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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_and_competitive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_and_competitive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Performance and competitive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_and_competitive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stranger,_social,_and_intergroup_anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stranger,_social,_and_intergroup_anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stranger,_social,_and_intergroup_anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Trait </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_or_decision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_or_decision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Choice or decision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choice_or_decision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panic_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panic_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Panic disorder </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panic_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anxiety_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anxiety_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Anxiety disorders </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anxiety_disorders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anxiety disorders subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anxiety_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short-_and_long-term_anxiety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-_and_long-term_anxiety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Short- and long-term anxiety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-_and_long-term_anxiety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_ways_to_be_anxious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_ways_to_be_anxious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Four ways to be anxious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_ways_to_be_anxious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-morbidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-morbidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Co-morbidity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-morbidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuroanatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroanatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Neuroanatomy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroanatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_gut-brain_axis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_gut-brain_axis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 The gut-brain axis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_gut-brain_axis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epigenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epigenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Epigenetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epigenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Medical conditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substance-induced" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substance-induced"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Substance-induced </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substance-induced-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Psychological </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Evolutionary psychology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Social </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_socialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_socialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Gender socialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_socialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anxiety</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angs" title="Angs – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Angs" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%82" title="قلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="উদ্বিগ্নতা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্বিগ্নতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansied%C3%A1" title="Ansiedá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ansiedá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narahatl%C4%B1q" title="Narahatlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Narahatlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="تشویش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تشویش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%97" title="উদ্বেগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্বেগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Трывога – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трывога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Трывога – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трывога" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Тревожност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тревожност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksioznost" title="Anksioznost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anksioznost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansietat" title="Ansietat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ansietat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Хавха – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хавха" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Azkost" title="Úzkost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úzkost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordyndra" title="Gordyndra – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gordyndra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst" title="Angst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Angst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84ngstlichkeit" title="Ängstlichkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ängstlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84revus" title="Ärevus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ärevus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiedad" title="Ansiedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ansiedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksieco" title="Anksieco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anksieco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herstura" title="Herstura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Herstura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اضطراب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اضطراب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxi%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Anxiété – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anxiété" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiedade" title="Ansiedade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ansiedade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Сагото – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Сагото" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%97%E9%9D%A9" title="著革 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="著革" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EC%95%88" title="불안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Տագնապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տագնապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="चिंता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिंता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksioznost" title="Anksioznost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anksioznost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxio" title="Anxio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anxio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegelisahan" title="Kegelisahan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kegelisahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansia" title="Ansia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ansia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94" title="חרדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חרדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95" title="ಆತಂಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆತಂಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyete" title="Anksiyete – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anksiyete" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietas" title="Anxietas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anxietas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiers" title="Nemiers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nemiers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerimas" title="Nerimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nerimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okweralikirira_ennyo" title="Okweralikirira ennyo – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Okweralikirira ennyo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Беспокојство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Беспокојство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresahan" title="Keresahan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keresahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Айдас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Айдас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezorgdheid" title="Bezorgdheid – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bezorgdheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%89" title="不安 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不安" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst" title="Angst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Angst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst" title="Angst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Angst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80nsia" title="Ànsia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ànsia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%97" title="ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍‌ବେଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚਿੰਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਿੰਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiedad" title="Ansiedad – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ansiedad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="اضطراب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اضطراب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%99k" title="Lęk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lęk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansiedade" title="Ansiedade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ansiedade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxietate" title="Anxietate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anxietate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phutikuy" title="Phutikuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phutikuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тревога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тревога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="चिन्ता – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चिन्ता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankthi" title="Ankthi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ankthi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngustia" title="Ngustia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ngustia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anxiety" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Azkos%C5%A5" title="Úzkosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Úzkosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesnoba" title="Tesnoba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tesnoba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guhaad" title="Guhaad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guhaad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8E" title="دڵەڕاوکێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دڵەڕاوکێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Стрепња – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стрепња" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksioznost" title="Anksioznost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anksioznost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahdistus_(tunne)" title="Ahdistus (tunne) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahdistus (tunne)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ngest" title="Ångest – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ångest" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagkabalisa" title="Pagkabalisa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagkabalisa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பதகளிப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதகளிப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%A8" title="ఆందోళన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆందోళన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5" title="ความวิตกกังวล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความวิตกกังวล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anksiyete" title="Anksiyete – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anksiyete" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayamhyehye%C9%9B" title="Ayamhyehyeɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ayamhyehyeɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тривога – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тривога" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B0%DB%81%D9%86%DB%8C" title="اضطراب ذہنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اضطراب ذہنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo_%C3%A2u" title="Lo âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lo âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoxhe" title="Angoxhe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Angoxhe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91" title="焦虑 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="焦虑" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%89%E5%9B%89%E6%94%A3" title="囉囉攣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="囉囉攣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ner%C4%97ms" title="Nerėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nerėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE" title="焦慮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="焦慮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the emotion. For the mental illness colloquially known as "anxiety", see <a href="/wiki/Generalised_anxiety_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalised anxiety disorder">generalised anxiety disorder</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Misgiving" redirects here. For the American <a href="/wiki/Metalcore" title="Metalcore">metalcore</a> band, see <a href="/wiki/Misgiving_(band)" title="Misgiving (band)">Misgiving (band)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anxiety (disambiguation)">Anxiety (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Anxiety##" title="Talk:Anxiety">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>. (August 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Edvard_Munch_-_Anxiety_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="6735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(painting)" 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title="Mood (psychology)">Mood</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">Self-regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Dysregulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(psychology)" title="Valence (psychology)">Valence</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Emotions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determination" title="Determination">Determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevation_(emotion)" title="Elevation (emotion)">Elevation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">Emotional Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">Self-pity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspicion_(emotion)" title="Suspicion (emotion)">Suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Anxiety is an <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> which is characterised by an unpleasant state of inner <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turmoil" class="extiw" title="wikt:turmoil">turmoil</a> and includes feelings of dread over <a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">anticipated</a> events.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chand_2022-3">[3]</a> Anxiety is different from <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threat</a>, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, <a href="/wiki/Somatic_anxiety" title="Somatic anxiety">somatic complaints</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumination_(psychology)" title="Rumination (psychology)">rumination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Seligman-5">[5]</a> Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and <a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">worry</a>, usually generalized and unfocused as an <a href="/wiki/Overreaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Overreaction">overreaction</a> to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> It is often accompanied by muscular tension,<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> restlessness, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, inability to catch one's breath, tightness in the abdominal region, nausea, and problems in concentration. Anxiety is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chand_2022-3">[3]</a> which is a response to a real or perceived immediate <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight response</a>); anxiety involves the expectation of a future threat including dread.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> People facing anxiety may withdraw from situations which have provoked anxiety in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Barker,_P._2003-8">[8]</a> The emotion of anxiety can persist beyond the developmentally appropriate time-periods in response to specific events, and thus turning into one of the multiple <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Robinson_Pike_Cornwell_Grillon_2019_pp._jnnp–2019–321400-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treating_and_Preventing_Adolescent_Mental_Health_Disorders:_What_We_Know_and_What_We_Don't_Know._A_Research_Agenda_for_Improving_the_Mental_Health_of_Our_Youth-10">[10]</a> The difference between anxiety disorder (as <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a>) and anxiety (as normal emotion), is that people with an anxiety disorder experience anxiety excessively or persistently during approximately 6 months, or even during shorter time-periods in children.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> Anxiety disorders are among the most persistent mental problems and often last decades.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2021-11">[11]</a> Anxiety can also be experienced within other <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marras_et_al._(2016)-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICD11-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anxiety_vs._fear">Anxiety vs. fear</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anxiety vs. fear">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety is distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a>, which is an appropriate cognitive and emotional response to a perceived <a href="/wiki/Threat" title="Threat">threat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Anxiety is related to the specific behaviors of <a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight responses</a>, defensive behavior or escape.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> There is a false presumption that often circulates that anxiety only occurs in situations perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable, but this is not always so.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> David Barlow defines anxiety as "a future-oriented mood state in which one is not ready or prepared to attempt to <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">cope</a> with upcoming negative events,"<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and that it is a distinction between future and present dangers which divides anxiety and fear. Another description of anxiety is agony, dread, terror, or even apprehension.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>, anxiety is described as the mental state that results from a difficult challenge for which the subject has insufficient <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping</a> skills.<a href="#cite_note-Chand_2022-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Fear and anxiety can be differentiated into four domains: (1) duration of emotional experience, (2) temporal focus, (3) specificity of the threat, and (4) motivated direction. Fear is short-lived, present-focused, geared towards a specific threat, and facilitating escape from threat. On the other hand, anxiety is long-acting, future-focused, broadly focused towards a diffuse threat, and promoting excessive caution while approaching a potential threat and interferes with constructive coping.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph E. LeDoux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Feldman_Barrett" title="Lisa Feldman Barrett">Lisa Feldman Barrett</a> have both sought to separate automatic threat responses from additional associated cognitive activity within anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety can be experienced with long, drawn-out daily symptoms that reduce quality of life, known as chronic (or generalized) anxiety, or it can be experienced in short spurts with sporadic, stressful <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>, known as acute anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Symptoms of anxiety can range in number, intensity, and frequency, depending on the person. However, most people do not suffer from chronic anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Anxiety can induce several psychological pains (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a>, and may lead to <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partI-26">[26]</a> The behavioral effects of anxiety may include withdrawal from situations which have provoked anxiety or negative feelings in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Barker,_P._2003-8">[8]</a> Other effects may include changes in sleeping patterns, changes in habits, increase or decrease in food intake, and increased motor tension (such as foot tapping).<a href="#cite_note-Barker,_P._2003-8">[8]</a> The emotional effects of anxiety may include feelings of apprehension or dread, trouble concentrating, feeling tense or jumpy, anticipating the worst, irritability, restlessness, watching for signs of danger, and a feeling of empty mindedness.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> as well as "nightmares/bad dreams, obsessions about sensations, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" title="Déjà vu">déjà vu</a>, a trapped-in-your-mind feeling, and feeling like everything is scary."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It may include a vague experience and feeling of helplessness.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The cognitive effects of anxiety may include thoughts about suspected dangers, such as an irrational fear of dying or having a heart attack, when in reality all one is experiencing is mild chest pain, for example.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The physiological symptoms of anxiety may include:<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partI-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>Neurological, as <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">fasciculations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">vertigo</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Presyncope" class="mw-redirect" title="Presyncope">presyncope</a>.