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color: black; background-color: lime;">Komi-Permyak</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: lime;"><i>перем коми кыв</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Native to</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;">Region</th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Okrug">Komi-Permyak Okrug</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Native speakers</div></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;">63,000 (2010 census)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Komi-Permyak</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;color: black; background-color: lime;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><code><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/koi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:koi">koi</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="padding-top:0.225em;line-height:1.1em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td style="line-height:1.35em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/komi1269">komi1269</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="noprint selfref" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Replacement_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Replacement character">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG/250px-Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="378" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG/375px-Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG/500px-Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="3695"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Popov_A._Ktatkoj_permskoj_slovar_1785.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The first Permian Dictionary (1785)</div></div></div> <p><b>Komi-Permyak language</b> (перем коми кыв <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈperem ˈkomi kɨv/</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> or коми-пермяцкӧй кыв <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">/ˈkomi perˈmʲatskəj kɨv/</span>) is one of two regional varieties of the pluricentrical <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi language</a>, the other variety being <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Zyrian_language" title="Komi-Zyrian language">Komi-Zyrian</a>. </p><p>Komi is a <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> language closely related to <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>. </p><p>The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a> of <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and written using the Komi <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabet</a>, was co-official with <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in the <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Okrug">Komi Okrug</a> of the Perm Krai. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"/><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2>Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Glottonym"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Glottonym</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nouns"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nouns</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Number"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Number</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Possession"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Possession</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cases"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Cases</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Adjectives"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Adjectives</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Numerals"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Numerals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Personal_pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Personal pronouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Verb"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Verb</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Some_phrases"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Some phrases</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Glottonym">Glottonym</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Glottonym">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is <i>коми кыв</i> "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyrian language. </p><p>In the 1920s, the soviet authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in Perm Region as <i>коми-пермяцкий язык</i>, combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as <i>коми-пермяцкöй кыв</i> 'Komi-Permyak language'. In this way the local language was nominally separated from the Komi-Zyrian language, that officially received the original name <i>коми кыв</i>. The Komis of Region Perm had to officially use the new name, even though it has negative connotations for the speakers, continuing in their colloquial speech to use exclusively the original name of their language as <i>коми кыв</i>. </p><p>Only in the early 2000s (decade) has started a controversial process of replacing the offensive official name by a more correct one. The term <i>перем коми кыв</i> 'Permian Komi language' was proposed and it is used nowadays (alongside the old term) in local mass-media, in scientific papers and in the Komi-Permyak Wikipedia. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dialects">Dialects</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialects">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>All of the Komi-Permyak dialects are easily intelligible with one another and to some extent with the Komi-Zyrian dialects. </p> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/300px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="377" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/450px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg/600px-Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="767"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Komi-Permyak_dialect_map.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div><div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:deepskyblue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Upper <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupya River (page does not exist)">Lupya</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:turquoise; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Mysy (former rural council)</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:plum; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosa_River" title="Kosa River">Kosa</a>-<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_River" title="Kama River">Kama</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:magenta; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochyovsky_District" title="Kochyovsky District">Kochevo</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:cyan; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Zyuzdino (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasyevsky_District" title="Afanasyevsky District">Afanasyevo</a>)</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:blue; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazva_River" title="Yazva River">Yazva</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:tomato; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudymkar" title="Kudymkar">Kudymkar</a>-<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inva_River" title="Inva River">Inva</a></div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:yellow; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> Lower Inva</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:green; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> On</div> <div class="legend" style="-webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;page-break-inside: avoid;break-inside: avoid-column"><span class="legend-color" style="display:inline-block; width:1.5em; height:1.5em; margin:1px 0; border:1px solid black; background-color:lawngreen; color:black; font-size:100%; text-align:center;"> </span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerda_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerda River (page does not exist)">Nerdva</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The Komi-Permyak dialects might be divided geographically into Northern and Southern groups, and phonemically into /l/ and /v/ groups:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>1. Northern </p> <ul><li>/l/ type: лым /lɨm/ "snow", вӧл /vɘl/ "a horse", вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/ "without a horse", вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ "with a horse, on a horse" <ul><li>Upper <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupya River (page does not exist)">Lupya</a></li> <li>Mysy (former rural council)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosa_River" title="Kosa River">Kosa</a>-<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_River" title="Kama River">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochyovsky_District" title="Kochyovsky District">Kochevo</a></li> <li>Zyuzdino (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasyevsky_District" title="Afanasyevsky District">Afanasyevo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazva_River" title="Yazva River">Yazva</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p>2. Southern </p> <ul><li>/v/ type: вым /vɨm/, вӧв /vɘv/, вӧвтӧг /vɘvtɘg/, вӧвӧн /vɘvɘn/ <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudymkar" title="Kudymkar">Kudymkar</a>-<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inva_River" title="Inva River">Inva</a></li> <li>Lower Inva</li></ul></li> <li>Southern /l/ type: лым /lɨm/, вӧл /vɘl/, вӧлтӧг /vɘltɘg/, вӧлӧн /vɘlɘn/ <ul><li>On</li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerdav_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerdav River (page does not exist)">Nerdva</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"/></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>general copyediting needed</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2015</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Earlier there was a southern group too, in the <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obva (page does not exist)">Obva</a> river basin, but now it is nearly extinct. Its only remaining member, the Nerdva dialect, is usually considered together with the central group, which in this way became "southern". </p><p>The central (new southern) and northern groups of Komi-Permyak are spoken in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_Okrug" title="Komi-Permyak Okrug">Komi Okrug</a> of <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm_Krai" title="Perm Krai">Perm Krai</a>, where the language was standardized in the 1920s. The modern standard is based on Kudymkar dialect of the central group, but many elements of northern dialects were included as well, so that the "literary language" has significant differences in its morphological system from the "main" dialect. </p><p>The central dialects, spoken in the <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inva_River" title="Inva River">Ińva</a> river basin, differ considerably from the other Komi-Permyak dialects due to the general shift of etymological /<b>l</b>/ to /<b>v</b>/, then to /<b>w</b>/, and finally to the disappearance of the consonant, which has triggered significant changes in morphology. </p><p>The differences between the Kudymkar and Uliś Ińva dialects are mainly in accentuation: the Uliś Ińva has a phonological stress (the Öń too), whereas the Kudymkar dialect (like as Ńerdva) has a morphological one. The Ńerdva dialect retains the etymological /<b>l</b>/. The same can be said about the Öń dialect (recently extinct), that had connections with the eastern Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>The northern group of the Permian dialects (upon <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosa_River" title="Kosa River">Kösva</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama_River" title="Kama River">Kama</a> and <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lup_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lup River (page does not exist)">Lup</a> rivers) was under a strong Zyrian influence on all the levels. The Köć and Kös dialects are closely related with some Syktyv dialects of Zyrian, whereas the Lup dialect for a long time was in tenuous connections with the <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_Ezhva_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper Ezhva dialect (page does not exist)">Upper Ezhva dialect</a>. </p><p>The Komi-Permyak standard language refers only to the central and northern groups of the Komi-Permyak dialects. They can be called as <b>proper Permian dialects</b>. The other two groups are marginal. </p><p>An only relic of the eastern Permian is the <b><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Yodzyak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Yodzyak language">Yaźva dialect</a></b>, ca. 200 speakers of the ca. 900 ethnical Komis in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasnovishersky_District" title="Krasnovishersky District">Krasnovishersky District</a> of Perm Krai. In the early 2000s (decade) it was standardized by authority of the krai. The dialect has archaic system of <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> (including /<b>ö</b>/, /<b>ü</b>/ and /<b>ʌ</b>/), while its accentuation is similar to Uliś Ińva's and its lexical system likes the Northern Permian one. </p><p>The Western Permian group is presented by another marginal dialect, Źuźdin (ca. 1000 person living in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov Oblast">Kirov Oblast</a> near the border of Komi Okrug). </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Phonology">Phonology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In the Komi-Permyak standard language there are the same 26 main consonants and 7 vowels as in Komi-Zyrian. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Consonants">Consonants</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Komi-Permyak's modern consonant system includes 26 native ones, and the additional consonants /<b>ts</b>/, /<b>f</b>/, /<b>x</b>/ in Russian loanwords. In traditional speech the "foreign sounds" were replaced with respectively /t͡ɕ/, /p/, and /k/, respectively. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Permian </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br/>alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɲ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">c</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">k</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">b</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɟ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɡ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡s</span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡ʃ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">t͡ɕ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d͡ʒ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">d͡ʑ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">f</span><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">s</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɕ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">x</span><sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">v</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">z</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʒ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʑ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">r</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximant_consonant" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central approximant">central</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">lateral</a></span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">l</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ʎ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Only in Russian loanwords.</li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Vowels">Vowels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The Komi-Permyak vowel system can be considered as being three-dimensional, where vowels are characterised by three features: front and back, rounded and unrounded and vowel height. </p><p>Komi-Permyak does not distinguish between long and short vowels and does not have vowel harmony. There are no diphthongs; when two vowels come together, which occurs at some morpheme boundaries, each vowel retains its individual sound. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Vowels</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">i</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ɨ</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">u</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">e</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">ə</span> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">o</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA">a</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Writing_system">Writing system</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Writing system">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The both regional standards of the Komi language have an identical alphabet, introduced in 1938. The alphabet (анбур) includes all the Russian letters plus two additional graphemes: <b>і</b> and <b>ӧ</b>. </p> <table cellpadding="4" style="font-size:larger; text-align:center;" summary="Thirty-five letters of the Permian alphabet, capital and small"> <caption style="font-size:smaller;">The Permian Komi alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>А а</td> <td>Б б</td> <td>В в</td> <td>Г г</td> <td>Д д</td> <td>Е е</td> <td>Ё ё</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж ж</td> <td>З з</td> <td>И и</td> <td>І і</td> <td>Й й</td> <td>К к</td> <td>Л л</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>М м</td> <td>Н н</td> <td>О о</td> <td>Ӧ ӧ</td> <td>П п</td> <td>Р р</td> <td>С с</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т т</td> <td>У у</td> <td>Ф ф</td> <td>Х х</td> <td>Ц ц</td> <td>Ч ч</td> <td>Ш ш</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ щ</td> <td>Ъ ъ</td> <td>Ы ы</td> <td>Ь ь</td> <td>Э э</td> <td>Ю ю</td> <td>Я я</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Komi alphabet (Коми анбур)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Uppercase</td> <td>Lowercase</td> <td>Transliteration</td> <td>IPA</td> <td>Letter name </td></tr> <tr> <td>A</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>[ɑ]</td> <td>а </td></tr> <tr> <td>Б</td> <td>б</td> <td>b</td> <td>[b]</td> <td>бэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>В</td> <td>в</td> <td>v</td> <td>[v]</td> <td>вэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Г</td> <td>г</td> <td>g</td> <td>[g]</td> <td>гэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Д</td> <td>д</td> <td>d</td> <td>[d]; as <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a>, [ɟ]</td> <td>дэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Е</td> <td>е</td> <td>e</td> <td>[je]; [ʲe], [e] after C except [t, ɟ, s, z, n, l]</td> <td>е </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ё</td> <td>ё</td> <td>ë</td> <td>[jo]; [ʲo]: [o] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]</td> <td>ё </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ж</td> <td>ж</td> <td>ž</td> <td>[ʒ]</td> <td>жэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>З</td> <td>з</td> <td>z</td> <td>[z]; as palatal [ʑ]</td> <td>зэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>И</td> <td>и</td> <td>i</td> <td>[i], [ʲi]</td> <td>(небыт) и "(soft) i" </td></tr> <tr> <td>І</td> <td>і</td> <td>ï</td> <td>[i] after [t, d, s, z, n, l]</td> <td>чорыт и "hard i" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Й</td> <td>й</td> <td>j</td> <td>[j]</td> <td>дженыт и </td></tr> <tr> <td>К</td> <td>к</td> <td>k</td> <td>[k]</td> <td>ка </td></tr> <tr> <td>Л</td> <td>л</td> <td>l</td> <td>[ɫ]; as palatal [ʎ]</td> <td>эл </td></tr> <tr> <td>М</td> <td>м</td> <td>m</td> <td>[m]</td> <td>эм </td></tr> <tr> <td>Н</td> <td>н</td> <td>n</td> <td>[n]; as palatal [ɲ]</td> <td>эн </td></tr> <tr> <td>О</td> <td>о</td> <td>o</td> <td>[o]</td> <td>o </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ӧ</td> <td>ӧ</td> <td>ö</td> <td>[ə]</td> <td>ӧ </td></tr> <tr> <td>П</td> <td>п</td> <td>p</td> <td>[p]</td> <td>пэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Р</td> <td>р</td> <td>r</td> <td>[r]</td> <td>эр </td></tr> <tr> <td>С</td> <td>с</td> <td>s</td> <td>[s]; as palatal [ɕ]</td> <td>эс </td></tr> <tr> <td>Т</td> <td>т</td> <td>t</td> <td>[t]; as palatal [c]</td> <td>тэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>У</td> <td>у</td> <td>u</td> <td>[u]</td> <td>у </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ф</td> <td>ф</td> <td>f</td> <td>[f]</td> <td>эф </td></tr> <tr> <td>Х</td> <td>х</td> <td>x</td> <td>[x]</td> <td>ха </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ц</td> <td>ц</td> <td>c</td> <td>[ts]</td> <td>цэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ч</td> <td>ч</td> <td>č</td> <td>[tɕ]</td> <td>чэ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ш</td> <td>ш</td> <td>š</td> <td>[ʃ]</td> <td>ша </td></tr> <tr> <td>Щ</td> <td>щ</td> <td>šč</td> <td>[ɕ], [ɕː]</td> <td>ща </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ъ</td> <td>ъ</td> <td><i></i></td> <td>-</td> <td>чорыт пас "hard sign" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ы</td> <td>ы</td> <td>y</td> <td>[ɨ]</td> <td>ы </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ь</td> <td>ь</td> <td>'</td> <td>[ʲ]</td> <td>небыт пас "soft sign" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Э</td> <td>э</td> <td>è</td> <td>[e]</td> <td>э </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ю</td> <td>ю</td> <td>ju</td> <td>[ju]; [ʲu], [u] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]</td> <td>ю </td></tr> <tr> <td>Я</td> <td>я</td> <td>ja</td> <td>[jɑ]; [ʲa], [a] after [c, ɟ, ɕ, ʑ, ɲ, ʎ]</td> <td>я </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Grammar">Grammar</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Komi is an agglutinating language. It uses affixes to express possession, to specify mode, time, and so on. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nouns">Nouns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nouns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>All Permian Komi nouns are declined for number, case and possession, adding special suffixes to word stem. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Number">Number</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Number">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In Permian Komi there are two <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">grammatical numbers</a>: singular and <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. The singular is the unmarked form of a word, and the plural is obtained by inflecting the singular. </p><p>The plural marker of nouns is /<b>ez</b>/ (orthographically <i><b>эз</b></i> or <i><b>ез</b></i>) immediately following a word stem before any case or other affixes. The last consonant of the stem before the plural suffix has to be duplicated. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>керку</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;">эз</span></b> /kerkuez/ </td> <td>building – buildings </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>морт</b> </td> <td><b>мортт<span style="color:green;">эз</span></b> /morttez/ </td> <td>human – humans </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>нянь</b> </td> <td><b>нянн<span style="color:green;">ез</span></b> /ɲaɲɲez/ </td> <td>bread – breads </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>вӧв</b> </td> <td><b>вӧвв<span style="color:green;">ез</span></b> /vəvvez/ </td> <td>horse – horses </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>джыдж</b> </td> <td><b>джыджж<span style="color:green;">ез</span></b> /d͡ʒɨd͡ʒd͡ʒez/ </td> <td>martlet – martlets </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>кай</b> </td> <td><b>кай<span style="color:green;">ез</span></b> /kajjez/ </td> <td>bird – birds </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The plural suffix has also a reduced variant (a "weak form") /<b>е</b>/ (orth. <i><b>э</b></i> or <i><b>е</b></i>), that is used combining with some weak forms of possessive suffixes, e.g. <b>ки<span style="color:green;">э</span>т</b> 'your (Sg.) hands ' versa <b>ки<span style="color:green;">эз</span></b> 'hands'. