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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_vernacular_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_vernacular_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early vernacular characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_vernacular_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_dynasty_(7th–9th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_dynasty_(7th–9th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tang dynasty (7th–9th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_dynasty_(7th–9th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Song_dynasty_(10th–13th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Song_dynasty_(10th–13th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Song dynasty (10th–13th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Song_dynasty_(10th–13th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty_(14th–17th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty_(14th–17th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ming dynasty (14th–17th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty_(14th–17th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty_(mid-17th–19th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty_(mid-17th–19th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Qing dynasty (mid-17th–19th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty_(mid-17th–19th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era_(20th–21st_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era_(20th–21st_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modern era (20th–21st centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era_(20th–21st_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Example text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EA%B4%B4%EC%9E%A5%EC%9E%90" title="방괴장자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방괴장자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97" title="古壮字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古壮字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Чжуанское письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чжуанское письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="สือดิบผู้จ่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สือดิบผู้จ่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sawndip" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97" title="方块壮字 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="方块壮字" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%A1%8A%E5%A3%AF%E5%AD%97" title="方塊壯字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方塊壯字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97" title="方块壮字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方块壮字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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background:mistyrose;">Sawndip<br /><div style="font-weight:normal">Old Zhuang script</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawndip.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sawndip.svg/160px-Sawndip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sawndip.svg/240px-Sawndip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sawndip.svg/320px-Sawndip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Characters for the Zhuang words <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">saw</i></span> 'character' and <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">ndip</i></span> 'uncooked'</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7th century – present</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese character">Chinese</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Sawndip</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233430381">.mw-parser-output .characters-body{max-width:22em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-content{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{background-color:lightpink;white-space:nowrap;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .blist ol li,.mw-parser-output .blist ul li{display:list-item;text-align:left;text-indent:hanging 1em;margin-left:1em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks noprint characters-body"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_characters_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chinese characters"><img alt="Chinese characters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/220px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/330px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chinese_characters_logo.svg/440px-Chinese_characters_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></i></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Evolution of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">script styles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_symbols_in_China" title="Neolithic symbols in China">Neolithic symbols in China</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">Bird-worm</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_brush_script" title="Flat brush script">Flat brush</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Modern typefaces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_typefaces" title="Ming typefaces">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Hei</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Properties and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_components" title="Chinese character components">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_strokes" title="Chinese character strokes">Strokes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">order</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_radicals" title="Chinese character radicals">Radicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters#Printing_and_typefaces" title="Chinese characters">Orthography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiu_zixing" title="Jiu zixing"><i>jiu zixing</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_zixing" title="Xin zixing"><i>xin zixing</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">Digital encoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed blist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Collation and standards</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangxi Dictionary form"><i>Kangxi Dictionary</i> forms</a> (1716)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commonly_Used_Standard_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters">Commonly Used Characters</a></i> (PRC, 2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graphemes_of_Commonly-Used_Chinese_Characters" title="List of Graphemes of Commonly-Used Chinese Characters">Commonly-Used Characters</a></i> (Hong Kong, 2007)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Southern_Min_Recommended_Characters" title="Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters">Nan Min Recommended Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Form_of_National_Characters" title="Standard Form of National Characters">Standard Form of National Characters</a></i> (Taiwan, 1982)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji"><i>Jōyō</i> kanji</a> (Japan, 2010)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Reforms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_round_of_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Second round of simplified Chinese characters">second round</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_traditional_and_simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Debate on traditional and simplified Chinese characters">debate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Japanese script reform</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">kyūjitai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Homograph#In_Chinese" title="Homograph">Homographs</a> and