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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta property="mw:TimeUuid" content="60d073b0-7ece-11ed-a966-59c41c81d743"/><meta charset="utf-8"/><meta property="mw:pageId" content="60789813"/><meta property="mw:pageNamespace" content="0"/><link rel="dc:replaces" resource="mwr:revision/1126836460"/><meta property="mw:revisionSHA1" content="4b1cf3eb4a19dd9c3d10fbed438d78030f08f224"/><meta property="dc:modified" content="2022-12-18T12:20:35.000Z"/><meta property="mw:htmlVersion" content="2.7.0"/><meta property="mw:html:version" content="2.7.0"/><title>PRNET - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader</title><meta property="mw:moduleStyles" content="ext.cite.style|ext.cite.styles"/><meta href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.style%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cmediawiki.skinning.content.parsoid%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Csite.styles&only=styles&skin=vector"/><meta http-equiv="content-language" content="en"/><meta http-equiv="vary" content="Accept"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://wikimili.com/en/PRNET"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/a.css"/><meta name="YahooSeeker" content="INDEX, FOLLOW"/><meta name="msnbot" content="INDEX, FOLLOW"/><meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX, FOLLOW"/><meta name="robots" content="index, follow"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width"><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="WikiMili.com"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:domain" content="WikiMili.com"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@wikimili"/><meta name="description" content="The Packet Radio Network (PRNET) was a set of early, experimental mobile ad hoc networks whose technologies evolved over time. It was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Major participants in the project included BBN Technologies, Hazeltine Corporation, Rockwell International's C"/><meta property="og:description" content="The Packet Radio Network (PRNET) was a set of early, experimental mobile ad hoc networks whose technologies evolved over time. It was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Major participants in the project included BBN Technologies, Hazeltine Corporation, Rockwell International's C"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="The Packet Radio Network (PRNET) was a set of early, experimental mobile ad hoc networks whose technologies evolved over time. It was funded by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Major participants in the project included BBN Technologies, Hazeltine Corporation, Rockwell International's C"/><meta property="og:title" content="PRNET - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="PRNET - WikiMili, The Best Wikipedia Reader"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://wikimili.com/en/PRNET"/><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://wikimili.com/en/PRNET"/><script type="text/javascript" src="/a.js"></script></head><body id="mwAA" lang="en" class="mw-content-ltr sitedir-ltr ltr mw-body-content parsoid-body mediawiki mw-parser-output" dir="ltr"><div id="header"> <a id="miliLogo" href="https://wikimili.com">WikiMili</a> </div><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">PRNET</h1><span class="updated-holder">Last updated <time class="updated" datetime="2022-12-19">December 19, 2022</time></span><section data-mw-section-id="0" id="mwAQ"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt1" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"more citations needed","href":"./Template:More_citations_needed&quot},"params":{"date":{"wt":"January 2021&quot}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwAg">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation" about="#mwt1"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"> <a onclick="showImg(this)" id="Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Question book-new.svg" resource="./File:Question_book-new.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" data-file-type="drawing" height="39" width="50" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x"/></a> </span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a rel="mw:WikiLink" target="_blank" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> </b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRNET&action=edit" class="external text">improve this article</a> by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" class="new" data-href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br/><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22PRNET%22" class="external text">"PRNET"</a> <span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>–<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22PRNET%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1" class="external text">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//www.google.com/search?&q=%22PRNET%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks" class="external text">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22PRNET%22+-wikipedia" class="external text">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22PRNET%22" class="external text">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22PRNET%22&acc=on&wc=on" class="external text">JSTOR</a> </span></small></span><span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" class="new" data-href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a> </small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" target="_blank" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_January_2021" about="#mwt1"/><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" target="_blank" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" about="#mwt1" id="mwAw"/><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwBA"> <a onclick="showImg(this)" id="SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwBQ"><img