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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_(Impero_ottomano)" title="Kadi (Impero ottomano) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kadi (Impero ottomano)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" title="Kadı – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kadı" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiu_(Perandoria_Osmane)" title="Kadiu (Perandoria Osmane) – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kadiu (Perandoria Osmane)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1_(Osmanl%C4%B1_%C4%B0mparatorlu%C4%9Fu)" title="Kadı (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadı (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6345855#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/60px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Taxes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_A%C4%9Fnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adet-i Ağnam">Adet-i Ağnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adet-i_de%C5%9Ftbani" title="Adet-i deştbani">Adet-i deştbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashar" title="Ashar">Ashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avar%C4%B1z" title="Avarız">Avarız</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bac-i_pazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bac-i pazar (page does not exist)">Bac-i pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedl-i_askeri" title="Bedl-i askeri">Bedl-i askeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Cizye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%BCrm-%C3%BC_cinayet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cürm-ü cinayet (page does not exist)">Cürm-ü cinayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damga_resmi" title="Damga resmi">Damga resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmr%C3%BCk_resmi" title="Gümrük resmi">Gümrük resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hara%C3%A7" title="Haraç">Haraç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihtisab" title="Ihtisab">Ihtisab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispendje" title="Ispendje">Ispendje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maktu_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maktu (tax) (page does not exist)">Maktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mururiye_resmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mururiye resmi (page does not exist)">Mururiye resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskirat_resmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskirat resmi">Muskirat resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCz%C3%BCl" title="Nüzül">Nüzül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otlak_resmi" title="Otlak resmi">Otlak resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rav_ak%C3%A7esi" title="Rav akçesi">Rav akçesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_arusane" title="Resm-i arusane">Resm-i arusane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_benn%C3%A2k" title="Resm-i bennâk">Resm-i bennâk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_bostan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i bostan (page does not exist)">Resm-i bostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_%C3%A7ift" title="Resm-i çift">Resm-i çift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_d%C3%B6n%C3%BCm" title="Resm-i dönüm">Resm-i dönüm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_filori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i filori (page does not exist)">Resm-i filori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resm-i_ganem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resm-i ganem (page does not exist)">Resm-i ganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_h%C4%B1nz%C4%B1r" title="Resm-i hınzır">Resm-i hınzır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_m%C3%BCcerred" title="Resm-i mücerred">Resm-i mücerred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resm-i_sicill" title="Resm-i sicill">Resm-i sicill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusum-e-eflak" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusum-e-eflak">Rusum-e-eflak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Selamet_isni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selamet isni (page does not exist)">Selamet isni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapu_resmi" title="Tapu resmi">Tapu resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekalif-i_orfiye" title="Tekalif-i orfiye">Tekalif-i orfiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temettu" title="Temettu">Temettu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuz_resmi" title="Tuz resmi">Tuz resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Implementation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahidn%C3%A2me" title="Ahidnâme">Ahidnâme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defter" title="Defter">Defter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emin_(Ottoman_official)" title="Emin (Ottoman official)">Emin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evkaf-i_H%C3%BCmayun_Nezareti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti (page does not exist)">Evkaf-i Hümayun Nezareti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Hassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Hassa (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Hassa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazine-i_Amire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hazine-i Amire (page does not exist)">Hazine-i Amire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hane_(household)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hane (household) (page does not exist)">Hane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iltizam" title="Iltizam">Iltizam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istira (page does not exist)">Istira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">Kadı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanun-i_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanun-i Raya (page does not exist)">Kanun-i Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanunname" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanunname">Kanunname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik%C3%A2ne" title="Malikâne">Malikâne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdiban" title="Merdiban">Merdiban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muafiyet" title="Muafiyet">Muafiyet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhassil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhassil (page does not exist)">Muhassil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqata%27ah" title="Muqata'ah">Muqata'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCtesellim" title="Mütesellim">Mütesellim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Public_Debt_Administration" title="Ottoman Public Debt Administration">Ottoman Public Debt Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regie_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Regie Company">Regie Company</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siyakat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siyakat (page does not exist)">Siyakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrsat" title="Sürsat">Sürsat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahrir_(tax_survey)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahrir (tax survey) (page does not exist)">Tahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taxation in the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>kadi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <span lang="ota" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:قاضی">قاضی</a></span>, <span title="Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)-language romanization"><i lang="ota-Latn">kadı</i></span>) was an official in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the term <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qāḍī</a></i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:قاضي">قاضي</a></span></span>) typically refers to judges who preside over matters in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>; under Ottoman rule, however, the kadi also became a crucial part of the imperial administration. After <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a> codified his <i><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">Kanun</a></i>, kadis relied on this dynastic secular law, local customs, and sharia to guide their rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with adjudicating over criminal and civil matters, the kadi oversaw the administration of religious endowments and was the legal guardian of orphans and others without a guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Muslims, in particular Muslim men, possessed a higher status in the kadi's court, non-Muslims and foreigners also had access to the judicial system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Ottomans' initial system of feudal land grants, the <i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i> system, the kadi served as an important check on the power of the local and regional military lords.