readings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings" title="Literary and colloquial readings">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_characters" title="Variant Chinese characters">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_of_Empress_Wu" title="Chinese characters of Empress Wu">Zetian characters</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Derived systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">man'yōgana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen script</a></li> <li>Khitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">small</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters_for_transcribing_Slavonic" title="Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic">Slavonic transcription</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_characters_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese characters sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip</i></span></b> (Sawndip: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AD%A8%A1%F0%AE%84%AB" class="extiw" title="wikt:𭨡𮄫">𭨡𮄫</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-unicode_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unicode-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Zhuang pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="za-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">[θaɯ˨˦ɗip˥]</a></span>) are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used to write the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang languages</a> in the Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>. <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang</a> word that means "immature characters". The Zhuang word for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese languages</a> is <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">sawgun</i></span> (<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𭨡倱</span></span> 'Han characters'); <i>gun</i> is the Zhuang term for the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>. Even now, in traditional and less formal domains, Sawndip is more often used than alphabetical scripts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sawndip is also called <i>old Zhuang script</i>, usually used to distinguish it from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>, the old Zhuang script is called <i>Gu Zhuangzi</i> (<span lang="zh">古壮字</span>; 'old Zhuang characters') or <i>Fangkuai Zhuangzi</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">方块壮字</span>; 'square shaped Zhuang characters'). </p><p><i>Sawndip</i> and its synonyms can be used with a spectrum of narrow to broad meanings. The narrowest meaning confines its use just to characters created by Zhuang to write Zhuang and excludes existing Chinese characters. At its broadest, it includes all the "square" characters used to write Zhuang regardless of whether they are of Chinese or Zhuang origin. However, it is not always possible to determine the origin of a character. In this article the inclusive broader meaning is usually used. </p><p>In Chinese, while usually <i>old Zhuang script</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">古壮字</span></span>) and <i>square Zhuang script</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">方块壮字</span></span>) are synonymous, when used contrastively, the former is restricted to those characters used before the founding of the Republic of China in 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwg_roegbit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lwg_roegbit.svg/220px-Lwg_roegbit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lwg_roegbit.svg/330px-Lwg_roegbit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lwg_roegbit.svg/440px-Lwg_roegbit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>These three Zhuang logograms (<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%AD%92%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:𭒹">𭒹</a>𮬭鴓</span></span>) from the <i><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip Sawdenj</i></span></i> (the first two of which were added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 10.0">Unicode 10.0</a> in June 2017) are formed as follows: the components <span lang="und-Hani">⼒</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'POWER'</span>, <span lang="und-Hani">六</span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">'SIX'</span></span> and <span lang="und-Hani">必</span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">'MUST'</span></span> respectively indicate the sound, and the components <span lang="und-Hani">⼦</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'CHILD'</span>, <span lang="und-Hani">⿃</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'BIRD'</span> and <span lang="und-Hani">⿃</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'BIRD'</span> for the term <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lwg" class="extiw" title="wikt:lwg">lwg</a> roegbit</i></span>, literally 'child bird-duck', meaning "wild duckling".</figcaption></figure> <p>Sawndip is made up of a combination of Chinese characters, Chinese-like characters, and other symbols. Like Chinese it can be written horizontally from left to right, or vertically from top to bottom. The script has never been standardized; some morphosyllables have more than a dozen associated <a href="/wiki/Variant_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant Chinese character">variant glyphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zhang Yuansheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">张元生</span></span>), characters not also used in Chinese usually make up about 20% of Sawndip texts, although some texts may be composed almost entirely of characters also used in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984456_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984456-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different scholars categorize Sawndip in slightly different ways. Displayed below is the estimated frequency of different types of characters by Holm:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character types in Sawndip </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Mode of reading </th> <th scope="col">Number </th> <th scope="col">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Phonetic </th> <td>2303</td> <td>71.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Semantic </th> <td>78</td> <td>2.4% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Phono-semantic </th> <td>40</td> <td>1.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chinese loan </th> <td>708</td> <td>21.9% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Zhuang </th> <td>97</td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Dubious </th> <td>5</td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:right">Total</th> <th style="text-align:right">3231</th> <th style="text-align:right">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Bauer, Sawndip characters can be categorized using a more complex system than the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification#Traditional_classification" title="Chinese character classification">six traditional classification principles</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000229–240_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000229–240-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Symbols that do not resemble Chinese characters, and are borrowed from non-Chinese writing systems such as the Latin alphabet<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (possibly) Burmese</li> <li>Non-standard Chinese-like characters created as <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic compounds">ideographic compounds</a></li> <li>Non-standard Chinese-like characters created as <a href="/wiki/Phono-semantic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Phono-semantic compounds">phono-semantic compounds</a> <ul><li>Example: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">bya</i></span> 'mountain' is often written as<span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">岜</span></span>⟩</span>, containing the ideographic <span lang="und-Hani">⼭</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'MOUNTAIN'</span> in conjunction with phonetic <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">巴</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">ba</i></span>).