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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ritual_purification" title="Special:EditPage/Ritual purification">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ritual+purification%22">"Ritual purification"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ritual+purification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ritual+purification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ritual+purification%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ritual+purification%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ritual+purification%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (November 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ritual purification is a <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> prescribed by a religion through which a person is considered to be freed of uncleanliness, especially prior to the worship of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, and ritual purity is a state of ritual <a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">cleanliness</a>. Ritual purification may also apply to objects and places. Ritual uncleanliness is not identical with ordinary physical impurity, such as dirt stains; nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">body fluids</a> are generally considered ritually unclean. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_(Mikveh)._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg/220px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg/330px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg/440px-Shalom_Koboshvili._Taking_the_bride_to_the_bath_house_%28Mikveh%29._watercolor_on_paper._31.5_%C3%97_41.5cm._1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573"></a><figcaption>Taking the bride to the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">bath house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Koboshvili" title="Shalom Koboshvili">Shalom Koboshvili</a>, 1939.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg/220px-MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg/330px-MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg/440px-MultifaithAblutionFacility.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976"></a><figcaption>Male <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a> Facility at University of Toronto's Multifaith Centre.</figcaption></figure> Most of these rituals existed long before the <a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" title="Germ theory of disease">germ theory of disease</a>, and figure prominently from the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_Eastern_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Near Eastern religion">religious systems of the Ancient Near East</a>. Some writers connect the rituals to <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a>. Some have seen benefits of these practices as a point of health and preventing infections especially in areas where humans come in close contact with each other. While these practices came before the idea of the germ theory was public in areas that use daily cleaning, the destruction of infectious agents seems to be dramatic.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ritual_purification#Dubious" title="Talk:Ritual purification">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Others have described a 'dimension of purity' that is universal in religions that seeks to move humans away from disgust (at one extreme), to uplift them towards purity and divinity (at the other extreme), away from uncleanliness to purity, and away from deviant to moral behavior (within one's cultural context).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith">1 Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Buddhism">2 Buddhism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Christianity">3 Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Hinduism">4 Hinduism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Indigenous_American_religions">5 Indigenous American religions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Islam">6 Islam</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Judaism">7 Judaism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Mandaeism">8 Mandaeism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shinto">9 Shinto</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Western_esotericism">10 Western esotericism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">12 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Citations">12.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sources">12.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Baháʼí_Faith">Baháʼí Faith</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, ritual ablutions (the washing of the hands and face) should be done before the saying of the <a href="/wiki/Obligatory_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_prayers" title="Obligatory Baháʼí prayers">obligatory prayers</a>, as well as prior to the recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#The_Greatest_Name" title="Baháʼí symbols">Greatest Name</a> 95 times.<a href="#cite_note-smith-ablutions-3">[3]</a> Menstruating women are obliged to pray, but have the (voluntary) alternative of reciting a verse instead; if the latter choice is taken, ablutions are still required before the recital of the special verse. <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, prescribed the ablutions in his book of laws, the <a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-smith-ablutions-3">[3]</a> These ablutions have a significance beyond washing and should be performed even if one has bathed oneself immediately before reciting the obligatory prayer; fresh ablutions should also be performed for each devotion, unless they are being done at the same time. If no water (or clean water) is available or if an illness would be worsened by the use of water, one may instead repeat the verse "In the Name of God, the Most Pure, the Most Pure" five times before the prayer.<a href="#cite_note-smith-ablutions-3">[3]</a> Apart from this, Bahá'u'lláh abolished all forms of ritual impurity of people and things, following Báb who stressed the importance of cleanliness and spiritual purity.<a href="#cite_note-smith-purity-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Buddhism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tsukubai" title="Tsukubai">Tsukubai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsukubai2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/170px-Tsukubai2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/170px-Tsukubai2.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/255px-Tsukubai2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Tsukubai2.JPG/340px-Tsukubai2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tsukubai" title="Tsukubai">Tsukubai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>.</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Buddhism">Japanese Buddhism</a>, a basin called a <a href="/wiki/Tsukubai" title="Tsukubai">tsukubai</a> is provided at <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a> for ablutions. It is also used for <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>. This type of ritual cleansing is the custom for guests attending a <a href="/wiki/Japanese_tea_ceremony" title="Japanese tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a><a href="#cite_note-MSIK-5">[5]</a> or visiting the grounds of a <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZenKyoto133-6">[6]</a> The name originates from the verb tsukubau meaning "to crouch"<a href="#cite_note-Setsuko-7">[7]</a> or "to bow down", an act of humility.<a href="#cite_note-ZenKyoto133-6">[6]</a> Guests attending a tea ceremony crouch and wash their hands in a tsukubai set in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">tea garden</a> before entering the tearoom.<a href="#cite_note-Setsuko-7">[7]</a> Tsukubai are usually of stone, and are often provided with a small <a href="/wiki/Ladle_(spoon)" title="Ladle (spoon)">ladle</a>, ready for use.