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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of fashion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_fashion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of fashion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alleged_Western_distinctiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_Western_distinctiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alleged Western distinctiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_Western_distinctiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_in_the_Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_in_the_Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fashion in the Western world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fashion industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fashion trends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fashion_trends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fashion trends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fashion_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Social influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Market research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolic_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Symbolic consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Political influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Technology influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fashion_in_printed_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_in_printed_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fashion in printed media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_in_printed_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_in_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_in_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fashion in television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_in_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_advertisements_in_fashion_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_advertisements_in_fashion_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Controversial advertisements in fashion industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_advertisements_in_fashion_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism_in_fashion_advertisements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_in_fashion_advertisements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Racism in fashion advertisements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_in_fashion_advertisements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexism_in_fashion_advertisements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexism_in_fashion_advertisements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Sexism in fashion advertisements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexism_in_fashion_advertisements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations_and_social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations_and_social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public relations and social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations_and_social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_political_activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_political_activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Fashion and political activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_political_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropological_perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropological_perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anthropological perspective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropological_perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Intellectual property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fashion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="موضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4da_(habelyement)" title="Môda (habelyement) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Môda (habelyement)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3da" title="Móda – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Móda" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99b" title="Dəb – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəb" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="دب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE-sek" title="Sî-sek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sî-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="फैशन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फैशन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giz" title="Giz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Giz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urog" title="Urog – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Urog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3da" title="Móda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Móda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffasiwn" title="Ffasiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffasiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood" title="Mood – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mood" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Μόδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo" title="Modo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Modo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF_(%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9)" title="مد (پوشاک) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مد (پوشاک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fashion" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3ti" title="Móti – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Móti" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(habillement)" title="Mode (habillement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mode (habillement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisean" title="Faisean – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faisean" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassan" title="Fassan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fassan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8" title="ફેશન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફેશન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EC%85%98" title="패션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paikini" title="Paikini – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Paikini" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նորաձևություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորաձևություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="फैशन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फैशन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe" title="Uwe – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Uwe" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADska" title="Tíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אופנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A8syen" title="Fèsyen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fèsyen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="მოდა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოდა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Сән – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сән" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gis" title="Gis – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gis" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitindo" title="Mitindo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mitindo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2d" title="Mòd – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mòd" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%99" title="ແຟຊັ້ນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຟຊັ້ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moud" title="Moud – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moud" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mada" title="Mada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moudu" title="Moudu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Moudu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%93uda" title="Mœuda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mœuda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divat" title="Divat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Divat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫാഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="फॅशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॅशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="მოდა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოდა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%87" title="موضه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فشن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فشن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fesyen" title="Fesyen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fesyen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဖက်ရှင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်ရှင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moede" title="Moede – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Moede" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="फेसन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फेसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ファッション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファッション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mote" title="Mote – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mote" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mote" title="Mote – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mote" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2da" title="Mòda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mòda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫ਼ੈਸ਼ਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੈਸ਼ਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda_(styl)" title="Moda (styl) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moda (styl)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C4%83" title="Modă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Modă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feshene" title="Feshene – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Feshene" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="විලාසිතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විලාසිතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fashion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3da" title="Móda – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Móda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86" title="فاشن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاشن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeu" title="Modeu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Modeu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoti" title="Muoti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muoti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode" title="Mode – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mode" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒய்யாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒய்யாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్యాషన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్యాషన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="แฟชั่น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟชั่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мода – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мода" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="رواج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رواج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_trang" title="Thời trang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời trang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moda" title="Moda – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Moda" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%B0%9A" title="时尚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="时尚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stylish clothing</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fashion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fashion (disambiguation)">Fashion (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Menswear" redirects here. For the music group, see <a href="/wiki/Menswear_(band)" title="Menswear (band)">Menswear (band)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg/202px-Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg/303px-Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg/404px-Carolina_Herrera_AW14_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford,_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten,_November_9,_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg/102px-Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg/153px-Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg/204px-Pierre_Balmain_and_Ruth_Ford%2C_photographed_by_Carl_Van_Vechten%2C_November_9%2C_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg/209px-Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg/314px-Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg/418px-Siegel_%26_Stockman._The_Brandery_Winter_Edition_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1213" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9,_722_Lexington_Ave,_New_York,_NY_10022,_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG/95px-Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG/143px-Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG/190px-Victoria%27s_Secret_Store_9%2C_722_Lexington_Ave%2C_New_York%2C_NY_10022%2C_USA_-_Dec_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3673" data-file-height="5509" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples under fashion's umbrella: catwalks, mannequins, boutiques, models and designers</div></div></div></div> <p><b>Fashion</b> is a term used interchangeably to describe the creation of <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">accessories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> of different cultural <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> and their mix and match into <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">outfits</a> that depict distinctive ways of dressing (<a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">styles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trends" class="mw-redirect" title="Trends">trends</a>) as signifiers of <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-expression_values" title="Self-expression values">self-expression</a>, and group belonging. As a multifaceted term, fashion describes an <a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clothing_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothing design">styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)" title="Aesthetics (textile)">aesthetics</a>, and trends. </p><p>The term 'fashion' originates from the Latin word 'Facere,' which means 'to make,' and describes the manufacturing, mixing, and wearing of outfits adorned with specific cultural aesthetics, patterns, <a href="/wiki/Motif_(textile_arts)" title="Motif (textile arts)">motifs</a>, shapes, and cuts, allowing people to showcase their group belonging, values, meanings, beliefs, and ways of life. Given the rise in mass production of <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodities</a> and clothing at lower prices and global reach, reducing <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">fashion's environmental impact</a> and improving <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">sustainability</a> has become an urgent issue among politicians, brands, and consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg/220px-Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg/330px-Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg/440px-Woman%27s_Bicycling_Ensemble_LACMA_M.74.24.27a-b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Woman's Bicycling Ensemble, 1898, <a href="/wiki/LACMA" class="mw-redirect" title="LACMA">LACMA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The French word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mode#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:mode">mode</a></i></span>, meaning "fashion", dates as far back as 1482, while the English word denoting something "in style" dates only to the 16th century. Other words exist related to concepts of style and appeal that precede <i>mode</i>. In the 12th and 13th century <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> the concept of elegance begins to appear in the context of aristocratic preferences to enhance beauty and display refinement, and <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">cointerie</i></span>, the idea of making oneself more attractive to others by style or artifice in grooming and dress, appears in a 13th-century poem by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris" title="Guillaume de Lorris">Guillaume de Lorris</a> advising men that "handsome clothes and handsome accessories improve a man a great deal".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fashion scholar Susan B. Kaiser states that everyone is "forced to appear", unmediated before others.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Everyone is evaluated by their attire, and evaluation includes the consideration of <a href="/wiki/Color_of_clothing" title="Color of clothing">colors</a>, materials, silhouette, and how garments appear on the body. Garments identical in style and material also appear different depending on the wearer's body shape, or whether the garment has been washed, folded, mended, or is new. </p><p><i>Fashion</i> is defined in a number of different ways, and its application can be sometimes unclear. Though the term <i>fashion</i> connotes difference, as in "the new fashions of the season", it can also connote sameness, for example in reference to "the fashions of the 1960s", implying a general uniformity. Fashion can signify the latest trends, but may often reference fashions of a previous era, leading to the reappearance of fashions from a different time period. While what is fashionable can be defined by a relatively insular, esteemed and often rich aesthetic elite who make a look exclusive, such as <a href="/wiki/Fashion_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion house">fashion houses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couturiers</a>, this 'look' is often designed by pulling references from <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subcultures</a> and social groups who are not considered elite, and are thus excluded from making the distinction of what is fashion themselves. </p><p>Whereas a <i>trend</i> often connotes a peculiar aesthetic expression, often lasting shorter than a season and being identifiable by visual extremes, fashion is a distinctive and industry-supported expression traditionally tied to the <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">fashion season</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">collections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawamura,_Yuniija._2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawamura,_Yuniija._2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Style</i> is an expression that lasts over many seasons and is often connected to cultural movements and <a href="/wiki/Social_marker" title="Social marker">social markers</a>, symbols, class, and culture (such as <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>). According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Pierre Bourdieu</a>, fashion connotes "the latest difference."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even though the terms <i>fashion</i>, <i>clothing</i> and <i>costume</i> are often used together, fashion differs from both. <i>Clothing</i> describes the material and the technical garment, devoid of any social meaning or connections; <i>costume</i> has come to mean <a href="/wiki/Costume_party" title="Costume party">fancy dress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerade</a> wear. Fashion, by contrast, describes the social and temporal system that influences and "activates" dress as a social signifier in a certain time and context. Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> connects fashion to the qualitative <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> concept of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kairos" title="Kairos">kairos</a></i></span>, meaning "the right, critical, or opportune moment", and clothing to the quantitative concept of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chronos" title="Chronos">chronos</a></i></span>, the personification of chronological or sequential time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some exclusive brands may claim the label <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a>,</i> in France, the term is technically limited to members of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawamura,_Yuniija._2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawamura,_Yuniija._2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haute couture is more aspirational; inspired by art and culture, and in most cases, reserved for the economic <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a>. However, New York's fashion calendar hosts Couture Fashion Week, which strives for a more equitable and inclusive mission.