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flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">25 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/rdbms/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">What is a RDBMS (Relational Database Management System)?</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">15 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/types-of-database-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Types of SQL Databases</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/how-to-install-mysql-in-windows-10/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">how to install mysql in windows 10</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img 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hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">43 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/create-database-in-mysql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Create a Database in MySQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-data-types/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Data Types</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">14 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/create-table-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Create Table in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/clone-table-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Clone Table in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/insert-into-statement-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL INSERT INTO Statement</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-update-query/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL UPDATE Query - SQL UPDATE Statement</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Storage_Classes_in_C__.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 3</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Clauses in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">32 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-query-execution-order/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Query Execution Order</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/from-clause-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">From Clause in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/where-clause-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL WHERE Clause</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/group-by-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL GROUP BY</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/having-clause-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL HAVING Clause</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/order-by-clause-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">ORDER BY in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/alias-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Aliases</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Filtering_in_SQL.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 4</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Filtering in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">41 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-operators/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Operators</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">13 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/and-or-operators-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">AND and OR Operators in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/not-equal-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Not Equal in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-between-operator/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL BETWEEN Operator</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/null-value-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">NULL Value in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Working_with_Multiple_Tables.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 5</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Working with Multiple Tables</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">25 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/joins-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL JOINS (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL Join)</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">12 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/self-join-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Self Join in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/join-multiple-tables-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Join Multiple Tables in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-equi-join-and-non-equi-join/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Equi Join and Non-Equi Join in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Set_Theory.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 6</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Set Theory</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">21 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/Set-theory/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Introduction to Set Theory</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">13 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/set-operators-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SET Operators in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Data_Types_in_SQL.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 7</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Data Types in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">30 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/string-literal/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">String Literals </h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-string-functions/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL String Functions</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/numeric-data-type-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Numeric Data Type SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/signed-vs-unsigned/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Signed vs Unsigned</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">3 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/date-format-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Time and Date Format in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Aggregation_in_SQL.