<a href="#cite_note-Setsuko-7">[7]</a> A supply of water may be provided via a bamboo pipe<a href="#cite_note-Setsuko-7">[7]</a> called a kakei. The famous tsukubai shown here stands in the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dan-ji" title="Ryōan-ji">Ryōan-ji</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, and was donated by the feudal lord <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_Mitsukuni" title="Tokugawa Mitsukuni">Tokugawa Mitsukuni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ZenKyoto90-91-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> written on the surface of the stone are without significance when read alone. If each is read in combination with 口 (kuchi) - the shape of the central bowl - then the characters become 吾, 唯, 足, 知 which translates literally as "I only know plenty" (吾 = ware = I, 唯 = tada = only, 足 = taru = plenty, 知 = shiru = know).<a href="#cite_note-stonelantern-9">[9]</a> The underlying meaning, variously translated as "what one has is all one needs",<a href="#cite_note-stonelantern-9">[9]</a> or "learn only to be content"<a href="#cite_note-ZenKyoto90-91-8">[8]</a> reflects the basic anti-materialistic teachings of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene in Christianity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg/220px-Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="763"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg/220px-Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg/330px-Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg/440px-Fuente_de_Poblet_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lavabo" title="Lavabo">Lavabo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Poblet_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Poblet Monastery">Poblet Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> has many rituals of purification relating to <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexual relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">nocturnal emission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">unusual bodily fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">skin disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">animal sacrifices</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a>, places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings, and its followers adhere to certain practices such as observing days of ritual purification.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Before praying, they <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">wash their hands and face</a> in order to be clean before and present their best to God.<a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawood2013-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> prescribes several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The women in the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> are prohibited from entering the church temple during <a href="/wiki/Menses" class="mw-redirect" title="Menses">menses</a>; and the men do not enter a church the day after they have had intercourse with their wives.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_030420-N-9236M-025_Chief_Electronics_Technician_Geoffrey_Ormston_is_immersed_in_the_waters_of_Apra_Harbor,_Guam_by_Chaplain_Richard_Inman_during_a_baptismal_ceremony_on_Easter_Sunday.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_030420-N-9236M-025_Chief_Electronics_Technician_Geoffrey_Ormston_is_immersed_in_the_waters_of_Apra_Harbor%2C_Guam_by_Chaplain_Richard_Inman_during_a_baptismal_ceremony_on_Easter_Sunday.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1680"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_030420-N-9236M-025_Chief_Electronics_Technician_Geoffrey_Ormston_is_immersed_in_the_waters_of_Apra_Harbor%2C_Guam_by_Chaplain_Richard_Inman_during_a_baptismal_ceremony_on_Easter_Sunday.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_030420-N-9236M-025_Chief_Electronics_Technician_Geoffrey_Ormston_is_immersed_in_the_waters_of_Apra_Harbor%2C_Guam_by_Chaplain_Richard_Inman_during_a_baptismal_ceremony_on_Easter_Sunday.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/US_Navy_030420-N-9236M-025_Chief_Electronics_Technician_Geoffrey_Ormston_is_immersed_in_the_waters_of_Apra_Harbor%2C_Guam_by_Chaplain_Richard_Inman_during_a_baptismal_ceremony_on_Easter_Sunday.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baptismal" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal">Baptismal</a> ceremony on <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, as a form of ritual purification, occurs in several religions related to Judaism, and most prominently in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>; Christianity also has other forms of ritual purification. Many Christian churches practice a ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">Washing of Feet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-common-16">[16]</a> following the example of Jesus in the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Some interpret this as an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinance (Christian)">ordinance</a> which the church is obliged to keep as a commandment, see also <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Biblical law in Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-common-16">[16]</a> Others interpret it as an example that all should follow. Most denominations that practice the rite will perform it on <a href="/wiki/Maundy_Thursday" title="Maundy Thursday">Maundy Thursday</a>. Often in these services, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> will wash the feet of the clergy, and in <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> the <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a> will wash the feet of the brethren. Many ancient churches were built with a large fountain in the courtyard. It was the tradition for Christians to wash before entering the church for worship.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This usage is also legislated in the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Benedict">Rule of St. Benedict</a>, as a result of which, many medieval <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> were built with communal lavers for the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> to wash up before the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Office">Daily Office</a>. Catholic religious orders of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a>' rules contained ritual purification,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing; <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks played a role in the development and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-20">[20]</a> The principle of washing the hands before celebrating the holy Liturgy began as a practical precaution of cleanness, which was also interpreted symbolically.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> "In the third century there are traces of a custom of washing the hands as a preparation for prayer on the part of all Christians, and from the fourth century onwards it appears to have been usual for the ministers at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic mass">Holy Mass</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divine_liturgy" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine liturgy">divine liturgy</a> ceremonially to wash their hands before the more solemn part of the service as a symbol of inward purity."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/220px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/220px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/330px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/440px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">washing the feet</a> of children.</figcaption></figure> Traditionally, Christianity adhered to the biblical regulation requiring the purification of women after childbirth; this practice, was adapted into a special ritual known as the <a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women" title="Churching of women">churching of women</a>, for which there exists liturgy in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, but its use is now rare in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>. The churching of women is still performed in a number of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> churches (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Eastern Catholic</a> churches). A <a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">cantharus</a> is a fountain used by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> for ablution before entering a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley2012-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solovi%C4%AD68-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bingham1849-25">[25]</a> These ablutions involve the washing of the hands, face, and feet.