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCHauteCouture_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCHauteCouture-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fashion is also a source of art, allowing people to display their unique tastes, sensibilities, and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion designers</a> are influenced by outside stimuli and reflect this inspiration in their work. For example, <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>'s 'stained green' jeans<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may look like a grass stain, but to others, they display purity, freshness, and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fashion is unique, self-fulfilling and may be a key part of someone's identity. Similarly to art, the aims of a person's choices in fashion are not necessarily to be liked by everyone, but instead to be an expression of personal taste.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person's personal style functions as a "societal formation always combining two opposite principles. It is a socially acceptable and secure way to distinguish oneself from others and, at the same time, it satisfies the individual's need for social adaptation and imitation."<sup id="cite_ref-:11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> believed that fashion "has nothing to do with genuine judgements of taste", and was instead "a case of unreflected and 'blind' imitation",<sup id="cite_ref-:11_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sociologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thought of fashion as something that "helped overcome the distance between an individual and his society".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American sociologist Diana Crane also mentioned in her book that fashion is closely intertwined with personal and group identity, serving as a means of expressing cultural, social, and political affiliations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_fashion">History of fashion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History of fashion design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothing_history2_(Nouveaau_Larousse,c._1900)_DSCN2839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg/220px-Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg/330px-Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg/440px-Clothing_history2_%28Nouveaau_Larousse%2Cc._1900%29_DSCN2839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">French fashion</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/New_Larousse_Illustrated" class="mw-redirect" title="New Larousse Illustrated">New Larousse Illustrated</a></i>, 1617–1898</figcaption></figure> <p>Changes in clothing often took place at times of economic or social change, as occurred in ancient <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and the medieval <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a>, followed by a long period without significant changes. In eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Spain">Moorish Spain</a>, the musician <a href="/wiki/Ziryab" title="Ziryab">Ziryab</a> introduced to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. (March 2014)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sophistication" title="Sophistication">sophisticated</a> clothing styles based on seasonal and daily fashions from his native <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, modified by his inspiration. Similar changes in fashion occurred in the 11th century in the Middle East following the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, who introduced clothing styles from Central Asia and the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_Western_distinctiveness">Alleged Western distinctiveness</h3></div> <p>Early Western travellers who visited <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, or <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, would frequently remark on the absence of change in fashion in those countries. In 1609, the secretary of the Japanese <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">shōgun</a></i></span> bragged inaccurately to a Spanish visitor that <a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Japanese clothing</a> had not changed in over a thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 312–313">: 312–313 </span></sup> However, these conceptions of non-Western clothing undergoing little, if any, evolution are generally held to be untrue; for instance, there is considerable evidence in <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> of rapidly changing fashions in <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chinese clothing">Chinese clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In imperial China, clothing were not only an embodiment of freedom and comfort or used to cover the body or protect against the cold or used for decorative purposes; it was also regulated by strong <a href="/wiki/Sumptuary_law" title="Sumptuary law">sumptuary laws</a> which was based on strict social hierarchy system and the ritual system of the Chinese society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> It was expected for people to be dressed accordingly to their gender, social status and occupation; the Chinese clothing system had cleared evolution and varied in appearance in each period of history.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> However, ancient Chinese fashion, like in other cultures, was an indicator of the socioeconomic conditions of its population; for Confucian scholars, however, changing fashion was often associated with <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">social disorder</a> which was brought by rapid commercialization.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 204">: 204 </span></sup> Clothing which experienced fast changing fashion in ancient China was recorded in ancient Chinese texts, where it was sometimes referred as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">shiyang</i></span>, "contemporary-styles", and was associated with the concept of <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fuyao_(fashion)" title="Fuyao (fashion)">fuyao</a></i></span>, "outrageous dress",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> which typically holds a negative connotation. Similar changes in clothing can be seen in Japanese clothing between the <a href="/wiki/Genroku_culture" title="Genroku culture">Genroku period</a> and the later centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> (1603–1867), during which a time clothing trends switched from flashy and expensive displays of wealth to subdued and subverted ones. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png/220px-Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png/330px-Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png/440px-Gensei_Kajin_Shu_by_Yoshu_Chikanobu_1890.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption><i>Gensei Kajin Shu</i> by <a href="/wiki/Yoshu_Chikanobu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshu Chikanobu">Yoshu Chikanobu</a>, 1890. Various styles of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Japanese clothing">traditional Japanese clothing</a> and Western styles.</figcaption></figure><p> The myth on the lack of fashion in what was considered the Orient was related to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Western Imperialism</a> also often accompanied <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, and European imperialism was especially at its highest in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> In the 19th century time, Europeans described China in binary opposition to Europe, describing China as "lacking in fashion" among many other things, while Europeans deliberately placed themselves in a superior position when they would compare themselves to the Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> as well as to other countries in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:7_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 166">: 166 </span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Latent orientalism is an unconscious, untouchable certainty about what the Orient is, static and unanimous, separate, eccentric, backward, silently different, sensual, and passive. It has a tendency towards despotism and away from progress. [...] Its progress and value are judged in comparison to the West, so it is the Other. Many rigorous scholars [...] saw the Orient as a locale requiring Western attention, reconstruction, even redemption.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Laura Fantone quoted Said (1979), Local Invisibility, Postcolonial Feminisms Asian American Contemporary Artists in California, page 166</cite></div></blockquote><p>Similar ideas were also applied to other countries in the East Asia, in India, and Middle East, where the perceived lack of fashion were associated with offensive remarks on the Asian social and political systems:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 187">: 187 </span></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I confess that the unchanging fashions of the Turks and other Eastern peoples do not attract me. It seems that their fashions tend to preserve their stupid despotism.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Say" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Say">Jean Baptiste Say</a> (1829)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div> <p>Additionally, there is a long history of fashion in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloth was used as a form of currency in trade with the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> as early as the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and locally produced cloth and cheaper European imports were assembled into new styles to accommodate the growing elite class of West Africans and resident gold and slave traders.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an exceptionally strong tradition of weaving in the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a>, and the areas inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_in_the_Western_world">Fashion in the Western world</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MA-Lebrun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/170px-MA-Lebrun.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/255px-MA-Lebrun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/MA-Lebrun.jpg/340px-MA-Lebrun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, wife of Louis XVI, was a leader of fashion. Her choices, such as this 1783 white <a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">muslin</a> dress called a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">chemise a la Reine</i></span>, were highly influential and widely worn.<sup id="cite_ref-dam_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dam-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History of Western fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion" title="Chinoiserie in fashion">Chinoiserie in European and American fashion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion week</a></div> <p>The beginning in Europe of continual and accelerating change in clothing styles can be fairly reliably dated to late <a href="/wiki/Medieval_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval times">medieval times</a>. Historians, including <a href="/wiki/James_Laver" title="James Laver">James Laver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, date the start of Western fashion in clothing to the middle of the <a href="/wiki/1300%E2%80%931400_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1300–1400 in fashion">14th century</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 317">: 317 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laver_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laver-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> though they tend to rely heavily on contemporary imagery,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as illuminated manuscripts were not common before the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most dramatic early change in fashion was a sudden drastic shortening and tightening of the male over-garment from calf-length to barely covering the buttocks,<sup id="cite_ref-conceitom.com.br_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conceitom.com.br-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes accompanied with stuffing in the chest to make it look bigger. This created the distinctive Western outline of a tailored top worn over leggings or trousers. </p><p>The pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century, and women's and men's fashion, especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex. <a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art historians</a> are, therefore, able to use fashion with confidence and precision to date images, often to within five years, particularly in the case of images from the 15th century. Initially, changes in fashion led to a fragmentation across the upper classes of Europe of what had previously been a very similar style of dressing and the subsequent development of distinctive national styles. These national styles remained very different until a counter-movement in the 17th to 18th centuries imposed similar styles once again, mostly originating from <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> France.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 317–324">: 317–324 </span></sup> Though the rich usually led fashion, the increasing affluence of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">early modern Europe</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and even peasants following trends at a distance, but still uncomfortably close for the elites – a factor that Fernand Braudel regards as one of the main motors of changing fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 313–315">: 313–315 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg/170px-ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg/255px-ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg/340px-ADurerNuremburgVenetianWomen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a>'s drawing contrasts a well-turned out <i>bourgeoise</i> from <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> (left) with her counterpart from Venice. The Venetian lady's high <a href="/wiki/Chopine" title="Chopine">chopines</a> make her look taller.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>, national differences were at their most pronounced. Ten 16th century portraits of German or Italian gentlemen may show ten entirely different hats. <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a> illustrated the differences in his actual (or composite) contrast of Nuremberg and Venetian fashions at the close of the 15th century (illustration, right). The "Spanish style" of the late 16th century began the move back to synchronicity among upper-class Europeans, and after a struggle in the mid-17th century, French styles decisively took over leadership, a process completed in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 317–321">: 317–321 </span></sup> </p><p>Though different textile colors and patterns changed from year to year,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cut of a gentleman's coat and the length of his waistcoat, or the pattern to which a lady's dress was cut, changed more slowly. Men's fashions were primarily derived from military models, and changes in a European male silhouette were galvanized in theaters of European war where gentleman officers had opportunities to make notes of different styles such as the "Steinkirk" <a href="/wiki/Cravat_(early)" title="Cravat (early)">cravat</a> or necktie. Both parties wore shirts under their clothing, the cut and style of which had little cause to change over a number of centuries. </p><p>Though there had been distribution of dressed dolls from France since the 16th century and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Bosse" title="Abraham Bosse">Abraham Bosse</a> had produced engravings of fashion in the 1620s, the pace of change picked up in the 1780s with increased publication of French engravings illustrating the latest Paris styles. By 1800, all Western Europeans were dressing alike (or thought they were); local variation became first a sign of <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provincial</a> culture and later a badge of the conservative peasant.<sup id="cite_ref-Braudel_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 317">: 317 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laver_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laver-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 62">: 62 </span></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailors</a> and dressmakers were no doubt responsible for many innovations, and the textile industry indeed led many trends, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">history of fashion design</a> is generally understood to date from 1858 when the English-born <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Worth" title="Charles Frederick Worth">Charles Frederick Worth</a> opened the first authentic <i><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></i> house in Paris. The Haute house was the name established by the government for the fashion houses that met the standards of the industry. These fashion houses continue to adhere to standards such as keeping at least twenty employees engaged in making the clothes, showing two collections per year at fashion shows, and presenting a certain number of patterns to costumers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the idea of the fashion designer as a celebrity in their own right has become increasingly dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although fashion can be feminine or masculine, additional trends are <a href="/wiki/Androgynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgynous">androgynous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of <a href="/wiki/Unisex" title="Unisex">unisex</a> dressing originated in the 1960s, when designers such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Gernreich" title="Rudi Gernreich">Rudi Gernreich</a> created garments, such as stretch jersey tunics or leggings, meant to be worn by both males and females. The impact of unisex wearability expanded more broadly to encompass various themes in fashion, including androgyny, mass-market retail, and conceptual clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fashion trends of the 1970s, such as sheepskin jackets, flight jackets, duffel coats, and unstructured clothing, influenced men to attend social gatherings without a dinner jacket and to accessorize in new ways. Some men's styles blended the sensuality and expressiveness, and the growing gay-rights movement and an emphasis on youth allowed for a new freedom to experiment with style and with fabrics such as wool crepe, which had previously been associated with women's attire.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg/170px-Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg/255px-Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg/340px-Cover_of_Marcus_Clarks%27_spring_%26_summer_catalogue_1926-27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Clark_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Clark & Co">Marcus Clarks'</a> spring and summer catalogue 1926–27</figcaption></figure> <p>The four major current <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a> are acknowledged to be <a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York City</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, which are all headquarters to the most significant fashion companies and are renowned for their major influence on global fashion. <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion weeks</a> are held in these cities, where designers exhibit their new clothing collections to audiences. A study demonstrated that general proximity to New York's <a href="/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan" title="Garment District, Manhattan">Garment District</a> was important to participate in the American fashion ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Haute couture</i> has now largely been subsidized by the sale of <a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a> collections and perfume using the same branding. </p><p>Modern <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Westerners</a> have a vast number of choices in the selection of their clothes. What a person chooses to wear can reflect their personality or interests. When people who have high cultural <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> start to wear new or different styles, they may inspire a new fashion trend. People who like or respect these people are influenced by their style and begin wearing similarly styled clothes. </p><p>Fashions may vary considerably within a society according to age, social class, generation, occupation, and geography, and may also vary over time. The terms <i>fashionista</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_victim" title="Fashion victim">fashion victim</a></i> refer to someone who slavishly follows current fashions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg/170px-Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg/255px-Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg/340px-Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg_Spring-Summer_2014_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Liu_Wen_(model)" title="Liu Wen (model)">Liu Wen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodel</a>, walks the runway modeling fashions by designer <a href="/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Diane von Fürstenberg">Diane von Fürstenberg</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York Fashion Week</a> 2013.