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 8</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Aggregation in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">24 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/aggregate-functions-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Aggregate Functions in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/group-by-multiple-columns/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Group by Multiple Columns in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/filtering-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Filtering in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-rollup/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Rollup</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Working_with_Subqueries.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 9</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Working with Subqueries</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">17 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/subqueries-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Subqueries in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/types-of-subqueries-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Types of Subqueries in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/correlated-subquery/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Correlated Subquery</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/cpp-beginners_conditional_statements.svg"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 10</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Working with Conditional Statements in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">5 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/case-statement-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">CASE Statement in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/IndexinginDBMS.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 11</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Indexing in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">27 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/how-index-works-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">How Index Works in SQL?</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/composite-index-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Composite Index in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/b-tree-index/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">B Tree Index</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">7 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/bitmap-index/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Bitmap Index</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-indexing-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Advantages and Disadvantages of Indexing in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/SQL_Constraints.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 12</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">SQL Constraints</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">38 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/constraints-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL Constraints</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/primary-key-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL PRIMARY KEY</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/foreign-key-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL FOREIGN KEY</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">4 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/unique-constraint/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">UNIQUE Constraint</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/check-constraint-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL CHECK Constraint</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">5 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/cascade-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Cascade in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">8 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Advance.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 13</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Advance Topics in SQL</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">44 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/views-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Views in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">6 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/lock-table/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Lock Table</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">16 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/sql-injection/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">SQL injection</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">13 min</h5></div></div><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/integrity-constraint-violation/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Integrity Constraint Violation</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_module_box_hub__mxeMz"><div role="button" aria-hidden="true" class="hub-content-list_module_header_container__NGa0M cursor hub-content-list_module_active__ZQz5_"><div class="row flex-ac full-width"><object class="hub-content-list_module_cover_img__XyLD_"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative;max-width:100%"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;max-width:100%"><img style="display:block;max-width:100%;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0" alt="" aria-hidden="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3csvg%20xmlns=%27http://www.w3.org/2000/svg%27%20version=%271.1%27%20width=%2772%27%20height=%2772%27/%3e"/></span><img