</li> <li>Example: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">vunz</i></span> 'person' is often written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">伝</span></span>⟩</span>, containing the ideographic radical <span lang="und-Hani">亻</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'MAN'</span> in conjunction with phonetic <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">云</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yún</i></span>).</li></ul></li> <li>Standard Chinese characters borrowed solely for their pronunciations, and do not share the same original meaning in Chinese (in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification#Rebus_(phonetic_loan)_characters" title="Chinese character classification">phonetic loan</a> principle) <ul><li>Example: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">miz</i></span> 'to have' is often written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za">眉</span></span>⟩</span>, a character that is pronounced in Mandarin Chinese as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">méi</i></span>, but which means 'eyebrow'.</li></ul></li> <li>Non-standard Chinese-like characters created specifically for Zhuang to indicate the meaning of certain morphosyllables (in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_classification#Simple_ideograms" title="Chinese character classification">indicative ideograms</a>)</li> <li>Standard Chinese characters representing loanwords or etymologically related morphosyllables from Chinese <ul><li>Example: <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">boi</i></span> 'cup' is written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za">盃</span></span>⟩</span>, a variant character of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">杯</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bēi</i></span>; 'cup' in Chinese).</li></ul></li> <li>Standard Chinese characters borrowed solely for their meanings and do not have a matching reading in Zhuang with Chinese</li> <li>New characters made by juxtaposing a pair of Chinese characters that "spell out" the pronunciation of the Zhuang word as in the traditional Chinese <i><a href="/wiki/Fanqie" title="Fanqie">fanqie</a></i> system, with one character representing the initial consonant and the other the rest of the syllable.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The script has been used for centuries, mainly by Zhuang singers and <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shamans</a>, to record poems, scriptures, folktales, myths, songs, play scripts, medical prescriptions, family genealogies and contracts, but exactly when it came into being is not known. It is usually reckoned that Sawndip started to be used over one thousand years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> or earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984455_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984455-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201033_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín201033-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895–6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu19895–6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However a study comparing Sawndip with the similar but different neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">chữ Nôm</a> script of Vietnam suggested that the script started at latest in the 12th century at about the same time as chữ Nôm.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_vernacular_characters">Early vernacular characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early vernacular characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even before the Tang dynasty, Zhuang or closely related languages were written down using characters that were either Chinese or made up of Chinese components. Whether these are viewed as Sawndip, or as some sort of precursor to Sawndip, depends not only the evidence itself, but also differing views of what counts as Sawndip and from what era the term Zhuang can be applied. </p><p>Some scholars say Sawndip started in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and note the occurrence on words of Zhuang origin in ancient Chinese dictionaries such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">犩</span></span> which is Sawndip for Zhuang <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">vaiz</i></span> ('water buffalo') and in section 19 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Erya" title="Erya">Erya</a></i> is given as having similar pronunciation and means <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za">牛</span></span> ('cattle'). <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201033_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín201033-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989482_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989482-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are some similarities in the poetical style of "<a href="/wiki/The_Song_of_the_Yue_boatman" class="mw-redirect" title="The Song of the Yue boatman">The Song of the Yue boatman</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">越人歌</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuèrén Gē</span></i>) from 528 BC and the Zhuang "Fwen" style. Wei Qingwen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">韦庆稳</span></span>) has interpreted the song by reading the characters as <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang language">Zhuang</a> and some consider the written version and other such songs to be a forerunner though not an example of Sawndip,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín20106-8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín20106-8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has also been interpreted as being <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong language (China)">Dong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_dynasty_(7th–9th_centuries)"><span id="Tang_dynasty_.287th.E2.80.939th_centuries.29"></span>Tang dynasty (7th–9th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tang dynasty (7th–9th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fact that Zhuang readings of borrowed Chinese characters often match <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Chinese">Early Middle Chinese</a> suggests a Sui–Tang date, however it has been noted these could also be explained as later borrowings from conservative <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200346_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200346-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2004424_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2004424-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese characters were already in use in the Zhuang area, as illustrated by two Tang dynasty <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> entitled 'Eulogy of the six-sided courtyard' (<span lang="zh">六合坚固大宅颂</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Liù hé jiāngùdàzhái sòng</span></i>) in 682 and 'Monument of Zhi Cheng city' (<span lang="zh">智城碑</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhì chéng bēi</span></i>) in 697.