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the unquestioned authority of the sultan, kadis possessed a certain degree of autonomy in their rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some kadis worked at various positions within the imperial administration but typically a kadi oversaw a jurisdiction called a <a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">kadiluk</a>, usually consisting of a city and its surrounding villages. These territories were initially identical with <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kazas</a>, the subdivisions of the empire's <a href="/wiki/Sanjuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjuk">sanjuks</a>, and the kadi oversaw a great deal of administrative work. Over time and particularly after the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms of the 19th century, the administrative tasks of the kaza were given to a separate <a href="/wiki/Kaymakam" title="Kaymakam">kaymakam</a> and the kadi became solely occupied with legal matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timar_System">Timar System</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Timar System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">Timar</a></div> <p>The Ottoman Empire was governed through a top-down hierarchy with all authority ultimately residing with the sultan but, as the empire began aggressively acquiring vast territories with diverse populations, the imperial authority adopted the <i><a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a></i> ("land grant") system to ensure it would continue to be able to field an adequate military force, to maintain local control, and to provide the central authority with a stable flow of local taxes. Choosing from members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i> (religious and legal scholars),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">berats</i></span> of the sultan appointed a kadi to a district.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within each district, a <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> from the military class carried out the sultan's executive authority while the kadi represented his legal authority. The division of power between these two authorities produced a delicate balance; the bey needed a kadi's judgement to punish a subject, and the kadi could not carry out his own rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Singer_(historian)" title="Amy Singer (historian)">Amy Singer</a>, “It was to them that peasants brought their complaints of abusive behavior suffered at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">sipahis</a> and others.”<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the kadi also often abused their authority,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the division of power allowed the tax paying class to have their grievances addressed without involving the far-away imperial authority. The power vested in the kadi allowed them to protect the legitimacy of the <i>timar</i> system while also securing the empire's tax base.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Autonomy">Autonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The delegation of power to the kadi from the sultan gave the kadi certain freedoms, especially concerning their application of the law, but also reaffirmed the sultan's authority. As noted by Ronald Jennings, “The imperial authority could easily have overshadowed or smothered the authority and initiative of the kadi. The Porte appointed kadis and dismissed them at will, set the bounds of judicial administrative units, and kept in regular correspondence with its kadis. Not many kadis would have dared to tempt the imperial will, and fewer still could have withstood its wrath.”<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadis followed the orders of the sultan and his court while retaining autonomy in their rulings. Due to this autonomy, the kadis played an important role in initiating change in Ottoman jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A kadi's rulings did not extend beyond individual cases, but the way in which they applied laws often influenced the imperial authority's interpretation of the law. For example, judgments by kadi concerning certain cash endowments (<i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i>), which came under scrutiny due to the connection with interest and usury, eventually helped legitimize the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extent to which a kadi could assert his own independence remains unclear, but they had enough leeway to help guide the development of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Ottoman law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKafadar1994" class="citation book cs1">Kafadar, Cemal (1994). <i>The Ottomans and Europe</i>. EJ Brill. p. 606.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottomans+and+Europe&rft.pages=606&rft.pub=EJ+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Kafadar&rft.aufirst=Cemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Boogert2005" class="citation book cs1">van den Boogert, Maurits (2005). <i>Capitulations and the Ottoman legal system: Qadis, Consuls and Beraths in the 18th Century</i>. Brill academic publishers. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitulations+and+the+Ottoman+legal+system%3A+Qadis%2C+Consuls+and+Beraths+in+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Brill+academic+publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=van+den+Boogert&rft.aufirst=Maurits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Boogert205" class="citation book cs1">van den Boogert, Maurits (205). <i>Capitulations and the Ottoman Legal System : Qadis, Consuls and Beraths in the 18th Century</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 604.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitulations+and+the+Ottoman+Legal+System+%3A+Qadis%2C+Consuls+and+Beraths+in+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=604&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=205&rft.aulast=van+den+Boogert&rft.aufirst=Maurits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Ronald (1979). "Limitations of the Judicial Powers of the Kadi in 17th C. Kayseri". <i>Studia Islamica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Limitations+of+the+Judicial+Powers+of+the+Kadi+in+17th+C.+Kayseri&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInalcik1973" class="citation book cs1">Inalcik, Halil (1973). <i>The Ottoman Empire The Classical Age 1300-1600</i>. London, Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 183.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+The+Classical+Age+1300-1600&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=London%2C+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Inalcik&rft.aufirst=Halil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1994" class="citation book cs1">Singer, Amy (1994). <i>Palestinian Peasants and Ottoman Officials</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Peasants+and+Ottoman+Officials&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErgene2003" class="citation book cs1">Ergene, Bogac (2003). <i>Local Court, Provincial Society and Justice in the Ottoman Empire : Legal Practice and Dispute Resolution in Cankiri and Kastamonu (1652-1744)</i>. Brill Academci Publishers. p. 101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Local+Court%2C+Provincial+Society+and+Justice+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+%3A+Legal+Practice+and+Dispute+Resolution+in+Cankiri+and+Kastamonu+%281652-1744%29&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Brill+Academci+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ergene&rft.aufirst=Bogac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1979" class="citation journal cs1">Jennings, Ronald (1979). "Limitations of the Judicial Powers of the Kadi in 17th C. Ottoman Kayseri". <i>Studia Islamica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Limitations+of+the+Judicial+Powers+of+the+Kadi+in+17th+C.