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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">British English</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/British_English" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:British_English" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>British English</b> (abbreviations: <b>BrE</b>, <b>en-GB</b>, and <b>BE</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the set of <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a>, or, more broadly, to the collective dialects of English throughout the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> taken as a single umbrella variety, for instance additionally incorporating <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish English">Northern Irish English</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom_McArthur_(linguist)" title="Tom McArthur (linguist)">Tom McArthur</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford Guide to World English</a> acknowledges that British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions [with] the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity". </p><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">British English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic language">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/European_English" class="mw-redirect" title="European English">European English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>British English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish English">Northern Irish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillan_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguillan Creole">Anguillan Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Creole" title="Montserrat Creole">Montserrat Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltarian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Island English</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>) <br> <a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a><br>(originally <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_spelling" title="Oxford spelling">Oxford spelling</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-GB<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-779344da0a43e71d36df86833b103dc474927ef0-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-779344da0a43e71d36df86833b103dc474927ef0-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <p>Variations exist in formal (both written and spoken) English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective <i>wee</i> is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland, north-east England, Northern Ireland, Ireland, and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a>, whereas the adjective <i>little</i> is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term <i>British English</i>. The forms of <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken</a> English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. </p><p>Globally, countries that are <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">former British colonies</a> or members of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> tend to follow British English,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is the case for English used by European Union institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China, both British English and American English are taught.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK government actively teaches and promotes English around the world and <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">operates in over 200 countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origins</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Research"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Research</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#English_regional"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">English regional</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Features"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Features</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#T-stopping"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">T-stopping</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#R-dropping"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">R-dropping</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Diphthongisation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Diphthongisation</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#North"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">North</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#South"><span class="tocnumber">3.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">South</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#People_in_groups"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">People in groups</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Negatives"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Negatives</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Standard_British_English"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Standard British English</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#History_of_standardisation"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">History of standardisation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Relationship_with_Commonwealth_English"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Relationship with Commonwealth English</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-West_Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-West Germanic">Proto-West Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></div> <p>English is a <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic language</a> that originated from the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> brought to Britain by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic settlers</a> from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. The resident population at this time was generally speaking <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a>—the insular variety of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celtic">Continental Celtic</a>, which was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman</a> occupation. This group of languages (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a>) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, influence on English was <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">notably limited</a>. However, the degree of influence remains debated, and it has recently been argued that its grammatical influence accounts for the substantial innovations noted between English and the other West Germanic languages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, <a href="/wiki/Late_West_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Late West Saxon">Late West Saxon</a>, eventually came to dominate. The original <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first was by speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> branch of the Germanic family, who settled in parts of Britain in the eighth and ninth centuries; the second was the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> in the 11th century, who spoke <a href="/wiki/Old_Norman" title="Old Norman">Old Norman</a> and ultimately developed an English variety of this called <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree (though it was never a truly <a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> in the strictest sense of the word; mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication). </p><p>The more idiomatic, concrete and descriptive English is, the more it is from Anglo-Saxon origins. The more intellectual and abstract English is, the more it contains <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> influences, e.g. swine (like the Germanic <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">schwein</i></span>) is the animal in the field bred by the occupied Anglo-Saxons and pork (like the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">porc</i></span>) is the animal at the table eaten by the occupying Normans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the Anglo-Saxon <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">cu</i></span> meaning cow, and the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bœuf</i></span> meaning beef.