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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg/260px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg/390px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg/520px-Terracotta_Panathenaic_prize_amphora_MET_DP245713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euphiletos_Painter_Panathenaic_prize_amphora" title="Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora">Euphiletos Painter Panathenaic prize amphora</a> depicting a running race, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, the history of <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a> can be traced back to 776 BC. Running was important to members of ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a> society, and is consistently highlighted in documents referencing the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(ancient_sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion (ancient sports)">stadion</a></i>, for example, was so important that "[t]he Olympiad would be named after the victor, and since history itself was dated by the Games, it was he who thus gained the purest dose of immortality."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Olympic Games hosted a large variety of running events, each with its own set of rules. The ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> developed difficult training programs with specialized trainers in preparation for the Games.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training and competitive attitude of Greek athletes gives insight into how scientifically advanced <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> was for the time period. </p><p>The people of Greece generally enjoyed sporting events, particularly foot racing,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wealthy admirers would often give large gifts to successful athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though foot races were physically challenging, if successful, athletes could become very wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> developed running as a sport into a sophisticated field of science and philosophy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the ancient sources, training is often discussed. However, details about how the training of runners compared to the training of other types of athletes are not clearly addressed. In ancient Greece, athletes might not have been as specialized as they are today.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that a single athlete would have trained for, and competed in, many different events resulting in less distinction being drawn between training for different events.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many philosophers had ideas about how athletes should train, which provides historians with numerous insights. For example, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> argued that the whole body should be trained to increase strength and speed for running and wrestling (Stefanović et al. 113). The lengths and types of foot races are widely written. Also discussed in a variety of sources is the use of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> in athletic training and the diet of athletes. Professional runners known as "hēmerodromoi", the messengers who were informational lifeline of an empire. They were running across rugged terrains and paths to convey vital information in battles. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Olympic_Games">Early Olympic Games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg/220px-The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg/330px-The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg/440px-The_Death_Of_Ladas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><i>The Death of Ladas, The Greek Runner, Who Died When Receiving the Crown of Victory in the Temple of Olympia</i> by George Murray, 1899.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a> involved well-trained warriors competing in a variety of events. The warriors did not have any specialized training for the Olympics. Each <i><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a></i> in ancient Greece had its training program for soldiers, which was the only preparation they had. However, to train for war, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">ancient Greeks</a> would exercise the whole body, which is a principle that many later ancient Greek athletes lived by. The first Olympians believed that to have a harmonious body, the entire body must be trained, which would result in fierce warriors and strong athletes. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> later said that the training of the whole body infuses it with courage (Stefanović et al. 113). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_foot_races">Types of foot races</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of foot races"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were many lengths and types of foot races in ancient Greece. The standard distance that these races were measured in was the <i><a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stade</a></i> (where one <a href="/wiki/Stadia_(length)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadia (length)">stadia</a> is approximately 185 meters). The <i><a href="/wiki/Stadion_(running_race)" title="Stadion (running race)">stadion</a></i> race was the most prestigious;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mythical founder of the Olympic Games could allegedly run it in one breath. Other running events included a two-stade race, the <a href="/wiki/Diaulos_(running_race)" title="Diaulos (running race)">Diaulos (running race)</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Dolichos_(race)" title="Dolichos (race)">dolichos</a>, which was a long-distance race that was 20 or 24 stades long, or about two and a half miles to three miles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For races longer than one stade, runners would have to turn 180 degrees around a post at each of the two ends of the stadium (Flaceliere 106). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg/220px-Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg/330px-Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg/440px-Hoplitodromos_Louvre_MN704.