<a href="#cite_note-Bingham1849-25">[25]</a> The cantharus is traditionally located in the <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">exonarthex</a> of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Solovi%C4%AD68-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-26">[26]</a> The water emitted by a cantharus is to be running water.<a href="#cite_note-Lowrie1901-27">[27]</a> The practice of ablutions before prayer and worship in Christianity <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">symbolizes</a> "separation from sins of the spirit and surrender to the Lord."<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> recorded this practice of canthari located in the courtyards of churches, for the faithful to wash themselves before entering a Christian house of worship.<a href="#cite_note-Bingham1849-25">[25]</a> The practice has its origins Jewish practice of performing ablutions before entering into the presence of God (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#30:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 30:17–21</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Solovi%C4%AD68-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bradley2012-23">[23]</a> Though <a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">cantharus</a> are not as prevalent anymore in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, they are found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Christianity">Oriental Christian</a> churches.<a href="#cite_note-Bradley2012-23">[23]</a> However, in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, worshippers sprinkle themselves with <a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">holy water</a> before entering the nave of the Church or approaching the <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual purity">ritual purity</a> is achieved through the Confession of Sins, Assurance of Forgiveness, and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">Sanctification</a>. Through the power of the Holy Spirit, believers offer their whole being and labor as a 'living sacrifice'; and cleanliness becomes a way of life (See Romans 12:1, and John 13:5-10 (the Washing of the Feet)). Prior to praying the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christians">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a> wash their hands, face and feet (cf. <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Smith1909-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tadros2015-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">use of water</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Christian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian countries">Christian countries</a> is due in part to the Biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidet</a> is common in predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic countries">Catholic countries</a> where water is considered essential for <a href="/wiki/Anal_cleansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal cleansing">anal cleansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and in some traditionally <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> respectively, where <a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">bidet showers</a> are common.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hinduism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganga_Dashara,_at_Haridwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg/220px-Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg/220px-Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg/330px-Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg/440px-Ganga_Dashara%2C_at_Haridwar.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Devotees taking holy bath during festival of Ganga Dashahara at <a href="/wiki/Har_Ki_Pauri" title="Har Ki Pauri">Har Ki Pauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haridwar" title="Haridwar">Haridwar</a></figcaption></figure> Various traditions within <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> follow different standards of ritual purity and purification. Within each tradition the more orthodox groups follow stricter rules, but the strictest rules are generally prescribed for <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, especially those engaged in the temple worship. An important part of ritual purification in Hinduism is the bathing of the entire body, particularly in rivers considered holy such as the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>. It is considered auspicious to perform this method of purification before festivals after a death, in order to maintain purity. Punyahavachanam is a ritual meant to purify one's self and one's home, usually performed before important occasions, like weddings. During the ceremony, mantras are chanted and then consecrated water is sprinkled over all of the participants and the items used. In the ritual known as <a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">abhisheka</a> (Sanskrit, "sprinkling; ablution"), the deity's <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> or image is ritually bathed with water, curd, milk, honey, ghee, cane sugar, rosewater, etc. Abhisheka is also a special form of <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> prescribed by <a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamic</a> injunction. The act is also performed in the inauguration of religious and political monarchs and for other special blessings. The murtis of deities must not be touched without cleansing the hands, and one is not supposed to enter a temple without a bath.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Sūtaka are the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> rules of impurity to be followed after the birth of a child (vṛddhi sūtaka).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Sūtaka involves the practice of keeping socially isolated from relatives and community by abstention of mealtaking with family, engaging in customary religious activities, and leaving the home. A mother must practice sūtaka for 10 to 30 days, depending upon her <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>, while the father may become purified immediately after the birth of his child by ritual purification (ritual bathing).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There are various kinds of purificatory rituals associated with <a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">death ceremonies</a>. After visiting a house where a death has recently occurred, Hindus are expected to take baths. Women take a head bath after completing their four-day <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_taboo" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual taboo">menstrual period</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Indigenous_American_religions">Indigenous American religions</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Indigenous American religions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg/220px-Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="438"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg/220px-Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg/330px-Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg/440px-Villa_de_Leyva_el_infiernito.