alt="module" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="module" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="intrinsic" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Glossary.webp"/></noscript></span></object><div class="row space-between hub-content-list_row_header__iD6xV"><div class="column"><p class="hub-content-list_module__order__teUvv">MODULE 14</p><h4 class="hub-content-list_module__title__yWq1o no-mgn-b">Glossary</h4></div><div class="row hub-content-list_icon_font__XY5_B"><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box__vlFFT hide-in-tablet"></div><span class="p-r-xs row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub-content-list_clock__lw2Qm" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="p-l-xxs hub-content-list_time__UKUSv">9 m</span></span><div> <svg fill="currentColor" class="icons_icon_chevron__cl99H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M9.875 20.563l-1.875-1.875 8-8 8 8-1.875 1.875-6.125-6.125z"></path></svg> </div></div></div></div><div class="hub-content-list_course_progress_box_tablet__wXbr1"></div></div><div class="hub_course_module_container__I0H2E"><div class="module-list_module_content__6UB7c"><div class=""><div class="row space-between module-list_chapter_box__gyTaS hub_chapter_box_info__SJ34n"><div class="row cursor"><a href="/topics/sql/keywords-in-sql/"><div class="row flex-ac"><svg fill="currentColor" stroke="" class="module-list_chapter__icon__S7VYu module-list_chapter__icon_unattempted__I3A8H" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M5.6 4.107h20.8c1.193 0 2.16 0.967 2.16 2.16v0 19.466c0 1.193-0.967 2.16-2.16 2.16v0h-20.8c-1.193 0-2.16-0.967-2.16-2.16v0-19.466c0-1.193 0.967-2.16 2.16-2.16v0zM26.4 26.773c0.574 0 1.040-0.466 1.040-1.040v0-19.466c0-0.574-0.466-1.040-1.040-1.040v0h-20.8c-0.574 0-1.040 0.466-1.040 1.040v0 19.466c0 0.574 0.466 1.040 1.040 1.040v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 12.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M22.5 16.56h-13c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h13c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path><path d="M16.666 20.56h-7.166c-0.309 0-0.56-0.251-0.56-0.56v0c0-0.309 0.251-0.56 0.56-0.56h7.166c0.309 0 0.56 0.251 0.56 0.56v0c0 0.309-0.251 0.56-0.56 0.56v0z"></path></svg><h3 class="module-list_chapter_title__Jsyn_">Keywords in SQL</h3></div></a></div><h5 class="module-list_chapter__info__Vtrxq">9 min</h5></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="hub_content__pJHLc"><div class="hub_module_box__8c1M2"><div class="cursor column"><div class="moduleCard_module_header_container__4MFUQ row flex-ac full-width"><object class="moduleCard_module_cover_img__fnkIz"><img src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/Certificate.svg" alt="Module Certificate" height="72" width="72" loading="lazy"/></object><div class="row space-between moduleCard_row_header__WbIik"><div class="column"><div class="badge_main_container__H7SeI"><div class="badge_container__Oy2cY"><img src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/certificate_icon_blue.webp" alt="certificate icon" width="16" height="16" class="badge_icon_image__EE_Gg show-in-tablet" loading="lazy"/><div class="badge_title__RE0eP moduleCard_certificate_title__E8dlN">Certificate</div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="moduleCard_course_module_container__ipkf0"><div class="moduleCard_module_content__9vbUd">You can claim your course certificate upon course completion. You would be able to use this certificate on your resume, Linkedin profile or your website.<div class="moduleCard_certificate_opt__m1QDW"><a class="Tappable-module_root__N7ll5 topics_link moduleCard_learn_more__88rmR">Learn More</a><div class="hide-in-tablet"><div data-testid="backdrop" class="sr-backdrop"></div><div class="sr-modal modalsUi_modal__Poa_9"><a class="tappable sr-modal__close-alt" aria-label="close"><svg fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M25.313 8.563l-7.438 7.438 7.438 7.438-1.875 1.875-7.438-7.438-7.438 7.438-1.875-1.875 7.438-7.438-7.438-7.438 1.875-1.875 7.438 7.438 7.438-7.438z"></path></svg></a><div class="sr-modal__body"><div><div class="modalHeader_info__uMCPc"><div class="p-r-s"><div class="badge_main_container__H7SeI hide-in-tablet"><div class="badge_container__Oy2cY"><img src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/certificate_icon_blue.webp" alt="certificate icon" width="16" height="16" class="badge_icon_image__EE_Gg" loading="lazy"/><div class="badge_title__RE0eP modalHeader_certificate_title__ZTE8t">Certificates</div></div></div><div class="modalHeader_hubName__VfwQ3 hide-in-tablet">SQL Tutorial</div><div class="modalHeader_lockedCertifMsg__zCAk4">This program includes modules that cover the basics to advance constructs of SQL Tutorial. The highly interactive and curated modules are designed to help you become a master of this language.'</div><div class="m-t-s">If you鈥檙e a learning enthusiast, this is for you.</div></div><div class="modalHeader_image__6na8I"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:relative"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;padding-top:76.66666666666667%"></span><img alt="Module Certificate" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="responsive" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%"/><noscript><img alt="Module Certificate" loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="responsive" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%" src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/certificate-locked.png"/></noscript></span></div></div><div class="knowMoreModal_criteria_info__I0Bmm"><div class="knowMoreModal_criteria_heading__c380S h1">Criteria</div><div>Upon successful completion of all the modules in the hub, you will be eligible for a certificate.</div><div>You need to sign in, in the beginning, to track your progress and get your certificate.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="markdown-body"><section class="main"><h2 id="what-is-sql-" level="2">What is SQL?</h2><p>SQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language designed for maintaining the data in a relational database management system. With SQL, you can easily create and manage the data, create the tables, update or modify records in the databases, etc. A database is a table that consists of rows and columns. SQL is useful to retrieve specific information from the databases that are further used for analysis.