resource="./File:SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg/220px-SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="388" data-file-type="bitmap" height="142" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg/330px-SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg/440px-SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg 2x" id="mwBg" alt="A Stanford Research Institute's Packet Radio Van, site of the first three-way internetworked transmission SRI Packet Radio Van.jpg"/></a> <figcaption id="mwBw">A <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SRI_International" title="SRI International" id="mwCA">Stanford Research Institute</a>'s <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Packet_Radio_Van" title="Packet Radio Van" id="mwCQ">Packet Radio Van</a>, site of the first three-way <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Internetworking" title="Internetworking" id="mwCg">internetworked</a> transmission</figcaption></figure><p id="mwCw">The <b id="mwDA">Packet Radio Network</b> (<b id="mwDQ">PRNET</b>) was a set of early, experimental <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mobile ad hoc network" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDg" onclick="openRedirectLink("Mobile_ad_hoc_network")">mobile ad hoc networks</a> whose technologies evolved over time. It was funded by the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency" class="mw-redirect" id="mwDw" onclick="openRedirectLink("Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency")">Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (ARPA). Major participants in the project included <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="BBN Technologies" class="mw-redirect" id="mwEA" onclick="openRedirectLink("BBN_Technologies")">BBN Technologies</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Hazeltine_Corporation" title="Hazeltine Corporation" id="mwEQ">Hazeltine Corporation</a>, <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International" id="mwEg">Rockwell International</a>'s Collins division, and <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SRI_International" title="SRI International" id="mwEw">SRI International</a>.</p><h2 id="listHeader">Contents</h2><ul id="listClass"><li> <a href="#History">History</a> </li><li> <a href="#See_also">See also</a> </li><li> <a href="#References">References</a> </li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="1" id="mwFA"><h2 id="History">History</h2><p id="mwFQ">ARPA initiated the PRNET project in 1973, funding both theoretical and experimental research. Its goals were outlined in a 1975 paper by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn" id="mwFg">Bob Kahn</a>, namely, to investigate the feasibility of using packet-switched, store-and-forward radio communications to provide reliable computer communications in a mobile environment. The earlier <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet" id="mwFw">ALOHAnet</a> served as an inspiration, but PRNET tackled a significantly harder set of problems, namely, multi-hop communications between mobile vehicles without a central station. In Kahn's initial conception, the overall system design was "predicated upon the existence of an array of low cost repeaters", where he defines the term to mean "a particular kind of packet radio which is equipped to retransmit by radio some or all packets which it receives by radio". In today's terminology, this might be called a <i id="mwGA">router</i> or a <i id="mwGQ">packet switch</i>, rather than a radio repeater.</p><p id="mwGg">The first PRNET was established under the auspices of SRI in the San Francisco Bay Area, with BBN contributing network technology and Collins creating the Experimental Packet Radios (EPRs), which implemented L-band spread-spectrum waveforms and supported half-duplex communications at 100 or 400 kilobits/second. There was also a smaller network at BBN, for software development and testing. The first packet radios were delivered in mid-1975 for initial testing and a quasi-operational network capability was established for the first time in September 1976, shortly after the prototype networking software was developed. By 1977, this software included radio network routing control; a gateway to other networks; network measurement; debugging tools; and configuration tools.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb" id="mwGw"> <a onclick="showImg(this)" id="First_Internet_Demonstration,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description" id="mwHA"><img resource="./File:First_Internet_Demonstration,_1977.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/220px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="554" data-file-type="bitmap" height="152" width="220" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/330px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg/440px-First_Internet_Demonstration%2C_1977.jpg 2x" id="mwHQ" alt="Internetworking demonstration, linking the ARPANET, PRNET, and SATNET on November 22, 1977 First Internet Demonstration, 1977.jpg"/></a> <figcaption id="mwHg">Internetworking demonstration, linking the ARPANET, PRNET, and SATNET on November 22, 1977</figcaption></figure><p id="mwHw">PRNET was sufficiently advanced by 1977 to participate in the initial three-way internetworking demonstration, which linked a mobile vehicle in PRNET with nodes in the <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ARPANET" title="ARPANET" id="mwIA">ARPANET</a>, and via <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SATNET" title="SATNET" id="mwIQ">SATNET</a>, to nodes in London run by <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Peter_T._Kirstein" title="Peter T. Kirstein" id="mwIg">Peter Kirstein's</a> research group at <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./University_College_London" title="University College London" id="mwIw">University College London</a>.