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Possession">Possession</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possession">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The Permian Komi possessive suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a case suffix depending of case. The three suffixes of singular possession have in addition to their main forms the weak variants used combining with a weak form of plural suffix, weak forms of some cases or forming the suffixes of plural possession. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Person </th> <th>Suffix </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">1 </th> <td><b>ö</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;">ö</span></b> </td> <td>my house </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>м</b><sup>1</sup> </td> <td><b>керкуа<span style="color:green;">м</span></b> </td> <td>in my house </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">2 </th> <td><b>ыт</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;">ыт</span></b> </td> <td>your (Sg.) house </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>т</b><sup>1</sup><b></b> </td> <td><b>керкуси<span style="color:green;">т </span></b> </td> <td>out of your (Sg.) house </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" align="center">3 </th> <td><b> ыс</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;">ыс</span></b> </td> <td>his house, the house </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>с</b><sup>1</sup><b></b> </td> <td><b>керкуэ<span style="color:green;">с</span></b> </td> <td>his houses, the houses </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1 </th> <td><b>ным</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;"><i>ны</i>м</span></b> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>our house </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">2 </th> <td><b>ныт</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;"><i>ны</i>т</span></b> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>your house </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">3 </th> <td><b> ныс</b> </td> <td><b>керку<span style="color:green;"><i>ны</i>с</span></b> <sup>2</sup> </td> <td>their house </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><small>The weak variants of the suffix</small></li> <li><small>The element <b>ны</b> is a marker of plural possession</small></li></ol> <p>The possessive suffix of 3Sg is widely used also as a definite article. In colloquial speech it is the main meaning of this suffix. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Cases">Cases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>It is assumed, that the Permian Komi standard language has eighteen noun <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">cases</a>: ten grammatical cases and eight locative cases. The disputes continue about the status of some monosyllabic postpositions and a set of dialectal reduced forms of postpositions that can be treated as case suffixes too. The maximal amount of all possible cases reaches 30. </p><p>The case suffixes are added to the end of nouns either before or after a possessive suffix depending of case. Some cases have weak variants of their suffixes combining with the weak variants of possessive suffixes. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#cfcfcf;">Permian Komi cases </th></tr> <tr style="background:#dfdfdf;"> <th>Case</th> <th>Suffix</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#efefef">Grammatical cases </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>öшын</td> <td>window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a></td> <td>-</td> <td>öшын</td> <td>window (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td>öc</td> <td>морт<span style="color:green;">öc</span></td> <td>a man (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ö</td> <td>öшынс<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>the window (as an object) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </td> <td>лöн</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">лöн</span></td> <td>of a window / window's </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </td> <td>лiсь</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">лісь</span></td> <td>from a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </td> <td>лö</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">лö</span></td> <td>to a window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </td> <td>öн</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">öн</span></td> <td>by means of a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>на</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">на</span>с</td> <td>by means of the window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comitative_case" title="Comitative case">comitative</a> </td> <td>кöт</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">кöт</span></td> <td>with a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abessive_case" title="Abessive case">abessive</a> </td> <td>тöг</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">тöг</span></td> <td>without a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consecutive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consecutive case (page does not exist)">consecutive</a> </td> <td>лa</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ла</span></td> <td>to get a window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Preclusive_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preclusive case (page does not exist)">preclusive</a> </td> <td>ся</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ся</span></td> <td>except a window; then a window </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="background:#efefef">Locative cases </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inessive_case" title="Inessive case">inessive</a></td> <td>ын</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ын</span></td> <td>in a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>а</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">а</span>с</td> <td>in the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illative_case" title="Illative case">illative</a></td> <td>ö</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>into a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>а</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">а</span>с</td> <td>into the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elative_case" title="Elative case">elative</a></td> <td>ись</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ісь</span></td> <td>out of a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>си</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">си</span>с</td> <td>out of the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Approximative_case&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Approximative case (page does not exist)">approximative</a></td> <td>лaнь</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">лaнь</span></td> <td>towards a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>ланя</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ланя</span>с</td> <td>towards the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egressive_case" title="Egressive case">egressive</a></td> <td>сянь</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">сянь</span></td> <td>starting from a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>сяня</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">сяня</span>с</td> <td>starting from the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolative_case" title="Prolative case">prolative</a></td> <td>öт</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">öт</span></td> <td>along a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>öття</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">öття</span>с</td> <td>along the window </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> 1</td> <td>öдз</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">öдз</span></td> <td>as far as a window </td></tr> <tr> <td>öдзза</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">öдзза</span>с</td> <td>as far as the window </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminative_case" title="Terminative case">terminative</a> 2</td> <td>ви</td> <td>öшын<span style="color:green;">ви</span></td> <td>up to a window </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adjectives">Adjectives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Adjectives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Used attributively, Permian Komi adjectives precede the nouns they modify, and are not declined: <b>басöк нывка</b> 'beautiful girl' → <b>басöк нывкаэслö</b> 'to the beautiful girls'. </p><p>However most adjectives can also be used as nouns and sometimes as appositions, in which case they are declined: e.g. <b>ыджыт</b> ("big") → <b>ыджыттэзісь</b> ("out of the bigs"). The declensional paradigma is the same as by nouns, except the main accusative form, that became by adjectives suffix <b>ö</b> instead of <b>öс</b> or a null morpheme by nouns: <b>адззи басöк нывкаöс</b> 'I have found a beautiful girl' → <b>адззи басöкö</b> 'I have found a beautiful [girl]'. </p><p>Being predicative an adjective agrees with the subject for number. The plural marker of the predicative is <b>öсь</b>: <b>керкуыс ыджыт</b> 'the house is big ' → <b>керкуэc ыджытöсь</b> 'the houses are big'. </p><p>The adjective in Permian Komi have five degrees of comparison </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Degree </th> <th align="center">Affix </th> <th align="center">Example </th> <th align="center">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Basic </th> <td>- </td> <td><b>том</b> </td> <td>young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">Comparative</a> </th> <td><b>-жык</b> </td> <td><b>том<span style="color:green;">жык</span></b> </td> <td>younger </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a> </th> <td><b>мед</b>- </td> <td><b><span style="color:green;">мед</span>том</b> </td> <td>the youngest </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sative (page does not exist)">Sative</a> </th> <td>-<b>кодь</b> </td> <td><b>том<span style="color:green;">кодь</span></b> </td> <td>pretty young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excessive_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Excessive (grammar) (page does not exist)">Excessive</a> </th> <td>-<b>öв</b> </td> <td><b>том<span style="color:green;">öв</span> </b> </td> <td>too young </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a> </th> <td>-<b>ыник</b> / <b>-ик</b> </td> <td><b>том<span style="color:green;">ыник</span> </b> </td> <td>quite a young </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The comparative and the superlative compare the intensity of an object's quality with the other object's one. The sative, excessive and diminutive compare the intensity of the quality with its basic degree. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Numerals">Numerals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Numerals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The numerals in Komi-Permyak <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Figures </th> <th colspan="1">Cardinal numerals </th> <th colspan="1">Ordinal numerals </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1 </th> <td><b>ӧтік</b> </td> <td><b>медодзза</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">2 </th> <td><b>кык</b> </td> <td><b>мöдік</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">3 </th> <td><b>куим</b> </td> <td><b>куимöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">4 </th> <td><b>нёль</b> </td> <td><b>нёльöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">5 </th> <td><b>вит</b> </td> <td><b>витöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">6 </th> <td><b>квать</b> </td> <td><b>кватьöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">7 </th> <td><b>сизим</b> </td> <td><b>сизимöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">8 </th> <td><b>кыкьямыс</b> </td> <td><b>кыкьямысöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">9 </th> <td><b>ӧкмыс</b> </td> <td><b>ӧкмысöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">10 </th> <td><b>дас</b> </td> <td><b>дасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">11 </th> <td><b>дасӧтік</b> </td> <td><b>дасӧтікöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">12 </th> <td><b>даскык</b> </td> <td><b>даскыкöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">13 </th> <td><b>даскуим</b> </td> <td><b>даскуимöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">14 </th> <td><b>даснёль</b> </td> <td><b>даснёльöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">15 </th> <td><b>дасвит</b> </td> <td><b>дасвитöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">16 </th> <td><b>дасквать</b> </td> <td><b>даскватьöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">17 </th> <td><b>дассизим</b> </td> <td><b>дассизимöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">18 </th> <td><b>даскыкьямыс</b> </td> <td><b>даскыкьямысöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">19 </th> <td><b>дасӧкмыс</b> </td> <td><b>дасӧкмысöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">20 </th> <td><b>кыкдас</b> </td> <td><b>кыкдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">21 </th> <td><b>кыкдас ӧтік</b> </td> <td><b>кыкдас ӧтікöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">30 </th> <td><b>куимдас</b> </td> <td><b>куимдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">40 </th> <td><b>нёльдас</b> </td> <td><b>нёльдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">50 </th> <td><b>витдас</b> </td> <td><b>витдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">60 </th> <td><b>кватьдас</b> </td> <td><b>кватьдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">70 </th> <td><b>сизимдас</b> </td> <td><b>сизимдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">80 </th> <td><b>кыкьямысдас</b> </td> <td><b>кыкьямысдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">90 </th> <td><b>ӧкмысдас</b> </td> <td><b>ӧкмысдасöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">100 </th> <td><b>сё</b> </td> <td><b>сёöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1000 </th> <td><b>сюрс</b> </td> <td><b>сюрсöт</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">1985 </th> <td><b>сюрс öкмыссё <br/> кыкьямысдас вит</b> </td> <td><b>сюрс öкмыссё <br/> кыкьямысдас витöт</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal pronouns">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Komi personal pronouns inflect in all the cases. The language makes no distinction between <i>he</i>,<i> she</i> and <i>it</i>. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#cfcfcf;">Personal pronouns </th></tr> <tr style="background:#dfdfdf;"> <th>P. Komi</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>мe</b></td> <td>I </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>тэ</b></td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ciя</b></td> <td>he/she/it </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>мийö</b></td> <td>we </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>тiйö</b></td> <td>you </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>нія</b></td> <td>they </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Verb">Verb</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Verb">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Permian Komi verbs show tense (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past" title="Past">past</a>), mood (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evidential" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidential">evidential</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optative" class="mw-redirect" title="Optative">optative</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a> and <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctive</a>), <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice">voice</a> and <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a>. </p><p>The verbal stem is a 2ed person singular of imperative mode: <b>мун</b> 'go', <b>кер</b> 'make'. All the other forms are formed by adding suffixes to the stem. </p><p>Some verbal stems having a consonant cluster at the end become expanded with a so-called "voyelle de soutien" <b>ы</b> which is dropped before the suffixes beginning with a vowel: <b>кывзы</b> = <b>кывз+ы</b> 'hear', <b>видчы</b> 'swear' = <b>видч+ы</b>, e. g. <b><span style="color:green;">кывзы</span>ны</b> 'to hear', <b><span style="color:green;">кывзы</span>тöн</b> 'by hearing' but <b><span style="color:green;">кывз</span>і</b> 