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai200580_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai200580-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these are written in Chinese, the latter contains a number of non-standard characters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu19895-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200345-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of these is the Sawndip character consisting of <span lang="und-Hani">𥹫</span> '<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">RICE</span></span>' over <span lang="und-Hani">⽥</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'FIELD'</span> for <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">naz</i></span> 'paddy field'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989348_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989348-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Song_dynasty_(10th–13th_centuries)"><span id="Song_dynasty_.2810th.E2.80.9313th_centuries.29"></span>Song dynasty (10th–13th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Song dynasty (10th–13th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> authors give examples of 'vernacular characters' (<span lang="zh">土俗字</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tǔsúzì</span></i>) used in Guangxi such as Zhou Qufei in <i><a href="/wiki/Lingwai_Daida" title="Lingwai Daida">Lingwai Daida</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_Chengda" title="Fan Chengda">Fan Chengda</a> in the <i>Guihai yuheng zhi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">桂海虞衡志</span></span>) saying that such characters were common in the area and used in legal documents such as <a href="/wiki/Indictments" class="mw-redirect" title="Indictments">indictments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Complaint" title="Complaint">complaints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Receipts" class="mw-redirect" title="Receipts">receipts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Contracts">contracts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895–6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu19895–6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200345-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Table of characters noted in the Song dynasty <i>Guihai yuheng zhi</i> and also in 1986 Sawndip dictionary: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>Sawndip </td> <td><big>𨱥</big> </td> <td><big>䦟</big> </td> <td><big>𡘫</big> </td> <td><big>仦</big> </td> <td><big>𡚻</big> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zhuang </td> <td>daemq,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu198997_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu198997-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />gaenq<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989169_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989169-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>onj,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989402_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989402-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />vaenj<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989480_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989480-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>onj,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989402_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989402-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />vaenj<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989480_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989480-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>neux<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989368_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989368-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989105_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989105-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English </td> <td>short </td> <td>steady </td> <td>steady </td> <td>weak </td> <td>used addressing a lady </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty_(14th–17th_centuries)"><span id="Ming_dynasty_.2814th.E2.80.9317th_centuries.29"></span>Ming dynasty (14th–17th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty (14th–17th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whilst no manuscripts from the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> have been found, dozens of classic Sawndip works that survive to this day were first written during this dynasty or earlier. Some consider this to be the most abundant period of Sawndip literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201039_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín201039-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exact dating is difficult in part because some songs were composed and transmitted orally before being written down, such as <i><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Ciengzyeingz</i></span></i> ('Song to tell others'), which Liang Tingwang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梁庭望</span></span>) has stated whilst containing some content comes from centuries before that was written down during the Ming dynasty. Similarly "Songs of March", "Songs of the Daytime", "Songs of the Road", and "<a href="/wiki/Sawndip_literature#"The_house-building_song"" title="Sawndip literature">Songs of House Building</a>" where first created between the Tang and Song dynasties or earlier and certainly written down at latest during the Ming dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some songs were both created and written down during the Ming dynasty. <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Caeg</i></span> "Songs of War" (<span lang="zh">贼歌</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zéi gē</span></i>) from <a href="/wiki/Pingguo_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Pingguo County">Pingguo</a> which is considered to be such despite some lines which are later additions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen nganx</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">欢𭪤</span></span> ('The Dragon Eye Fruit Song'), a love story, is also from the Ming era.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of songs written in Sawndip are stories which are originally of Han origin but for hundreds of years have been part of the Zhuang tradition, such as <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𠯘唐皇</span></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Dangzvuengz</i></span> ('Song about Tang emperors') about <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ruizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Ruizong of Tang">Li Dan</a> and <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𠯘英台</span></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Yinghdaiz</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/Butterfly_Lovers" title="Butterfly Lovers">Song about Yingtai</a>') and <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𠯘文隆</span></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Vwnzlungz</i></span> ('<a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Wenlong" title="The Legend of Wenlong">Song about Wenlong</a>') to name but a few are reckoned to have first been written down in Sawndip during the Ming dynasty or earlier. In the case of <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Fwen Vwnzlungz</i></span>, the original Han story itself has been lost.