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/El_Infiernito" title="El Infiernito">El Infiernito</a> ("The Little <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>") Ruins of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Muisca_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muisca people">Muisca</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a>, place of purification rituals</figcaption></figure> In the traditions of many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, one of the forms of ritual purification is the ablutionary use of a <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">sauna</a>, known as a <a href="/wiki/Sweatlodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweatlodge">sweatlodge</a>, as preparation for a variety of other ceremonies. The burning of <a href="/wiki/Smudge_stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Smudge stick">smudge sticks</a> is also believed by some indigenous groups to cleanse an area of any evil presence. Some groups like the southeastern tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, practiced and, to a lesser degree, still practice <a href="/w/index.php?title=Going_to_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Going to water (page does not exist)">going to water</a>, performed only in moving bodies of water such as rivers or streams. Going to water was practiced by some villages daily (around sunrise) while others would go to water primarily for special occasions, including but not limited to <a href="/wiki/Naming_ceremony" title="Naming ceremony">naming ceremonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays">holidays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ball_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball games">ball games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Many anthropologists that studied with the Cherokees like James Adair tried to connect these groups to the <a href="/wiki/Lost_Tribes_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Tribes of Israel">Lost Tribes of Israel</a> based on religious practices including going to water,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> but this form of <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> is mostly Christian "wish fulfillment" rather than respectable anthropology. <a href="/wiki/Yuquot_Whalers%27_Shrine" title="Yuquot Whalers' Shrine">Yuquot Whalers' Shrine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> was used by chiefs to prepare ritually for <a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">whaling</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim hygienical jurisprudence">Muslim hygienical jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purity_in_Islam" title="Ritual purity in Islam">Ritual purity in Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/220px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/220px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/330px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG/440px-Ablution_area_inside_Eastern_wall_of_Badshahi_mosque.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People washing before prayer at <a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> ritual purification is particularly centred on the preparation for <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">salah</a>, ritual prayer; theoretically ritual purification would remain valid throughout the day, but is treated as invalid on the occurrence of certain acts, flatulence, sleep, contact with the opposite sex (depending on which school of thought), unconsciousness, and the emission of blood, semen, or <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomit</a>. Some schools of thought mandate that ritual purity is necessary for holding the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Ritual purification takes the form of ablution, <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">ghusl</a>, depending on the circumstance; the greater form is obligatory by a woman after she ceases menstruation, on a corpse that did not die during battle, and after sexual activity, and is optionally used on other occasions, for example just prior to Friday prayers or entering <a href="/wiki/Ihram" title="Ihram">ihram</a>. An alternative <a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">tayammum</a> ("dry ablution"), involving clean sand or earth, is used if clean water is not available or if an illness would be worsened by the use of water; this form is invalidated in the same circumstances as the other forms, and also whenever water becomes available and safe to use. The <a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">fard</a> or "obligatory activities" of the lesser form include beginning with the intention to purify oneself, washing of the face, arms, head, and feet. while some <a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">mustahabb</a> "recommended activities" also exist such as <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">basmala</a> recitation, oral hygiene, washing the mouth, nose at the beginning, washing of arms to the elbows and washing of the ears at the end; additionally recitation of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a>. The greater form (ghusl) is completed by first performing wudu and then ensuring that the entire body is washed. Some minor details of Islamic ritual purification may vary between different <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhabs</a> "schools of thought". </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judaism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg/220px-Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2233"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg/220px-Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg/330px-Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg/440px-Judenbad_Speyer_6_View_from_the_first_room_down.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pool of a medieval mikvah in <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, dating to 1128</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NatlaCup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatlaCup.jpg/220px-NatlaCup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 297px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatlaCup.jpg/220px-NatlaCup.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="297" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatlaCup.jpg/330px-NatlaCup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NatlaCup.jpg/440px-NatlaCup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cup used for ritual Jewish handwashing</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">Ritual washing in Judaism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Handwashing_in_Judaism" title="Handwashing in Judaism">Handwashing in Judaism</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> mentions a number of situations when ritual purification is required, including following menstruation (<a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">niddah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality#Judaism" title="Religion and sexuality">sexual relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">nocturnal emission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">unusual bodily fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">skin disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corpse_uncleanness" title="Corpse uncleanness">corpse uncleanness</a>), and certain <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">animal sacrifices</a>. Generally, the ritual in these circumstances consists of immersing the whole body in a special bath (a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>). In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">oral law</a> specifies other situations when ritual purification is required, such as after performing <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretory functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">meals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">waking</a>. In these circumstances, typically, only the hands are washed. These regulations were variously observed by the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>. Purification was required so ritually impure individuals would not defile the <a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> and receive the <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">kareth</a> or execution.