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="why-learn-sql-" level="2">Why learn SQL?</h2><p>Structured Query Language (SQL) is the go-to language for an engineer, business analyst, etc., to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several reasons why you should consider it.</p><ul> <li>Firstly, with SQL, you can communicate directly with the databases without manipulating or organising data by hand. This means you can extract the exact information from the databases you need.</li> <li>Additionally, the procedure or logic to solve a problem related to the database is written in SQL query and not lost in manual copies, saving you a lot of time and effort.</li> <li>Learning SQL can also help you quickly fix and find errors in your process. Using the SQL language, you can quickly and efficiently debug your code and ensure your queries are running as intended.</li> </ul><p>If you're interested in learning SQL, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to get started. Whether you want to improve your data analysis skills or learn a valuable new programming language, SQL is worth considering.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="some-sql-commands" level="2">Some SQL commands</h2><p>SQL, short for Structured Query Language, is a powerful programming language used to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several commands you should become familiar with. These include <span class="highlight--red">SELECT</span>, <span class="highlight--red">INSERT</span>, <span class="highlight--red">UPDATE</span>, and <span class="highlight--red">DELETE</span>. You can easily manipulate and retrieve data from databases by mastering these SQL commands. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to learn the SQL language and become proficient.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="history-of-sql" level="2">History of SQL</h2><ul> <li>IN 1970, Dr. Codd published a paper, <span class="highlight--red">"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"</span> and it may have ended there.</li> <li>In 1970s, IBM researchers Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin started working on SQL and they called it SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language).</li> <li>The language was created following Edgar Frank Codd's paper, <span class="highlight--red">"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks"</span>, in 1970. This became the foundation for the relational database system.</li> <li>In 1979, IBM released a system called SQL data system and in 1985, IBM released DB2, a relational database management system.</li> <li>After that Microsoft released their first version of SQL server in 1987.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="applications-of-sql" level="2">Applications of SQL</h2><p>There are various applications of SQL which are also widely used to govern massive databases.</p><ul> <li>SQL is used to create the database, characterize its structure, use it in the applications and afterward dispose it when you are finished with it.</li> <li>SQL is used as a Data manipulation language, which means you can use it for keeping up a previously existing database. Hence, it is a great tool/language to change or manipulate the data within the tables.</li> <li>SQL is broadly used as client or server language to connect the front-end with the backend which supports the customer architecture.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="advantages-of-sql" level="2">Advantages of SQL</h2><p>SQL provides various advantages which make it popular across fields of software development. Below given are the advantages of SQL.</p><ul> <li>A large amount of data is accessed and altered very efficiently from the database using SQL queries.</li> <li>SQL does not require large number of coding lines to manage database systems. You can easily store and manage a large amount of data using simple SQL syntactical rules.</li> <li>SQL follows long established standards set by ISO and ANSI which becomes easy to manage by anyone across the globe.</li> <li>The SQL language also helps in making multiple views of the database structure for different users.</li> </ul></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="sql-vs-no-sql" level="2">SQL vs No-SQL</h2><p>When it comes to working with databases, there are two main types of languages to consider: SQL and No-SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, relies on a structured, table-based approach for storing and organizing data. On the other hand, No-SQL databases use a non-relational approach to storing data.</p><p>While SQL is a powerful and widely used language and has proven to be successful multiple times, No-SQL databases, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability. Whether you're interested in learning SQL or exploring the world of No-SQL databases, you can follow the SQL and No-SQL tutorials on Scaler Topics. Ultimately, the choice between SQL and No-SQL will depend on your specific needs and the requirements of your project.</p></section> <section class="main"><section class="main"><h2 id="audience" level="2">Audience</h2><p>If you are considering a career in Web development, depending on your specialization you'll definitely need SQL. Backend developers need SQL to manage a website's server side programs and databases. Data analysts and data scientists use SQL to efficiently mine the data. Moreover, if you are a business analyst or strategist, SQL will help you forecast better.</p></section></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="prerequisite" level="2">Prerequisite</h2><p>There are no major prerequisites to learn SQL. Although, you should know some concepts of RDBMS, for example, <span class="highlight--red">database, tuple, field</span>, etc. and just follow this tutorial to learn about SQL from the beginning. You can follow this tutorial and learn SQL very efficiently with the help of practical examples.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="what-this-sql-tutorial-covers-" level="2">What This SQL Tutorial Covers?