<sup about="#mwt10" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-1" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-1"}}"> <a href="./PRNET#cite_note-1" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 1;" id="mwJA"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwJQ">[1]</span></a> </sup> Afterwards, it was usually attached to the ARPANET so that BBN software developers could access and update it from Cambridge. By June 1978, about 25 radio nodes were available.</p><p id="mwJg">By September 1979, "Ron [Kunzelman] reported that SRI is now operating two PRNETs in the San Francisco bay area, and one PRNET at Ft. Bragg, North Carolina. The net at Ft. Bragg is now eight terminals on two TIUs, and will grow to forty terminals."<sup about="#mwt17" class="mw-ref reference" id="cite_ref-ien121_2-0" data-mw="{"name":"ref","attrs":{"name":"ien121"},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-ien121-2"}}"> <a href="./PRNET#cite_note-ien121-2" style="counter-reset: mw-Ref 2;" id="mwJw"><span class="mw-reflink-text" id="mwKA">[2]</span></a> </sup></p><p id="mwKQ">The Experimental Packet Radios were later replaced by Upgraded Packet Radios (UPR), circa 1978, and in 1986 by Low-Cost Packet Radio (LPR) as part of DARPA's follow-on <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./SURAN" title="SURAN" id="mwKg">SURAN</a> project.</p></section><section data-mw-section-id="2" id="mwKw"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><ul id="mwLA"><li id="mwLQ"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet" id="mwLg">History of the Internet</a> </li></ul></section><section data-mw-section-id="3" id="mwLw"><h2 id="relatedWikiArticles">Related Research Articles</h2><div class="wikiCardWrapper"><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Internetworking""><p><b>Internetworking</b> is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks, such that any pair of hosts in the connected networks can exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks are called an <i>internetwork</i>, or simply an <i>internet</i>.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Internet_Protocol""><p>The <b>Internet Protocol</b> (<b>IP</b>) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Internet_protocol_suite""><p>The <b>Internet protocol suite,</b> commonly known as <b>TCP/IP,</b> is a framework for organizing the set of communication protocols used in the Internet and similar computer networks according to functional criteria. The foundational protocols in the suite are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and the Internet Protocol (IP). In the development of this networking model, early versions of it were known as the <b>Department of Defense</b> (<b>DoD</b>) <b>model</b> because the research and development were funded by the United States Department of Defense through DARPA.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Packet_switching""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Multiplexing_diagram.svg/320px-Multiplexing_diagram.svg.png" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Packet switching</span> Method for transmitting data over a computer network"/><p>In telecommunications, <b>packet switching</b> is a method of grouping data into <i>packets</i> that are transmitted over a digital network. Packets are made of a header and a payload. Data in the header is used by networking hardware to direct the packet to its destination, where the payload is extracted and used by an operating system, application software, or higher layer protocols. Packet switching is the primary basis for data communications in computer networks worldwide.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./End-to-end_principle""><p>The <b>end-to-end principle</b> is a design framework in computer networking. In networks designed according to this principle, guaranteeing certain application-specific features, such as reliability and security, requires that they reside in the communicating end nodes of the network. Intermediary nodes, such as gateways and routers, that exist to establish the network, may implement these to improve efficiency but cannot guarantee end-to-end correctness.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Raytheon_BBN""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/Raytheon_BBN.png/320px-Raytheon_BBN.png" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raytheon BBN</span> American research and development company"/><p><b>Raytheon BBN </b> is an American research and development company, based next to Fresh Pond in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./ARPANET""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/320px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">ARPANET</span> Early packet switching network (1969–1990), one of the first to implement TCP/IP"/><p>The <b>Advanced Research Projects Agency Network</b> (<b>ARPANET</b>) was the first wide-area packet-switched network with distributed control and one of the first networks to implement the TCP/IP protocol suite. Both technologies became the technical foundation of the Internet. The ARPANET was established by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the United States Department of Defense.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Bob_Kahn""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bob_Kahn.jpg/320px-Bob_Kahn.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bob Kahn</span> American Internet pioneer, computer scientist"/><p><b>Robert Elliot Kahn</b> is an American electrical engineer who, along with Vint Cerf, first proposed the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), the fundamental communication protocols at the heart of the Internet.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Interface_Message_Processor""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg/320px-ARPANET_first_router_2.