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a> core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> branch of the European languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">"borrowing" language</a> of great flexibility and with a huge <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language in England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish English">Northern Irish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguillan_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguillan Creole">Anguillan Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_Creole" title="Montserrat Creole">Montserrat Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltarian English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx English</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Island English</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></div> </div><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_language#Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of dialects of the English language">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> vary amongst the four <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a>, as well as within the countries themselves. </p><p>The major divisions are normally classified as <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English English</a> (or English as spoken in England (which is itself broadly grouped into <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">Southern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands English</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">Northern English</a>), <a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish English">Northern Irish English</a> (in Northern Ireland), <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>). Each group includes a range of dialects, some markedly different from others. The various British dialects also differ in the words that they have borrowed from other languages. </p><p>Around the middle of the 15th century, there were points where within the 5 major dialects there were almost 500 ways to spell the word <i>though</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-thehistoryofenglish.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehistoryofenglish.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <p>Following its last major <a href="/wiki/Survey_of_English_Dialects" title="Survey of English Dialects">survey of English Dialects</a> (1949–1950), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> has started work on a new project. In May 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a> awarded a grant to Leeds to study British regional dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MEO_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The team are<sup id="cite_ref-note_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sifting through a large collection of examples of regional slang words and phrases turned up by the "Voices project" run by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, in which they invited the public to send in examples of English still spoken throughout the country. The BBC Voices project also collected hundreds of news articles about how the British speak English from swearing through to items on language schools. This information will also be collated and analysed by Johnson's team both for content and for where it was reported. "Perhaps the most remarkable finding in the Voices study is that the English language is as diverse as ever, despite our increased mobility and constant exposure to other accents and dialects through TV and radio".<sup id="cite_ref-MEO_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEO-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When discussing the award of the grant in 2007, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds University</a> stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>that they were "very pleased"—and indeed, "well chuffed"—at receiving their generous grant. He could, of course, have been "bostin" if he had come from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a>, or if he was a <a href="/wiki/Scouser" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouser">Scouser</a> he would have been well "made up" over so many spondoolicks, because as a <a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Geordie</a> might say, £460,000 is a "canny load of chink".<sup id="cite_ref-Indi-20070601_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indi-20070601-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_regional">English regional</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: details about other different regional accents and dialects. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ABritish_English&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+25+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=British+English">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_English&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:British_English#Shortcomings" title="Talk:British English">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Most people in Britain speak with a regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also called "the King's English", "Oxford English" and "<a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> English"<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), that is essentially region-less.<sup id="cite_ref-sweet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fowler_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the South East, there are significantly different accents; the <a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a> accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). Cockney <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_slang" title="Rhyming slang">rhyming slang</a> can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand,<sup id="cite_ref-Franklyn1975_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklyn1975-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">Londoners</a> speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors. <a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">Estuary English</a> has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immigrants to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country and particularly to London. Surveys started in 1979 by the <a href="/wiki/Inner_London_Education_Authority" title="Inner London Education Authority">Inner London Education Authority</a> discovered over 125 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably <a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural London English</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a> that emerged in the late 20th century spoken mainly by young, <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> people in <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> parts of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mass <a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">internal migration</a> to <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> in the 1940s and given its position between several major accent regions, it has become a source of various accent developments. In Northampton the older accent has been influenced by overspill Londoners. There is an accent known locally as the <a href="/wiki/Kettering" title="Kettering">Kettering</a> accent, which is a transitional accent between the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglian</a>. It is the last southern Midlands accent to use the broad "a" in words like <i>bath</i> or <i>grass</i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">barth</i></a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">grarss</i></a>). Conversely <i>crass</i> or <i>plastic</i> use a slender "a". A few miles northwest in <a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a> the slender "a" becomes more widespread generally. In the town of <a href="/wiki/Corby" title="Corby">Corby</a>, five miles (8 km) north, one can find Corbyite which, unlike the Kettering accent, is largely influenced by the West Scottish accent. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Features">Features</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Phonological features characteristic of British English revolve around the pronunciation of the letter R, as well as the dental plosive T and some diphthongs specific to this dialect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="T-stopping">T-stopping</h3></div> <p>Once regarded as a Cockney feature, in a number of forms of spoken British English, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> has become commonly realised as a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span> when it is in the intervocalic position, in a process called <a href="/wiki/T-glottalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="T-glottalisation">T-glottalisation</a>. National media, being based in London, have seen the glottal stop spreading more widely than it once was in word endings, <i>not</i> being heard as "no<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>" and <i>bottle of water</i> being heard as "bo<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>le of wa<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>er". It is still stigmatised when used at the beginning and central positions, such as <i>later</i>, while <i>often</i> has all but regained <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudghill56_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudghill56-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other consonants subject to this usage in Cockney English are <i>p</i>, as in pa<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>er and <i>k</i> as in ba<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>er.<sup id="cite_ref-Trudghill56_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trudghill56-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="R-dropping">R-dropping</h3></div> <p>In most areas of England and Wales, outside the <a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> and other near-by counties of the UK, the consonant R is not pronounced if not followed by a vowel, lengthening the preceding vowel instead. This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhoticity</a>. In these same areas, a tendency exists to insert an R between a word ending in a vowel and a next word beginning with a vowel. This is called the <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive R">intrusive R</a>. It could be understood as a merger, in that words that once ended in an R and words that did not are no longer treated differently. This is also due to London-centric influences. Examples of R-dropping are <i>car</i> and <i>sugar</i>, where the R is not pronounced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diphthongisation">Diphthongisation</h3></div> <p>British dialects differ on the extent of diphthongisation of long vowels, with southern varieties extensively turning them into diphthongs, and with northern dialects normally preserving many of them. As a comparison, North American varieties could be said to be in-between. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North">North</h4></div> <p>Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are usually preserved, and in several areas also /oː/ and /eː/, as in <b>go</b> and <b>say</b> (unlike other varieties of English, that change them to [oʊ] and [eɪ] respectively). Some areas go as far as not diphthongising medieval /iː/ and /uː/, that give rise to modern /aɪ/ and /aʊ/; that is, for example, in the traditional accent of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, 'out' will sound as 'oot', and in parts of Scotland and North-West England, 'my' will be pronounced as 'me'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South">South</h4></div> <p>Long vowels /iː/ and /uː/ are diphthongised to [ɪi] and [ʊu] respectively (or, more technically, [ʏʉ], with a raised tongue), so that <b>ee</b> and <b>oo</b> in <b>feed</b> and <b>food</b> are pronounced with a movement. The diphthong [oʊ] is also pronounced with a greater movement, normally [əʊ], [əʉ] or [əɨ]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People_in_groups">People in groups</h3></div> <p>Dropping a morphological <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical number</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a>, is stronger in British English than North American English.<sup id="cite_ref-BOD_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOD-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is to treat them as plural when once grammatically singular, a perceived natural number prevails, especially when applying to institutional nouns and groups of people. </p><p>The noun 'police', for example, undergoes this treatment: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>Police are</b> investigating the theft of work tools worth £500 from a van at the Sprucefield park and ride car park in Lisburn.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A football team can be treated likewise: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Arsenal <b>have</b> lost just one of 20 home Premier League matches against Manchester City.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> This tendency can be observed in texts produced already in the 19th century. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, a British author, writes in Chapter 4 of <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pride and Prejudice (novel)">Pride and Prejudice</a></i>, published in 1813:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All <b>the world are</b> good and agreeable in your eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> However, in Chapter 16, the grammatical number is used. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>The world is</b> blinded by his fortune and consequence.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negatives">Negatives</h3></div> <p>Some dialects of British English use negative concords, also known as <a href="/wiki/Double_negatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Double negatives">double negatives</a>. Rather than changing a word or using a positive, words like nobody, not, nothing, and never would be used in the same sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this does not occur in Standard English, it does occur in non-standard dialects. The double negation follows the idea of two different morphemes, one that causes the double negation, and one that is used for the point or the verb.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Standard_British_English">Standard British English</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard English</a> in the United Kingdom, as in other English-speaking nations, is widely enforced in schools and by social norms for formal contexts but not by any singular authority; for instance, there is no institution equivalent to the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie française</a></span></span> with French or the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> with Spanish. Standard British English <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">differs notably</a> in certain vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation features from standard <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and certain other standard English varieties around the world. <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">British and American spelling</a> also differ in minor ways. </p><p>The accent, or pronunciation system, of standard British English, based in southeastern England, has been known for over a century as <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP). However, due to <a href="/wiki/Language_change" title="Language change">language evolution</a> and changing social trends, some linguists argue that RP is losing <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige</a> or has been replaced by another accent, one that the linguist <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lindsey" title="Geoff Lindsey">Geoff Lindsey</a> for instance calls Standard Southern British English.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others suggest that more regionally-oriented standard accents are emerging in England.