</li> <li>Digestive, as abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigestion" title="Indigestion">indigestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xerostomia" title="Xerostomia">dry mouth</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a>. Stress hormones released in an anxious state have an impact on bowel function and can manifest physical symptoms that may contribute to or exacerbate <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a>.</li> <li>Respiratory, as <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a> or sighing breathing.</li> <li>Cardiac, as <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>.</li> <li>Muscular, as <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremors</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tetany" title="Tetany">tetany</a>.</li> <li>Cutaneous, as <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">perspiration</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itchy</a> skin.</li> <li>Uro-genital, as <a href="/wiki/Frequent_urination" title="Frequent urination">frequent urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_urgency" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary urgency">urinary urgency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">dyspareunia</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">impotence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_pelvic_pain_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic pelvic pain syndrome">chronic pelvic pain syndrome</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> There are various types of anxiety. <a href="/wiki/Existential" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential">Existential</a> anxiety can occur when a person faces <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">angst</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">existential crisis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic</a> feelings. People can also face <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_anxiety" title="Mathematical anxiety">mathematical anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatic_anxiety" title="Somatic anxiety">somatic anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">stage fright</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Test_anxiety" title="Test anxiety">test anxiety</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a> refers to a fear of rejection and negative evaluation (being judged) by other people.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Existential">Existential</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Existential">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></div> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a> (1844), described anxiety or dread associated with the "dizziness of freedom" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In Art and Artist (1932), the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a> of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation, and differentiation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a> characterized existential anxiety<a href="#cite_note-Tillich-32">[32]</a> as "the state in which a <a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">being</a> is aware of its possible nonbeing" and he listed three categories for the nonbeing and resulting anxiety: <a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">ontic</a> (fate and death), <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">guilt</a> and condemnation), and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> (emptiness and <a href="/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">meaninglessness</a>). According to Tillich, the last of these three types of existential anxiety, i.e. spiritual anxiety, is predominant in modern times while the others were predominant in earlier periods. Tillich argues that this anxiety can be <a href="/wiki/Acceptance#Self-acceptance" title="Acceptance">accepted</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Human_condition" title="Human condition">human condition</a> or it can be resisted but with negative consequences. In its pathological form, spiritual anxiety may tend to "drive the person toward the creation of certitude in systems of meaning which are supported by <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>" even though such "undoubted certitude is not built on the rock of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Tillich-32">[32]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>, the author of <a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Search_for_Meaning" title="Man's Search for Meaning">Man's Search for Meaning</a>, when a person is faced with extreme mortal dangers, the most basic of all human wishes is to find a <a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">meaning of life</a> to combat the "trauma of nonbeing" as death is near.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Depending on the source of the threat, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">psychoanalytic theory</a> distinguishes three types of anxiety: realistic, <a href="/wiki/Neurosis" title="Neurosis">neurotic</a> and moral.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test,_performance,_and_competitive">Test, performance, and competitive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Test, performance, and competitive">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Test">Test</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Test">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Test_anxiety" title="Test anxiety">Test anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_anxiety" title="Mathematical anxiety">Mathematical anxiety</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Yerkes-Dodson_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerkes-Dodson law">Yerkes-Dodson law</a>, an optimal level of arousal is necessary to best complete a task such as an exam, performance, or competitive event. However, when the anxiety or level of arousal exceeds that optimum, the result is a decline in performance.<a href="#cite_note-Teigen-35">[35]</a> Test anxiety is the uneasiness, apprehension, or nervousness felt by students who have a fear of failing an <a href="/wiki/Test_(student_assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Test (student assessment)">exam</a>. Students who have test anxiety may experience any of the following: the association of <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grades</a> with <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">personal worth</a>; fear of embarrassment by a teacher; fear of <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienation</a> from parents or friends; time pressures; or feeling a loss of control. Sweating, dizziness, headaches, racing heartbeats, nausea, fidgeting, uncontrollable crying or laughing and drumming on a desk are all common.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Because test anxiety hinges on <a href="/wiki/Fear_of_negative_evaluation" title="Fear of negative evaluation">fear of negative evaluation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Liebert-37">[37]</a> debate exists as to whether test anxiety is itself a unique anxiety disorder or whether it is a specific type of social <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">phobia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beidel-38">[38]</a> The DSM-IV classifies test anxiety as a type of social phobia.<a href="#cite_note-Rapee-39">[39]</a> Research indicates that test anxiety among U.S. high-school and college students has been rising since the late 1950s. Test anxiety remains a challenge for students, regardless of age, and has considerable physiological and psychological impacts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Management of test anxiety focuses on achieving relaxation and developing mechanisms to manage anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Mathur-41">[41]</a> The routine practice of slow, Device-Guided Breathing (DGB) is a major component of behavioral treatments for anxiety conditions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance_and_competitive">Performance and competitive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Performance and competitive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">Stage fright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatic_anxiety" title="Somatic anxiety">Somatic anxiety</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport psychology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Stage_fright" title="Stage fright">Performance anxiety</a> and competitive anxiety (<a href="//doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803377-7.00018-1" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803377-7.00018-1">competitive trait anxiety, competitive state anxiety</a>) happen when an individual's performance is measured against others. An important distinction between competitive and non-competitive anxiety is that competitive anxiety makes people view their performance as a threat.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> As a result, they experience a drop in their ordinary ability, whether physical or mental, due to that perceived stress.<a href="#cite_note-:12-44">[44]</a> Competitive anxiety is caused by a range of internal factors including high expectations, outside pressure,<a href="#cite_note-:12-44">[44]</a> lack of experience, and external factors like the location of a competition.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> It commonly occurs in those participating in high pressure activities like sports and debates. Some common symptoms of competitive anxiety include muscle tension, fatigue, weakness, sense of panic, apprehensiveness, and panic attacks.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology#Arousal_anxiety_and_stress" title="Sport psychology">4 major theories</a> of how anxiety affects performance: Drive theory, Inverted U theory, Reversal theory, and The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory. Drive theory believes that anxiety is positive and performance improves proportionally to the level of anxiety. This theory is not well accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2006-47">[47]</a> The Inverted U theory is based on the idea that performance peaks at a moderate stress level. It is called Inverted U theory because the graph that plots performance against anxiety looks like an inverted "U".<a href="#cite_note-Jarvis_2006-47">[47]</a> Reversal theory suggests that performance increases in relation to the individual's interpretation of their arousal levels. If they believed their physical arousal level would help them, their performance would increase, if they didn't, their performance would decrease.<a href="#cite_note-:12-44">[44]</a> For example: Athletes were shown to worry more when focusing on results and perfection rather than the effort and growth involved.<a href="#cite_note-:0-43">[43]</a> The Zone of Optimal Functioning theory proposes that there is a zone where positive and <a href="/wiki/Negative_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative emotion">negative emotions</a> are in a balance which lead to feelings of dissociation and intense concentration, optimizing the individual's performance levels.<a href="#cite_note-:22-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stranger,_social,_and_intergroup_anxiety">Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stranger, social, and intergroup anxiety">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stranger_anxiety" title="Stranger anxiety">Stranger anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a></div> Humans generally require social acceptance and thus sometimes dread the disapproval of others. Apprehension of being judged by others may cause anxiety in social environments.