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 2000s, Asian fashion influences became increasingly significant in local and global markets. Countries such as China, Japan, India, and Pakistan have traditionally had large <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industries</a> with a number of rich traditions; though these were often drawn upon by Western designers, Asian clothing styles gained considerable influence in the early- to mid-2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>China</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fashion">Chinese fashion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Clothing in ancient China">Clothing in ancient China</a></div> <p>Chinese fashion remained constantly changing over the centuries. In China, throughout the Tang Dynasty (618–907), women wore extravagant attire to demonstrate prosperity. Mongol men of the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1368) wore loose robes; horsemen sported shorter robes, trousers, and boots to provide ease when horseback riding. The leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> (1644–1911) maintained Manchu dress, while establishing new garments for officials; while <a href="/wiki/Foot_binding" title="Foot binding">foot binding</a>—originally introduced in the 10th century—was not preserved, women of this era were expected to wear particular heels that pushed them to take on a ladylike walk.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, in the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Cheongsam" title="Cheongsam">qipao</a> was in vogue and the style consisted of stand collars, trumpet sleeves, straight silhouettes and short side slits. Since then, designers started to move into Western fashion like fur coats and cloaks and body-hugging dresses with long side slits as qipao became more popular. In the 1950s and 60s, ‘Lenin coats’ with double lines of buttons, slanting pockets and a belt came into vogue among Chinese men.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>India</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian clothing">History of Indian clothing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_Beauty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hindu_Beauty.jpg/170px-Hindu_Beauty.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hindu_Beauty.jpg/255px-Hindu_Beauty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hindu_Beauty.jpg/340px-Hindu_Beauty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> lady wearing <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a>, one of the most ancient and popular pieces of clothing in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, it has been common for followers of different religions to wear corresponding pieces of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://magazine-30330693">clothing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 15th century, Muslim and Hindu women wore notably different articles of clothing. This is also seen in many other Eastern world countries. </p><p>In the Victorian era, most women did not wear blouses under their saris, which did not suit the Victorian society; however, British and Indian fashion would be influenced by each other in following decades. In the 1920s, the nationalists adopted <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a> cloth as a symbol of resistance; here, Gandhi became the face of the resistance which made people spin, weave, and wear their Khadi. Today, the <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez">salwaar-kameez</a> is recognized as the national dress of India. </p><p><b>Japan</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_clothing" title="Japanese clothing">Japanese clothing</a></div> <p>For Japan, the people during the Meiji period (1868–1912) widely incorporated Western styles into Japanese fashion, which is considered to be a remarkable transformation for the Japanese vogue.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They extensively adopted the style and practices of Western cultures.The upper classes wore more extravagant pieces of clothing like luxurious patterned silks and adorned themselves with fancy sashes. Women also started wearing Western dresses in public instead of their traditional <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">Kimono</a>. Most of the officials were also required to wear Western suits. In this way, the Japanese slowly adopted into Western fashion. Moreover, like India, different Japanese religions wear different pieces of clothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_industry">Fashion industry</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:E1266601_(5398889640).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg/170px-E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg/255px-E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg/340px-E1266601_%285398889640%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2245" data-file-height="3593" /></a><figcaption>Model with a modern dress reflecting the current fashion trend at a fashion show, Paris, 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaxMara-2542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MaxMara-2542.jpg/170px-MaxMara-2542.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MaxMara-2542.jpg/255px-MaxMara-2542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/MaxMara-2542.jpg/340px-MaxMara-2542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3396" data-file-height="4245" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kaia_Gerber" title="Kaia Gerber">Kaia Gerber</a> at the 2019 Max Mara Fashion Week in Milan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">Fashion show</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion week</a></div> <p>In its most common use, the term fashion refers to the current expressions on sale through the fashion industry. The global fashion industry is a product of the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Western world, tailoring has since medieval times been controlled by <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>, but with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialism</a>, the power of the guilds was undermined. Before the mid-19th century, most clothing was <a href="/wiki/Made_to_measure" class="mw-redirect" title="Made to measure">custom-made</a>. It was handmade for individuals, either as home production or on order from dressmakers and tailors. By the beginning of the 20th century, with the rise of new technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Sewing_machine" title="Sewing machine">sewing machine</a>, the rise of global trade, the development of the factory system of production, and the proliferation of retail outlets such as department stores, clothing became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> in standard sizes and sold at fixed prices. </p><p>Although the fashion industry developed first in Europe and America, as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it is an international and highly globalized industry, with clothing often designed in one country, manufactured in another, and sold worldwide. For example, an American fashion company might source fabric in China and have the clothes manufactured in Vietnam, finished in Italy, and shipped to a warehouse in the United States for distribution to retail outlets internationally. </p><p>The fashion industry has for a long time been one of the largest employers in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it remains so in the 21st century. However, U.S. employment in fashion began to decline considerably as production increasingly moved overseas, especially to China. Because data regarding the fashion industry typically are reported for national economies and expressed in terms of the industry's many separate sectors, aggregate figures for the world <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">production of textiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">clothing</a> are difficult to obtain. However, by any measure, the clothing industry accounts for a significant share of world economic output.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fashion industry consists of four levels: </p> <ol><li>The production of raw materials, principally <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>.</li> <li>The production of fashion goods by designers, manufacturers, contractors, and others.</li> <li>Retail sales.</li> <li>Various forms of advertising and promotion.</li></ol> <p>The levels of focus in the fashion industry consist of many separate but interdependent sectors. These sectors include <a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">textile design</a> and production, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a> and manufacturing, fashion retailing, marketing and <a href="/wiki/Merchandising" title="Merchandising">merchandising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">fashion shows</a>, and media and marketing. Each sector is devoted to the goal of satisfying consumer demand for apparel under conditions that enable participants in the industry to operate at a profit.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_trends">Fashion trends</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion trend">Fashion trend</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See: <a href="/wiki/Category:Fashion_by_decade" title="Category:Fashion by decade">Category:Fashion by decade</a></div> <p>A fashion trend signifies a specific look or expression that is spread across a population at a specific time and place. A trend is considered a more <a href="/wiki/Ephemerality" title="Ephemerality">ephemeral</a> look, not defined by the seasons when collections are released by the fashion industry. A trend can thus emerge from <a href="/wiki/Street_style" title="Street style">street style</a>, across cultures, and from <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">influencers</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a>. </p><p>Fashion trends are influenced by several factors, including cinema, celebrities, climate, creative explorations, innovations, designs, political, economic, social, and technological. Examining these factors is called a <a href="/wiki/PEST_analysis" title="PEST analysis">PEST analysis</a>. Fashion forecasters can use this information to help determine the growth or decline of a particular trend. </p><p>People's minds as well as their perceptions and consciousness are constantly changing. Fads are inherently social, are constantly evolving in a contradiction between the old and the new, and are in a sense easily influenced by those around them, and therefore also begin to imitate constantly.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg/170px-Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg/255px-Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg/340px-Timberland_Shoes_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Timberland boots are an everyday shoe in streetwear.</figcaption></figure> <p>Continuing on from the <a href="/wiki/Maximalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximalist">maximalist</a> and 1980s influences of the <a href="/wiki/2020s_in_fashion#General_trends" title="2020s in fashion">early 2020s</a>, vibrant coloured clothing had made a comeback for women in America, France, China, Korea, and Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the spring of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style, sometimes referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> dressing", featured long skirts and belted <a href="/wiki/Maxi_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxi dress">maxi dresses</a> with thigh splits, lots of gold and pearl jewelry, oversized striped <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_sweater" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardigan sweater">cardigan sweaters</a>, multicoloured silk skirts with <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">seashell</a> or floral print, strappy sandals, pants with a contrasting stripe down the leg, <a href="/wiki/Ugg_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugg boot">ugg boots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> floral print <a href="/wiki/Maxi_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxi skirt">maxi skirts</a>, Y2K inspired <a href="/wiki/Platform_shoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform shoes">platform shoes</a>, chunky red <a href="/wiki/Rain_boot" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain boot">rain boots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shimmery <a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">jumpsuits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knitted dresses, leather <a href="/wiki/Pilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot">pilot</a> jackets with faux fur collars,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skirts with bold contrasting vertical stripes, <a href="/wiki/Trouser_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trouser suit">trouser suits</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bootcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootcut">bootcut</a> legs, jeans with glittery heart or star-shaped details, chunky white or black sandals, and <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> print <a href="/wiki/Tote_bag" title="Tote bag">tote bags</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Big, oversized garments were often made from translucent materials and featured cutouts intended to expose the wearer's bare shoulder, thigh, or <a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">midriff</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_hugger" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hugger">low-cut waists on the pants</a> or tops with strappy necklines intended to be worn <a href="/wiki/Braless" class="mw-redirect" title="Braless">braless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desirable colours included neon green, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> green, <a href="/wiki/Coral_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral pink">coral pink</a>, orange, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_pink" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon pink">salmon pink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magenta" title="Magenta">magenta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_(color)" title="Gold (color)">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_blue_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric blue (colour)">electric blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (colour)">aquamarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquoise_(color)" title="Turquoise (color)">turquoise</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Royal_blue" title="Royal blue">royal blue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, the predominant colours in Britain, France and America were red, white and blue. As in the <a href="/wiki/1970s_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="1970s fashion">mid to late 1970s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Western shirt">Western shirts</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pearl_snap" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl snap">pearl snaps</a> in denim or bright <a href="/wiki/Madras_plaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras plaid">madras plaid</a> made a comeback, and sometimes featured contrasting yokes and cuffs with intricate embroidery.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moccasin" title="Moccasin">Moccasins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonewash" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewash">stonewash</a> denim <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoats</a> with decorative fringes, preppy loafers, <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy blue</a> suits and <a href="/wiki/Sportcoat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportcoat">sportcoats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straight_leg_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight leg jeans">straight leg jeans</a> instead of the <a href="/wiki/Skinny_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinny jeans">skinny jeans</a> fashionable from the <a href="/wiki/2000s_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="2000s fashion">late 2000s until the early 2020s</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stetson" title="Stetson">stetsons</a>, white <a href="/wiki/Baseball_jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball jersey">baseball jerseys</a> with bold red or blue <a href="/wiki/Pinstripe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinstripe">pinstripes</a>, striped blue <a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">neckties</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baggy_pants" class="mw-redirect" title="Baggy pants">baggy white pants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> motifs, <a href="/wiki/Flared_jeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Flared jeans">flared jeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duster_coat" class="mw-redirect" title="Duster coat">duster coats</a> as worn in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_(American_TV_series)" title="Yellowstone (American TV series)">Yellowstone</a></i> TV series,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">preppy</a> style <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">sweaters</a>, retro blue and white striped <a href="/wiki/Football_shirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Football shirt">football shirts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_boot" title="Chelsea boot">chelsea boots</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">cowboy boot</a> styling, two-button blazers with red and blue boating stripes, V-neck <a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">sweater vests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_blue" title="Royal blue">royal blue</a> <a href="/wiki/Baseball_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball jacket">baseball jackets</a> with white sleeves, Howler Brothers <a href="/wiki/Gilet" title="Gilet">gilets</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shirts and suits worn open to expose the chest,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and boxy leather <a href="/wiki/Reefer_jacket" class="mw-redirect" title="Reefer jacket">reefer jackets</a> were popular on both sides of the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_influences">Social influences</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_(27479839046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg/170px-Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg/255px-Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg/340px-Britney_Spears_%27Piece_of_Me%27_-_Las_Vegas_IMG_6668_%2827479839046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> have popularized the concept of wearing <a href="/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear" title="Underwear as outerwear">underwear as outerwear</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fashion is inherently a <a href="/wiki/Social_phenomenon" title="Social phenomenon">social phenomenon</a>. A person cannot have a fashion by oneself, but for something to be defined as fashion, there needs to be dissemination and followers. This dissemination can take several forms; from the top-down ("trickle-down") to bottom-up ("bubble up/trickle-up"), or transversally across cultures and through viral memes and media ("trickle-across"). </p><p>Fashion relates to the social and cultural context of an environment. According to Matika,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Elements of popular culture become fused when a person's trend is associated with a preference for a genre of music […] like music, news, or literature, fashion has been fused into everyday lives." Fashion is not only seen as purely aesthetic; fashion is also a medium for people to create an overall effect and express their opinions and overall art. </p><p>This mirrors what performers frequently accomplish through music videos. In the music video 'Formation' by <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a>, according to Carlos,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual or seasonal runway show is a reflection of fashion trends and a designer's inspirations. For designers like <a href="/wiki/Vivienne_Westwood" title="Vivienne Westwood">Vivienne Westwood</a>, runway shows are a platform for her voice on politics and current events. For her AW15 menswear show, according to Water,<sup id="cite_ref-Dazed_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dazed-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "where models with severely bruised faces channeled eco-warriors on a mission to save the planet." Another recent example is a staged feminist protest march for Chanel's SS15 show, rioting models chanting words of empowerment using signs like "Feminist but feminine" and "Ladies first." According to Water,<sup id="cite_ref-Dazed_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dazed-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The show tapped into Chanel's long history of championing female independence: founder Coco Chanel was a trailblazer for liberating the female body in the post-WWI era, introducing silhouettes that countered the restrictive corsets then in favour." </p><p>The annual <a href="/wiki/Met_Gala" title="Met Gala">Met Gala</a> ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> is the premier venue where fashion designers and their creations are celebrated. <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> is also a place where fashion is presented most often. Some influencers are paid huge amounts of money to promote a product or clothing item, where the business hopes many viewers will buy the product off the back of the advertisement. Instagram is the most popular platform for advertising, but Facebook, Snapchat, Twitter and other platforms are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT people from New York City">LGBT fashion design community</a> contributes very significantly to promulgating fashion trends, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_people_from_New_York_City#Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT people from New York City">drag celebrities</a> have developed a profound influence upon <a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York Fashion Week</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DragQueensNewYorkFashionWeek-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing">Marketing</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market_research">Market research</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn,_Estland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg/250px-Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg/375px-Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg/500px-Pelz-Verkaufsstand_in_Tallinn%2C_Estland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption>Fur fashion for sale in <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Consumers of different groups have varying needs and demands. Factors taken into consideration when analyzing consumers' needs include key demographics.