy">Insult</a></li> <li><a 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