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty_(mid-17th–19th_centuries)"><span id="Qing_dynasty_.28mid-17th.E2.80.9319th_centuries.29"></span>Qing dynasty (mid-17th–19th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty (mid-17th–19th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thousands of Sawndip manuscripts from the Qing period survive to this day. One well known old surviving text is the <i>Yuefeng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">粵風</span></span>) book of folksongs from <a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a>, published in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201321_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201321-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A book entitled <i>Taiping Spring</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太平春</span></span>) that contains a number of songs and is kept in <a href="/wiki/Lingyun_County" title="Lingyun County">Lingyun</a> is dated as 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another source is the <i>Huayu yiyu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">華夷譯語</span></span> '<a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Barbarian</a> vocabulary') compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Hanlin_Academy#Bureau_of_Translators" title="Hanlin Academy">Bureau of Translators</a> in the mid-18th century on the order of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, and now held in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Palace_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Palace Museum">Imperial Palace Museum</a>. The survey of western Guangxi (<i><span lang="zh-Latn">Tàipíng fǔ yíyǔ tōngyì</span></i>) was less thorough than other parts of the empire, consisting of just 71 to 170 items from three locations. Each entry consists of a Zhuang word written in the Zhuang script, with its pronunciation and meaning given in Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201326–27_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201326–27-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It demonstrates both the wide use and lack of standardization of Sawndip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era_(20th–21st_centuries)"><span id="Modern_era_.2820th.E2.80.9321st_centuries.29"></span>Modern era (20th–21st centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern era (20th–21st centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sawndip_comparison.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Sawndip_comparison.PNG/220px-Sawndip_comparison.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Sawndip_comparison.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip</i></span> is not standardized. Here are the same four Standard Zhuang words—<span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">bae</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𭆛/[⿰贝去]/悲/[⿱去比]</span></span> 'go', <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">gvaq</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">卦/瓜/𮞖</span></span> 'pass', <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">ranz</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𭓨</span></span> 'house', <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">mwngz</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">佲/名/门/孟</span></span> 'you'—as written in five modern <a href="/wiki/Pingguo" title="Pingguo">Pingguo</a> sources. These agree on the choice of character for only one of the four words, <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">ranz</i></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𭓨</span></span> 'house'.</figcaption></figure> <p>While after the introduction of an official alphabet-based script in 1957, Sawndip have seldom been used in some formal domains such as newspapers, laws and official documents, they continue to be used in less formal domains such as writing songs, and personal notes and messages. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a> in 1949, communist revolutionary propaganda was written using sawndip. In 1957 an official <a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang#Writing_systems" title="Standard Zhuang">romanized Zhuang script</a> was introduced. However, there are major phonetic and lexical differences between Zhuang dialects, and the Latin-based system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Wuming_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuming County">Wuming</a> dialect. Because of this and other reasons, there still are many Zhuang speakers that prefer to write Zhuang using sawndip.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000228_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000228-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZheng1996_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng1996-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though it is not the official script at grassroots level various departments have continued to use Sawndip on occasions to get their message across. Coming into the 21st century, Sawndip understanding and usage of Sawndip remains significant: of those surveyed in two dialect areas, just over one third said that they understood Sawndip, and about one in ten that they use Sawndip in most domains.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rates are approximately twice those for the romanized script: with only one-sixth saying they understood it, and only one in twenty saying they used it in most domains.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After five years in preparation, the <i><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip Sawdenj</i></span></i> (<span lang="zh">古壮字字典</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gǔ Zhuàngzì zìdiǎn</span></i>; 'Dictionary of Ancient Zhuang Characters') was published in 1989 with 4,900 entries and over 10,000 characters, and is the first and only dictionary of Zhuang characters published to date.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000226–227_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000226–227-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008 it was announced that work was to begin on a new dictionary called <i>The Large Chinese Dictionary of Ancient Zhuang Characters</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中华古壮字大字典</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 an enlarged facsimile of the 1989 dictionary was published with a different cover.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> versions 1 to 8 included some Sawndip characters that are frequently used in the Chinese names for places in Guangxi, such as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B2%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:岜">岜</a></span></span> <i><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bya" class="extiw" title="wikt:bya">bya</a></i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">bā</span>) meaning 'mountain' or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B4%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:崬">崬</a></span></span> <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">ndoeng</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">dōng</span>) meaning 'forest', and are therefore included in Chinese dictionaries, and hence also in Chinese character sets and also some that are from other non-Zhuang character sets. Over one thousand Sawndip characters were included in the <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension F</a> block that was added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode_10.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 10.0">Unicode 10.0</a> in June 2017, another set of over one thousand in the <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G</a> block added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode_13.