'I heard', <b><span style="color:green;">кывз</span>ö</b> 'he hears', <b><span style="color:green;">кывз</span>ан</b> 'you hear'. Thus, these stems with a consonant cluster have their full und reduced variants. </p><p>Permian <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a> are marked with <b>-ны</b> added to a stem as in <b>мyн<span style="color:green;">ны</span></b> 'to go', <b>кывзы<span style="color:green;">ны</span></b> 'hear' </p><p>All Permian Komi verbs are conjugated in the same way, except for the defective verb <b>вöвны</b> 'to be'. </p><p>Negation is mostly expressed by a conjugated negator preceding the stem, e. g. <b><span style="color:green;">эг</span> мун</b> 'I didn't go'. </p><p>The indicative mood has three tenses: present, future and past. The main marker of the present and future tense is <b>а</b> (negat. <b>о</b>), the marker of the past tense is<b> и</b> (negat. <b>э</b>). </p><p>Here is conjugation of verb <b>керны</b> 'make, do': </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="1" rowspan="2">Person</th> <th colspan="2">Present</th> <th colspan="2">Future</th> <th colspan="2">Past </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation</th> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation</th> <th>Affirmative</th> <th>Negation </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13">Singular </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st <br/> </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">а</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">ог</span> кер</td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">а</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">ог</span> кер</td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">и</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эг</span> кер </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd <br/> </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ан</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">он</span> кер</td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ан</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">он</span> кер</td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ин</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эн</span> кер </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd <br/> </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">оз</span> кер <br/></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ас</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">оз</span> кер</td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ис</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эз</span> кер </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="13">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ам(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">ог(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ам(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">ог(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">им(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эг(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ат(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">од(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ат(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">од(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">ит(ö)</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эд(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd </th> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">öны</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">оз(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">асö</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">оз(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span></td> <td>кер<span style="color:green;">исö</span></td> <td><span style="color:green;">эз(ö)</span> кер<span style="color:green;">ö</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><small>Notes.</small></dd></dl> <ol><li><small>Present and future forms differ just in affirm. 3st<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Should this be '3rd' or '1st'? (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> person (<b>ö / öны</b> to <b>ас / асö</b>).</small></li> <li><small>Future and past forms differ only with tense marker (the future <b>-а / о-</b> to the past <b>-и / э-</b>).</small></li> <li><small>In present affirmative forms the marker of 3st<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Should this be '3rd' or '1st'? (July 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> person is <b>-ö</b>, which at the same time indicates the tense.</small></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Some_phrases">Some phrases</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Some phrases">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <th>Permian Komi </th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Дыр ов!</b> <br/> <b>Дыр олö!</b> </td> <td>Hello! (Sg)<br/> Hello! (Pl) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Олат-вöлат!</b> </td> <td>How do you do! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Бур асыв!</b> </td> <td>Good morning! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Бур лун!</b> </td> <td>Good afternoon! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Бур рыт!</b> </td> <td>Good evening! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Аттьö!</b> </td> <td>Thank you! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Нем понда!</b> </td> <td>Not at all! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Эн жö вид!</b> </td> <td>Excuse me! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Кыдз тэнö шуöны?</b> </td> <td>What's your name? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Менö шуöны Öньö.</b> </td> <td>My name is Andrew. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Инглишöн кужан-он?</b> </td> <td>Do you speak English? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ог!</b> </td> <td>No, I don't! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Кöр локтан?</b> </td> <td>When are you coming? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ашын</b>. </td> <td>Tomorrow. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Мый керан?</b> </td> <td>What are you doing? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Муна босьтасьны.</b> </td> <td>I'm going to the shops. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Тэ кытöн?</b> </td> <td>Where are you? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ме öши.</b> </td> <td>I've lost my way. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Мый дона?</b> </td> <td>How much it is? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Вит руб.</b> </td> <td>Five rubles. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Адззисьлытöдз!</b> </td> <td>Good-bye! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Талун кресення?</b> </td> <td>Is it Sunday today? </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ну!</b> </td> <td>Yeah! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Мыйнö!</b> </td> <td>Yes! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Ог тöд!</b> </td> <td>I don't know! </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Менам абу сьöм.</b> </td> <td>I have no money. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Сэтчин пос абу.</b> </td> <td>There is no bridge there. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Но!</b> </td> <td>O.K. </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li>Аксёнова, О. П. (2009). <i>Коми-пермяцкие географические термины и их функционирование в топонимии Верхнего Прикамья</i>. Кудымкар: ПНЦ УрО РАН. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886058088">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-904524-35-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-904524-35-7">978-5-904524-35-7</a></li> <li>Баталова, Р. М. (1982). <i>Ареальные исследования по восточным финно-угорским языкам (коми языки)</i>. Москва: Изд-во «Наука».</li> <li>Баталова, Р. М. (1975). <i>Коми-пермяцкая диалектология</i>. Москва: Изд-во «Наука».</li> <li>Баталова, Р. М., Кривощекова-Гантман А. С. (1985). <i>Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.</i> – М.: Русский язык.</li> <li>Кривощекова-Гантман, А. С. (2006). <i>Собрание сочинений в 2 томах.