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2175" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">Hoplitodromos</a> from an Attic <a href="/wiki/Black-figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-figure">black-figure</a> <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_amphora" title="Panathenaic amphora">Panathenaic amphora</a>, 323–322 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Olympics, there was a race in armor, the <a href="/wiki/Hoplitodromos" title="Hoplitodromos">hoplitodromos</a>, which reflected the games' origins as a means of training for warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief there was no ceremonial torch-race or torch lighting at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>. Although a torch-race was conducted at several religious festivals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaic_Games" title="Panathenaic Games">Panathenaic Games</a> there was none at the Olympic games.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One event that was not ever in the ancient Olympic Games is the <a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">marathon</a>. What is called a marathon today gets its name from the 40-kilometre (24.85 mi) distance covered by the Athenian army runnig back to the city after battle with Persians at <a href="/wiki/Marathon,_Greece" title="Marathon, Greece">Marathon</a> in 490 BC. <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, at the first modern Olympics, the very first modern-day marathon was run. To honor the history of Greek running, Greece chose a course that would mimic the route run by Athenian army. The route started at a bridge in the town of Marathon and ended in the Olympic stadium. </p><p>Another event in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">pentathlon</a>. The pentathlon was a combination of five events: <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumping" title="Jumping">jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>. This race reflected the ancient Greek belief that one's body should be strong as a whole and not just in one area. <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> describes a man's ultimate physical beauty as a body capable of enduring all challenges. This is why he viewed the athletes in the <a href="/wiki/Pentathlon" title="Pentathlon">pentathlon</a> as the most beautiful of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training">Training</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> developed, sports also developed. <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and field athletics">Athletics</a> in ancient Greece became a very scientific and philosophical field of study and practice. Many philosophers had their own ideas about how athletes should train. By the fourth century BCE, sports in ancient Greece became so competitive and advanced that specialized coaches developed for each particular sport. These coaches were known as gymnasts. Along with specialized coaches, a new system of training was developed—the tetras. This was a four-day cycle of varying training. The tetras had the following structure: </p> <ul><li>Day One – the day of preparations. It consisted of toning and short, high-intensity workouts.</li> <li>Day Two – the day of intensity. It involved the athlete going through long, strenuous exercises.</li> <li>Day Three – the day of resting. On this day athletes would do short mild workouts and primarily rest.</li> <li>Day Four – the day of medium intensity. Athletes mainly practiced wrestling on this day, focusing more on tactics than strength.</li></ul> <p>This was the basic training structure practiced throughout ancient Greece. In order to create the optimal training structure for any given day, however, the trainers would consider many factors such as the place, the time, upcoming events, and the athlete's physical and mental condition. The training also differed depending on whether it was done indoors or outdoors. Based on these factors, the trainer would adjust the workout (Stefanović et al. 113). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trainers_and_philosophers">Trainers and philosophers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Trainers and philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, an ancient Greek physician, believed that athletes who walked after exercising would have a stronger and more rested body. Because of his beliefs, ancient Greek athletes ended each workout with a low-intensity cool down. Aristotle observed that athletes who have a rest day should not rest completely but do a mild, low-intensity workout instead. These practices are still in use today because of how well-founded the early principles had been (Stefanović et al. 112). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pittore_di_codros,_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile,_430-20_ac_ca..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG/220px-Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG/330px-Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG/440px-Pittore_di_codros%2C_kylix_attica_con_atleta_che_si_deterge_con_uno_strigile%2C_430-20_ac_ca..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="1572" /></a><figcaption>Attic kylix with athlete cleansing himself with a strigil, 430-20 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The ancient Greeks also valued rest after exercising. After a workout, athletes used their <a href="/wiki/Aryballos" title="Aryballos">aryballos</a>, a special bottle of oil, and a <a href="/wiki/Strigil" title="Strigil">strigil</a>, which is a curved stick. They would rub the oil on their skin and then scrape it off using the strigil. In this way, they would clean themselves (The Olympic Games 5). After exercising, they also often had a bath and a massage. Massages would consist of gentle movements and stretching of their arms and legs (Stefanović et al. 112). </p><p>Trainers and philosophers had many ideas about specific ways of training. One practice that developed had athletes exercise with 3-pound (1.4 kg) weights in each hand. This practice helped improve arm strength, which is beneficial for running, throwing the javelin, swimming, and martial arts. Lucian, an ancient Greek philosopher, postulated another principle. He believed athletes should always train in "exuberated conditions." His idea was that training should take place outdoors in the sun every day of the year. He thought that the body should be beautiful, tanned, and lean to perform its best. During workouts, he believed athletes should work as hard as possible. When training in the gymnasium, his idea was that one should not run or exercise on the stone floor but on sand instead to add difficulty. An exercise he invented involved a long jump where athletes would run and jump high into the air wearing weighted suspenders. Another exercise he developed was for athletes to jump over <a href="/wiki/Hurdles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurdles">hurdles</a> with lead weights in their hands (Stefanović et al. 114). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_categories">Age categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Age categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient Greeks divided athletes into three age categories, similar to what is done today. Each age category would have its separate set of coaches. The training programs for each age level varied, growing increasingly strenuous the older the athletes were. Certain coaches were selected to scout for young boys who looked particularly strong and fit. These boys would be selected to start training with the young men as soon as they were old enough (Stefanović et al.113). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with developing training programs and stretching exercises, the ancient Greeks also introduced special <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">diets</a> to athletes. Most people in ancient Greece only ate meat during religious festivals. Only the rich could have afforded it on a regular basis, but meat was still just a minor part of their diet. <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">Fruits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Food grain">grains</a> grew very well in Greece and were the primary part of everyone's diet up until fifth century BCE. At that time, trainers recognized that meat was key in building muscle. At this same point in history, sports were becoming increasingly popular and athletes were given large gifts by rich admirers. Because of these gifts, athletes were able to afford much meat. Today, scientific advancements allow trainers to prescribe specific diets to athletes, but, even in ancient times without modern scientific knowledge, the Greeks were able to recognize food's beneficial effects on an athlete's diet (Briers 12-13). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Greeks believed that training and music should be experienced together because they both pleased man's spirit. <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> was used both in training and in competition. Each <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> had at least one <a href="/wiki/Aulos" title="Aulos">aulos</a> player. The aulos player's job was to produce rhythmical music in order to help the athletes, particularly when warming up. The athletes were supposed to focus primarily on accurately performing the exercises according to their trainer's advice; however, music was a key part of their warm up (Stefanović et al.112). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Over-training">Over-training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Over-training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg/220px-Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg/330px-Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg/440px-Allard_Pierson_Museum_Prize_amphora_7771.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Runners featured on an Attic black-figure Panathenaic prize amphora (c. 530–520 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>Although many people in ancient Greece liked sports, not all philosophers thought that intense training was good. Aristotle believed that fitness should be a part of children's education, but that over-training was bad. In ancient Greece there were four main parts to education: reading, writing, gymnastic exercises, and music. Aristotle thought that an appropriate amount of exercise was a key part of education; however, he recognized how much some athletes over-trained. Aristotle referred to the excessive training that many competitive athletes did as “evil” (Stefanović et al. 113). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/32px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/48px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Parthenon_from_west.jpg/64px-Parthenon_from_west.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/17px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/26px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/35px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sport_of_athletics" title="Portal:Sport of athletics">Sport of athletics portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-BriersMuseum1994_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriersMuseum1994-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Craig2002_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Craig2002-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Flacelière1965_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flacelière1965-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Serbian_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Serbian-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Perrottet, <b>The Naked Olympics,</b> (2009) p.145. Perrottet notes that Greek historians referred to a date that we would call 457 B.C. as "the third year of the Eighteenth Olympiad, when Ladas of Argos won the stadion." Id.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Regarding training in general, see Perrottet, n.1 above at 31-34, & M.I. Finley & H.W. Pleket, <b>The Olympic Games: The First Thousand Years</b> (1976) pp.88-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrottet, n.1 above at 18-20. "As if it weren't enough for the ancient Greeks to have established the foundations of Western philosophy, geometry, drama, art, and science, we can also thank them for creating our modern passion for sport." Id. at 18. "The Greeks held races . . . at weddings and funerals. Id. at 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrottet, n.1 above at 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. at 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/amat.html">"The ancient athlete: amateur or professional?"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=The+ancient+athlete%3A+amateur+or+professional%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2FOlympics%2Famat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning+in+Ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/amat.html">"The ancient athlete: amateur or professional?"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=The+ancient+athlete%3A+amateur+or+professional%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2FOlympics%2Famat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning+in+Ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportsgearmag.com/runners-greece/">"Day Runners of Ancient Greece, Heroes of Communication"</a>. <i>www.sportsgearmag.