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in Scotland and Northern Ireland, RP exerts little influence in the 21st century. RP, while long established as the standard English accent around the globe due to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, is distinct from the standard English pronunciation in some parts of the world; most prominently, RP <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_General_American_and_Received_Pronunciation" title="Comparison of General American and Received Pronunciation">notably contrasts</a> with standard North American accents. </p><p>In the 21st century, dictionaries like the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Longman_Dictionary_of_Contemporary_English" title="Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English">Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chambers_Dictionary" title="Chambers Dictionary">Chambers Dictionary</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collins Dictionary">Collins Dictionary</a></i> record actual <a href="/wiki/Usage_(language)" title="Usage (language)">usage</a> rather than attempting to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">prescribe</a> it.<sup id="cite_ref-courses.nus.edu.sg_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courses.nus.edu.sg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, vocabulary and usage change with time; words are freely borrowed from other languages and other varieties of English, and <a href="/wiki/Neologisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Neologisms">neologisms</a> are frequent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_standardisation">History of standardisation</h3></div> <p>For historical reasons dating back to the rise of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the ninth century, the form of language spoken in London and the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> became standard English within the Court, and ultimately became the basis for generally accepted use in the law, government, literature and education in Britain. The standardisation of British English is thought to be from both <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling_in_Britain" title="Dialect levelling in Britain">dialect levelling</a> and a thought of social superiority. Speaking in the Standard dialect created class distinctions; those who did not speak the standard English would be considered of a lesser class or social status and often discounted or considered of a low intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-courses.nus.edu.sg_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-courses.nus.edu.sg-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another contribution to the standardisation of British English was the introduction of the printing press to England in the mid-15th century. In doing so, William Caxton enabled a common language and spelling to be dispersed among the entirety of England at a much faster rate.<sup id="cite_ref-thehistoryofenglish.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehistoryofenglish.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson%27s_A_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language">Samuel Johnson's A Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (1755) was a large step in the <a href="/wiki/English-language_spelling_reform" title="English-language spelling reform">English-language spelling reform</a>, where the purification of language focused on standardising both speech and spelling.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century, British authors had produced numerous books intended as guides to English grammar and usage, a few of which achieved sufficient acclaim to have remained in print for long periods and to have been reissued in new editions after some decades. These include, most notably of all, Fowler's <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_English_Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern English Usage">Modern English Usage</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Plain_Words" title="The Complete Plain Words">The Complete Plain Words</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Ernest_Gowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Ernest Gowers">Sir Ernest Gowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed guidance on many aspects of writing British English for publication is included in style guides issued by various publishers including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></i>. <i>The Oxford University Press</i> guidelines were originally drafted as a single broadsheet page by Horace Henry Hart, and were at the time (1893) the first guide of their type in English; they were gradually expanded and eventually published, first as <i><a href="/wiki/Hart%27s_Rules" title="Hart's Rules">Hart's Rules</a></i>, and in 2002 as part of <i>The Oxford Manual of Style</i>. Comparable in authority and stature to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> for published <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the Oxford Manual is a fairly exhaustive standard for published British English that writers can turn to in the absence of specific guidance from their publishing house.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Relationship_with_Commonwealth_English">Relationship with Commonwealth English</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>British English is the basis of, and very similar to, <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonwealth English is English as spoken and written in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth countries</a>, though often with some local variation. This includes English spoken in <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malta#English" title="Languages of Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a>. It also includes <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a> used in South Asia, in English varieties in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and in parts of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a> is based on British English, but has more influence from <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, often <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">grouped together</a> due to their close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British English, for example, is the closest English to Indian English, but Indian English has extra vocabulary and some English words are assigned different meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">American and British English spelling differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">Commonwealth English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African English</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In British English <a href="/wiki/Collective_noun" title="Collective noun">collective nouns</a> may be either singular or plural, according to context. An example provided by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Partridge" title="Eric Partridge">Partridge</a> is: " 'The committee of public safety is to consider the matter', but 'the committee of public safety quarrel regarding their next chairman' ...Thus...singular when...a unit is intended; plural when the idea of plurality is predominant". <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC television news</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/styleguide/c"><i>The Guardian</i></a> style guide follow Partridge but other sources, such as <a href="/wiki/BBC_Online" title="BBC Online">BBC Online</a> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821181421/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/tools_and_services/specials/style_guide/article986720.ece">The Times</a></i> style guides, recommend a strict noun-verb agreement with the collective noun always governing the verb <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> in the singular. BBC radio news, however, insists on the plural verb. Partridge, Eric (1947) <i>Usage and Abusage</i>: "Collective Nouns". Allen, John (2003) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214856/http://www.bbctraining.com/pdfs/newsStyleGuide.pdf">BBC News style guide</a></i>, page 31.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-db6aa4cd71e98871be7bb80f20a410240db4b647-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"English"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. 16 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=English&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-779344da0a43e71d36df86833b103dc474927ef0-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-779344da0a43e71d36df86833b103dc474927ef0-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry/language-subtag-registry">"United Kingdom"</a>. <i>IANA language subtag registry</i>. 