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To understand consumers' needs and predict fashion trends, fashion companies have to do <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two research methods: primary and secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-Consumer_Research_Methods_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Research_Methods-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secondary methods are taking other information that has already been collected, for example using a book or an article for research. Primary research is collecting data through surveys, interviews, observation, and/or focus groups. Primary research often focuses on large sample sizes to determine customer's motivations to shop.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker_158–175_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker_158–175-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The benefits of primary research are specific information about a fashion brand's consumer is explored. Surveys are helpful tools; questions can be open-ended or closed-ended. Negative factor surveys and interviews present is that the answers can be biased, due to wording in the survey or on face-to-face interactions. Focus groups, about 8 to 12 people, can be beneficial because several points can be addressed in depth. However, there are drawbacks to this tactic, too. With such a small sample size, it is hard to know if the greater public would react the same way as the focus group.<sup id="cite_ref-Consumer_Research_Methods_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Consumer_Research_Methods-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observation can really help a company gain insight on what a consumer truly wants. There is less of a bias because consumers are just performing their daily tasks, not necessarily realizing they are being observed. For example, observing the public by taking street style photos of people, the consumer did not get dressed in the morning knowing that would have their photo taken necessarily. They just wear what they would normally wear. Through observation patterns can be seen, helping trend forecasters know what their target market needs and wants. </p><p>Knowing the needs of consumers will increase fashion companies' sales and profits. Through research and studying the consumers' lives the needs of the customer can be obtained and help fashion brands know what trends the consumers are ready for. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Symbolic_consumption">Symbolic consumption</h4></div> <p>Consumption is driven not only by need, the symbolic meaning for consumers is also a factor. Consumers engaging in symbolic consumption may develop a sense of self over an extended period of time as various objects are collected as part of the process of establishing their identity and, when the symbolic meaning is shared in a social group, to communicate their identity to others. For teenagers, consumption plays a role in distinguishing the child self from the adult. Researchers have found that the fashion choices of teenagers are used for self-expression and also to recognize other teens who wear similar clothes. The symbolic association of clothing items can link individuals' personality and interests, with music as a prominent factor influencing fashion decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_influences">Political influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House,_April_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Juliana_Awada_and_Melania_Trump_walk_along_the_Colonnade_of_the_White_House%2C_April_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a> with Argentine first lady <a href="/wiki/Juliana_Awada" title="Juliana Awada">Juliana Awada</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Political figures have played a central role in the development of fashion, at least since the time of French king <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. For example, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> was a fashion icon of the early 1960s. Wearing Chanel suits, structural Givenchy shift dresses, and soft color Cassini coats with large buttons, she inspired trends of both elegant formal dressing and classic feminine style.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cultural upheavals have also had an impact on fashion trends. For example, during the 1960s, the U.S. economy was robust, the divorce rate was increasing, and the government approved the <a href="/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">birth control pill</a>. These factors inspired the younger generation to rebel against entrenched social norms. The civil rights movement, a struggle for social justice and equal opportunity for Blacks, and the women's liberation movement, seeking equal rights and opportunities and greater personal freedom for women, were in full bloom. In 1964, the leg-baring mini-skirt was introduced and became a white-hot trend. Fashion designers then began to experiment with the shapes of garments: loose sleeveless dresses, micro-minis, flared skirts, and trumpet sleeves. Fluorescent colors, print patterns, bell-bottom jeans, fringed vests, and skirts became <i>de rigueur</i> outfits of the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concern and protest over U.S. involvement in the failing Vietnam War also influenced fashion. Camouflage patterns in military clothing, developed to help military personnel be less visible to enemy forces, seeped into streetwear designs in the 1960s. Camouflage trends have disappeared and resurfaced several times since then, appearing in high fashion iterations in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designers such as Valentino, Dior, and Dolce & Gabbana combined camouflage into their runway and ready-to-wear collections. Today, variations of camouflage, including pastel shades, in every article of clothing or accessory, continue to enjoy popularity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_influences">Technology influences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_(32801142162).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg/170px-Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg/255px-Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg/340px-Crystal_Couture_Fashion_Show_%26_Sale_%2832801142162%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="5520" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">see-through</a> top worn along with <a href="/wiki/Pasties" title="Pasties">pasties</a> by a model at a <a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">fashion show</a> in US, 2017. Such <a href="/wiki/Fashion_trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion trend">fashion trends</a> get popularised through media.</figcaption></figure> <p>Today, technology plays a sizable role in society, and technological influences are correspondingly increasing within the realm of fashion. <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">Wearable technology</a> has become incorporated; for example, clothing constructed with solar panels that charge devices and <a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">smart fabrics</a> that enhance wearer comfort by changing color or texture based on environmental changes.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> technology has influenced designers such as <a href="/wiki/Iris_van_Herpen" title="Iris van Herpen">Iris van Herpen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kimberly_Ovitz" title="Kimberly Ovitz">Kimberly Ovitz</a>. As the technology evolves, 3D printers will become more accessible to designers and eventually, consumers — these could potentially reshape design and production in the fashion industry entirely. </p><p>Internet technology, enabling the far reaches of online retailers and social media platforms, has created previously unimaginable ways for trends to be identified, marketed, and sold immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trend-setting styles are easily displayed and communicated online to attract customers. Posts on Instagram or Facebook can quickly increase awareness about new trends in fashion, which subsequently may create high demand for specific items or brands,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new "buy now button" technology can link these styles with direct sales. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Machine_vision" title="Machine vision">Machine vision</a> technology has been developed to track how fashions spread through society. The industry can now see the direct correlation on how fashion shows influence street-chic outfits. Effects such as these can now be quantified and provide valuable feedback to fashion houses, designers, and consumers regarding trends.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_impact_of_fashion&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg/220px-Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg/330px-Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg/440px-Irrigation_in_Cotton_Field_-_51488231980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5319" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>Production of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> requires a large amount of water, and also produces <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">fashion industry</a>, particularly manufacture and use of <a href="/wiki/Apparel" class="mw-redirect" title="Apparel">apparel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a>, is a significant driver of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastic pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rapid growth of <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:62_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:62-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less than one percent of clothing is <a href="/wiki/Recycled" class="mw-redirect" title="Recycled">recycled</a> to make new clothes.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:632_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:632-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry was estimated to produce 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions in 2020, which was larger than the emissions produced by international flights and maritime shipping combined. According to a 2017 report from the <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellen MacArthur Foundation">Ellen MacArthur Foundation</a>, if the fashion sector persists on its same trajectory, its share of global carbon emissions could increase to 26% by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion all contribute to differing forms of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental pollution">environmental pollution</a>, including water, air, and <a href="/wiki/Soil_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil degradation">soil degradation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> is the second greatest polluter of local freshwater in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_FI_1_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_FI_1-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the main factors that contribute to this industrial caused pollution are the vast <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> of fashion items,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="blog link (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the use of <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fibers">synthetic fibers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Agriculture pollution">agriculture pollution</a> of fashion crops,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the proliferation of <a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">microfibers</a> across global water sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:632_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_impact_of_fashion_:632-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Efforts have been made by some retailers and consumers to promote <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">sustainable fashion</a> practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy and water efficiency, and using primarily eco-friendly materials. Counter movements, such as slow fashion, have also developed as a response to the growth of fast fashion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanzturnier_28.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanzturnier_28.JPG/170px-Tanzturnier_28.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanzturnier_28.JPG/255px-Tanzturnier_28.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tanzturnier_28.JPG/340px-Tanzturnier_28.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin dancers</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a>. The woman is wearing <a href="/wiki/Backless_dress" title="Backless dress">backless dress</a> with deep slits on its lower portion, while the man is wearing a shirt with top buttons open.</figcaption></figure> <p>Media, including social media platforms, play a crucial role in shaping fashion trends, creating a rapid cycle of trend adoption and obsolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an important part of fashion is <a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">fashion journalism</a>. Editorial critique, guidelines, and commentary can be found on television and in magazines, newspapers, fashion websites, social networks, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">fashion blogs</a>. In recent years, fashion blogging and YouTube videos have become a major outlet for spreading trends and fashion tips, creating an online culture of sharing one's style on a website or social media accounts (i.e. Instagram, TikTok, or Twitter). Through these media outlets, readers and viewers all over the world can learn about fashion, making it very accessible.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to fashion journalism, another media platform that is important in fashion industry is advertisement. Advertisements provide information to audiences and promote the sales of products and services. The fashion industry uses advertisements to attract consumers and promote its products to generate sales. A few decades ago when technology was still underdeveloped, advertisements heavily relied on radio, magazines, billboards, and newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These days, there are more various ways in advertisements such as television ads, online-based ads using internet websites, and posts, videos, and live streaming in social media platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_in_printed_media">Fashion in printed media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png/330px-1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png/495px-1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png/660px-1921_Veiled_Prophet_Ball_with_Marguerite_Martyn_drawings.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>This 1921 clipping from the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a>,</i> with story and drawings by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a>, represents the saturation newspaper coverage given to society women at a fashionable dance.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two subsets of print styling: editorial and lifestyle. Editorial styling is the high-fashion styling seen in fashion magazines, and this tends to be more artistic and fashion-forward. Lifestyle styling focuses on a more overtly commercial goal, like a department store advertisement, a website, or an advertisement where fashion is not what's being sold but the models are hired to promote the product in the photo.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dressing practices of the powerful have traditionally been mediated through art and the practices of the courts. The looks of the French court were disseminated through prints from the 16th century on, but gained cohesive design with the development of a centralized court under King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, which produced an identifiable style that <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">took his name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the 20th century, fashion magazines began to include photographs of various fashion designs and became even more influential than in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cities throughout the world these magazines were greatly sought after and had a profound effect on public taste in clothing. Talented illustrators drew exquisite fashion plates for the publications which covered the most recent developments in fashion and beauty. Perhaps the most famous of these magazines was <i><a href="/wiki/La_Gazette_du_Bon_Ton" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gazette du Bon Ton">La Gazette du Bon Ton</a></i>, which was founded in 1912 by Lucien Vogel and regularly published until 1925 (with the exception of the war years).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Vogue</i>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> in 1892, has been the longest-lasting and most successful of the hundreds of fashion magazines that have come and gone. Increasing affluence after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and, most importantly, the advent of cheap color printing in the 1960s, led to a huge boost in its sales and heavy coverage of fashion in mainstream women's magazines, followed by men's magazines in the 1990s. One such example of <i>Vogue'</i>s popularity is the younger version, <i><a href="/wiki/Teen_Vogue" title="Teen Vogue">Teen Vogue</a></i>, which covers clothing and trends that are targeted more toward the "fashionista on a budget". <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">Haute couture</a> designers followed the trend by starting <a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a> and perfume lines which are heavily advertised in the magazines and now dwarf their original couture businesses. A recent development within fashion print media is the rise of text-based and critical magazines which aim to prove that fashion is not superficial, by creating a dialogue between fashion academia and the industry. Examples of this development are: <i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Theory_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion Theory (journal)">Fashion Theory</a></i> (1997), <i>Fashion Practice: The Journal of Design, Creative Process & the Fashion Industry</i> (2008), and <i><a href="/wiki/Vestoj" title="Vestoj">Vestoj</a></i> (2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_in_television">Fashion in television</h3></div> <p>Television coverage began in the 1950s with small fashion features. In the 1960s and 1970s, fashion segments on various entertainment shows became more frequent, and by the 1980s, dedicated fashion shows such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion Television">Fashion Television</a></i> started to appear. <i><a href="/wiki/FashionTV" title="FashionTV">FashionTV</a></i> was the pioneer in this undertaking and has since grown to become the leader in both Fashion Television and new media channels. The Fashion Industry is beginning to promote their styles through Bloggers on social media's. Vogue specified Chiara Ferragni as "blogger of the moment" due to the rises of followers through her Fashion Blog, that became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days after the 2010 Fall Fashion Week in <a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York City</a> came to a close, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Islander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Islander (page does not exist)">The New Islander</a>'</i>s Fashion Editor, Genevieve Tax, criticized the fashion industry for running on a seasonal schedule of its own, largely at the expense of real-world consumers. "Because designers release their fall collections in the spring and their spring collections in the fall, fashion magazines such as <i>Vogue</i> always and only look forward to the upcoming season, promoting parkas come September while issuing reviews on shorts in January", she writes. "Savvy shoppers, consequently, have been conditioned to be extremely, perhaps impractically, farsighted with their buying."