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interface Message Processor</span> Computer network device"/><p>The <b>Interface Message Processor</b> (<b>IMP</b>) was the packet switching node used to interconnect participant networks to the ARPANET from the late 1960s to 1989. It was the first generation of gateways, which are known today as routers. An IMP was a ruggedized Honeywell DDP-516 minicomputer with special-purpose interfaces and software. In later years the IMPs were made from the non-ruggedized Honeywell 316 which could handle two-thirds of the communication traffic at approximately one-half the cost. An IMP requires the connection to a host computer via a special bit-serial interface, defined in <i>BBN Report 1822</i>. The IMP software and the ARPA network communications protocol running on the IMPs was discussed in RFC <span class="external text">1</span>, the first of a series of standardization documents published by what later became the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Lawrence_Roberts_%28scientist%29""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Larry_Roberts.jpg/320px-Larry_Roberts.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lawrence Roberts (scientist)</span>"/><p><b>Lawrence Gilman Roberts</b> was an American engineer who received the Draper Prize in 2001 "for the development of the Internet", and the Principe de Asturias Award in 2002.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Peter_T._Kirstein""><p><b>Peter Thomas Kirstein</b> was a British computer scientist who played a role in the creation of the Internet. He put the first computer on the ARPANET outside of the US and was instrumental in defining and implementing TCP/IP alongside Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Don_Cone""><p><b>Virgil Donald Cone</b> was a technician and later researcher at SRI International who developed and ran the Packet Radio Van that was used in the first ARPANET internetworked transmission.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./Packet_Radio_Van""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg/320px-SRI_Packet_Radio_Van.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">Packet Radio Van</span>"/><p>The <b>Packet Radio Van</b> was a van refitted by Don Cone at SRI International, and equipped with technology that was used in the first two-way internetworked transmission on August 27, 1976, and the first three-way internetworked transmission on November 22, 1977; the latter of which is considered the start of the Internet.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./NPL_network""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/NPL_network_-_en.png/320px-NPL_network_-_en.png" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">NPL network</span> Historical network in England pioneering packet switching"/><p>The <b>NPL network</b>, or <b>NPL Data Communications Network</b>, was a local area computer network operated by a team from the National Physical Laboratory in London that pioneered the concept of packet switching.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./SATNET""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/ARPA_Network%2C_Logical_Map%2C_September_1973.jpg/320px-ARPA_Network%2C_Logical_Map%2C_September_1973.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">SATNET</span> Early computer network that used satellite communication"/><p><b>SATNET</b>, also known as the <b>Atlantic Packet Satellite Network</b>, was an early satellite network that formed an initial segment of the Internet. It was implemented by BBN Technologies under the direction of the Advanced Research Projects Agency.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard " onclick="location.href="./ARPANET_encryption_devices""><img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/PLI_Diagram%2C_BBN_Report_2816%2C_April_1974.jpg/320px-PLI_Diagram%2C_BBN_Report_2816%2C_April_1974.jpg" alt="<span class="mw-page-title-main">ARPANET encryption devices</span> Security tools used on ARPANET"/><p>The <b>ARPANET</b> pioneered the creation of novel <b>encryption devices</b> for packet networks in the 1970s and 1980s, and as such were ancestors to today's IPsec architecture, and High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor (HAIPE) devices more specifically.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Roger_Scantlebury""><p><b>Roger Anthony Scantlebury</b> is a British computer scientist who worked at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and later at Logica.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./International_Networking_Working_Group""><p>The <b>International Networking Working Group</b> (INWG) was a group of prominent computer science researchers in the 1970s who studied and developed standards and protocols for computer networking. Set up in 1972 as an informal group to consider the technical issues involved in connecting different networks, it became a subcommittee of the International Federation for Information Processing later that year. Ideas developed by members of the group contributed to the original "Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" proposed by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf in 1974.</p></div><div class="wikiMiliCard wikiMiliParaCard" onclick="location.href="./Protocol_Wars""><p> A long-running debate in computer science known as the <b>Protocol Wars</b> occurred from the 1970s to the 1990s when engineers, organizations and nations became polarized over the issue of which communication protocol would result in the best and most robust computer networks. This culminated in the <b>Internet–OSI Standards War</b> in the late 1980s and early 1990s, which was ultimately "won" by the Internet protocol suite ("TCP/IP") by the mid-1990s and has since resulted in most other protocols disappearing.