</h2><p>This SQL tutorial covers all the fundamental concepts of SQL. You'll learn to create the databases, add the records to the tables, select records based on different conditions, update and delete records in a table, etc.</p><p>Once you're familiar with the fundamental topics, you'll move on to the next level that explains the method of retrieving the data from the tables using various techniques that is available in SQL.</p></section> <section class="main"><h2 id="career-opportunity-of-learning-sql" level="2">Career Opportunity of Learning SQL</h2><p>You'll get various career opportunities that align with the knowledge of SQL. 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6.228 10.677 6.228z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">14   Modules</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">6 Hour 21 Minutes</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.637 2.783h-13.884c-1.542 0-2.797 1.276-2.797 2.845v18.642c0 1.569 1.255 2.845 2.798 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1.614 0.7 1.614 1.558v9.395z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">56   Lessons</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M27.503 28.803h-18c-0.994-0.001-1.799-0.806-1.8-1.8v-4.258c-0.206 0.036-0.444 0.056-0.686 0.056-0.119 0-0.237-0.005-0.353-0.014l0.015 0.001c-2.231-0.174-3.976-2.027-3.976-4.288 0-2.375 1.925-4.3 4.3-4.3 0.247 0 0.49 0.021 0.726 0.061l-0.025-0.004v-4.254c0.001-0.994 0.806-1.799 1.8-1.8h4.754c-0.037-0.211-0.058-0.454-0.058-0.702 0-2.377 1.926-4.304 4.303-4.305h0c2.374 0.002 4.298 1.927 4.298 4.302 0 0.249-0.021 0.493-0.062 0.73l0.004-0.025h4.754c0.994 0.001 1.799 0.806 1.8 1.8v5.338c-0.001 0.441-0.359 0.798-0.8 0.798-0.125 0-0.244-0.029-0.35-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.335-0.163-0.729-0.258-1.145-0.258-0.073 0-0.146 0.003-0.218 0.009l0.009-0.001h-0.006c-1.404 0.106-2.503 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0-0.243-0.029-0.349-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.34-0.166-0.74-0.263-1.163-0.263-1.491 0-2.7 1.209-2.7 2.7 0 1.422 1.099 2.587 2.494 2.692l0.009 0.001h0.006c0.063 0.005 0.135 0.008 0.209 0.008 0.416 0 0.81-0.095 1.161-0.265l-0.016 0.007c0.099-0.047 0.216-0.075 0.339-0.075 0.002 0 0.005 0 0.007 0h-0z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">56   Challenges</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><img src="https://d1g0iq4cbcvjcd.cloudfront.net/topics/images/language.svg" alt="Language Icon" height="20" width="18" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" loading="lazy"/><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">Language: English</span></span></div></div><div class="courseDetailBox_alignment_box__aPVHd show-in-tablet"><div class="courseDetailBox_static_detail__y1o_Z column hub_sidebox_static_box__Vk8Qe"><span class="courseDetailBox_detail_box__U5m9o"><svg fill="currentColor" class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" 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0.487-0.246 1.083-0.055 1.336 0.43 0.256 0.49 0.066 1.094-0.423 1.349l-0.463-0.886c0.463 0.886 0.462 0.887 0.461 0.887l-0.002 0.001-0.012 0.006-0.021 0.010c-0.016 0.008-0.035 0.017-0.058 0.027-0.046 0.021-0.108 0.047-0.184 0.076-0.152 0.058-0.364 0.127-0.632 0.19-0.538 0.125-1.299 0.222-2.263 0.146-1.937-0.152-4.62-0.993-7.904-3.556l-0.001-0.001c-2.79-2.185-5-2.346-6.444-2.068-0.743 0.143-1.325 0.411-1.717 0.64-0.195 0.114-0.341 0.217-0.434 0.287-0.046 0.035-0.079 0.062-0.097 0.077l-0.017 0.015c-0.001 0.001-0.001 0.001-0 0l0.003-0.003 0.001-0.001z"></path><path d="M17.599 12.122c0.54 0.116 0.883 0.648 0.767 1.188-0.3 1.391-1.401 4.607-3.578 7.389-2.195 2.806-5.583 5.278-10.388 4.795-0.55-0.055-0.95-0.545-0.895-1.095s0.545-0.95 1.095-0.895c3.895 0.391 6.676-1.562 8.613-4.037 1.954-2.498 2.948-5.42 3.198-6.579 0.116-0.54 0.648-0.883 1.188-0.767z"></path><path d="M13.346 19.442c0.115-0.54 0.646-0.885 1.186-0.77 1.183 0.252 3.391 0.879 5.323 2.348 1.971 1.498 3.643 3.869 3.643 7.48 0 0.552-0.448 1-1 1s-1-0.448-1-1c0-2.889-1.296-4.705-2.853-5.888-1.595-1.212-3.474-1.76-4.529-1.984-0.54-0.115-0.885-0.646-0.77-1.186z"></path></svg><span class="courseDetailBox_text__0XVGJ">Learn at your own pace</span></span><span class="courseDetailBox_detail_box__U5m9o"><svg fill="currentColor" class="courseDetailBox_static_icon__hofMu" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="26" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M8.977 11.107c-0.967-0.192-1.97-0.093-2.881 0.285s-1.69 1.017-2.237 1.837c-0.548 0.82-0.84 1.784-0.84 2.77s0.292 1.95 0.84 2.77c0.548 0.82 1.326 1.46 2.237 1.837s1.914 0.477 2.881 0.285c0.958-0.19 1.839-0.657 2.534-1.343l1.067-1.201c0.367-0.413 0.999-0.45 1.412-0.083s0.45 0.999 0.083 1.412l-1.088 1.224c-0.013 0.015-0.027 0.029-0.041 0.043-0.978 0.976-2.223 1.641-3.578 1.91s-2.76 0.13-4.036-0.399c-1.276-0.529-2.367-1.425-3.135-2.574s-1.177-2.5-1.177-3.881 0.41-2.732 1.177-3.881c0.767-1.149 1.858-2.045 3.135-2.574s2.681-0.668 4.036-0.399c1.355 0.269 2.6 0.933 3.578 1.91 0.014 0.014 0.028 0.029 0.041 0.044l7.503 8.451c0.695 0.686 1.576 1.153 2.534 1.343 0.967 0.192 1.97 0.093 2.881-0.285s1.69-1.017 2.237-1.837 0.84-1.784 0.84-2.771c0-0.986-0.292-1.95-0.84-2.77s-1.326-1.459-2.237-1.837c-0.911-0.378-1.914-0.477-2.881-0.285-0.958 0.19-1.839 0.657-2.534 1.343l-1.067 1.201c-0.367 0.413-0.999 0.45-1.412 0.083s-0.45-0.999-0.083-1.412l1.088-1.224c0.013-0.015 0.027-0.029 0.041-0.043 0.978-0.976 2.223-1.641 3.578-1.91s2.76-0.13 4.036 0.399c1.276 0.529 2.367 1.425 3.135 2.574s1.177 2.5 1.177 3.881-0.41 2.732-1.177 3.881c-0.768 1.149-1.858 2.045-3.135 2.574s-2.681 0.668-4.036 0.399c-1.355-0.269-2.601-0.933-3.578-1.91-0.014-0.014-0.028-0.029-0.041-0.044l-7.503-8.451c-0.695-0.686-1.576-1.153-2.534-1.343z"></path></svg><span class="courseDetailBox_text__0XVGJ">Unlimited access forever</span></span></div></div><div class="hub_sidebox_alignment_box__9_FEl show-in-tablet hub_sidebox_alignment_box__last_child__5QGQx"><div class="column p-l-s p-t-s hub_sidebox_alignment_box_modules__sROxB"><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 29.667c-0 0-0 0-0 0-0.124 0-0.239-0.034-0.339-0.092l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.22-0.112-0.368-0.337-0.368-0.596 