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fashion industry has been the subject of numerous films and television shows, including the reality show <i><a href="/wiki/Project_Runway" title="Project Runway">Project Runway</a></i> and the drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Ugly_Betty" title="Ugly Betty">Ugly Betty</a></i>. Specific fashion brands have been featured in film, not only as <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a> opportunities, but as bespoke items that have subsequently led to trends in fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Videos in general have been very useful in promoting the fashion industry. This is evident not only from television shows directly spotlighting the fashion industry, but also movies, events and music videos which showcase fashion statements as well as promote specific brands through product placements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_advertisements_in_fashion_industry">Controversial advertisements in fashion industry</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racism_in_fashion_advertisements">Racism in fashion advertisements</h4></div> <p>Some fashion advertisements have been accused of racism and led to boycotts from customers. Globally known Swedish fashion brand <a href="/wiki/H%26M" title="H&M">H&M</a> faced this issue with one of its children's wear advertisements in 2018. A Black child wearing a hoodie with the slogan "coolest monkey in the jungle" was featured in the ad. This immediately led to controversy, as "monkey" is commonly <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs_and_epithets_by_ethnicity#African" title="List of ethnic slurs and epithets by ethnicity">used as slur against Black people</a>, and caused many customers to boycott the brand. Many people, including celebrities, posted on social media about their resentments towards H&M and refusal to work with and buy its products. H&M issued a statement saying "we apologise to anyone this may have offended", though this too received some criticism for appearing insincere.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another fashion advertisement seen as racist was from <a href="/wiki/Gap_Inc." title="Gap Inc.">GAP</a>, an American worldwide clothing brand. GAP collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres" title="Ellen DeGeneres">Ellen DeGeneres</a> in 2016 for the advertisement. It features four playful young girls, with a tall White girl leaning with her arm on a shorter Black girl's head. Upon release, some viewers harshly criticized it, claiming it shows an underlying passive racism. A representative from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Root_(magazine)" title="The Root (magazine)">The Root</a></i> commented that the ad portrays the message that Black people are undervalued and seen as props for White people to look better.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others saw little issue with the ad, and that the controversy was the result of people being <a href="/wiki/Hostile_Attribution_Bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostile Attribution Bias">oversensitive</a>. GAP replaced the image in the ad and apologized to critics.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexism_in_fashion_advertisements">Sexism in fashion advertisements</h4></div> <p>Many fashion brands have published ads that were provocative and sexy to attract customers' attention. British high fashion brand, Jimmy Choo, was blamed for having sexism in its ad which featured a female British model wearing the brand's boots. In this two-minute ad, men whistle at a model, walking on the street with red, sleeveless mini dress. This ad gained much backlash and criticism by the viewers, as it was seen as promoting sexual harassment and other misconduct. Many people showed their dismay through social media posts, leading Jimmy Choo to pull down the ad from social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>French luxury fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent also faced this issue with its print ad shown in Paris in 2017. The ad depicted a female model wearing fishnet tights with roller-skate stilettos reclining with her legs opened in front of the camera. This advertisement brought harsh comments from both viewers and French advertising organization directors for going against the advertising codes related to "respect for decency, dignity and those prohibiting submission, violence or dependence, as well as the use of stereotypes." and additionally said that this ad was causing "mental harm to adolescents."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the negative public reaction, the poster was removed from the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_relations_and_social_media">Public relations and social media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ines_Sainz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ines_Sainz.jpg/170px-Ines_Sainz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ines_Sainz.jpg/255px-Ines_Sainz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ines_Sainz.jpg/340px-Ines_Sainz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Mexican sports reporter <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Sainz" title="Inés Sainz">Inés Sainz</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black dress</a> and knee-high boots</figcaption></figure> <p>Fashion <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> involves being in touch with a company's audiences and creating strong relationships with them, reaching out to media, and initiating messages that project positive images of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social media plays an important role in modern-day fashion public relations; enabling practitioners to reach a wide range of consumers through various platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Building brand awareness and credibility is a key implication of good public relations. In some cases, the hype is built about new designers' collections before they are released into the market, due to the immense exposure generated by practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social media, such as blogs, microblogs, podcasts, photo and video sharing sites have all become increasingly important to fashion public relations.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interactive nature of these platforms allows practitioners to engage and communicate with the public in real-time, and tailor their clients' brand or campaign messages to the target audience. With blogging platforms such as Instagram, Tumblr, WordPress, Squarespace, and other sharing sites, bloggers have emerged as expert fashion commentators, shaping brands and having a great impact on what is 'on trend'.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in the fashion public relations industry such as Sweaty Betty PR founder <a href="/wiki/Roxy_Jacenko" title="Roxy Jacenko">Roxy Jacenko</a> and Oscar de la Renta's PR girl Erika Bearman, have acquired copious followers on their social media sites, by providing a brand identity and a behind the scenes look into the companies they work for. </p><p>Social media is changing the way practitioners deliver messages,<sup id="cite_ref-conceitom.com.br_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conceitom.com.br-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as they are concerned with the media, and also customer relationship building.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PR practitioners must provide effective communication among all platforms, in order to engage the fashion public in an industry socially connected via online shopping.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumers have the ability to share their purchases on their personal social media pages (such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.), and if practitioners deliver the brand message effectively and meet the needs of its public, word-of-mouth publicity will be generated and potentially provide a wide reach for the designer and their products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_and_political_activism">Fashion and political activism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_activism" title="Fashion activism">Fashion activism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg/220px-Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg/330px-Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg/440px-Dinner_in_Honor_of_Andre_Malraux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a>, the wife of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, made pink a popular high-fashion color.</figcaption></figure> <p>As fashion concerns people, and signifies social hierarchies, fashion intersects with politics and the social organization of societies. Whereas <a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">business suits</a> are associated by people in power, also groups aiming to challenge the political order also use clothes to signal their position. The explicit use of fashion as a form of activism, is usually referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Fashion_activism" title="Fashion activism">fashion activism</a>." </p><p>There is a complex relationship between fashion and feminism. Some feminists have argued that by participating in feminine fashions women are contributing to maintaining the gender differences which are part of women's oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-Femininity_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Femininity-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownmiller felt that women should reject traditionally feminine dress, focusing on comfort and practicality rather than fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Femininity_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Femininity-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe that it is the fashion system itself that is repressive in requiring women to seasonally change their clothes to keep up with trends.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greer has advocated this argument that seasonal changes in dress should be ignored; she argues that women can be liberated by replacing the compulsiveness of fashion with enjoyment of rejecting the norm to create their own personal styling.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rejection of seasonal fashion led to many protests in the 1960s alongside rejection of fashion on socialist, racial and environmental grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mosmann has pointed out that the relationship between protesting fashion and creating fashion is dynamic because the language and style used in these protests has then become part of fashion itself.<sup id="cite_ref-tandfonline.com_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tandfonline.com-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fashion designers and brands have traditionally kept themselves out of political conflicts, there has been a movement in the industry towards taking more explicit positions across the political spectrum. From maintaining a rather apolitical stance, designers and brands today engage more explicitly in current debates.<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker.com_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg/220px-Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg/330px-Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg/440px-Love_Works_Tie_Dye_stand_-_Missoula_Montana_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tie dye vendor, July 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>For example, considering the U.S.'s political climate in the surrounding months of the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, during 2017 <a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">fashion weeks</a> in <a href="/wiki/London_Fashion_Week" title="London Fashion Week">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan_Fashion_Week" title="Milan Fashion Week">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Fashion_Week" title="New York Fashion Week">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Fashion_Week" title="Paris Fashion Week">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Fashion_Week" title="São Paulo Fashion Week">São Paulo</a> amongst others, many designers took the opportunity to take political stances leveraging their platforms and influence to reach their customers.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also led to some controversy over democratic values, as fashion is not always the most inclusive platform for political debate, but a one-way broadcast of top-down messages. </p><p>When taking an explicit political stance, designers generally favor issues that can be identified in clear language with virtuous undertones. For example, aiming to "amplify a greater message of unity, inclusion, diversity, and feminism in a fashion space", designer Mara Hoffman invited the founders of the <i>Women's March on Washington</i> to open her show which featured modern silhouettes of utilitarian wear, described by critics as "Made for a modern warrior" and "Clothing for those who still have work to do".<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prabal_Gurung" title="Prabal Gurung">Prabal Gurung</a> debuted his collection of T-shirts featuring slogans such as "The Future is Female", "We Will Not Be Silenced", and "Nevertheless She Persisted", with proceeds going to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a>, and Gurung's own charity, "Shikshya Foundation Nepal".<sup id="cite_ref-newyorker.com_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newyorker.com-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <i>The Business of Fashion</i> launched the <i>#TiedTogether</i> movement on Social Media, encouraging member of the industry from editors to models, to wear a white bandana advocating for "unity, solidarity, and inclusiveness during fashion week".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fashion may be used to promote a cause, such as to promote healthy behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to raise money for a cancer cure,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to raise money for local charities<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_Protective_Association" title="Juvenile Protective Association">Juvenile Protective Association</a><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_hospice" title="Children's hospice">children's hospice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One fashion cause is <a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">trashion</a>, which is using trash to make clothes, <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewelry</a>, and other fashion items in order to promote awareness of pollution. There are a number of modern trashion artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marina_DeBris" title="Marina DeBris">Marina DeBris</a>, Ann Wizer,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Nancy Judd.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other designers have used DIY fashions, in the tradition of the punk movement, to address elitism in the industry to promote more inclusion and diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthropological_perspective">Anthropological perspective</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg/170px-2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg/255px-2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg/340px-2018_Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Indigenous_Americas_Map_Tunic_for_Taller_Flora_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous Americas Map Tunic designed in 2018 by <a href="/wiki/Carla_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Carla Fernández">Carla Fernández</a> and Pedro Reyes for Taller Flora.</figcaption></figure> <p>From an academic lens, the sporting of various fashions has been seen as a form of fashion language, a mode of communication that produced various fashion statements, using a grammar of fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a perspective promoted in the work of influential French philosopher and semiotician <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, the study of culture and of human societies, examines fashion by asking why certain styles are deemed socially appropriate and others are not. From the theory of interactionism, a certain practice or expression is chosen by those in power in a community, and that becomes "the fashion" as defined at a certain time by the people under influence of those in power. If a particular style has a meaning in an already occurring set of <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a>, then that style may have a greater chance of become fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to cultural theorists Ted Polhemus and Lynn Procter, one can describe fashion as <a href="/wiki/Adornment" title="Adornment">adornment</a>, of which there are two types: fashion and <a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">anti-fashion</a>. Through the <a href="/wiki/Capitalization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Capitalization (disambiguation)">capitalization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commoditization" title="Commoditization">commoditization</a> of clothing, accessories, and shoes, etc., what once constituted anti-fashion becomes part of fashion as the lines between fashion and anti-fashion are blurred, as expressions that were once outside the changes of fashion are swept along with trends to signify new meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples range from how elements from ethnic dress becomes part of a trend and appear on catwalks or street cultures, for example how tattoos travel from sailors, laborers and criminals to popular culture. </p><p>To cultural theorist Malcolm Bernard, fashion and anti-fashion differ as polar opposites. Anti-fashion is fixed and changes little over time,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> varying depending on the cultural or social group one is associated with or where one lives, but within that group or locality the style changes little. Fashion, in contrast, can change (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">evolve</a>) very quickly<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is not affiliated with one group or area of the world but spreads throughout the world wherever people can communicate easily with each other. An example of anti-fashion would be ceremonial or otherwise traditional clothing where specific garments and their designs are both reproduced faithfully and with the intent of maintaining a status quo of tradition. This can be seen in the clothing of some <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">kabuki</a> plays, where some character outfits are kept intact from designs of several centuries ago, in some cases retaining the crests of the actors considered to have 'perfected' that role. </p><p>Anti-fashion is concerned with maintaining the status quo, while fashion is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>. Time is expressed in terms of continuity in anti-fashion, and in terms of change in fashion; fashion has changing modes of adornment, while anti-fashion has fixed modes of adornment. </p><p>From this theoretical lens, change in fashion is part of the larger industrial system and is structured by the powerful actors in this system to be a deliberate change in style, promoted through the channels influenced by the industry (such as paid advertisements).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_(USA_2007).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg/220px-Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg/330px-Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg/440px-Gross_sales_of_goods_vs_IP_laws_%28USA_2007%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Gross sales of goods vs IP laws (US 2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the fashion industry, intellectual property is not enforced as it is within the <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>. Robert Glariston, an intellectual property expert, mentioned in a fashion seminar held in LA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2014)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> that "Copyright law regarding clothing is a current hot-button issue in the industry. We often have to draw the line between designers being inspired by a design and those outright stealing it in different places."