16 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IANA+language+subtag+registry&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fassignments%2Flanguage-subtag-registry%2Flanguage-subtag-registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020400/https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english">"British English"</a>. Lexico.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/british_english">the original</a> on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+English&rft.pub=Lexico.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fbritish_english&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0015unse">"British English; Hiberno-English"</a></span>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (2 ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=British+English%3B+Hiberno-English&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic0015unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Academic_Content_Dictionary-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Academic_Content_Dictionary_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/american-english/british-english?q=British+English"><i>British English</i></a>, Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> applies the term to English as "spoken or written in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>; esp[ecially] the forms of English usual in Great Britain", reserving "<a href="/wiki/Irish_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish English">Irish English</a>" for the "English language as spoken and written in Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as the <i>Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</i>, define it as the "<a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language as it is spoken and written in England</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Academic_Content_Dictionary_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Academic_Content_Dictionary-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffries2009" class="citation news cs1">Jeffries, Stuart (27 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/27/regional-english-dialects">"The G2 Guide to Regional English"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. section G2, p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+G2+Guide+to+Regional+English&rft.pages=section+G2%2C+p.-12&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.aulast=Jeffries&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2009%2Fmar%2F27%2Fregional-english-dialects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>New Oxford Style Manual</i>. Oxford University Press. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Oxford+Style+Manual&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://style-guide.europa.eu/en/content/-/isg/topic?identifier=10.3-spelling">"10.3. Spelling"</a>. <i>Interinstitutional Style Guide</i>. Publications Office of the European Union<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Oxford&rft.atitle=Style+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Ffiles%2Foxford%2Fmedia_wysiwyg%2FUniversity%2520of%2520Oxford%2520Style%2520Guide.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1982" class="citation journal cs1">Matthews, R. J. (December 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x">"New Zealand English: A Case Study"</a>. <i>World Englishes</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 75–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x">10.1111/j.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0883-2919">0883-2919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Englishes&rft.atitle=New+Zealand+English%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-80&rft.date=1982-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x&rft.issn=0883-2919&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-971X.1982.tb00525.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirban2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tirban, N (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf">"The Major Difference between British and American English in Written and Oral Communication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Communication, Context, Interdisciplinarity</i> (2012): 985–990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220724103127/https://old.upm.ro/cci12/volCCI_II/Pages%20from%20Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2022 – via Google Scholar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication%2C+Context%2C+Interdisciplinarity&rft.atitle=The+Major+Difference+between+British+and+American+English+in+Written+and+Oral+Communication.&rft.issue=2012&rft.pages=985-990&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tirban&rft.aufirst=N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.upm.ro%2Fcci12%2FvolCCI_II%2FPages%2520from%2520Volum_texteCCI2-117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDash2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dash, Niladri Sekhar (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/218142">"Indian and British English: A handbook of usage and pronunciation (review)"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>83</b> (2): 465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.2007.0065">10.1353/lan.2007.0065</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-0665">1535-0665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144960858">144960858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Indian+and+British+English%3A+A+handbook+of+usage+and+pronunciation+%28review%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=465&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144960858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1535-0665&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2007.0065&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Niladri+Sekhar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F218142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <ul><li>McArthur, Tom (2002). <i>Oxford Guide to World English</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-866248-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-866248-3">0-19-866248-3</a> hardback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860771-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860771-7">0-19-860771-7</a> paperback.</li> <li>Bragg, Melvyn (2004). <i>The Adventure of English</i>, London: Sceptre. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-82993-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-82993-1">0-340-82993-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2019" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Geoff (2019). <i>English After RP: Standard British Pronunciation Today</i>. Switzerland: Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3030043568" title="Special:BookSources/3030043568"><bdi>3030043568</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+After+RP%3A+Standard+British+Pronunciation+Today&rft.place=Switzerland&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=3030043568&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABritish+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peters, Pam (2004). <i>The Cambridge Guide to English Usage</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62181-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62181-X">0-521-62181-X</a>.</li> <li>Simpson, John (ed.) (1989). <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:British_English" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:British English">British English</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html">Sounds Familiar?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912081632/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/index.