0-0.368 0.298-0.667 0.667-0.667 0.137 0 0.264 0.041 0.37 0.112l-0.002-0.002 11.664 6.8 11.664-6.8c0.087-0.045 0.19-0.071 0.299-0.071 0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667 0 0.231-0.118 0.435-0.297 0.555l-0.002 0.002-12 7c-0.093 0.055-0.205 0.089-0.325 0.091h-0.001z"></path><path d="M16 23.667c-0 0-0 0-0 0-0.124 0-0.239-0.034-0.339-0.092l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.181-0.121-0.299-0.325-0.299-0.556 0-0.368 0.298-0.667 0.667-0.667 0.109 0 0.212 0.026 0.303 0.073l-0.004-0.002 11.664 6.8 11.664-6.8c0.087-0.045 0.19-0.071 0.299-0.071 0.368 0 0.667 0.298 0.667 0.667 0 0.231-0.118 0.435-0.297 0.555l-0.002 0.002-12 7c-0.093 0.055-0.205 0.089-0.325 0.091h-0.001z"></path><path d="M16 2.333c0 0 0 0 0 0 0.124 0 0.239 0.034 0.339 0.092l-0.003-0.002 12 7c0.199 0.118 0.331 0.332 0.331 0.576s-0.132 0.458-0.328 0.574l-0.003 0.002-12 7c-0.096 0.056-0.211 0.089-0.333 0.089s-0.238-0.033-0.336-0.091l0.003 0.002-12-7c-0.199-0.118-0.331-0.332-0.331-0.576s0.132-0.458 0.328-0.574l0.003-0.002 12-7c0.095-0.056 0.209-0.090 0.33-0.091h0zM26.677 10l-10.677-6.228-10.677 6.228 10.677 6.228z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">14   Modules</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M16 5c-6.075 0-11 4.925-11 11s4.925 11 11 11c6.075 0 11-4.925 11-11s-4.925-11-11-11zM3 16c0-7.18 5.82-13 13-13s13 5.82 13 13c0 7.18-5.82 13-13 13s-13-5.82-13-13z"></path><path d="M16 8c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1v6h6c0.552 0 1 0.448 1 1s-0.448 1-1 1h-7c-0.552 0-1-0.448-1-1v-7c0-0.552 0.448-1 1-1z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">6 Hour 21 Minutes</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg fill="currentColor" class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M23.637 2.783h-13.884c-1.542 0-2.797 1.276-2.797 2.845v18.642c0 1.569 1.255 2.845 2.798 2.845h1.485v1.457c0 0.224 0.12 0.431 0.312 0.54 0.192 0.11 0.426 0.106 0.615-0.011l2.182-1.35 2.215 1.376c0.097 0.060 0.207 0.090 0.317 0.090 0.103 0 0.206-0.026 0.298-0.079 0.192-0.11 0.312-0.316 0.312-0.54v-1.483h6.148c1.543 0 2.798-1.276 2.798-2.845v-18.642c0-1.569-1.255-2.845-2.798-2.845zM10.251 4.174h0.817v15.033c0 0.092 0.022 0.178 0.063 0.257h-1.066c-0.632 0-1.22 0.163-1.717 0.441v-14.076c0-0.913 0.853-1.656 1.903-1.656zM16.696 27.826l-1.759-0.813c-0.211-0.097-0.48-0.1-0.693 0l-1.722 0.792v-2.762h4.174v2.783zM25.043 24.42c0 1.11-0.765 2.015-1.707 2.015h-6.641v-2.246h6.808c0.568 0 1.095-0.199 1.54-0.537v0.768zM25.043 21.711c0 0.843-0.626 1.529-1.397 1.529h-12.757c-0.33 0-0.597 0.292-0.597 0.653 0 0.362 0.267 0.654 0.597 0.654h0.461v1.888h-1.454c-0.854 0-1.549-0.76-1.549-1.695v-1.891c0-0.842 0.626-1.529 1.397-1.529h13.902c0.515 0 0.993-0.167 1.397-0.451v0.842zM25.043 15.128v2.944c0 0.775-0.654 1.407-1.457 1.407h-12.456c0.033-0.074 0.053-0.156 0.053-0.242v-15.062h12.246c0.89 0 1.614 0.7 1.614 1.558v9.395z"></path></svg><span class="hub_sidebox_text__B66am">56   Lessons</span></span><span class="hub_sidebox_detail_box__Ejz_b"><svg class="hub_sidebox_alignment_icon__uWbHk" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M27.503 28.803h-18c-0.994-0.001-1.799-0.806-1.8-1.8v-4.258c-0.206 0.036-0.444 0.056-0.686 0.056-0.119 0-0.237-0.005-0.353-0.014l0.015 0.001c-2.231-0.174-3.976-2.027-3.976-4.288 0-2.375 1.925-4.3 4.3-4.3 0.247 0 0.49 0.021 0.726 0.061l-0.025-0.004v-4.254c0.001-0.994 0.806-1.799 1.8-1.8h4.754c-0.037-0.211-0.058-0.454-0.058-0.702 0-2.377 1.926-4.304 4.303-4.305h0c2.374 0.002 4.298 1.927 4.298 4.302 0 0.249-0.021 0.493-0.062 0.73l0.004-0.025h4.754c0.994 0.001 1.799 0.806 1.8 1.8v5.338c-0.001 0.441-0.359 0.798-0.8 0.798-0.125 0-0.244-0.029-0.35-0.080l0.005 0.002c-0.335-0.163-0.729-0.258-1.145-0.258-0.073 0-0.146 0.003-0.218 0.009l0.009-0.001h-0.006c-1.404 0.106-2.503 1.271-2.503 2.693 0 1.491 1.209 2.7 2.7 2.7 0.423 0 0.823-0.097 1.179-0.27l-0.016 0.007c0.101-0.049 0.219-0.078 0.344-0.078 0.441 0 0.799 0.357 0.8 0.798v5.338c0 0.001 0 0.002 0 0.002 0 0.992-0.802 1.797-1.793 1.802h-0zM8.503 20.866c0.442 0 0.8 0.358 0.8 0.8v0 5.338c0 0.11 0.090 0.2 0.2 0.2v0h18c0.11 0 0.2-0.090 0.2-0.2v0-4.254c-0.21 0.037-0.453 0.057-0.7 0.057-2.375 0-4.3-1.925-4.3-4.3 0-2.261 1.745-4.114 3.961-4.287l0.015-0.001c0.101-0.009 0.219-0.013 0.338-0.013 0.242 0 0.48 0.020 0.711 0.059l-0.025-0.003v-4.258c0-0.11-0.090-0.2-0.2-0.2v0h-5.84c-0.441-0.001-0.798-0.359-0.798-0.8 0-0.125 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Operators","slug":"sql-operators","read_time":13},{"order":2,"title":"AND and OR Operators in SQL","slug":"and-or-operators-in-sql","read_time":9},{"order":3,"title":"Not Equal in SQL","slug":"not-equal-in-sql","read_time":7},{"order":4,"title":"SQL BETWEEN Operator","slug":"sql-between-operator","read_time":7},{"order":5,"title":"NULL Value in SQL","slug":"null-value-in-sql","read_time":5}]}},{"id":"125","type":"chapters","attributes":{"title":"Working with Multiple Tables","slug":"working-with-multiple-tables","order":5,"cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Working_with_Multiple_Tables.webp","total_time":25,"articles":[{"order":1,"title":"SQL JOINS (INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL Join)","slug":"joins-in-sql","read_time":12},{"order":2,"title":"Self Join in SQL","slug":"self-join-in-sql","read_time":4},{"order":3,"title":"Join Multiple Tables in SQL","slug":"join-multiple-tables-in-sql","read_time":6},{"order":4,"title":"Equi Join and Non-Equi Join in 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SQL","slug":"cascade-in-sql","read_time":8}]}},{"id":"133","type":"chapters","attributes":{"title":"Advance Topics in SQL","slug":"advance-topics","order":13,"cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Advance.webp","total_time":44,"articles":[{"order":1,"title":"Views in SQL","slug":"views-in-sql","read_time":6},{"order":2,"title":"Lock Table","slug":"lock-table","read_time":16},{"order":3,"title":"SQL injection","slug":"sql-injection","read_time":13},{"order":4,"title":"Integrity Constraint Violation","slug":"integrity-constraint-violation","read_time":9}]}},{"id":"134","type":"chapters","attributes":{"title":"Glossary","slug":"glossary","order":14,"cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/Glossary.webp","total_time":9,"articles":[{"order":1,"title":"Keywords