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Anxiety during social interactions, particularly between strangers, is common among young people. It may persist into adulthood and become social anxiety or social phobia. "<a href="/wiki/Stranger_anxiety" title="Stranger anxiety">Stranger anxiety</a>" in small children is not considered a phobia. In adults, an excessive fear of other people is not a developmentally common stage; it is called <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>. According to Cutting, social phobics do not fear the crowd but the fact that they may be judged negatively.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">Social anxiety</a> varies in degree and severity. For some people, it is characterized by experiencing discomfort or awkwardness during physical social contact (e.g. embracing, shaking hands, etc.), while in other cases it can lead to a fear of interacting with unfamiliar people altogether. Those with this condition may restrict their lifestyles to accommodate the anxiety, minimizing social interaction whenever possible. Social anxiety also forms a core aspect of certain personality disorders, including <a href="/wiki/Avoidant_personality_disorder" title="Avoidant personality disorder">avoidant personality disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> To the extent that a person is fearful of social encounters with unfamiliar others, some people may experience anxiety particularly during interactions with outgroup members, or people who share different group memberships (i.e., by race, ethnicity, class, gender, etc.). Depending on the nature of the antecedent relations, cognitions, and situational factors, intergroup contact may be stressful and lead to feelings of anxiety. This apprehension or fear of contact with outgroup members is often called interracial or intergroup anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As is the case with the more generalized forms of <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety" title="Social anxiety">social anxiety</a>, intergroup anxiety has behavioral, cognitive, and affective effects. For instance, increases in schematic processing and simplified information processing can occur when anxiety is high. Indeed, such is consistent with related work on attentional bias in <a href="/wiki/Implicit_memory" title="Implicit memory">implicit memory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Additionally recent research has found that <a href="/wiki/Implicit_racism" class="mw-redirect" title="Implicit racism">implicit racial evaluations</a> (i.e. automatic prejudiced attitudes) can be amplified during intergroup interaction.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Negative experiences have been illustrated in producing not only negative expectations, but also avoidant, or antagonistic, behavior such as hostility.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Furthermore, when compared to anxiety levels and cognitive effort (e.g., impression management and self-presentation) in intragroup contexts, levels and depletion of resources may be exacerbated in the intergroup situation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trait">Trait</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trait">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term "<a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> trait". Trait anxiety reflects a stable tendency across the lifespan of responding with acute, state anxiety in the anticipation of threatening situations (whether they are actually deemed threatening or not).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> A meta-analysis showed that a high level of <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> is a risk factor for development of anxiety symptoms and disorders.<a href="#cite_note-NeuroticismMA-59">[59]</a> Such anxiety may be conscious or unconscious.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Personality can also be a trait leading to anxiety and depression and their persistence.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2021-11">[11]</a> Through experience, many find it difficult to collect themselves due to their own personal nature.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choice_or_decision">Choice or decision</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Choice or decision">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety induced by the need to choose between similar options is recognized as a problem for some individuals and for organizations.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Capgemini" title="Capgemini">Capgemini</a> wrote: "Today we're all faced with greater choice, more competition and less time to consider our options or seek out the right advice."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Overthinking a choice is called <a href="/wiki/Analysis_paralysis" title="Analysis paralysis">analysis paralysis</a>. In a decision context, unpredictability or uncertainty may trigger emotional responses in anxious individuals that systematically alter decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-Hartley-64">[64]</a> There are primarily two forms of this anxiety type. The first form refers to a choice in which there are multiple potential outcomes with known or calculable probabilities. The second form refers to the uncertainty and ambiguity related to a decision context in which there are multiple possible outcomes with unknown probabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Hartley-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panic_disorder">Panic disorder</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Panic disorder">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">Panic disorder</a></div> Panic disorder may share symptoms of stress and anxiety, but it is actually very different. Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder that occurs without any triggers. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this disorder can be distinguished by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Someone with panic disorder will eventually develop constant fear of another attack and as this progresses it will begin to affect daily functioning and an individual's general quality of life. It is reported by the Cleveland Clinic that panic disorder affects 2 to 3 percent of adult Americans and can begin around the time of the teenage and early adult years. Some symptoms include: difficulty breathing, chest pain, dizziness, trembling or shaking, feeling faint, nausea, fear that you are losing control or are about to die. Even though they have these symptoms during an attack, the main symptom is the persistent fear of having future panic attacks.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anxiety_disorders">Anxiety disorders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anxiety disorders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">Anxiety disorder</a></div> Anxiety disorders are a group of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> characterized by exaggerated feelings of <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> responses.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> Anxiety is a worry about future events and fear is a reaction to current events. These feelings may cause physical symptoms, such as a <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a> and shakiness. There are a number of anxiety disorders: including <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobia" title="Phobia">specific phobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_anxiety_disorder" title="Social anxiety disorder">social anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separation_anxiety_disorder" title="Separation anxiety disorder">separation anxiety disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agoraphobia" title="Agoraphobia">agoraphobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorder" title="Panic disorder">panic disorder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Selective_mutism" title="Selective mutism">selective mutism</a>. The disorder differs by what results in the symptoms. People often have more than one anxiety disorder.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> Anxiety disorders are caused by a complex combination of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">genetic</a> and environmental factors.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genetics_of_generalized_anxiety_dis-68">[68]</a> To be diagnosed, symptoms typically need to be present for at least six months, be more than would be expected for the situation, and decrease a person's ability to function in their daily lives.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Other problems that may result in similar symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> use, and withdrawal from certain drugs, among others.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Without treatment, anxiety disorders tend to remain.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-71">[71]</a> Treatment may include lifestyle changes, <a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">counselling</a>, and medications. Counselling is typically with a type of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-72">[72]</a> Medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Antidepressants" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidepressants">antidepressants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beta_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta blockers">beta blockers</a>, may improve symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-71">[71]</a> A 2023 review found that regular physical activity is effective for reducing anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> About 12% of people are affected by an anxiety disorder in a given year and between 12% and 30% are affected at some point in their life.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kess2007-74">[74]</a> They occur about twice as often in women than they do in men, and generally begin before the age of 25.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-72">[72]</a> The most common anxiety disorders are specific phobias, which affect nearly 12% of people, and social anxiety disorder, which affects 10% of people at some point in their life. They affect those between the ages of 15 and 35 the most and become less common after the age of 55. Rates appear to be higher in the United States and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2016-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short-_and_long-term_anxiety">Short- and long-term anxiety</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Short- and long-term anxiety">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety can be either a short-term "state" or a long-term "<a href="/wiki/Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">trait</a>". Whereas trait anxiety represents worrying about future events, anxiety disorders are a group of <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorders</a> characterized by feelings of anxiety and fears.<a href="#cite_note-DSM-5_189-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_ways_to_be_anxious">Four ways to be anxious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Four ways to be anxious">edit</a>]</div> In his book Anxious: The Modern Mind in the Age of Anxiety<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._LeDoux" title="Joseph E. LeDoux">Joseph LeDoux</a> examines four experiences of anxiety through a brain-based lens: <ol><li>In the presence of an existing or imminent external threat, you worry about the event and its implications for your physical and/or psychological well-being. When a threat signal occurs, it signifies either that danger is present or near in space and time or that it might be coming in the future. Nonconscious threats processing by the brain activates defensive survival circuits, resulting in changes in information processing in the brain, controlled in part by increases in arousal and behavioral and physiological responses in the body that then produce signals that feed back to the brain and complement the physiological changes there, intensifying them and extending their duration.