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 13.0">Unicode 13.0</a> in 2020, over 400 in the <a href="/wiki/CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H" title="CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H">CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H</a> block added to <a href="/wiki/Unicode_15.0" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode 15.0">Unicode 15.0</a> in 2022 and others are under consideration for inclusion in a future version of the Unicode Standard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sawndip_literature" title="Sawndip literature">Sawndip literature</a></div> <p>For over one thousand years the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> have used Sawndip to write a wide variety of literature, including folk songs, operas, poems, scriptures, letters, contract, and court documents.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sawndip literature is often though not always in verse. Only a small percentage of Sawndip literature has been published. Traditional songs, or stories, are often adapted over time, and new works continue to be written to this day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With regional differences, as with other aspects of Sawndip scholars express a number of differing ideas. </p><p>One of the first systematic studies of Sawndip that covered more than one location was Zhang Yuansheng's 1984 examination of 1114 Sawndip, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Wuming_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuming County">Wuming</a> but also including some characters from 37 other locations. Zhang found substantial variation between dialect areas, and even within locales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984465_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, David Holm reported a geographical survey of the script, comparing characters used for 60 words in texts from 45 locations in Guangxi and neighbouring areas. He found that regional variations in the script often did not correlate with dialect groups, which he attributes to importation of characters from other regions, as well as subsequent sound change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he claims to have found a clear geographical division in terms of the branch of Chinese that provided the pronunciation of borrowed characters. In Guizhou and northern Guangxi, character readings correspond to <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Mandarin">Southwest Mandarin</a>, which was brought to the area by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. In central and southwest Guangxi, they closely match <a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a>, which is derived from the speech of <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> immigrants. Holm states that while both Pinghua and Zhuang have changed over this period, this has generally been in parallel, making it difficult to date the readings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744–745_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744–745-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars studying the script used in <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> associate its origins with the introduction of Chinese officials in the early <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345–46_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200345–46-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_text">Example text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Example text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in Northern Zhuang: </p><p>Traditional form: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional form"><img alt="Traditional form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png/593px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png" decoding="async" width="593" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png/890px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png/1186px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip-Unicode_10.png 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></dd></dl> <p>Simplified form: </p> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Simplified form"><img alt="Simplified form" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png/593px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png" decoding="async" width="593" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png/890px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png/1186px-Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights_Zhuang_Sawndip.png 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="239" /></a></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>Latin transcription (1982 orthography): <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za-Latn">Boux boux ma daengz lajmbwn couh miz cwyouz, cunhyenz caeuq genzli bouxboux bingzdaengj. Gyoengq vunz miz lijsing caeuq liengzsim, wngdang daih gyoengq de lumj beixnuengx ityiengh.</i></span></li> <li>Unicode characters (with currently unencoded characters represented as <a href="/wiki/Ideographic_Description_Sequences" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideographic Description Sequences">Ideographic Description Sequences</a> in brackets): <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hans">佈佈𲃖[⿰丁刂]𨑜[⿰云天]就𠷯自由，尊严𪝈权利佈佈平等。𬾀伝𠷯理性𪝈良心，应当待𬾀𬿇㑣[⿰彳比][⿰彳农]一样。</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawgoek" title="Sawgoek">Sawgoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unicode-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unicode_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The character for <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">saw</i></span> meaning either book or written character, <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𭨡</span></span>, has a <span lang="und-Hani">書</span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">'BOOK'</span></span> radical on the left and a <span lang="und-Hani">史</span> <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">'SCHOLAR'</span></span> radical on the right. Similarly, <span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">ndip</i></span> 'raw', 'uncooked', 'unripe', <span title="Zhuang-language text"><span lang="za-Hani">𮄫</span></span>, is composed of the <span lang="und-Hani">⽴</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'STAND'</span> and <span lang="und-Hani">⽣</span> <span style="text-transform: lowercase;">'LIFE'</span> radicals. At present, there are limitations in displaying Zhuang logograms as many have only recently been encoded in Unicode and are only supported by a few fonts. Sawndip characters have not been standardised, and different writers use different characters for the same word; the examples here are from <i><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Sawndip Sawdenj</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, Robert S. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.hku.hk/~zhuang/Workshop/Abstracts.htm">"Written Representation of Zhuang and Cantonese"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927112618/http://web.hku.hk/~zhuang/Workshop/Abstracts.htm">Archived</a> 2011-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Workshop on Zhuang Language, Department of Linguistics, University of Hong Kong.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984456-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984456_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang1984">Zhang (1984)</a>, p. 456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, David. (2009). A typology of readings of Chinese characters in traditional Zhuang manuscripts [Les lectures des caractères chinois dans les manuscripts Zhuang traditionnels et leur classification]. <i>Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale, 38</i>(2), 245–292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000229–240-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000229–240_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer2000">Bauer (2000)</a>, pp. 229–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noted in page 43 of 《右江流域方块壮字文献的用字研究》(2010), a thesis by Wei Yufang (韦玉防) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528173403/http://www.docin.com/p-138822822.html">"豆丁网系统升级中"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docin.com/p-138822822.