in SQL","slug":"keywords-in-sql","read_time":9}]}}],"pageClass":"","hub":{"title":"SQL Tutorial","slug":"sql","description":"SQL tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of SQL with examples. You'll learn about databases, and how to handle databases and retrieve the required data using SQL. \nSQL is the most widely implemented database language and is supported by many relational database systems like MySQL, Oracle, MySQL server, etc.","created_at":"2022-05-09T09:45:56.331Z","updated_at":"2025-03-28T14:53:03.627Z","articles_count":56,"eligible_for_certificate":true,"last_updated_at":"2023-11-07T00:00:00.000Z","modules_count":14,"color":"#B8DFFF","cover_image":"https://www.scaler.com/topics/images/SQLtutorial.webp","content":"---\ntitle: SQL Tutorial - Scaler Topics\ndescription: Basic to advanced SQL tutorial for programmers. Learn SQL with step-by-step guide along with applications and example programs by Scaler Topics.\nauthor: Divyanshu Soni\ncategory: SQL\n---\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## What is SQL?\nSQL (Structured Query Language) is a standard language designed for maintaining the data in a relational database management system. With SQL, you can easily create and manage the data, create the tables, update or modify records in the databases, etc. A database is a table that consists of rows and columns. SQL is useful to retrieve specific information from the databases that are further used for analysis.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Why learn SQL?\nStructured Query Language (SQL) is the go-to language for an engineer, business analyst, etc., to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several reasons why you should consider it.\n\n* Firstly, with SQL, you can communicate directly with the databases without manipulating or organising data by hand. This means you can extract the exact information from the databases you need. \n* Additionally, the procedure or logic to solve a problem related to the database is written in SQL query and not lost in manual copies, saving you a lot of time and effort.\n* Learning SQL can also help you quickly fix and find errors in your process. Using the SQL language, you can quickly and efficiently debug your code and ensure your queries are running as intended.\n\nIf you're interested in learning SQL, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to get started. Whether you want to improve your data analysis skills or learn a valuable new programming language, SQL is worth considering.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## Some SQL commands\nSQL, short for Structured Query Language, is a powerful programming language used to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several commands you should become familiar with. These include `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE`. You can easily manipulate and retrieve data from databases by mastering these SQL commands. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to learn the SQL language and become proficient.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## History of SQL\n\n- IN 1970, Dr. Codd published a paper, ``\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"`` and it may have ended there.\n- In 1970s, IBM researchers Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin started working on SQL and they called it SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language).\n- The language was created following Edgar Frank Codd's paper, ``\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"``, in 1970. This became the foundation for the relational database system.\n- In 1979, IBM released a system called SQL data system and in 1985, IBM released DB2, a relational database management system. \n- After that Microsoft released their first version of SQL server in 1987.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Applications of SQL\nThere are various applications of SQL which are also widely used to govern massive databases.\n\n- SQL is used to create the database, characterize its structure, use it in the applications and afterward dispose it when you are finished with it.\n- SQL is used as a Data manipulation language, which means you can use it for keeping up a previously existing database. Hence, it is a great tool/language to change or manipulate the data within the tables.\n- SQL is broadly used as client or server language to connect the front-end with the backend which supports the customer architecture.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Advantages of SQL\nSQL provides various advantages which make it popular across fields of software development. Below given are the advantages of SQL.\n\n- A large amount of data is accessed and altered very efficiently from the database using SQL queries. \n- SQL does not require large number of coding lines to manage database systems. You can easily store and manage a large amount of data using simple SQL syntactical rules.\n- SQL follows long established standards set by ISO and ANSI which becomes easy to manage by anyone across the globe.\n- The SQL language also helps in making multiple views of the database structure for different users.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## SQL vs No-SQL\nWhen it comes to working with databases, there are two main types of languages to consider: SQL and No-SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, relies on a structured, table-based approach for storing and organizing data. On the other hand, No-SQL databases use a non-relational approach to storing data.\n\nWhile SQL is a powerful and widely used language and has proven to be successful multiple times, No-SQL databases, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability. Whether you're interested in learning SQL or exploring the world of No-SQL databases, you can follow the SQL and No-SQL tutorials on Scaler Topics. Ultimately, the choice between SQL and No-SQL will depend on your specific needs and the requirements of your project.