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Examples of regional accents and dialects across the UK on the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>'s 'Sounds Familiar' website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sounds.bl.uk/BrowseCategory.aspx?category=Accents-and-dialects">Accents and dialects from the British Library Sound Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundcomparisons.com/">Accents of English from Around the World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190515/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/">Archived</a> 29 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hear and compare how the same 110 words are pronounced in 50 English accents from around the world – instantaneous playback online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://septicscompanion.com/">The Septic's Companion: A British Slang Dictionary</a> – an online dictionary of British slang, viewable alphabetically or by category</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishenglish.com.tr/">British English Turkey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_English&oldid=1253587138">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_English&oldid=1253587138</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=British_English&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Drmies" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729973205"> <span>Last edited on 26 October 2024, at 20:06</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إنجليزية بريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية بريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s_britanico" title="Anglés britanico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anglés britanico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_brit%C3%A1nicu" title="Inglés británicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Inglés británicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngilis_dilinin_Britaniya_variant%C4%B1" title="İngilis dilinin Britaniya variantı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İngilis dilinin Britaniya variantı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیریتانیا اینگیلیسجه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیریتانیا اینگیلیسجه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="ব্রিটিশ ইংরেজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রিটিশ ইংরেজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng-kok_Eng-g%C3%AD" title="Ông-kok Eng-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ông-kok Eng-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_brit%C3%A0nic" title="Anglès britànic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anglès britànic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Britská angličtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Britská angličtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_britannicu" title="Inglese britannicu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Inglese britannicu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saesneg_Prydain" title="Saesneg Prydain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saesneg Prydain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk_engelsk" title="Britisk engelsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Britisk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisches_Englisch" title="Britisches Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Britisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Βρετανικά Αγγλικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βρετανικά Αγγλικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_brit%C3%A1nico" title="Inglés británico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés británico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brita_angla_lingvo" title="Brita angla lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brita angla lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britainiar_ingeles" title="Britainiar ingeles – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Britainiar ingeles" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی بریتانیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی بریتانیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglais_britannique" title="Anglais britannique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglais britannique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="영국 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Բրիտանական անգլերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանական անգլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80" title="ब्रिटिश अंग्रेज़ी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटिश अंग्रेज़ी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_Britania_Raya" title="Bahasa Inggris Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresk_enska" title="Bresk enska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bresk enska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglese_britannico" title="Inglese britannico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inglese britannico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אנגלית בריטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנגלית בריטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britu_ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Britu angļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Britu angļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit%C5%B3_angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Britų anglų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britų anglų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Ingels" title="Brits-Ingels – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brits-Ingels" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_angol_nyelv" title="Brit angol nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brit angol nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="انجليزى بريطانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انجليزى بريطانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_British" title="Bahasa Inggeris British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁ ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brits-Engels" title="Brits-Engels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brits-Engels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="イギリス英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イギリス英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britisk-engelsk" title="Britisk-engelsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Britisk-engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਤਾਨਵੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="برطانوی انگریزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برطانوی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brytyjska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Brytyjska odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brytyjska odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_brit%C3%A2nico" title="Inglês britânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês britânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleza_britanic%C4%83" title="Engleza britanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Engleza britanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Британский вариант английского языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британский вариант английского языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breetish_Inglis" title="Breetish Inglis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Breetish Inglis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English" title="British English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="British English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ئینگلیزیی بەریتانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلیزیی بەریتانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittienglanti" title="Brittienglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brittienglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittisk_engelska" title="Brittisk engelska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brittisk engelska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிய ஆங்கிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A" title="ภาษาอังกฤษแบบบริติช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาอังกฤษแบบบริติช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz_%C4%B0ngilizcesi" title="İngiliz İngilizcesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz İngilizcesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Британська англійська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британська англійська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="برطانوی انگریزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برطانوی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_Anh" title="Tiếng Anh Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%BC%8F%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="英式英文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英式英文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英國英語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國英語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 October 2024, at 20:06<span 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