<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To take inspiration from others' designs contributes to the fashion industry's ability to establish clothing trends. For the past few years, <a href="/w/index.php?title=WGSN_(fashion_forecaster)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WGSN (fashion forecaster) (page does not exist)">WGSN</a> has been a dominant source of fashion news and forecasts in encouraging fashion brands worldwide to be inspired by one another. Enticing consumers to buy clothing by establishing new trends is, some have argued, a key component of the industry's success. Intellectual property rules that interfere with this process of trend-making would, in this view, be counter-productive. On the other hand, it is often argued that the blatant theft of new ideas, unique designs, and design details by larger companies is what often contributes to the failure of many smaller or independent design companies. </p><p>Since fakes are distinguishable by their poorer quality, there is still a demand for luxury goods, and as only a trademark or logo can be copyrighted, many fashion brands make this one of the most visible aspects of the garment or accessory. In handbags, especially, the designer's brand may be woven into the fabric (or the lining fabric) from which the bag is made, making the brand an intrinsic element of the bag. </p><p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (WIPO) held a conference calling for stricter intellectual property enforcement within the fashion industry to better protect small and medium businesses and promote competitiveness within the textile and clothing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/48px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/64px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_fashion" title="Digital fashion">Digital fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">Designer clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_faux_pas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion faux pas">Fashion faux pas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_law" title="Fashion law">Fashion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fetish fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitness fashion">Fitness fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_psychology" title="Fashion psychology">Fashion psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History of Western fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_physical_appearance" title="Human physical appearance">Human physical appearance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles" title="Index of fashion articles">Index of fashion articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">Latex clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_fashion" title="Modest fashion">Modest fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion" title="Red carpet fashion">Red carpet fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry" title="Social media in the fashion industry">Social media in the fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suit (clothing)">Suit (clothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEnvironmental_Audit_Committee2019" class="citation report cs1">Environmental Audit Committee (19 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmenvaud/1952/report-summary.html">Fixing fashion: clothing consumption and sustainability</a> (Report). UK Parliament.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Fixing+fashion%3A+clothing+consumption+and+sustainability&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2019-02-19&rft.au=Environmental+Audit+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201719%2Fcmselect%2Fcmenvaud%2F1952%2Freport-summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2012" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Kate (2012). <i>Fashion & sustainability: design for change</i>. 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Sage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Haute+couture+and+haute+culture%2C%27+in+Sociology+in+Question&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bourdieu&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2009" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, Georgio (2009). <i><span></span>'What is an apparatus?' and other essays</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+de+la+Haute+Couture+et+de+la+Mode&rft.atitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+de+la+Haute+Couture+et+de+la+Mode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffhcm.paris%2Fen%2Fthe-federation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCHauteCouture-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYCHauteCouture_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.couturefashionweek.com/designers/">"Couture Fashion Week"</a>. Couture Fashion Week<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2019). <i>Fashion and Cultural Studies</i>. Bloomsbury Visual Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350109605" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350109605"><bdi>978-1350109605</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1057778310">1057778310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+and+Cultural+Studies&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Visual+Arts&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1057778310&rft.isbn=978-1350109605&rft.aulast=Kaiser&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="11" class="citation journal cs1">Gronow, Jukka (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200841">"Taste and Fashion: The Social Function of Fashion and Style"</a>. <i>Acta Sociologica</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 89–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000169939303600201">10.1177/000169939303600201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6993">0001-6993</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4200841">4200841</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56514246">56514246</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sociologica&rft.atitle=Taste+and+Fashion%3A+The+Social+Function+of+Fashion+and+Style&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=89-90&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0001-6993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56514246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200841%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000169939303600201&rft.aulast=Gronow&rft.aufirst=Jukka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4200841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georg-Simmel">"Georg Simmel | German sociologist | Britannica"</a>. 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georg+Simmel+%26%23124%3B+German+sociologist+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeorg-Simmel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchardCraneJoselit2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blanchard, Mary W.; Crane, Diana; Joselit, Jenna Weissman (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/2700908">"Fashion and Its Social Agendas: Class, Gender, and Identity in Clothing"</a>. <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2700908">10.2307/2700908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Fashion+and+Its+Social+Agendas%3A+Class%2C+Gender%2C+and+Identity+in+Clothing&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=294&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2700908&rft.aulast=Blanchard&rft.aufirst=Mary+W.&rft.au=Crane%2C+Diana&rft.au=Joselit%2C+Jenna+Weissman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjah%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F2700908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Salim_al-Hassani" class="mw-redirect" title="Salim al-Hassani">al-Hassani</a>, Woodcok and Saoud (2004), <i>Muslim Heritage in Our World</i>, FSTC publishing, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terrasse, H. (1958) 'Islam d'Espagne' une rencontre de l'Orient et de l'Occident", Librairie Plon, Paris, pp.52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri_&_Jere_L._Bacharach2006" class="citation book cs1">Josef W. Meri & Jere L. Bacharach (2006). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: A–K</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415966917" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415966917"><bdi>978-0415966917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+A%E2%80%93K&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415966917&rft.au=Josef+W.+Meri+%26+Jere+L.+Bacharach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Braudel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Braudel_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Braudel, Fernand <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPgVp3vMOjcC"><i>Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Centuries, Vol 1: The Structures of Everyday Life</i></a>, William Collins & Sons, London 1981 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08114-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08114-5">0-520-08114-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Brook_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Brook (historian)">Timothy Brook</a>: "<a href="/wiki/The_Confusions_of_Pleasure:_Commerce_and_Culture_in_Ming_China" class="mw-redirect" title="The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China">The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China</a>" (University of California Press 1999); this has a whole section on fashion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2015" class="citation book cs1">Feng, Ge (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/935642485"><i>Traditional Chinese rites and rituals</i></a>. Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-8783-0"><bdi>978-1-4438-8783-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935642485">935642485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Chinese+rites+and+rituals&rft.place=Newcastle+upon+Tyne&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935642485&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-8783-0&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F935642485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2000" class="citation book cs1">Chow, Rey (2000). <i>Modern Chinese literary and cultural studies in the age of theory: reimagining a field</i>. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-8016-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-8016-1"><bdi>0-8223-8016-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51948712">51948712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Chinese+literary+and+cultural+studies+in+the+age+of+theory%3A+reimagining+a+field&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51948712&rft.isbn=0-8223-8016-1&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Rey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnane2008" class="citation book cs1">Finnane, Antonia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948"><i>Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9"><bdi>978-0-231-14350-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948">84903948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+clothes+in+China+%3A+fashion%2C+history%2C+nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84903948&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14350-9&rft.aulast=Finnane&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F84903948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnane2008" class="citation book cs1">Finnane, Antonia (2008). <i>Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14350-9"><bdi>978-0-231-14350-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/84903948">84903948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+clothes+in+China+%3A+fashion%2C+history%2C+nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F84903948&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14350-9&rft.aulast=Finnane&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1990" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, K. N. (1990). <i>Asia before Europe : economy and civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the rise of Islam to 1750</i>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30400-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30400-8"><bdi>0-521-30400-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20014228">20014228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+before+Europe+%3A+economy+and+civilisation+of+the+Indian+Ocean+from+the+rise+of+Islam+to+1750&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20014228&rft.isbn=0-521-30400-8&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2019" class="citation book cs1">Green, Toby (2019). <i>A Fistful of Shells: West Africa from the Rise of the Slave Trade to the Age of Revolution</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226644578" title="Special:BookSources/9780226644578"><bdi>9780226644578</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1051687994">1051687994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fistful+of+Shells%3A+West+Africa+from+the+Rise+of+the+Slave+Trade+to+the+Age+of+Revolution&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1051687994&rft.isbn=9780226644578&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dam-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dam_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2003" class="citation book cs1">Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). <i>Dress and Morality</i>. Berg. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859737828" title="Special:BookSources/9781859737828"><bdi>9781859737828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dress+and+Morality&rft.pages=116-117&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781859737828&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=Aileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laver-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laver_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laver_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Laver, James: <i>The Concise History of Costume and Fashion</i>, Abrams, 1979.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeller2007" class="citation book cs1">Heller, Sarah-Grace (2007). <i>Fashion in Medieval France</i>. Cambridge; Rochester, NY: Boydell and Brewer. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843841104" title="Special:BookSources/9781843841104"><bdi>9781843841104</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+in+Medieval+France&rft.place=Cambridge%3B+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781843841104&rft.aulast=Heller&rft.aufirst=Sarah-Grace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoitani1986" class="citation book cs1">Boitani, Piero (1986-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMvTkgVRYvMC&pg=PA28"><i>English Medieval Narrative in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</i></a>. 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href="https://www.vogue.com/article/ugg-boots-trend-fashion-comeback">"How the Ugg Boot Became Fashion's Hottest New Shoe—Again"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i>. 2023-03-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230529032231/https://www.vogue.com/article/ugg-boots-trend-fashion-comeback">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=How+the+Ugg+Boot+Became+Fashion%27s+Hottest+New+Shoe%E2%80%94Again&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fugg-boots-trend-fashion-comeback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/everyone-is-wearing-mschf-big-red-boots">"Why Is Everyone Wearing These Cartoonish Red Boots?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i>. 2023-02-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230728082335/https://www.vogue.com/article/everyone-is-wearing-mschf-big-red-boots">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Why+Is+Everyone+Wearing+These+Cartoonish+Red+Boots%3F&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Feveryone-is-wearing-mschf-big-red-boots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Anya+Taylor-Joy+Showed+Up+In+Character+to+the+Super+Mario+Premiere&rft.date=2023-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Fanya-taylor-joy-princess-peach-super-mario-premiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vogue.com/article/uniform-dressing-ruled-at-tokyo-and-seoul-fashion-week">"Uniform Dressing Ruled at Tokyo and Seoul Fashion Week"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a></i>. 2023-03-25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230609011115/https://www.vogue.com/article/uniform-dressing-ruled-at-tokyo-and-seoul-fashion-week">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vogue&rft.atitle=Uniform+Dressing+Ruled+at+Tokyo+and+Seoul+Fashion+Week&rft.date=2023-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vogue.com%2Farticle%2Funiform-dressing-ruled-at-tokyo-and-seoul-fashion-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.today.com/style/dopamine-dressing-rcna32740">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Dopamine dressing' is taking over Pinterest 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Trashion+Trend%3A+Dumpster+Couture+Gets+a+Boost+at+Green+Inaugural+Ball&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123180107217975103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Busch, Otto von (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474293907-0009">"Fashion Hacking"</a>. <i>Design as Future-Making</i>: 47–57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781474293907-0009">10.5040/9781474293907-0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474293907" title="Special:BookSources/9781474293907"><bdi>9781474293907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Design+as+Future-Making&rft.atitle=Fashion+Hacking&rft.pages=47-57&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781474293907-0009&rft.isbn=9781474293907&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Otto+von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9781474293907-0009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthes1983" class="citation book cs1">Barthes, Roland (1983). <i>The Fashion System</i>. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fashion+System&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Univ.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Barthes&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnar1998" class="citation book cs1">Molnar, Andrea K (1998). <i>Transformations in the Use of Traditional Textiles of Ngada (Western Flores, Eastern Indonesia): Commercialization, Fashion and Ethnicity</i>. Consuming Fashion: Adorning the Transnational Body: Berg. pp. 39–55 [42].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+in+the+Use+of+Traditional+Textiles+of+Ngada+%28Western+Flores%2C+Eastern+Indonesia%29%3A+Commercialization%2C+Fashion+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Consuming+Fashion%3A+Adorning+the+Transnational+Body&rft.pages=39-55+42&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Andrea+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Polhemus_and_Lynn_Procter1978" class="citation book cs1">Ted Polhemus and Lynn Procter (1978). <i>Fashion and Anti-fashion: An Anthropology of Clothing and Adornment</i>. Thames and Hudson. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+and+Anti-fashion%3A+An+Anthropology+of+Clothing+and+Adornment&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Ted+Polhemus+and+Lynn+Procter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnard1996" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, Malcolm (1996). <i>Fashion as communication</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+as+communication&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton_HillBucknell1987" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton Hill, Margot; Bucknell, Peter A. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G74gAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Evolution of Fashion: Pattern and Cut from 1066 to 1930</i></a> (5 ed.). London: Batsford. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713458183" title="Special:BookSources/9780713458183"><bdi>9780713458183</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Fashion%3A+Pattern+and+Cut+from+1066+to+1930&rft.place=London&rft.pages=vii&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780713458183&rft.aulast=Hamilton+Hill&rft.aufirst=Margot&rft.au=Bucknell%2C+Peter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG74gAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTed_Polhemus_and_Lynn_Procter1978" class="citation book cs1">Ted Polhemus and Lynn Procter (1978). <i>Fashion and Anti-fashion: An Anthropology of Clothing and Adornment</i>. Thames and Hudson. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+and+Anti-fashion%3A+An+Anthropology+of+Clothing+and+Adornment&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Ted+Polhemus+and+Lynn+Procter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outspoken.wpshower.com/2013/06/design-details-by-larger-companies-is-what-often/">"Design details by larger companies is what often | Outspoken"</a>. <i>outspoken.wpshower.com</i>. 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=outspoken.wpshower.com&rft.atitle=Design+details+by+larger+companies+is+what+often+%7C+Outspoken&rft.date=2013-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutspoken.wpshower.com%2F2013%2F06%2Fdesign-details-by-larger-companies-is-what-often%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipfrontline.com/depts/article.asp?id=7678&deptid=8">IPFrontline.