\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Audience\nIf you are considering a career in Web development, depending on your specialization you'll definitely need SQL. Backend developers need SQL to manage a website's server side programs and databases. Data analysts and data scientists use SQL to efficiently mine the data. Moreover, if you are a business analyst or strategist, SQL will help you forecast better.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Prerequisite\nThere are no major prerequisites to learn SQL. Although, you should know some concepts of RDBMS, for example, `database, tuple, field`, etc. and just follow this tutorial to learn about SQL from the beginning. You can follow this tutorial and learn SQL very efficiently with the help of practical examples.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## What This SQL Tutorial Covers?\nThis SQL tutorial covers all the fundamental concepts of SQL. You'll learn to create the databases, add the records to the tables, select records based on different conditions, update and delete records in a table, etc.\n\nOnce you're familiar with the fundamental topics, you'll move on to the next level that explains the method of retrieving the data from the tables using various techniques that is available in SQL.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Career Opportunity of Learning SQL\nYou'll get various career opportunities that align with the knowledge of SQL. 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SQL is useful to retrieve specific information from the databases that are further used for analysis.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Why learn SQL?\nStructured Query Language (SQL) is the go-to language for an engineer, business analyst, etc., to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several reasons why you should consider it.\n\n* Firstly, with SQL, you can communicate directly with the databases without manipulating or organising data by hand. This means you can extract the exact information from the databases you need. \n* Additionally, the procedure or logic to solve a problem related to the database is written in SQL query and not lost in manual copies, saving you a lot of time and effort.\n* Learning SQL can also help you quickly fix and find errors in your process. Using the SQL language, you can quickly and efficiently debug your code and ensure your queries are running as intended.\n\nIf you're interested in learning SQL, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to get started. Whether you want to improve your data analysis skills or learn a valuable new programming language, SQL is worth considering.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## Some SQL commands\nSQL, short for Structured Query Language, is a powerful programming language used to communicate with databases. If you're looking to learn SQL, there are several commands you should become familiar with. These include `SELECT`, `INSERT`, `UPDATE`, and `DELETE`. You can easily manipulate and retrieve data from databases by mastering these SQL commands. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced programmer, you can follow the SQL tutorial on Scaler Topics to learn the SQL language and become proficient.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## History of SQL\n\n- IN 1970, Dr. Codd published a paper, ``\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"`` and it may have ended there.\n- In 1970s, IBM researchers Raymond Boyce and Donald Chamberlin started working on SQL and they called it SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language).\n- The language was created following Edgar Frank Codd's paper, ``\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"``, in 1970. This became the foundation for the relational database system.\n- In 1979, IBM released a system called SQL data system and in 1985, IBM released DB2, a relational database management system. \n- After that Microsoft released their first version of SQL server in 1987.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Applications of SQL\nThere are various applications of SQL which are also widely used to govern massive databases.\n\n- SQL is used to create the database, characterize its structure, use it in the applications and afterward dispose it when you are finished with it.\n- SQL is used as a Data manipulation language, which means you can use it for keeping up a previously existing database. 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You can easily store and manage a large amount of data using simple SQL syntactical rules.\n- SQL follows long established standards set by ISO and ANSI which becomes easy to manage by anyone across the globe.\n- The SQL language also helps in making multiple views of the database structure for different users.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n## SQL vs No-SQL\nWhen it comes to working with databases, there are two main types of languages to consider: SQL and No-SQL. SQL, or Structured Query Language, relies on a structured, table-based approach for storing and organizing data. On the other hand, No-SQL databases use a non-relational approach to storing data.\n\nWhile SQL is a powerful and widely used language and has proven to be successful multiple times, No-SQL databases, on the other hand, are becoming increasingly popular due to their flexibility and scalability. Whether you're interested in learning SQL or exploring the world of No-SQL databases, you can follow the SQL and No-SQL tutorials on Scaler Topics. Ultimately, the choice between SQL and No-SQL will depend on your specific needs and the requirements of your project.\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Audience\nIf you are considering a career in Web development, depending on your specialization you'll definitely need SQL. Backend developers need SQL to manage a website's server side programs and databases. Data analysts and data scientists use SQL to efficiently mine the data. Moreover, if you are a business analyst or strategist, SQL will help you forecast better.\n\n:::\n\n:::section{.main}\n\n## Prerequisite\nThere are no major prerequisites to learn SQL. Although, you should know some concepts of RDBMS, for example, `database, tuple, field`, etc. and just follow this tutorial to learn about SQL from the beginning. 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