</li> <li>When you notice body sensations, you worry about what they might mean for your physical and/or psychological well-being. The trigger stimulus does not have to be an external stimulus but can be an internal one, as some people are particularly sensitive to body signals.</li> <li>Thoughts and memories may lead to you to worry about your physical and/or psychological well-being. We do not need to be in the presence of an external or internal stimulus to be anxious. An episodic memory of a past trauma or of a panic attack in the past is sufficient to activate the defence circuits.</li> <li>Thoughts and memories may result in existential dread, such as worry about leading a meaningful life or the eventuality of death. Examples are contemplations of whether one's life has been meaningful, the inevitability of death, or the difficulty of making decisions that have a moral value. These do not necessarily activate defensive systems; they are more or less pure forms of cognitive anxiety.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Co-morbidity">Co-morbidity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Co-morbidity">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety disorders often occur with other mental health disorders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">major depressive disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorders</a>, or certain <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorders</a>. It also commonly occurs with personality traits such as neuroticism. This observed co-occurrence is partly due to genetic and environmental influences shared between these traits and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> It is common for those with <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> to experience anxiety. Anxiety is also commonly found in those who experience <a href="/wiki/Panic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Panic disorders">panic disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phobic_anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phobic anxiety disorders">phobic anxiety disorders</a>, severe <a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissociative_disorders" title="Dissociative disorders">dissociative disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatoform_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatoform disorders">somatoform disorders</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Neurotic_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotic disorders">neurotic disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Anxiety has also been linked to the experience of <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a>. Studies have revealed that individuals who experience high levels of anxiety (also known as clinical anxiety) are highly vulnerable to the experience of intense intrusive thoughts or psychological disorders that are characterised by intrusive thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emperor_Traianus_Decius_(Mary_Harrsch).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/220px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/330px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg/440px-Emperor_Traianus_Decius_%28Mary_Harrsch%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A marble bust of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitoline Museum">Capitoline Museum</a>, conveying "an impression of anxiety and weariness, as of a man shouldering heavy [state] responsibilities"<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> Anxiety disorders are partly genetic, with twin studies suggesting 30-40% genetic influence on individual differences in anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Environmental factors are also important. Twin studies show that individual-specific environments have a large influence on anxiety, whereas shared environmental influences (environments that affect twins in the same way) operate during childhood but decline through adolescence.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Specific measured 'environments' that have been associated with anxiety include <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a>, family history of mental health disorders, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Anxiety is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder#Substance-induced" title="Mood disorder">drug use</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, which are often prescribed to treat anxiety. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Neuroanatomy">edit</a>]</div> Neural circuitry involving the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, which regulates emotions like anxiety and fear, stimulating the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">HPA axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, which is implicated in emotional memory along with the amygdala, is thought to underlie anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Rosen-84">[84]</a> People who have anxiety tend to show high activity in response to emotional stimuli in the amygdala.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Some writers believe that excessive anxiety can lead to an overpotentiation of the <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic system</a> (which includes the amygdala and nucleus accumbens), giving increased future anxiety, but this does not appear to have been proven.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Research upon adolescents who as infants had been highly apprehensive, vigilant, and fearful finds that their <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_accumbens" title="Nucleus accumbens">nucleus accumbens</a> is more sensitive than that in other people when deciding to make an action that determined whether they received a reward.<a href="#cite_note-Bar-Haim-88">[88]</a> This suggests a link between circuits responsible for fear and also reward in anxious people. As researchers note, "a sense of 'responsibility', or self-agency, in a context of uncertainty (probabilistic outcomes) drives the neural system underlying appetitive motivation (i.e., nucleus accumbens) more strongly in temperamentally inhibited than noninhibited adolescents".<a href="#cite_note-Bar-Haim-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_gut-brain_axis">The <a href="/wiki/Gut-brain_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut-brain axis">gut-brain axis</a></h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The gut-brain axis">edit</a>]</div> The microbes of the gut can connect with the brain to affect anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Gut_microbiota_in_anxiety_and_depre-89">[89]</a> There are various pathways along which this communication can take place. One is through the major <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27392632-90">[90]</a> The gut microbes such as <a href="/wiki/Bifidobacterium" title="Bifidobacterium">Bifidobacterium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a> produce the neurotransmitters <a href="/wiki/GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25772005-91">[91]</a> The neurotransmitters signal to the nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, and those signals will be carried to the brain through the <a href="/wiki/Vagus_nerve" title="Vagus nerve">vagus nerve</a> or the spinal system.<a href="#cite_note-pmid27392632-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid25772005-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid28918360-92">[92]</a> This is demonstrated by the fact that altering the microbiome has shown anxiety- and depression-reducing effects in mice, but not in subjects without vagus nerves.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21876150-93">[93]</a> Another key pathway is the <a href="/wiki/HPA_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="HPA axis">HPA axis</a>, as mentioned above.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28918360-92">[92]</a> The microbes can control the levels of <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> in the body, and altering cytokine levels creates direct effects on areas of the brain such as the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, the area that triggers HPA axis activity. The HPA axis regulates production of cortisol, a hormone that takes part in the body's stress response.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28918360-92">[92]</a> When HPA activity spikes, <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> levels increase, processing and reducing anxiety in stressful situations. These pathways, as well as the specific effects of individual taxa of microbes, are not yet completely clear, but the communication between the gut microbiome and the brain is undeniable, as is the ability of these pathways to alter anxiety levels. With this communication comes the potential to treat.<a href="#cite_note-Gut_microbiota_in_anxiety_and_depre-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prebiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebiotics">Prebiotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Probiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Probiotics">probiotics</a> have been shown to reduce anxiety. For example, experiments in which mice were given <a href="/wiki/Fructooligosaccharide" title="Fructooligosaccharide">fructo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galactooligosaccharide" title="Galactooligosaccharide">galacto-oligosaccharide</a> prebiotics<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus" title="Lactobacillus">Lactobacillus</a> probiotics<a href="#cite_note-pmid21876150-93">[93]</a> have both demonstrated a capability to reduce anxiety. In humans, results are not as concrete, but promising.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Genetics and family history (e.g. parental anxiety) may put an individual at increased risk of an anxiety disorder, but generally external stimuli will trigger its onset or exacerbation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Estimates of genetic influence on anxiety, based on studies of twins, range from 25 to 40% depending on the specific type and age-group under study. For example, genetic differences account for about 43% of variance in panic disorder and 28% in generalized anxiety disorder.<a href="#cite_note-Genetics_of_generalized_anxiety_dis-68">[68]</a> Longitudinal twin studies have shown the moderate stability of anxiety from childhood through to adulthood is mainly influenced by stability in genetic influence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> When investigating how anxiety is passed on from parents to children, it is important to account for sharing of genes as well as environments, for example using the intergenerational children-of-twins design.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Many studies in the past used a candidate gene approach to test whether single genes were associated with anxiety. These investigations were based on hypotheses about how certain known genes influence neurotransmitters (such as serotonin and norepinephrine) and hormones (such as cortisol) that are implicated in anxiety. None of these findings are well replicated,<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> with the possible exception of TMEM132D, COMT and MAO-A.<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> The epigenetic signature of <a href="/wiki/BDNF" class="mw-redirect" title="BDNF">BDNF</a>, a gene that codes for a protein called brain derived neurotrophic factor that is found in the brain, has also been associated with anxiety and specific patterns of neural activity.