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B1%86%E4%B8%81%E7%BD%91%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8D%87%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.docin.com%2Fp-138822822.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span>. Example, "k" is used on page 1031 of 平果嘹歌:长歌集 published by 广西民族出版社 in 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5363-4820-7" title="Special:BookSources/7-5363-4820-7">7-5363-4820-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984455-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984455_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang1984">Zhang (1984)</a>, p. 455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín201033-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201033_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201033_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQín2010">Qín (2010)</a>, p. 33.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFQín2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu19895–6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895–6_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895–6_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"方块壮字与喃字比较研究","Comparative Research into Sawndip and Chu Nom" by 李乐毅 in "民族语文"1987年第4期</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989482-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989482_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 482.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín20106-8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín20106-8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQín2010">Qín (2010)</a>, p. 6-8.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFQín2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200346-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200346_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2003">Holm (2003)</a>, pp. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2004424-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2004424_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2004">Holm (2004)</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETai200580-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETai200580_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTai2005">Tai (2005)</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu19895-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu19895_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200345-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2003">Holm (2003)</a>, pp. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989348-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989348_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu198997-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu198997_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989169-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989169_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989402-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989402_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989402_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989480-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989480_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989480_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 480.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989368-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989368_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1989105-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESu1989105_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSu1989">Su (1989)</a>, pp. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQín201039-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQín201039_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQín2010">Qín (2010)</a>, p. 39.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFQín2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March pages 60ff <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-549-51097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-549-51097-9">978-7-549-51097-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liao Songs of Pingguo Zhuang Songs of March page 60 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-549-51097-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-549-51097-9">978-7-549-51097-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">壮族嘹歌研究 editor 覃乃昌广西民族出版社 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5363-5069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5363-5069-4">978-7-5363-5069-4</a> page 48-52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">壮族民歌古籍集成情歌（二）欢𭪤 (田阳情歌)，广西民族出版社 1997 Chief Editor 张声震 page 2 of introduction</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">壮族长诗《唱文龙》源流及其变异 The origin and variations of the Zhuang long poem "Song of Wenlong" by Luo Hantian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">罗汉田</span></span>) published in 《民族文学研究》 Ethnic Literature Research 1984 Volume 2 pages 123–133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201321-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201321_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2013">Holm (2013)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">清代戏曲抄本叙录 List of Qing dynasty Opera Manuscripts by 朱恒夫</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm201326–27-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm201326–27_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2013">Holm (2013)</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000228-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000228_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer2000">Bauer (2000)</a>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZheng1996-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZheng1996_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZheng1996">Zheng (1996)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《壮族民间群体古壮字使用状况的调查与分析》"Survey of analysis of the situation of old Zhuang script(Sawndip) usage among Zhuang people" by 黄南津 Huang Nanjian and 唐未平 Tang Weiping 《暨南学报(哲学社会科学版)》 Jinan Journal – Philosophy and Sociology 2008 Volume 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《广西壮族人文字使用现状及文字社会声望调查研究》 "Research into survey of the scripts used by Zhuang in Guangxi" 唐未平 Tang Weiping <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.doc88.com/p-644582398739.html">http://www.doc88.com/p-644582398739.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauer2000226–227-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauer2000226–227_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBauer2000">Bauer (2000)</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gxmw.gov.cn/ArticleShow.aspx?id=797">"《中华古壮字大字典》开始编纂"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306212339/http://www.gxmw.gov.cn/ArticleShow.aspx?id=797">Archived</a> 2012-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Guangxi Ethnic Affairs Commission, 16 September 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">壮文论集 Anthology of Written Zhuang by 梁庭望 Liang Tingwang 2007 Published by 中央民族大学出版社 Central Minorities University Press pages 153–158 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787811084368" title="Special:BookSources/9787811084368">9787811084368</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhang1984465-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhang1984465_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZhang1984">Zhang (1984)</a>, p. 465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2013">Holm (2013)</a>, p. 744.