</p></div></div><h2 id="References">References</h2><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1011085734" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt18" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"reflist","href":"./Template:Reflist&quot},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" id="mwMA">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist " about="#mwt18" id="mwMQ"><div class="mw-references-wrap" typeof="mw:Extension/references" about="#mwt24" data-mw="{"name":"references","attrs":{"group":"","responsive":"1"},"body":{"html":""}}" id="mwMg"><ol class="mw-references references" id="mwMw"><li about="#cite_note-1" id="cite_note-1"> <a href="./PRNET#cite_ref-1" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwNA"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwNQ">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-1" class="mw-reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1067248974" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" about="#mwt6" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Cite journal ","href":"./Template:Cite_journal&quot},"params":{"last":{"wt":"Kirstein&quot},"first":{"wt":"P.T.&quot},"date":{"wt":"1999&quot},"title":{"wt":"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom&quot},"url":{"wt":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&quot},"url-status":{"wt":"dead&quot},"journal":{"wt":"IEEE Annals of the History of Computing&quot},"volume":{"wt":"21&quot},"issue":{"wt":"1&quot},"pages":{"wt":"38–44&quot},"doi":{"wt":"10.1109/85.759368&quot},"issn":{"wt":"1934-1547&quot},"archive-url":{"wt":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&quot},"archive-date":{"wt":"2020-02-07&quot},"s2cid":{"wt":"1558618&quot}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwNg">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFKirstein1999" class="citation journal cs1" about="#mwt6">Kirstein, P.T. (1999). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207092443/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf" class="external text" id="mwNw">"Early experiences with the Arpanet and Internet in the United Kingdom"</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwOA">(PDF)</span>. <i id="mwOQ">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b id="mwOg">21</b> (1): 38–44. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Doi (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwOw" onclick="openRedirectLink("Doi_(identifier)")">doi</a>:<a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//doi.org/10.1109%2F85.759368" class="external text" id="mwPA">10.1109/85.759368</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="ISSN (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwPQ" onclick="openRedirectLink("ISSN_(identifier)")">ISSN</a> <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwPg"> </span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547" class="external text" id="mwPw">1934-1547</a>. <a rel="mw:WikiLink" title="S2CID (identifier)" class="mw-redirect" id="mwQA" onclick="openRedirectLink("S2CID_(identifier)")">S2CID</a> <span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwQQ"> </span> <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1558618" class="external text" id="mwQg">1558618</a>. Archived from <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4773/f19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf" class="external text" id="mwQw">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" id="mwRA">(PDF)</span> on 2020-02-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=Early+experiences+with+the+Arpanet+and+Internet+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-44&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1558618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.759368&rft.aulast=Kirstein&rft.aufirst=P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F4773%2Ff19792f9fce8eacba72e5f8c2a021414e52d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APRNET" class="Z3988" about="#mwt6" id="mwRQ"/></span></li><li about="#cite_note-ien121-2" id="cite_note-ien121-2"> <a href="./PRNET#cite_ref-ien121_2-0" rel="mw:referencedBy" id="mwRg"><span class="mw-linkback-text" id="mwRw">↑ </span></a> <span id="mw-reference-text-cite_note-ien121-2" class="mw-reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974" about="#mwt12" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite ietf ","href":"./Template:Cite_ietf"},"params":{"ien":{"wt":"121"},"author":{"wt":"J. Postel"},"author-link":{"wt":"Jon Postel"},"title":{"wt":"Internet Meeting Notes - 10, 11, 12 & 13 September 1979"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien121.txt"},"series":{"wt":"Internet Experiment Note"},"date":{"wt":"October 25, 1979"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwSA"/><cite id="CITEREFJ._Postel1979" class="citation cs1" about="#mwt12"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Jon_Postel" title="Jon Postel" id="mwSQ">J. Postel</a> (October 25, 1979). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien121.txt" class="external text" id="mwSg"><i id="mwSw">Internet Meeting Notes - 10, 11, 12 & 13 September 1979</i></a>. Internet Experiment Note. IEN 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+Meeting+Notes+-+10%2C+11%2C+12+%26+13+September+1979&rft.series=Internet+Experiment+Note&rft.date=1979-10-25&rft.au=J.+Postel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien121.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APRNET" class="Z3988" about="#mwt12" id="mwTA"/></span></li></ol></div></div><ul id="mwTQ"><li id="mwTg"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn" id="mwTw">Robert E. Kahn</a>, "The organization of computer resources into a packet radio network", AFIPS '75 Proceedings, May 19–22, 1975, pages 177-186.</li><li id="mwUA">J. Burchfiel, R. Tomlinson and M. Beeler, "Functions and Structure of a Packet Radio Station," AFIPS Conference Proceedings, Volume 44, 1975, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J.</li><li id="mwUQ">Darryl E. Rubin, "Army Packet Radio Network Protocol Study", SRI International, November 1977.