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070510220626/http://www.ipfrontline.com/depts/article.asp?id=7678&deptid=8">Archived</a> 2007-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Intellectual Property in Fashion Industry, WIPO press release, December 2, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insme.org/page.asp?IDArea=1&page=sanleucio">INSME announcement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090258/http://www.insme.org/page.asp?IDArea=1&page=sanleucio">Archived</a> 2007-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: WIPO-Italy International Symposium, 30 November – 2 December 2005</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Breward, Christopher, <i>The culture of fashion: a new history of fashionable dress</i>, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4125-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4125-9">978-0-7190-4125-9</a></li> <li>Cabrera, Ana, and Lesley Miller. "Genio y Figura. La influencia de la cultura española en la moda." Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture 13.1 (2009): 103–110</li> <li>Cumming, Valerie: <i>Understanding Fashion History</i>, Costume & Fashion Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89676-253-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89676-253-X">0-89676-253-X</a></li> <li>Davis, F. (1989). Of maids' uniforms and blue jeans: The drama of status ambivalences in clothing and fashion. <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_Sociology" title="Qualitative Sociology">Qualitative Sociology</a>, 12(4), 337–355.</li> <li>Hollander, Anne, <i>Seeing through clothes</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08231-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08231-1">978-0-520-08231-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanifie2020" class="citation web cs1">Hanifie, Sowaibah (5 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-06/first-national-indigenous-fashion-awards-nifas-held-online/12527416">"Australia's first National Indigenous Fashion Awards winners revealed, signaling hope for a more diverse industry"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+first+National+Indigenous+Fashion+Awards+winners+revealed%2C+signaling+hope+for+a+more+diverse+industry&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft.aulast=Hanifie&rft.aufirst=Sowaibah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2020-08-06%2Ffirst-national-indigenous-fashion-awards-nifas-held-online%2F12527416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hollander, Anne, <i>Sex and suits: the evolution of modern dress</i>, New York: Knopf, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43096-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43096-4">978-0-679-43096-4</a></li> <li>Hollander, Anne, <i>Feeding the eye: essays</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-28201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-28201-1">978-0-374-28201-1</a></li> <li>Hollander, Anne, <i>Fabric of vision: dress and drapery in painting</i>, London: National Gallery, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09419-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09419-0">978-0-300-09419-0</a></li> <li>Kawamura, Yuniya, <i>Fashion-ology: an introduction to Fashion Studies</i>, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85973-814-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85973-814-1">1-85973-814-1</a></li> <li>Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), <i>The empire of fashion: dressing modern democracy</i>, Woodstock: Princeton University Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10262-7">978-0-691-10262-7</a></li> <li>McDermott, Kathleen, <i>Style for all: why fashion, invented by kings, now belongs to all of us (An illustrated history)</i>, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-51917-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-51917-0">978-0-557-51917-0</a> – Many hand-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide</li> <li>Perrot, Philippe (translated by Richard Bienvenu), <i>Fashioning the bourgeoisie: a history of clothing in the nineteenth century</i>, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00081-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00081-7">978-0-691-00081-7</a></li> <li>Steele, Valerie, <i>Paris fashion: a cultural history</i>, (2. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-973-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-973-0">978-1-85973-973-0</a></li> <li>Steele, Valerie, <i>Fifty years of fashion: new look to now</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08738-3">978-0-300-08738-3</a></li> <li>Steele, Valerie, <i>Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion</i>, Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurrell2023" class="citation web cs1">Turrell, Claire (2 Mar 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230302-the-asian-blouse-that-tells-a-tale-of-many-cultures">"The Asian blouse that tells a tale of many cultures"</a>. <i>BBC</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+Asian+blouse+that+tells+a+tale+of+many+cultures&rft.date=2023-03-02&rft.aulast=Turrell&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20230302-the-asian-blouse-that-tells-a-tale-of-many-cultures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFashion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fashion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fashion">Fashion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/fashion" class="extiw" 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fashion" title="Template:Fashion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fashion" title="Template talk:Fashion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fashion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fashion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fashion_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fashion</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fashion_articles" title="Index of fashion articles">Index of fashion articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact of fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Fashion accessory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design_copyright" title="Fashion design copyright">Fashion design copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_matrix" title="Fashion matrix">Fashion matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_museum" title="Fashion museum">Fashion museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_plate" title="Fashion plate">Fashion plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_tourism" title="Fashion tourism">Fashion tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_fashion" title="Semiotics of fashion">Semiotics of fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/75px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/113px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg/150px-Valentino_evening_gown_for_Audrey_Hepburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_fashion" title="History of Western fashion">History of Western fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fashion_design" title="History of fashion design">History of fashion design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_fashion" title="19th century in fashion">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="21st century in fashion">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fashion_events" title="List of fashion events">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_show" title="Fashion show">Fashion show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_week" title="Fashion week">Fashion week</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fashion_awards" title="Category:Fashion awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designer_clothing" title="Designer clothing">Designer clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_fashion" title="Digital fashion">Digital fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">Fashion capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_entrepreneur" title="Fashion entrepreneur">Fashion entrepreneur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_editor" title="Fashion editor">Fashion editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_forecasting" title="Fashion forecasting">Fashion forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_illustration" title="Fashion illustration">Fashion illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_influencer" title="Fashion influencer">Fashion influencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_law" title="Fashion law">Fashion law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_merchandising" title="Fashion merchandising">Fashion merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">Fast fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion_in_China" title="Fast fashion in China">in China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_carpet_fashion" title="Red carpet fashion">Red carpet fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_fashion_industry" title="Social media in the fashion industry">Social media in the fashion industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-up_fashion" title="Trickle-up fashion">Trickle-up fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle-down_fashion" title="Trickle-down fashion">Trickle-down fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional<br />clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">Academic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">Mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">Sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">Combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">Morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">White tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">Ball gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">Black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">Black tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_clothing" title="Christian clothing">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fashion" title="Islamic fashion">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_fashion" title="Modest fashion">Modest fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_country_clothing" title="British country clothing">British country clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chic" title="Chic">Chic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_collection" title="Cruise collection">Cruise collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preppy" title="Preppy">Preppy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivy_League_(clothes)" title="Ivy League (clothes)">Ivy League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sloane_Ranger" title="Sloane Ranger">Sloane Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Boys" title="Teddy Boys">Teddy Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_fogey" title="Young fogey">Young fogey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Street fashion">Street fashion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streetwear" title="Streetwear">Streetwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie#Art_and_fashion" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)" title="Hipster (contemporary subculture)">Hipster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleisure" title="Athleisure">Athleisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorpcore" title="Gorpcore">Gorpcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear_(fashion)" title="Sportswear (fashion)">Sportswear fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfwear">Surfwear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_fabulous" title="Ghetto fabulous">Ghetto fabulous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bling-bling" title="Bling-bling">Bling-bling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fashion" title="Alternative fashion">Alternative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgyny_in_fashion" title="Androgyny in fashion">Androgyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_style" title="Bohemian style">Bohemian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_fashion" title="Fetish fashion">Fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fashion" title="Gothic fashion">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_fashion" title="Lolita fashion">Lolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_fashion" title="Queer fashion">Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk_fashion" title="Steampunk fashion">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrift_store_chic" title="Thrift store chic">Thrift store chic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocker_(subculture)" title="Rocker (subculture)">Rocker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)" title="Greaser (subculture)">Greaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge_fashion" title="Grunge fashion">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_fashion" title="Heavy metal fashion">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_fashion" title="Punk fashion">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">American fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fashion" title="Canadian fashion">Canadian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fashion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese fashion">Chinese fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Philippines">Filipino fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">French fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">German fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_India" title="Fashion in India">Indian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Iranian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_fashion" title="Israeli fashion">Israeli fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Nigeria" title="Fashion in Nigeria">Nigerian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_fashion" title="Russian fashion">Russian fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_South_Korea" title="Fashion in South Korea">South Korean fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_fashion" title="Swedish fashion">Swedish fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_clothing" title="History of Thai clothing">Thai fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_clothing" title="Vietnamese clothing">Vietnamese clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_activism" title="Fashion activism">Fashion activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fashion" title="Anti-fashion">Anti-fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-sweatshop_movement" title="Anti-sweatshop movement">Anti-sweatshop movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_fashion" title="Circular fashion">Circular fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_fashion" title="Slow fashion">Slow fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashion" title="Trashion">Trashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-waste_fashion" title="Zero-waste fashion">Zero-waste fashion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_and_fashion" title="Ballet and fashion">Ballet and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_wardrobe" title="Capsule wardrobe">Capsule wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie_in_fashion" title="Chinoiserie in fashion">Chinoiserie in fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undress_code" title="Undress code">Undress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_victim" title="Fashion victim">Fashion victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">Tattoo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/32px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/48px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/BathingSuit1920s.jpg/64px-BathingSuit1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="490" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fashion" title="Portal:Fashion">Fashion portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing" title="Template:Clothing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing" title="Template talk:Clothing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_technology" title="Clothing technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_terminology" title="Clothing terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beret" title="Beret">Beret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">Cap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_cap" title="Baseball cap">baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_cap" title="Flat cap">flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knit_cap" title="Knit cap">knit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">Hat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">boater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowler_hat" title="Bowler hat">bowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">fedora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homburg_hat" title="Homburg hat">homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_hat" title="Top hat">top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_(headgear)" title="Hood (headgear)">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerchief" title="Kerchief">Kerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">Mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veil" title="Veil">Veil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neckwear" class="mw-redirect" title="Neckwear">Neckwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">Bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker" title="Choker">Choker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pussy_bow" title="Pussy bow">Lavallière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckerchief" title="Neckerchief">Neckerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_gaiter" title="Neck gaiter">Neck gaiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necktie" title="Necktie">Necktie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascot_tie" title="Ascot tie">ascot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">bolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie" title="Bow tie">bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper_tie" title="Kipper tie">kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_tie" title="School tie">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_tie" title="Stock tie">stock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">Tippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Top_(clothing)" title="Top (clothing)">Tops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">Blouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cache-c%C5%93ur" title="Cache-cœur">cache-cœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_top" title="Crop top">crop top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halterneck" title="Halterneck">halterneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_top" title="Tube top">tube top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_jersey" title="Cycling jersey">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">Kurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">Shirt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shirt" title="Dress shirt">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henley_shirt" title="Henley shirt">Henley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_shirt" title="Polo shirt">polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeveless_shirt" title="Sleeveless shirt">sleeveless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_neck" title="Crew neck">crew neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">Sweater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardigan_(sweater)" title="Cardigan (sweater)">cardigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_(clothing)" title="Guernsey (clothing)">guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodie" title="Hoodie">hoodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jersey (clothing)">jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_neck" title="Polo neck">polo neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrug_(clothing)" title="Shrug (clothing)">shrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweater_vest" title="Sweater vest">sweater vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twinset" title="Twinset">twinset</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">Waistcoat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell-bottoms" title="Bell-bottoms">Bell-bottoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondage_pants" title="Bondage pants">Bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_pants" title="Capri pants">Capri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_pants" title="Cargo pants">Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaps" title="Chaps">Chaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_trousers" title="Formal trousers">Formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-to-hell_pants" title="Go-to-hell pants">Go-to-hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-rise_(fashion)" title="High-rise (fashion)">High water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-rise_(fashion)" title="Low-rise (fashion)">Lowrise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpurs" title="Jodhpurs">Jodhpurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overalls" title="Overalls">Overalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_pants" title="Palazzo pants">Palazzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachute_pants" title="Parachute pants">Parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_pushers" title="Pedal pushers">Pedal pushers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phat_pants" title="Phat pants">Phat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorts" title="Shorts">Shorts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_shorts" title="Cycling shorts">cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_shorts" title="Dolphin