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Nowadays, in the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>, many of the Torah's laws about purification have no practical implication and are no longer observed. However, purification from the <a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">niddah</a> status is still observed by contemporary <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a> and (with some modifications and additional leniencies) some <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Jews</a>, as its practical implications are highly relevant: a woman who is impure with this status is forbidden to have sexual contact with her husband. <a href="/wiki/Corpse_uncleanness" title="Corpse uncleanness">Corpse uncleanness</a>, or coming into contact with a <a href="/wiki/Corpse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpse">corpse</a>, is considered the ultimate impurity. It cannot be purified through immersion in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> alone, but also requires sprinkling with the ashes of the <a href="/wiki/Red_heifer" title="Red heifer">red heifer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Since the red heifer no longer exists, this form of impurity cannot be removed. Currently, all individuals are assumed to possess the impurity of death.<a href="#cite_note-Shemini-40">[40]</a> This has a few practical implications: it prohibits Jews from entering the site of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a> and prohibits eating certain foods (such as <a href="/wiki/Terumah" class="mw-redirect" title="Terumah">terumah</a>) which may only be eaten when pure. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mandaeism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism#Worship_and_rituals" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism § Worship and rituals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha (ablution)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama (ablution)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg/220px-Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg/220px-Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg/330px-Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg/440px-Parwanaya_2015_Ahvaz_09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Mandaean priests performing tamasha in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a> during the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, Iran.</figcaption></figure> One of the most important ceremonies in Mandaean worship is <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Mandaean_baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">masbuta</a>). Unlike Christianity, baptism is not a one-off event but is performed every Sunday, the Mandaean holy day, as a purification ritual. Baptism usually involves full immersion in flowing water, and all rivers considered fit for baptism are called <a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">yardna</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a>. After emerging from the water, the worshipper is anointed with holy <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">misha</a>) and partakes in a communion of <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread#Mandaeism" title="Sacramental bread">sacramental bread</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">pihta</a>) and water. Other rituals for purification include the <a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">rishama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">tamasha</a> which, unlike masbuta, can be performed without a priest.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The rishama (signing) is performed before prayers and involves washing the face and limbs while reciting specific prayers. It is performed daily, before sunrise, with hair covered and after evacuation of bowels or before religious ceremonies<a href="#cite_note-MAU-42">[42]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">wudu</a>). The tamasha is a triple immersion in the river without a priest being required to do it. Women perform it after menstruation or childbirth, men and women after sexual activity or nocturnal emission, touching a corpse or any other type of defilement<a href="#cite_note-MAU-42">[42]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Ritual_washing_in_Judaism#Full-body_immersion_(Tvilah)" title="Ritual washing in Judaism">tevilah</a>). Ritual purification also applies to fruits, vegetables, pots, pans, utensils, animals for consumption and ceremonial garments (<a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">rasta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MAU-42">[42]</a> Purification for a dying person is also performed. It includes bathing, which involves a threefold sprinkling of river water over the person from head to feet.<a href="#cite_note-MAU-42">[42]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Shinto">Shinto</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shinto" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine;_October_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg/220px-Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5139" data-file-height="3426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg/220px-Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg/330px-Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg/440px-Purifying_before_entering_a_shrine%3B_October_2019.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A mother and daughter purify themselves before entering a Shinto shrine</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Harae" title="Harae">Harae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzuya" title="Chōzuya">Chōzuya</a></div> Ritual cleanliness is a central part of <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> life.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In Shinto, a common form of ritual purification is <a href="/wiki/Misogi" title="Misogi">misogi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321-45">[45]</a> which involves natural running water, and especially waterfalls. Rather than being entirely naked, men usually wear <a href="/wiki/Fundoshi" title="Fundoshi">Japanese loincloths</a> and women wear <a href="/wiki/Kimono" title="Kimono">kimono</a>, both additionally wearing <a href="/wiki/Hachimaki" title="Hachimaki">headbands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321-45">[45]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Western_esotericism">Western esotericism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Western esotericism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Banishing" title="Banishing">banishing</a>' refers to one or more rituals intended to remove non-physical influences ranging from spirits to negative influences.<a href="#cite_note-magick-46">[46]</a> Although banishing rituals are often used as components of more complex ceremonies, they can also be performed by themselves. Banishing can be viewed as one of several <a href="/wiki/Magick_(Aleister_Crowley)#Techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Magick (Aleister Crowley)">techniques of magic</a>, closely related to ritual purification and a typical prerequisite for <a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">consecration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">invocation</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Ritual_of_the_Pentagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram">Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram</a> (banishing: LBRP; invoking: LIRP) must be learned by the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn#The_Grades_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Neophyte</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] before moving on to the next grade (<a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn#The_Grades_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Zelator</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>]).<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> For actual workings <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> recommends a short, general banishing, with a comment that "in more elaborate ceremonies it is usual to banish everything by name."