<a href="#cite_note-Purves-102">[102]</a> and a receptor gene for BDNF called NTRK2 was associated with anxiety in a large genome-wide investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Purves-102">[102]</a> The reason that most candidate gene findings have not replicated is that anxiety is a complex trait that is influenced by many genomic variants, each of which has a small effect on its own. Increasingly, studies of anxiety are using a hypothesis-free approach to look for parts of the genome that are implicated in anxiety using big enough samples to find associations with variants that have small effects. The largest explorations of the common genetic architecture of anxiety have been facilitated by the UK Biobank, the ANGST consortium and the CRC Fear, Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Purves-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epigenetics">Epigenetics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Epigenetics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress%E2%80%93related_disorders" title="Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders">Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress%E2%80%93related_disorders&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress%E2%80%93related_disorders" title="Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders">Epigenetics of anxiety and stress–related disorders</a> is the field studying the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Epigenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenetic">epigenetic</a> modifications of genes and anxiety and <a href="/wiki/Stress-related_disorders" title="Stress-related disorders">stress-related disorders</a>, including mental health disorders such as <a href="/wiki/Generalized_anxiety_disorder" title="Generalized anxiety disorder">generalized anxiety disorder</a> (GAD), <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive-compulsive disorder</a> (OCD), and more. These changes can lead to transgenerational stress inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders_MatthewsPhillipsEN12-105">[105]</a> Epigenetic modifications play a role in the development and heritability of these disorders and related symptoms. For example, regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis by <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a> plays a major role in stress response and is known to be epigenetically regulated. As of 2015 most work has been done in <a href="/wiki/Animal_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal models">animal models</a> in laboratories, and little work has been done in humans; the work is not yet applicable to clinical <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">psychiatry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders_Klengel_2015-106">[106]</a> Stress-induced epigenetic changes, particularly to genes that effect the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal</a> (HPA) axis, persist into future generations, negatively impacting the capacity of offspring to adapt to stress. Early life experiences, even when generations removed, can cause permanent epigenetic modifications of DNA resulting in changes in <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> function and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Epigenetics_of_anxiety_and_stress–related_disorders_MatthewsPhillipsEN12-105">[105]</a> These <a href="/wiki/Heritable" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritable">heritable</a> epigenetic modifications include <a href="/wiki/DNA_methylation" title="DNA methylation">DNA methylation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)" title="Promoter (genetics)">promoter</a> regions of genes that affect sensitivity to stress.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Medical conditions">edit</a>]</div> Many medical conditions can cause anxiety. This includes conditions that affect the ability to breathe, like <a href="/wiki/COPD" class="mw-redirect" title="COPD">COPD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, and the difficulty in breathing that often occurs near death.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-TselebisPachi2016-109">[109]</a> Conditions that cause abdominal pain or chest pain can cause anxiety and may in some cases be a <a href="/wiki/Somatization" title="Somatization">somatization</a> of anxiety;<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> the same is true for some sexual dysfunctions.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Conditions that affect the face or the skin can cause social anxiety especially among adolescents,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and developmental disabilities often lead to social anxiety for children as well.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Life-threatening conditions like cancer also cause anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Furthermore, certain organic diseases may present with anxiety or symptoms that mimic anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a> These disorders include certain endocrine diseases (<a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">hypo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Samuels2008-118">[118]</a> metabolic disorders (<a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-BuchbergerHuppertz2016-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-GrigsbyAnderson2002-120">[120]</a> deficiency states (low levels of <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">B2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">B12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a> gastrointestinal diseases (<a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-celiac_gluten_sensitivity" title="Non-celiac gluten sensitivity">non-celiac gluten sensitivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>),<a href="#cite_note-ZingoneSwift2015-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-MolinaInfanteSantolaria2015SystematicReview-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-NeuendorfHarding2016-123">[123]</a> heart diseases, blood diseases (<a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a> cerebral vascular accidents (<a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>),<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a> and brain degenerative diseases (<a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>), among others.<a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZhaoTan2016-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-WenChan2016-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-MarrieReingold2015-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substance-induced">Substance-induced</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Substance-induced">edit</a>]</div> Several drugs can cause or worsen anxiety, whether in intoxication, withdrawal or as side effect. These include <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedatives</a> (including prescription <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>), <a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a> (including prescription pain killers and illicit drugs like heroin), <a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">stimulants</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and amphetamines), <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogen" title="Hallucinogen">hallucinogens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inhalants" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalants">inhalants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> While many often report self-medicating anxiety with these substances, improvements in anxiety from drugs are usually short-lived (with worsening of anxiety in the long term, sometimes with acute anxiety as soon as the drug effects wear off) and tend to be exaggerated.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Acute exposure to toxic levels of <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> may cause euphoria, anxiety, and irritability lasting up to 2 weeks after the exposure.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological">Psychological</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Psychological">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Challenge_vs_skill.svg/300px-Challenge_vs_skill.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Challenge_vs_skill.svg/450px-Challenge_vs_skill.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Challenge_vs_skill.svg/600px-Challenge_vs_skill.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" usemap="#ImageMap_34057022e4bb5151" resource="/wiki/File:Challenge_vs_skill.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_34057022e4bb5151"><area href="/wiki/Anxiety" shape="poly" coords="52,0,51,69,176,124,121,0" alt="Anxiety" title="Anxiety" /><area href="/wiki/Arousal" shape="poly" coords="121,0,230,0,176,124" alt="Arousal" title="Arousal" /><area href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" shape="poly" coords="300,0,230,0,176,124,300,70" alt="Flow (psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)" /><area href="/wiki/Worry" shape="poly" coords="51,69,175,124,51,179" alt="Worry" title="Worry" /><area href="/wiki/Control_(psychology)" shape="poly" coords="176,124,300,70,300,179" alt="Control (psychology)" title="Control (psychology)" /><area href="/wiki/Apathy" shape="poly" coords="51,249,52,179,176,124,121,249" alt="Apathy" title="Apathy" /><area href="/wiki/Boredom" shape="poly" coords="176,124,230,249,121,249" alt="Boredom" title="Boredom" /><area href="/wiki/Relaxation_(psychology)" shape="poly" coords="300,249,230,249,176,124,300,179" alt="Relaxation (psychology)" title="Relaxation (psychology)" /></map><figcaption>Mental state in terms of challenge level and skill level, according to <a href="/wiki/Mihaly_Csikszentmihalyi" title="Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi">Csikszentmihalyi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">flow</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-Finding_Flow-131">[131]</a> (Click on a fragment of the image to go to the appropriate article)</figcaption></figure> Poor <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping skills</a> (e.g., rigidity/inflexible problem solving, denial, avoidance, impulsivity, extreme self-expectation, negative thoughts, affective instability, and inability to focus on problems) are associated with anxiety. Anxiety is also linked and perpetuated by the person's own pessimistic outcome expectancy and how they cope with feedback negativity.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Temperament (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a>)<a href="#cite_note-NeuroticismMA-59">[59]</a> and attitudes (e.g. pessimism) have been found to be risk factors for anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-Bienvenu_Ginsburg_2007-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_distortion" title="Cognitive distortion">Cognitive distortions</a> such as overgeneralizing, catastrophizing, mind reading, <a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">emotional reasoning</a>, binocular trick, and mental filter can result in anxiety. For example, an overgeneralized belief that something bad "always" happens may lead someone to have excessive fears of even minimally risky situations and to avoid benign social situations due to anticipatory anxiety of <a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">embarrassment</a>. In addition, those who have high anxiety can also create future stressful life events.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Together, these findings suggest that anxious thoughts can lead to anticipatory anxiety as well as stressful events, which in turn cause more anxiety. Such unhealthy thoughts can be targets for successful treatment with <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_therapy" title="Cognitive therapy">cognitive therapy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamics" title="Psychodynamics">Psychodynamic</a> theory posits that anxiety is often the result of opposing <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> wishes or fears that manifest via maladaptive <a href="/wiki/Defence_mechanisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence mechanisms">defense mechanisms</a> (such as suppression, repression, anticipation, regression, somatization, passive aggression, dissociation) that develop to <a href="/wiki/Ego_psychology" title="Ego psychology">adapt</a> to problems with early <a href="/wiki/Object_relations_theory" title="Object relations theory">objects</a> (e.g., caregivers) and <a href="/wiki/Self_psychology" title="Self psychology">empathic failures</a> in childhood. For example, persistent parental discouragement of anger may result in repression/suppression of angry feelings which manifests as gastrointestinal distress (somatization) when provoked by another while the anger remains unconscious and outside the individual's awareness. Such conflicts can be targets for successful treatment with <a href="/wiki/Psychodynamic_psychotherapy" title="Psychodynamic psychotherapy">psychodynamic therapy</a>. While psychodynamic therapy tends to explore the underlying roots of anxiety, cognitive behavioral therapy has also been shown to be a successful treatment for anxiety by altering irrational thoughts and unwanted behaviors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Evolutionary_psychology">Evolutionary psychology</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Evolutionary psychology">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> explanation is that increased anxiety serves the purpose of increased <a href="/wiki/Vigilance_(psychology)" title="Vigilance (psychology)">vigilance</a> regarding potential threats in the environment as well as increased tendency to take proactive actions regarding such possible threats. This may cause <a href="/wiki/False_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="False positive">false positive</a> reactions but an individual with anxiety may also avoid real threats. This may explain why anxious people are less likely to die due to accidents.