</i> Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85218-289-3" title="Special:BookSources/5-85218-289-3">5-85218-289-3</a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-85218-288-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-85218-288-5">5-85218-288-5</a>.</li> <li>Лобанова, А. С., Шляхова, С. С. (2010). <i>Коми-пермяцкий язык конца ХХ – начала ХХІ веков: стилистические аспекты.</i> Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-475-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-475-7">978-5-85218-475-7</a></li> <li>Лыткин В. И. и др. (1962). <i>Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология</i> / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во.</li> <li>Пономарева, Л. Г. (2002). <i>Фонетика и морфология мысовско-лупьинского диалекта коми-пермяцкого языка: дис. ... канд. филол. наук</i>. Ижевск.</li> <li>Попова, О. А. (2010). <i>Коми-пермяцкий фразеологический словарь</i>. Пермь: Перм. гос. пед. ун-т. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-489-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-85218-489-4">978-5-85218-489-4</a></li> <li>Тудвасева З.К. и др. (2008). <i>Русско-коми-пермяцкий разговорник.</i> Кудымкар: Коми-Перм. кн. изд-во. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87901-124-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87901-124-1">978-5-87901-124-1</a></li> <li>Цыпанов, Е. А. (1999). <i>Перым-коми гижӧд кыв</i>. Сыктывкар: «Пролог» небöг лэдзанін.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm">Владение языками населением Российской Федерации</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/komi1269">"Komi-Permyak"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 3.0</a></i>. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Komi-Permyak&rft.btitle=Glottolog+3.0&rft.place=Jena%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fkomi1269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomi-Permyak+language" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886058088"/></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://fulib.ru/books.php?action=viewKomiPermyakKiv">Финно-угорская электронная библиотека</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Коми-пермяцкий язык / Под ред. проф. В. И. Лыткина. — Кудымкар: Коми-пермяцкое книжное издательство, 1962. — С. 27—34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raisa M. Batalova (1990). Унифицированное описание диалектов уральских языков. Оньковский диалект коми-пермяцкого языка. Hamburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Коми-пермяцкий язык: Введение, фонетика, лексика и морфология / под ред. и при соавт. проф. В. И. Лыткина. Кудымкар: Коми-перм. кн. изд-во, 1962.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="koi:"> Komi-Permyak edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://fulib.ru/books.php?action=viewKomiPermyakKiv">Books in Komi-Permyak from Finno-Ugric Electronic Library</a> (by the Finno-Ugric Information Center in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic" title="Komi Republic">Komi Republic</a> (interface in Russian and English, texts in <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, Komi, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>, <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a> and <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> languages))</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/http://www.philology.ru/linguistics3/batalova-93.htm">Баталова Р. М. Коми-пермяцкий язык.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://web.archive.org/web/20100912034130/http://www.kudymkar.org/komi-perm-rus_slovar">Кривощёкова-Гантман А.С. Коми-пермяцко-русский словарь.</a> (Krivoshchokova-Gantman A.S. Komi-Permyak-Russian Dictionary)</li></ul> <table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"/></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br/><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22">"Komi-Permyak language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22+-wikipedia">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Komi-Permyak+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></small><small class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Uralic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Uralic_languages" title="Template:Uralic languages"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Uralic_languages" title="Template talk:Uralic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Uralic_languages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Uralic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_coastal_Estonian" title="Northeastern coastal Estonian">Northeastern coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Estonian" title="South Estonian">South Estonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5ro_language" title="Võro language">Võro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seto_dialect" title="Seto dialect">Seto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_dialects" title="Meänkieli dialects">Meänkieli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrian_language" title="Ingrian language">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian proper</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludic</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_language" title="Livonian language">Livonian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votic_language" title="Votic language">Votic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami languages">Sami</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Sami</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkala_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkala Sami language">Akkala</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inari_Sami_language" title="Inari Sami language">Inari</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kainuu_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kainuu Sami language">Kainuu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemi Sami language">Kemi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildin_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami language">Kildin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolt_Sami_language" title="Skolt Sami language">Skolt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ter Sami language">Ter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Sami</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lule_Sami_language" title="Lule Sami language">Lule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pite_Sami_language" title="Pite Sami language">Pite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" title="Southern Sami language">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ume_Sami_language" title="Ume Sami language">Ume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvinic_languages" title="Mordvinic languages">Mordvinic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Mari_language" title="Hill Mari language">Hill Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Mari_language" title="Meadow Mari language">Meadow Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Mari_language" title="North-Western Mari language">North-Western Mari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permic_languages" title="Permic languages">Permic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Zyrian_language" title="Komi-Zyrian language">Zyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Yodzyak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Komi-Yodzyak language">Yodzyak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Ugric</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_language" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_language" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enets_language" title="Enets language">Enets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurats_language" title="Yurats language">Yurats</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Nenets_language" title="Forest Nenets language">Forest Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_Nenets_language" title="Tundra Nenets language">Tundra Nenets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nganasan_language" title="Nganasan language">Nganasan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamassian_language" title="Kamassian