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sportsgearmag.com&rft.atitle=Day+Runners+of+Ancient+Greece%2C+Heroes+of+Communication&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportsgearmag.com%2Frunners-greece%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning+in+Ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Perrottet, n.1 above at 138-146, & Finley & Pleket, n.2 above at 35-37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrottet, n.1 above at 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Perrottet, n.1 above at 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrottet, n.1 above at 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>Ancient Olympics,</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC002eEN.html">http://ancientolympics.arts.kuleuven.be/eng/TC002eEN.html</a> ("Though the ancient Olympics were also a religious festival, they did not feature a torch-race. In spite of that, the Greek torch-race was a source of inspiration for the introduction of the Olympic flame at the Berlin games of 1936." See also Open University, <i>The Olympic Torch: The Truth,</i> July 21, 2021. "The Ancient Olympics never had a ceremony (or even an athletic event) involving a torch as a central element . . . The Olympic torch relay as we know it today has a much shadier and more recent origin. It was invented for the 1936 Berlin Olympics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-olympic-torch-the-truth">https://www.open.edu/openlearn/history-the-arts/history/the-olympic-torch-the-truth</a>. See also Judith Swaddling, <i>The Ancient Olympic Games,</i> <b>The Washington Post,</b> Feb. 19, 2002 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/02/sports/swaddling021902.htm">https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/liveonline/02/sports/swaddling021902.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrogan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Grogan, R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858762">"Run, Philippides, Run! The Story of the Battle of Marathon"</a>. <i>Br. J. Sports Med</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 186–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjsm.15.3.186">10.1136/bjsm.15.3.186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1858762">1858762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7023595">7023595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Br.+J.+Sports+Med.&rft.atitle=Run%2C+Philippides%2C+Run%21+The+Story+of+the+Battle+of+Marathon&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=186-189&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1858762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7023595&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjsm.15.3.186&rft.aulast=Grogan&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1858762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning+in+Ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0060:bekker%20page=1361b#:~:text=A%20friend%20is%20one%20who,virtuous,%20he%20has%20worthy%20friends.">"Aristotle, Rhetoric, Bekker page 1361b"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Aristotle%2C+Rhetoric%2C+Bekker+page+1361b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0060%3Abekker%2520page%3D1361b%23%3A~%3Atext%3DA%2520friend%2520is%2520one%2520who%2Cvirtuous%2C%2520he%2520has%2520worthy%2520friends.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARunning+in+Ancient+Greece" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BriersMuseum1994-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BriersMuseum1994_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Audrey Briers; Ashmolean Museum. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8SlKAQAAIAAJ">Sporting success in ancient Greece and Rome</a></i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>; 1994 [cited September 22, 2011]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85444-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85444-055-6">978-1-85444-055-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Craig2002-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Craig2002_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Craig" title="Steve Craig">Steve Craig</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC">Sports and games of the ancients</a></i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press; 2002 [cited September 22, 2011]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31600-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31600-5">978-0-313-31600-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flacelière1965-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flacelière1965_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Flaceli%C3%A8re" title="Robert Flacelière">Robert Flacelière</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JP5nAAAAMAAJ">Daily life in Greece at the time of Pericles</a></i>. New York: Macmillan; 1965 [cited September 22, 2011].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Serbian-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Serbian_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefanović, Đ., T. Ioannidis, and M. Kariofu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sjss-sportsacademy.edu.rs/archive/details/syncretism-of-coaching-science-in-ancient-greece-and-modern-times-35.html">"Syncretism of coaching science in ancient Greece and modern times</a>." <i>Serbian journal of sports sciences</i> 2.1–4 (2008): 111–121 [cited September 22, 2011]. ISSN 1820-6301."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turin2006.com/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_658.pdf">The Olympic Games in Antiquity</a>. 2nd ed. N.p.: n.p., 2007. Olympic.org. 5 December 2009.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-thesaurus.gr/Olympia-sports-foot-races.html">Olympic Sports- Foot Races.</a>" The Olympic Games. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 December 2009.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/Olympics/running.html">Running.</a>" The Ancient Olympics. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 December 2009.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greek_olympics_gallery_03.shtml#one">Running events.</a>" BBC History. BBC, n.d. Web. 5 December 2009.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&oldid=1240293265">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Running_in_Ancient_Greece&oldid=1240293265</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Running_in_Greece" title="Category:Running in Greece">Running in Greece</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 August 2024, at 16:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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