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744–745-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm2013744–745_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2013">Holm (2013)</a>, pp. 744–745.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolm200345–46-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolm200345–46_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHolm2003">Holm (2003)</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauer2000" class="citation cs2">Bauer, Robert S. (2000), "The Chinese-based writing system of the Zhuang language", <i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_de_Linguistique_Asie_Orientale" title="Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale">Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale</a></i>, <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">223–</span>253, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fclao.2000.1573">10.3406/clao.2000.1573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+Linguistique+Asie+Orientale&rft.atitle=The+Chinese-based+writing+system+of+the+Zhuang+language&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fclao.2000.1573&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolm2003" class="citation cs2">Holm, David (2003), <i>Killing a buffalo for the ancestors: a Zhuang cosmological text from Southwest China</i>, Northern Illinois University, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-891-13425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-891-13425-8"><bdi>978-1-891-13425-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+a+buffalo+for+the+ancestors%3A+a+Zhuang+cosmological+text+from+Southwest+China&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-891-13425-8&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolm2004" class="citation cs2">—— (2004), "The Old Zhuang script", in Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (eds.), <i>The Tai-Kadai languages</i>, Routledge, pp. <span class="nowrap">415–</span>428, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64187-3"><bdi>978-0-203-64187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Old+Zhuang+script&rft.btitle=The+Tai-Kadai+languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E415-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-64187-3&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolm2013" class="citation cs2">—— (2013), <i>Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script: A Vernacular Writing System from Southern China</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22369-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-004-22369-1"><bdi>978-9-004-22369-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Old+Zhuang+Character+Script%3A+A+Vernacular+Writing+System+from+Southern+China&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-004-22369-1&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSu1989" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Su, Yǒngqín 苏永勤, ed. (1989), <i>Sawndip Sawdenj / Gǔ Zhuàngzì zìdiǎn </i>古壮字字典<i><span></span></i> [<i>Dictionary of old Zhuang characters</i>] (in Chinese), Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-536-30614-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-536-30614-1"><bdi>978-7-536-30614-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sawndip+Sawdenj+%2F+G%C7%94+Zhu%C3%A0ngz%C3%AC+z%C3%ACdi%C7%8En+%E5%8F%A4%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Nanning&rft.pub=Guangxi+minzu+chubanshe&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-7-536-30614-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQin2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Qin Xiaohang (覃晓航) (2010), <bdi lang="zh">方块壮字研究</bdi> [<i>Research on Zhuang square characters</i>] (in Chinese), Minzu chubanshe, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-105-11041-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-105-11041-4"><bdi>978-7-105-11041-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=Minzu+chubanshe&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-105-11041-4&rft.aulast=Qin&rft.aufirst=Xiaohang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTai2005" class="citation cs2">Tai, Chung-pui (2005), <i>Literacy practices and functions of the Zhuang character writing system</i> (MPhil Thesis), University of Hong Kong, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5353%2Fth_b3073066">10.5353/th_b3073066</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10722%2F31897">10722/31897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+practices+and+functions+of+the+Zhuang+character+writing+system&rft.pub=University+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10722%2F31897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5353%2Fth_b3073066&rft.aulast=Tai&rft.aufirst=Chung-pui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhang1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhang Yuansheng (张元生) (1984), <bdi lang="zh">壮族人民的文化遗产——方块壮字</bdi> [The cultural legacy of the Zhuang nationality: the Zhuang square characters], <bdi lang="zh">中国民族古文字研究</bdi> [<i>Research on the ancient scripts of China's nationalities</i>] (in Chinese), Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, pp. <span class="nowrap">455–</span>521.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%A3%AE%E6%97%8F%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E7%9A%84%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%96%B9%E5%9D%97%E5%A3%AE%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E521&rft.pub=Zhongguo+shehui+kexue+chubanshe&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yuansheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZheng1996" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zheng Yiqing (鄭貽青) (1996), <bdi lang="zh">靖西壮語研究</bdi> [<i>Research on Jingxi Zhuang</i>] (in Chinese), 中国社会科学院民族研究所.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9D%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%A3%AE%E8%AA%9E%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Yiqing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Holm, David (2020). "The Tày and Zhuang vernacular scripts: Preliminary comparisons". <i>Journal of Chinese Writing Systems</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2513850220940044">10.1177/2513850220940044</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222315681">222315681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Writing+Systems&rft.atitle=The+T%C3%A0y+and+Zhuang+vernacular+scripts%3A+Preliminary+comparisons&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2513850220940044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222315681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASawndip" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Liáng Tíngwàng 梁庭望 (ed.): <i>Gǔ Zhuàngzì wénxiàn xuǎnzhù</i> 古壮字文献选注 (Tiānjīn gǔjí chūbǎnshè 天津古籍出版社 1992).</li> <li>Lín Yì 林亦: <i>Tán lìyòng gǔ Zhuàngzì yánjiū Guǎngxī Yuèyǔ fāngyán</i> 谈利用古壮字研究广西粤语方言. In: Mínzú yǔwén 民族语文 2004.3:16–26.</li> <li>覃暁航：「方塊壮字経久不絶却難成通行文字的原因」『広西民族研究』，2008年3期。</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawndip&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhuang_writing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zhuang writing">Zhuang writing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://east-chr-data.sourceforge.net">Asian Character Tables</a>, Free (GPL) Sawndip data.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24089-kzhuang.pdf">"Proposal to add kZhuang to Unihan (IRG N2677)"</a> at the Unicode website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_I_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox I script">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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