language">Kamassian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mator_language" title="Mator language">Mator</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya language">Merya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshcherian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshcherian language">Meshcherian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromian language">Muromian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist hlist-separated"><ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></li><li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_State_languages_of_Russia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Russia" title="Template:Languages of Russia"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="thumbborder" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20190531112110im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"/></span> <a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">State languages of Russia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal language</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State languages of federal subjects</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaza_language" title="Abaza language">Abaza</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aghul_language" title="Aghul language">Aghul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altai_language" title="Altai language">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern Altai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargwa_language" title="Dargwa language">Dargwa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingush_language" title="Ingush language">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabardian_language" title="Kabardian language">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lak_language" title="Lak language">Lak</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Mari">Hill</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadow_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadow Mari">Meadow</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutul_language" title="Rutul language">Rutul</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakha language">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabasaran_language" title="Tabasaran language">Tabasaran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhur_language" title="Tsakhur language">Tsakhur</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages with official status</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_language" title="Chukchi language">Chukchi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even_language" title="Even language">Even</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karelian_language" title="Karelian language">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanty_language" title="Khanty language">Khanty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komi-Permyak</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_language" title="Mansi language">Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenets_languages" title="Nenets languages">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkup_language" title="Selkup language">Selkup</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veps_language" title="Veps language">Veps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukaghir_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukaghir language">Yukaghir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic Braille">Cyrillic Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56318&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li><li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Komi-Permyak_language&id=871864919" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Komi-Permyak+language">Create a book</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Komi-Permyak+language&action=show-download-screen">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20190531112110/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komi-Permyak_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_komi_permio" title="Idioma komi permio – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permyak_dili" title="Komi-permyak dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کومی-پرمیاک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Комі-пярмяцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komieg-permyakeg" title="Komieg-permyakeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Коми-пермяк хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permiac_(llengua)" title="Komi-permiac (llengua) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%C4%95%D0%BC_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Коми-перĕм чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permja%C4%8Dtina" title="Komi-permjačtina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakgiella" title="Komipermjakgiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomi_keel" title="Permikomi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Коми-пермяконь кель – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_komi_permio" title="Idioma komi permio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjaka_lingvo" title="Komipermjaka lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="زبان کومی-پرمیاکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permyak_language" title="Komi-Permyak language – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permiak" title="Komi-permiak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_komi_permiano" title="Lingua komi permiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%AF%B8%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%A8%80%ED%81%AC%EC%96%B4" title="코미페르먀크어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_permiaca" title="Lingua permiaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98-%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="კომი-პერმული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikomi-Permyak" title="Kikomi-Permyak – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Перым коми кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi%C5%B3_permi%C5%B3_kalba" title="Komių permių kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomin_kieli" title="Permikomin kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коми-пермјачки јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-Permjaaks" title="Komi-Permjaaks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="コミ・ペルミャク語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Коми-пермякийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakisk" title="Komipermjakisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Коми-пермяк йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi-permyak_tili" title="Komi-permyak tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Перем Коми кыв – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Komi-Permyak" title="Lenga Komi-Permyak – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_komi-permiacki" title="Język komi-permiacki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_komi-permyak" title="Língua komi-permyak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Коми-пермяцкий язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komipermjakin_kieli" title="Komipermjakin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Komi-Permyak" title="Wikang Komi-Permyak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Коми-пермяк кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%27%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Комі-перм'яцька мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permin_komin_kel%27" title="Permin komin kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permikomi_kiil" title="Permikomi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perm%C4%97s_kuomiu_kalba" title="Permės kuomiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B1%B3-%E5%BD%BC%E7%88%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="科米-彼爾米亞克語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531112110/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q56318#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 December 2018, at 22:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a 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