+Ottoman+Kayseri&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoexter2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoexter, Miriam (2007). <i>Law, custom, and statute in the Muslim world : studies in honor of Aharon Layish</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law%2C+custom%2C+and+statute+in+the+Muslim+world+%3A+studies+in+honor+of+Aharon+Layish&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hoexter&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKadi+%28Ottoman+Empire%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Template talk:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman_Empire_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ottoman Empire topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osman%27s_Dream" title="Osman's Dream">Osman's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaza_thesis" title="Ghaza thesis">Ghaza thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Interregnum" title="Ottoman Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Women" title="Sultanate of Women">Sultanate of Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_decline_thesis" title="Ottoman decline thesis">Decline thesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Stagnation and reform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulip period">Tulip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline and modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">1st Constitutional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">2nd Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_the_Ottoman_sultanate" title="Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate">Abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Ottoman Muslims</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ottoman Empire)">Foreign Affairs Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Safavid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of treaties of the Ottoman Empire">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire">Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution_of_1876" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution of 1876">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Constitution" title="Armenian National Constitution">Armenian Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_electoral_law" title="Ottoman electoral law">Electoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_family_law" title="Ottoman family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCstur" title="Düstur">Düstur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Civil codes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecelle" title="Mecelle">Mecelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_Office_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Translation Office (Ottoman Empire)">Translation Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_organisation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State organisation of the Ottoman Empire">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House of Osman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">List of Ottoman sultans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_claim_to_Roman_succession" title="Ottoman claim to Roman succession">Roman succession claim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Two_Holy_Mosques" title="Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques">Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Imperial_Harem" title="Ottoman Imperial Harem">Imperial Harem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">Valide sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseki_sultan" title="Haseki sultan">Haseki sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1n_(title)" title="Kadın (title)">Kadınefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikbal_(title)" title="Ikbal (title)">Hanımefendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans">List of Ottoman sultans' consorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizlar_Agha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kizlar Agha">Kizlar Agha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBn" title="Enderûn">Inner Palace Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapi_Agha" title="Kapi Agha">Kapi Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_School" title="Palace School">Palace Schools</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central (<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a> <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(classic period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Vizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">Viziers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazasker" title="Kazasker">Kazaskers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Ministers_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Ministers of Finance">Defterdars/Ministers of Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fanc%C4%B1" title="Nişancı">Nişancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reis_%C3%BCl-K%C3%BCttab" title="Reis ül-Küttab">Reis ül-Küttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Porte" title="Dragoman of the Porte">Dragoman of the Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%BBn" title="Birûn">Outer Palace Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Government</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>(reform and constitutional period)</i></span> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="General Assembly of the Ottoman Empire">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Senate of the Ottoman Empire">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">Millets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rum_Millet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum Millet">Rūm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullah_millet" title="Ullah millet">Ullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Millet" title="Bulgarian Millet">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_millet" title="Armenian millet">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">Eyalets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">Vilayets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjaks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanjakbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjakbey">Sanjakbeys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">Mutasarrifates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classic period army</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">Agha of the Janissaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modernized army</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoman_of_the_Fleet" title="Dragoman of the Fleet">Dragoman of the Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire_admirals" title="Category:Ottoman Empire admirals">Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_weapons" title="Ottoman weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By era <ul><li>Enlargement</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socioeconomics_of_the_Ottoman_reformation_era&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Socioeconomics of the Ottoman reformation era (page does not exist)">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_agriculture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman agriculture (page does not exist)">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_currency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman currency (page does not exist)">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A7e" title="Akçe">Akçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_(currency)" title="Para (currency)">Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultani" title="Sultani">Sultani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C5%9F" title="Kuruş">Kuruş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">Lira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Science and technology in the Ottoman Empire">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Ottoman Empire">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Society of the Ottoman Empire">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Social structure of the Ottoman Empire">Social structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_court" title="Ottoman court">Ottoman court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Languages of the Ottoman Empire">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture" title="Ottoman architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosques_commissioned_by_the_Ottoman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques commissioned by the Ottoman dynasty">Mosques</a></li></ul></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_music" title="Ottoman music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow play</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prose_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prose of the Ottoman Empire">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Education in the Ottoman Empire">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of schools in the Ottoman Empire">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_education_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenian education in the Ottoman Empire">of Armenians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Media of the Ottoman Empire">Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Demographics of the Ottoman Empire">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Women in the Ottoman Empire">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Religion" title="Ottoman Empire">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Islam in the Ottoman Empire">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Christianity in the Ottoman Empire">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the Ottoman Empire">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_anthems_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Imperial anthems of the Ottoman Empire">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Coat of arms of the Ottoman Empire">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Outline of the Ottoman Empire">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Bibliography of the Ottoman Empire">Bibliography</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)&oldid=1256029880">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadi_(Ottoman_Empire)&oldid=1256029880</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Government of the Ottoman 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