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> There is ample empirical evidence that anxiety can have adaptive value. Within a school, timid fish are more likely than bold fish to survive a predator.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> When people are confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">PET-scans</a> show increased blood flow in the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> In these studies, the participants also reported moderate anxiety. This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social">Social</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social">edit</a>]</div> Social risk factors for anxiety include a history of trauma (e.g., physical, sexual or emotional abuse or assault), bullying, early life experiences and parenting factors (e.g., rejection, lack of warmth, high hostility, harsh discipline, high parental <a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative affect</a>, anxious childrearing, modelling of dysfunctional and drug-abusing behaviour, discouragement of emotions, poor socialization, poor attachment, and child abuse and neglect), cultural factors (e.g., stoic families/cultures, persecuted minorities including those with disabilities), and <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status_and_mental_health" title="Socioeconomic status and mental health">socioeconomics</a> (e.g., uneducated, unemployed, impoverished although developed countries have higher rates of anxiety disorders than developing countries).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> A 2019 comprehensive systematic review of over 50 studies showed that food insecurity in the United States is strongly associated with depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Food-insecure individuals had an almost 3 fold risk increase of testing positive for anxiety when compared to food-secure individuals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_socialization">Gender socialization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gender socialization">edit</a>]</div> Contextual factors that are thought to contribute to anxiety include <a href="/wiki/Socialization#Gender_socialization" title="Socialization">gender socialization</a> and learning experiences. In particular, learning mastery (the degree to which people perceive their lives to be under their own control) and instrumentality, which includes such traits as self-confidence, <a href="/wiki/Self-efficacy" title="Self-efficacy">self-efficacy</a>, independence, and competitiveness fully mediate the relation between gender and anxiety. That is, though gender differences in anxiety exist, with higher levels of anxiety in women compared to men, gender socialization and learning mastery explain these gender differences.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fear#Management" title="Fear">Fear § Management</a></div> The first step in the management of a person with anxiety symptoms involves evaluating the possible presence of an underlying medical cause, the recognition of which is essential in order to decide the correct treatment.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a> Anxiety symptoms may mask an <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">organic disease</a>, or appear associated with or as a result of a medical disorder.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2009-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partIII-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partII-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-TestaGiannuzzi2013partI-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> (CBT) is effective for anxiety disorders and is a first line treatment.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ol2016-148">[148]</a> CBT appears to be equally effective when carried out via the internet.<a href="#cite_note-Ol2016-148">[148]</a> While evidence for mental health apps is promising, it is preliminary.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Anxiety often affects relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_psychotherapy" title="Interpersonal psychotherapy">interpersonal psychotherapy</a> addresses these issues by improving communication and relationship skills.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Psychopharmacological treatment can be used in parallel to CBT or can be used alone. As a general rule, most anxiety disorders respond well to first-line agents. Such drugs, also used as anti-depressants, are the <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serotonin%E2%80%93norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors</a>, that work by blocking the reuptake of specific neurotransmitters and resulting in the increase in availability of these neurotransmitters. Additionally, benzodiazepines are often prescribed to individuals with anxiety disorder. Benzodiazepines produce an anxiolytic response by modulating GABA and increasing its receptor binding. A third common treatment involves a category of drug known as serotonin agonists. This category of drug works by initiating a physiological response at 5-HT1A receptor by increasing the action of serotonin at this receptor.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other treatment options include <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, tricyclic antidepressants, and moclobemide, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Bandelow_2017-152">[152]</a> Anxiety is considered to be a serious psychiatric illness that has an unknown true pervasiveness due to affected individuals not asking for proper treatment or aid, and due to professionals missing the diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-Chand_2022-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> The above risk factors give natural avenues for prevention. A 2017 review found that psychological or educational interventions have a small yet statistically significant benefit for the prevention of anxiety in varied population types.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> Anxiety disorder appears to be a genetically inherited neurochemical dysfunction that may involve autonomic imbalance; decreased GABA-ergic tone; allelic polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene; increased adenosine receptor function; increased cortisol.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS), the major mediators of the symptoms of anxiety disorders appear to be norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Other neurotransmitters and peptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factor, may be involved. Peripherally, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>, especially the sympathetic nervous system, mediates many of the symptoms. Increased flow in the right parahippocampal region and reduced serotonin type 1A receptor binding in the anterior and posterior cingulate and raphe of patients are the diagnostic factors for prevalence of anxiety disorder. The amygdala is central to the processing of fear and anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and its function may be disrupted in anxiety disorders. Anxiety processing in the basolateral amygdala has been implicated with expansion of dendritic arborization of the amygdaloid neurons.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> SK2 potassium channels mediate inhibitory influence on action potentials and reduce arborization.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_an_anxiety_disorder" title="List of people with an anxiety disorder">List of people with an anxiety disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a> – Intense feeling of apprehension, anxiety, or inner turmoil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a> – Basic emotion induced by a perceived threat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Model_of_Anxiety_and_Depression" title="Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression">Tripartite Model of Anxiety and Depression</a> – Model of anxiety and depression</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncanny" title="Uncanny">Uncanny</a> – Psychological experience of something being strangely familiar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_stress-induced_myocardial_ischemia" title="Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia">Mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anxiety&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavison2008" class="citation book cs1">Davison GC (2008). Abnormal Psychology. Toronto: Veronica Visentin. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84072-6"><bdi>978-0-470-84072-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abnormal+Psychology&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Veronica+Visentin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84072-6&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiceliCastelfranchi2014" class="citation book cs1">Miceli M, Castelfranchi C (2014-11-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Expectancy and emotion</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150927-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-150927-8"><bdi>978-0-19-150927-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117022600/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0aPBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-17. Retrieved 2022-05-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectancy+and+emotion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-150927-8&rft.aulast=Miceli&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Castelfranchi%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0aPBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chand_2022-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chand_2022_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand_2022_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand_2022_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chand_2022_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandMarwaha2022" class="citation book cs1">Chand SP, Marwaha R (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/">"Anxiety"</a>. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262212">29262212</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621101211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470361/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-21. Retrieved 2022-12-15. <q>Anxiety is linked to fear and manifests as a future-oriented mood state that consists of a complex cognitive, affective, physiological, and behavioral response system associated with preparation for the anticipated events or circumstances perceived as threatening.