</li><li id="mwUg"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Bob_Kahn" title="Bob Kahn" id="mwUw">Robert E. Kahn</a>, Steven A. Gronemeyer, Jerry Burchfiel, Ronald C. Kunzelman, "Advances in Packet Radio Technology", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 66, no. 11, November 1978, pages 1468–1498.</li><li id="mwVA"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1067248974" about="#mwt25" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles mw:Transclusion" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"cite ietf ","href":"./Template:Cite_ietf"},"params":{"ien":{"wt":"78"},"author1":{"wt":"John Schoch"},"author2":{"wt":"Larry Stewart"},"title":{"wt":"Internetwork Experiments with the Bay Area Packet Radio Network"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien78.pdf"},"series":{"wt":"Internet Experiment Note"},"date":{"wt":"February 1979"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwVQ"/><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SchochLarry_Stewart1979" class="citation cs1" about="#mwt25">John Schoch; Larry Stewart (February 1979). <a rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow" href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/ien/ien78.pdf" class="external text"><i>Internetwork Experiments with the Bay Area Packet Radio Network</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Internet Experiment Note. IEN 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internetwork+Experiments+with+the+Bay+Area+Packet+Radio+Network&rft.series=Internet+Experiment+Note&rft.date=1979-02&rft.au=John+Schoch&rft.au=Larry+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfc-editor.org%2Fien%2Fien78.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APRNET" class="Z3988" about="#mwt25" id="mwVg"/></li><li id="mwVw">J. Jubin, "Current packet radio network protocols", lNFOCOM‘85 Proc., Mar. 1985.</li><li id="mwWA">J. Westcott and J. Jubin, "A distributed routing design for a broadcast environment," in MILCOM’82 Proc., 1982.</li><li id="mwWQ">John Jubin and Janet D. Tornow, "The DARPA Packet Radio Network Protocols", Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 75, no. 1, January 1987, pages 21–32.</li></ul><div class="navbox-styles nomobile" about="#mwt30" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Packet radio","href":"./Template:Packet_radio"},"params":{},"i":0}}]}" id="mwWg"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt33" data-mw="{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbox/styles.css&quot},"body":{"extsrc":"&quot}}">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packet_radio" style="padding:3px" about="#mwt30" id="mwWw"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349" typeof="mw:Extension/templatestyles" about="#mwt34" data-mw="{"name":"templatestyles","attrs":{"src":"Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot},"body":{"extsrc":"&quot}}">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" class="new" data-href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Packet_radio" title="Template:Packet radio"><abbr title="View this template" style=";background:lightsteelblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a> </li><li class="nv-talk"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Template_talk:Packet_radio" title="Template talk:Packet radio"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";background:lightsteelblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a> </li><li class="nv-edit"> <a rel="mw:ExtLink" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Packet_radio&action=edit" class="external text"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";background:lightsteelblue;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a> </li></ul></div><div id="Packet_radio" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Packet_radio" title="Packet radio">Packet radio</a> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./ALOHAnet" title="ALOHAnet">ALOHAnet</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./PRNET" title="PRNET">PRNET</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./AX.25" title="AX.25">AX.25</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Terminal_node_controller" title="Terminal node controller">Terminal node controller</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./FBB_(F6FBB)" title="FBB (F6FBB)">FBB (F6FBB)</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System" title="Automatic Packet Reporting System">APRS</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./APRS_Calling" title="APRS Calling">APRS Calling</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">TCP/IP packet radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./AMPRNet" title="AMPRNet">AMPRNet</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./KISS_(TNC)" title="KISS (TNC)">KISS (TNC)</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./KA9Q" title="KA9Q">KA9Q</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Phil_Karn" title="Phil Karn">Phil Karn</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Spartan_Packet_Radio_Experiment" title="Spartan Packet Radio Experiment">Spartan</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./FX.25_Forward_Error_Correction" title="FX.25 Forward Error Correction">FX.25 FEC</a> </li><li> <a rel="mw:WikiLink" href="./Encoder_receiver_transmitter" title="Encoder receiver transmitter">Encoder receiver transmitter</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><link rel="mw:PageProp/Category" target="_blank" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Packet_radio" id="mwXA"/></section><div class="ref-link">This page is based on this <a target="_blank" href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRNET">Wikipedia article</a> <br>Text is available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> license; additional terms may apply.<br>Images, videos and audio are available 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