shorts">dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gym_shorts" title="Gym shorts">gym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotpants" title="Hotpants">hotpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_shorts" title="Running shorts">running</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slim-fit_pants" title="Slim-fit pants">Slim-fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatpants" title="Sweatpants">Sweatpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windpants" class="mw-redirect" title="Windpants">Windpants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_pants" title="Yoga pants">Yoga pants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-line_(clothing)" title="A-line (clothing)">A-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballerina_skirt" title="Ballerina skirt">Ballerina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim_skirt" title="Denim skirt">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_skirts" title="Men's skirts">Men's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniskirt" title="Miniskirt">Miniskirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencil_skirt" title="Pencil skirt">Pencil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_skirt" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie skirt">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rah-rah_skirt" title="Rah-rah skirt">Rah-rah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong" title="Sarong">Sarong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skort" title="Skort">Skort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutu_(clothing)" title="Tutu (clothing)">Tutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_(clothing)" title="Wrap (clothing)">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suits</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dress" title="Ceremonial dress">Ceremonial dress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress" title="Academic dress">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_uniform" title="Diplomatic uniform">diplomatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_costume" title="Folk costume">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodhpuri" title="Jodhpuri">Jodhpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumpsuit" title="Jumpsuit">Jumpsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_uniform" title="Military uniform">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_dress_uniform" title="Full dress uniform">full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_dress_uniform" title="Mess dress uniform">mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_dress_uniform" title="Service dress uniform">service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailor_suit" title="Sailor suit">sailor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_uniform" title="Combat uniform">combat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantsuit" title="Pantsuit">Pantsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_uniform" title="Political uniform">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_clothing" title="Clerical clothing">clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vestment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_uniform" title="School uniform">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_uniform" title="Prison uniform">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilersuit" title="Boilersuit">boilersuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanroom_suit" title="Cleanroom suit">cleanroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazmat_suit" title="Hazmat suit">hazmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)" title="Scrubs (clothing)">scrubs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dresses</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gown" title="Gown">gowns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formal, semi-<br />formal, informal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backless_dress" title="Backless dress">Backless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouffant_gown" title="Bouffant gown">Bouffant gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatdress" title="Coatdress">Coatdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocktail_dress" title="Cocktail dress">Cocktail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_black_dress" title="Little black dress">little black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">Evening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_gown" title="Ball gown">ball gown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debutante_dress" title="Debutante dress">debutante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_dress" title="Prairie dress">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_line" title="Princess line">Princess line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapless_dress" title="Strapless dress">Strapless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_dress" title="Wrap dress">Wrap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Casual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dress" title="House dress">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumper_(dress)" title="Jumper (dress)">Jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romper_suit" title="Romper suit">Romper suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheath_dress" title="Sheath dress">Sheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirtdress" title="Shirtdress">Shirtdress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_dress" title="Slip dress">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundress" title="Sundress">Sundress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coat" title="Coat">Coats</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_outerwear" title="List of outerwear">outerwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Overcoats" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">Overcoats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_coat" title="Car coat">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesterfield_coat" title="Chesterfield coat">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covert_coat" title="Covert coat">Covert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffel_coat" title="Duffel coat">Duffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duster_(clothing)" title="Duster (clothing)">Duster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatcoat" title="Greatcoat">Greatcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Warm" title="British Warm">British Warm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guards_Coat" title="Guards Coat">Guards Coat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greca_(clothing)" title="Greca (clothing)">Greca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-frock_coat" title="Over-frock coat">Over-frock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_coat" title="Riding coat">Riding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadbelly" title="Shadbelly">shadbelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_coat" title="Trench coat">Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_coat" title="Ulster coat">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak" title="Cloak">Cloak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_cloak" title="Opera cloak">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paletot" title="Paletot">Paletot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea_coat" title="Pea coat">Pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polo_coat" title="Polo coat">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raincoat" title="Raincoat">Raincoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackintosh" title="Mackintosh">Mackintosh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suit coats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">Frock coat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mess_jacket" title="Mess jacket">Mess jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suit_jacket" title="Suit jacket">Suit jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blazer" title="Blazer">Blazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_coat" title="Sport coat">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teba_jacket" title="Teba jacket">Teba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailcoat" title="Tailcoat">Tailcoat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_tie#Dress_coat" title="White tie">dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress#Morning_coat" title="Morning dress">morning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apron" title="Apron">Apron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinafore" title="Pinafore">pinafore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blouson" title="Blouson">Blouson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagoule" title="Cagoule">Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape" title="Cape">Cape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferraiolo" title="Ferraiolo">ferraiolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness_cape" title="Inverness cape">Inverness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)" title="Mantle (clothing)">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(monastic_vesture)" title="Mantle (monastic vesture)">monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantle_(royal_garment)" title="Mantle (royal garment)">royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozzetta" title="Mozzetta">mozzetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellegrina" title="Pellegrina">pellegrina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">Coatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut-off" title="Cut-off">Cut-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilet" title="Gilet">Gilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">Jacket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_jacket" title="Down jacket">down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_jacket" title="Flight jacket">flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goggle_jacket" title="Goggle jacket">goggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrington_jacket" title="Harrington jacket">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leather_jacket" title="Leather jacket">leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket" title="Mackinaw jacket">mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_jacket" title="Norfolk jacket">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_jacket" title="Safari jacket">safari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerkin (garment)">Jerkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_coat" title="White coat">Lab coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parka" title="Parka">Parka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">Poncho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">Robe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathrobe" title="Bathrobe">bathrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_gown" title="Dressing gown">dressing gown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_suit" title="Ski suit">Ski suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeved_blanket" title="Sleeved blanket">Sleeved blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windbreaker" title="Windbreaker">Windbreaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Underwear" title="Underwear">Underwear</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Top</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bra" title="Bra">Bra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camisole" title="Camisole">Camisole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undershirt" title="Undershirt">Undershirt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bottom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaper" title="Diaper">Diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_pants" title="Training pants">Training pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leggings" title="Leggings">Leggings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panties" title="Panties">Panties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pants" title="Plastic pants">Plastic pants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_(clothing)" title="Slip (clothing)">Slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thong" title="Thong">Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underpants" title="Underpants">Underpants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_briefs" title="Boxer briefs">boxer briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_shorts" title="Boxer shorts">boxer shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briefs" title="Briefs">briefs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodysuit" title="Bodysuit">Bodysuit, adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_bodysuit" title="Infant bodysuit">Bodysuit, infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_underwear" title="Long underwear">Long underwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/See-through_clothing" title="See-through clothing">See-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(garment)" title="Teddy (garment)">Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babydoll" title="Babydoll">Babydoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babygrow" title="Babygrow">Babygrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_sleeper" title="Blanket sleeper">Blanket sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negligee" title="Negligee">Negligee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightgown" title="Nightgown">Nightgown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightshirt" title="Nightshirt">Nightshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pajamas" title="Pajamas">Pajamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">Swimwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikini" title="Bikini">Bikini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkini" title="Burkini">Burkini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boardshorts" title="Boardshorts">Boardshorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_suit" title="Dry suit">Dry suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokini" title="Monokini">Monokini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-piece_swimsuit" title="One-piece swimsuit">One-piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_guard" title="Rash guard">Rash guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_swimsuit" title="Sling swimsuit">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_leg_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Square leg suit">Square leg suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_briefs" title="Swim briefs">Swim briefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_diaper" title="Swim diaper">Swim diaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunks_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunks (clothing)">Trunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetsuit" title="Wetsuit">Wetsuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hosiery" title="Hosiery">Legwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">Sock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hold-ups" title="Hold-ups">Hold-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garter" title="Garter">Garter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">Pantyhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">Stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tights" title="Tights">Tights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">Footwear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boot" title="Boot">Boot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_boot" title="Dress boot">Dress boot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-flops" title="Flip-flops">Flip-flops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandal" title="Sandal">Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe" title="Shoe">Shoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dress_shoe" title="Dress shoe">Dress shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_shoe" title="Court shoe">Court shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneaker">Sneaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipper" title="Slipper">Slipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adornments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armband" title="Armband">Armband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(clothing)" title="Belt (clothing)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutonni%C3%A8re" title="Boutonnière">Boutonnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coin_purse" title="Coin purse">Coin purse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummerbund" title="Cummerbund">Cummerbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaiters" title="Gaiters">Gaiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">Glasses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunglasses" title="Sunglasses">Sunglasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">Gloves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">Headband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">Handbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inro" title="Inro">Inro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muff_(handwarmer)" title="Muff (handwarmer)">Muff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_protector" title="Pocket protector">Pocket protector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">Pocket watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">Sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spats_(footwear)" title="Spats (footwear)">Spats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">Suspenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet" title="Wallet">Wallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-worn items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">Hand fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">Umbrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">Walking stick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Western" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_dress_codes" title="Western dress codes">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formal_wear" title="Formal wear">Formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morning_dress" title="Morning dress">morning dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_tie" title="White tie">white tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-formal_wear" title="Semi-formal wear">Semi-formal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_lounge_suit" title="Black lounge suit">black lounge suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_tie" title="Black tie">black tie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_wear" title="Informal wear">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">Business casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_casual" title="Smart casual">Smart casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">Casual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_fetish" title="Clothing fetish">Clothing fetish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_swap" title="Clothing swap">Clothing swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">Costume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween_costume" title="Halloween costume">Halloween costume</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">Cross-dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fashion" title="Environmental impact of fashion">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fashion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haute_couture" title="Haute couture">haute couture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Made-to-measure" title="Made-to-measure">made-to-measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-to-wear" title="Ready-to-wear">ready-to-wear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_fur" title="List of types of fur">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursuit" title="Fursuit">Fursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_trade_of_secondhand_clothing" title="Global trade of secondhand clothing">Global trade of secondhand clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_dresses" title="List of individual dresses">List of individual dresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructed_clothing" title="Reconstructed clothing">Reconstructed clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_clothing" title="Right to clothing">Right to clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_clothing" title="Vintage clothing">Vintage clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/28px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/42px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/56px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 390 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 335 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 100)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 500)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1757)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1891)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1977)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2009)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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