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anxiety&rft.btitle=StatPearls&rft.place=Treasure+Island+%28FL%29&rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29262212&rft.aulast=Chand&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Marwaha%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK470361%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocq2015" class="citation journal cs1">Crocq MA (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610616">"A history of anxiety: from Hippocrates to DSM"</a>. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 17 (3): 319–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31887%2FDCNS.2015.17.3%2Fmacrocq">10.31887/DCNS.2015.17.3/macrocq</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4610616">4610616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26487812">26487812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+history+of+anxiety%3A+from+Hippocrates+to+DSM&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=319-325&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4610616%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26487812&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2FDCNS.2015.17.3%2Fmacrocq&rft.aulast=Crocq&rft.aufirst=MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4610616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seligman-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Seligman_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligmanWalkerRosenhan" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Seligman ME</a>, Walker EF, <a href="/wiki/David_Rosenhan" title="David Rosenhan">Rosenhan DL</a>. 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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (14): 5573–5578. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..105.5573M">2008PNAS..105.5573M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0705615105">10.1073/pnas.0705615105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2291109">2291109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18391224">18391224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Acute+corticosterone+treatment+is+sufficient+to+induce+anxiety+and+amygdaloid+dendritic+hypertrophy&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=5573-5578&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2291109%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18391224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0705615105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..105.5573M&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Sapolsky%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2291109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitraFergusonSapolsky2009" class="citation journal cs1">Mitra R, Ferguson D, Sapolsky RM (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763614">"SK2 potassium channel overexpression in basolateral amygdala reduces anxiety, stress-induced corticosterone secretion and dendritic arborization"</a>. Molecular Psychiatry. 14 (9): 847–55, 827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fmp.2009.9">10.1038/mp.2009.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2763614">2763614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19204724">19204724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=SK2+potassium+channel+overexpression+in+basolateral+amygdala+reduces+anxiety%2C+stress-induced+corticosterone+secretion+and+dendritic+arborization&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=847-55%2C+827&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763614%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19204724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fmp.2009.9&rft.aulast=Mitra&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Ferguson%2C+D&rft.au=Sapolsky%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2763614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnxiety" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Anxiety <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=anxiety">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=anxiety&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Anxiety at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anxiety" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Anxiety">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anxiety" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Anxiety">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anxiety" class="extiw" title="q:Anxiety">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430" class="extiw" title="d:Q154430">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2027043655">MB24.3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1712535455">6B00</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#830200631">6B05</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#2131412196">6E63</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F06.4">F06.4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F40">F40</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F41">F41</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F93.0">F93.0</a>–<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F93.3">F93.3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10-CM" title="ICD-10-CM">10-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F43.22">F43.22</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd10cmtool.cdc.gov/?fy=FY2024&query=F43.23">F43.23</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/607834">607834</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D001007">D001007</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/003211.htm">003211</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acceptance" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiration" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">Agony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Anger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticipation" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anxiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apathy" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arousal" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awe" title="Awe">Awe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belongingness" title="Belongingness">Belongingness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confusion" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contentment" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desire" title="Desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappointment" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distrust" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthusiasm" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envy" title="Envy">Envy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulation" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frustration" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratification" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">Greed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grief" title="Grief">Grief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">Happiness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joie_de_vivre" title="Joie de vivre">Joie de vivre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiraeth" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostility" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygge" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikigai" title="Ikigai">Ikigai (sense of purpose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infatuation" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insecurity_(emotion)" title="Insecurity (emotion)">Insecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_inspiration" title="Artistic inspiration">Inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy" title="Joy">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">Lust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_no_aware" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">Panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pity" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-pity" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pride" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanity" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regret" title="Regret">Regret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remorse" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resentment" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehnsucht" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentimentality" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_stress_reaction" title="Acute stress reaction">Shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyness" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_connection" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffering" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worry" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="725" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1356" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeatism" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatalism" title="Fatalism">Fatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">Misanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessimism" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recluse" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Affect <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_consciousness" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(education)" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_measures" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affective <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_computing" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_science" title="Affective science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Affectivity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positive_affectivity" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_affectivity" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li> <li>Emotion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_emotion" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_classification" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressed_emotion" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_emotion" title="Group emotion">group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_perception" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_work" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotional <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_aperture" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_bias" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_competence" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_contagion" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_detachment" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_eating" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_expression" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy_quotient" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_isolation" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_literacy" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional security">security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" title="Emotional thought method">thought method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_well-being" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotionality" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li> <li>Emotions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_emotions" title="History of emotions">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_emotions" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotions" title="Social emotions">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_affective_tone" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-emotion" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathognomy" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoic_passions" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li> <li>Theory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_theory" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appraisal_theory" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate emotion names in foreign languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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