<a href="#cite_note-magick-46">[46]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Liber_Aleph" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Aleph">Liber Aleph vel CXI</a>, Crowley recommended that a banishing ritual be done at least once daily by <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelemites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and various forms of <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">neopaganism</a>, banishing is performed before <a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">casting a circle</a> in order to purify the area where the ritual or magick is about to take place. In his books on nocturnal witchcraft, for example, Konstantinos recommends performing banishings regularly, in order to keep the magical workspace free of negativity, and to become proficient in banishing before attempting acts that are much more spiritually taxing on the body, such as magical <a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">spellworking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathing_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathing the dead">Bathing the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women" title="Churching of women">Churching of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_effect" title="Lady Macbeth effect">Lady Macbeth effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustral_basin" title="Lustral basin">Lustral basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water and religion</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> "Nitten Soji and the prevention of infections" Classical fighting arts vol 2 #18 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaidt2010" class="citation book cs1">Haidt, Johnathan (12 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patheos.com/blogs/daylightatheism/2010/02/the-dimension-of-divinity/">The Happiness Hypothesis</a>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Happiness+Hypothesis&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.aulast=Haidt&rft.aufirst=Johnathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patheos.com%2Fblogs%2Fdaylightatheism%2F2010%2F02%2Fthe-dimension-of-divinity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-ablutions-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith-ablutions_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith-ablutions_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith-ablutions_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/21">"ablutions"</a>. A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/21">21–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ablutions&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconciseencyclope0000smit%2Fpage%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-purity-4"><a href="#cite_ref-smith-purity_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT305">"purity"</a>. A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 281–282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=purity&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=281-282&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYfrAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSIK-5"><a href="#cite_ref-MSIK_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Must See in Kyoto. Kyoto: Japan Travel Bureau, Inc. 1991. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-533-00528-4" title="Special:BookSources/4-533-00528-4"><bdi>4-533-00528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Must+See+in+Kyoto&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Japan+Travel+Bureau%2C+Inc&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=4-533-00528-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZenKyoto133-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZenKyoto133_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZenKyoto133_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsen,_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Einarsen, John (2004). Zen and Kyoto. Kyoto: Uniplan Co, Inc. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-89704-202-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-89704-202-X"><bdi>4-89704-202-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Kyoto&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Uniplan+Co%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4-89704-202-X&rft.au=Einarsen%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Setsuko-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Setsuko_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setsuko_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setsuko_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Setsuko_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetsukoCrane1991" class="citation book cs1">Setsuko, Kojima; Crane, Gene A (1991). Dictionary of Japanese Culture (1st American ed.). Union City, CA: Heian. pp. 369–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0893463361" title="Special:BookSources/0893463361"><bdi>0893463361</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23738000">23738000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Japanese+Culture&rft.place=Union+City%2C+CA&rft.pages=369-70&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.pub=Heian&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23738000&rft.isbn=0893463361&rft.aulast=Setsuko&rft.aufirst=Kojima&rft.au=Crane%2C+Gene+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZenKyoto90-91-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZenKyoto90-91_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZenKyoto90-91_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinarsen,_John2004" class="citation book cs1">Einarsen, John (2004). Zen and Kyoto. Kyoto: Uniplan Co, Inc. pp. 90–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-89704-202-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-89704-202-X"><bdi>4-89704-202-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+and+Kyoto&rft.place=Kyoto&rft.pages=90-91&rft.pub=Uniplan+Co%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=4-89704-202-X&rft.au=Einarsen%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stonelantern-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stonelantern_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stonelantern_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401163340/https://www.stonelantern.ch/Frame_English/Zenibachi_English.htm">"Tsukubai and Zenibachi, the Japanese Water Basins"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonelantern.ch/Frame_English/Zenibachi_English.htm">the original</a> on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsukubai+and+Zenibachi%2C+the+Japanese+Water+Basins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonelantern.ch%2FFrame_English%2FZenibachi_English.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006" class="citation book cs1">H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761835011" title="Special:BookSources/9780761835011"><bdi>9780761835011</bdi></a>. <q>The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judged+by+the+Law+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Faith-works+Controversy%2C+and+a+Resolution+in+the+Thought+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780761835011&rft.aulast=H.+Bulzacchelli&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawood2013-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawood2013_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawood2013" class="citation web cs1">Dawood, Bishoy (8 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810085554/http://www.clarionreview.org/2013/12/stand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity/">"Stand, Bow, Prostrate: The Prayerful Body of Coptic Christianity"</a>. The Clarion Review. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.clarionreview.org/2013/12/stand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity/">the original</a> on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. <q>Standing facing the East is the most frequent prayer position. ... This is further emphasized in the fact that Copts pray facing the East, waiting for the return of Jesus in glory; his return as the enthroned Pantocrator is portrayed in the iconography that is placed before the worshippers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stand%2C+Bow%2C+Prostrate%3A+The+Prayerful+Body+of+Coptic+Christianity&rft.pub=The+Clarion+Review&rft.date=2013-12-08&rft.aulast=Dawood&rft.aufirst=Bishoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarionreview.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fstand-bow-prostrate-the-prayerful-body-of-coptic-christianity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115645/http://pwtw.pl/wp-content/uploads/wst/12-2/Pedersen.pdf">"Is THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A JUDAIC CHURCH ?"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pwtw.pl/wp-content/uploads/wst/12-2/Pedersen.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+THE+CHURCH+OF+ETHIOPIA+A+JUDAIC+CHURCH+%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpwtw.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fwst%2F12-2%2FPedersen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eotc.faithweb.com/liturgy.htm">The Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-common-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-common_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-common_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_C._Bower2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter C. Bower (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyWqm3hCMC0C&q=Triduum+Maundy&pg=PA113">The Companion to the Book of Common Worship</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Press">Geneva Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664502324" title="Special:BookSources/9780664502324"><bdi>9780664502324</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2009. <q>Maundy Thursday (or le mandé; Thursday of the Mandatum, Latin, commandment). The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet, "I give you a new commandment" (John 13:34); also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet (John 13:14–17). The term mandatum (maundy), therefore, was applied to the rite of foot-washing on this day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Companion+to+the+Book+of+Common+Worship&rft.pub=Geneva+Press&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=9780664502324&rft.au=Peter+C.+Bower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyWqm3hCMC0C%26q%3DTriduum%2BMaundy%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2013:1%E2%80%9317&version=nrsv">John 13:1–17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140924055251/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/benedict/rule2/files/rule2.html#ch35">The Holy Rule of St. Benedict</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry1990" class="citation book cs1">Hembry, Phyllis (1990). The English Spa, 1560-1815: A Social History. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838633915" title="Special:BookSources/9780838633915"><bdi>9780838633915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Spa%2C+1560-1815%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780838633915&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2012). Water: A Spiritual History. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441167675" title="Special:BookSources/9781441167675"><bdi>9781441167675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441167675&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09044b.htm">Fortescue, Adrian. "Lavabo." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 12 July 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/pc/pwra/rced4/section3.html">Report of the Royal Commission on Ecclesiastical Discipline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) 1906 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley2012-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2012_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2012_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2012_23-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2 November 2012). Water: A Spiritual History. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>. <q>It was probably out of the Jewish rite that the practice developed among early Christians, especially in the east, of washing their hands and feet before going into church. Early Christian basilicas had a fountain for ablutions, known as cantharus or phiala, and usually placed in the centre of the atrium. They are still found in some Eastern Orthodox churches, notably at the monastery of Laura at Mount Athos, where the phiala is an imposing structure in front of the entrance covered by a dome resting on eight pillars. In several Orthodox churches today worshippers take off heir shoes and wash their feet before entering the church just as Muslims do before going into a mosque.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soloviĭ68-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solovi%C4%AD68_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solovi%C4%AD68_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solovi%C4%AD68_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloviĭ1970" class="citation book cs1">Soloviĭ, Meletiĭ M. (1970). Eastern Liturgical Theology: General Introduction. Ukrainian Catholic Religion and Culture Society of Etobicoke (Toronto) and Ukrainian Catholic Youth of Canada. p. 68. <q>In the Book of Exodus (30, 18-20) Aaron and his sons were required to wash before approaching the altar. Here water is used as a symbol of purification and expiation. But water is also the most common and most indispensable drink. ... So much was the practice a part of the life of the early Church, that in the period after Constantine the "cantharus", or water fountain, became a standard fixture in the courtyard before the basilica to permit the faithful to purify themselves before entering the presence of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Liturgical+Theology%3A+General+Introduction&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Catholic+Religion+and+Culture+Society+of+Etobicoke+%28Toronto%29+and+Ukrainian+Catholic+Youth+of+Canada&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Solovi%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Meleti%C4%AD+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bingham1849-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bingham1849_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bingham1849_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bingham1849_25-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham1840" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Joseph (1840). The antiquities of the Christian Church. W. Straker. p. 396. <q>In the middle of which stood a Fountain for washing as they entered into the Church, called Cantharus and Phiala in some authors. It is further to be noted, that in the middle of the atrium, there was commonly a fountain, or a cistern of water, for people to wash their hands and face, before they went into the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+antiquities+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=W.+Straker&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson2013-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2013" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (8 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2"><bdi>978-1-136-61158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61158-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowrie1901-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Lowrie1901_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowrie1901" class="citation book cs1">Lowrie, Walter (1901). Christian Art and Archæology: Being a Handbook to the Monuments of the Early Church. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. p. 179. <q>In the middle of this court there was as a rule a fountain of running water (the cantharus) for the symbolical purification of those who ere about to enter the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Art+and+Arch%C3%A6ology%3A+Being+a+Handbook+to+the+Monuments+of+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Lowrie&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1909-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1909_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1909" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Bertha H. (1909). "The Bath as a Religious Rite among Mohammedans". Modern Sanitation. 7 (1). Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co. <q>The Copts, descendants of these ancient Egyptians, although Christians, have the custom of washing their hands and faces before prayer, and some also wash their feet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Sanitation&rft.atitle=The+Bath+as+a+Religious+Rite+among+Mohammedans&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bertha+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tadros2015-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Tadros2015_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadros2015" class="citation book cs1">Tadros, Emile (2015). Reconstruction the Origins of the Coptic Church through its Liturgy. <a href="/wiki/McMaster_Divinity_College" title="McMaster Divinity College">McMaster Divinity College</a>. p. 16. <q>The Coptic Church observes strict practices concerning circumcision, rituals surrounding menstruation, weekly two-days fasting, 40 ablution, and many other rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+the+Origins+of+the+Coptic+Church+through+its+Liturgy&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=McMaster+Divinity+College&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Tadros&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Clark, Mary (2006). Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973" title="Special:BookSources/9780721625973"><bdi>9780721625973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Implications&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780721625973&rft.aulast=E.+Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Clark, Mary (2006). Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973" title="Special:BookSources/9780721625973"><bdi>9780721625973</bdi></a>. <q>Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Implications&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780721625973&rft.aulast=E.+Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo) [Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8866490395" title="Special:BookSources/978-8866490395"><bdi>978-8866490395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+Naples.+Come+Napoli+ha+civilizzato+l%27Europa+%28e+come+continua+a+farlo%29&rft.pub=Addictions-Magenes+Editoriale&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8866490395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.biginfinland.com/hose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet/">"Bidets in Finland"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1999" class="citation book cs1">Turner, R. L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UX_AeDYzhBQC&dq=S%C5%ABtaka&pg=PA781">A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 781. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1665-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Dictionary+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=781&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1665-7&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUX_AeDYzhBQC%26dq%3DS%25C5%25ABtaka%26pg%3DPA781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Textbook of the 'University of Spirituality', Volume 61, Death and Post-Death Rites, by Parātpar Guru (Dr) Athavale and H.H. (Mrs.) Anjali <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sanatanshop.com/shop/en/booklets/383-death-and-post-death-rites.html">http://sanatanshop.com/shop/en/booklets/383-death-and-post-death-rites.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokee by James Mooney 1891 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> The History of The American Indians by James Adair 1775 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0315.htm#31">Leviticus 15:31</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0419.htm#20">Numbers 19:20</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowman2004" class="citation book cs1">Rowman, Altamira (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb9LUUVNq4UC&pg=PA241">The Inclusive Hebrew Scriptures: The Torah</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644279-6-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644279-6-6"><bdi>0-9644279-6-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inclusive+Hebrew+Scriptures%3A+The+Torah&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9644279-6-6&rft.aulast=Rowman&rft.aufirst=Altamira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVb9LUUVNq4UC%26pg%3DPA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shemini-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Shemini_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutta2008" class="citation web cs1">Rutta, Matt (30 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mattrutta.blogspot.com/2008/03/dvar-torah-s3-sheminiparah-smell-of.html">"Shemini/Parah (The smell of burning death)"</a>. Rabbinic Rambling. Retrieved 6 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rabbinic+Rambling&rft.atitle=Shemini%2FParah+%28The+smell+of+burning+death%29&rft.date=2008-03-30&rft.aulast=Rutta&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmattrutta.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F03%2Fdvar-torah-s3-sheminiparah-smell-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Drower, Ethel Stefana. The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-MAU-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAU_42-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandaean_Awareness_and_Guidance_Board2014" class="citation web cs1">Mandaean Awareness and Guidance Board (28 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandaeanunion.com/culture/item/1249-mandaean-beliefs">"Mandaean Beliefs & Mandaean Practices"</a>. Mandaean Associations Union. Retrieved 13 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mandaean+Associations+Union&rft.atitle=Mandaean+Beliefs+%26+Mandaean+Practices&rft.date=2014-05-28&rft.au=Mandaean+Awareness+and+Guidance+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandaeanunion.com%2Fculture%2Fitem%2F1249-mandaean-beliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Ono, Sakyo. Shinto: The Kami Way. Pp 51–52, 108. Tuttle Publishing. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8048-3557-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8048-3557-8">0-8048-3557-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBocking199793CaliDougill201320_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali & Dougill 2013</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1996101Bocking199745CaliDougill201321_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson1996">Nelson 1996</a>, p. 101; <a href="#CITEREFBocking1997">Bocking 1997</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFCaliDougill2013">Cali & Dougill 2013</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-magick-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-magick_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-magick_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley, Aleister</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/oto/lib4.htm">Magick in Theory and Practice</a>. pp. 103–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magick+in+Theory+and+Practice&rft.pages=103-6&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Foto%2Flib4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The Golden Dawn by I. Regardie </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021117140910/http://www.angelfire.com/ab6/imuhtuk/gdrolls/kno1.htm">"Golden Dawn Neophyte Knowledge Lecture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ab6/imuhtuk/gdrolls/kno1.htm">the original</a> on 17 November 2002. Retrieved 7 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Dawn+Neophyte+Knowledge+Lecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fab6%2Fimuhtuk%2Fgdrolls%2Fkno1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Aleister. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/oto/aleph_1.htm">Liber Aleph vel CXI</a>. A.:.A.:.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+Aleph+vel+CXI&rft.pub=A.%3A.A.%3A.&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Aleister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Foto%2Faleph_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Konstantinos.Nocturnal Witchcraft: Magick After Dark. St. Paul, Minn:Llewellyn Publications, 2002. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Lavabo". <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lavabo&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBocking1997" class="citation book cs1">Bocking, Brian (1997). A Popular Dictionary of Shinto (revised ed.). Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1051-5"><bdi>978-0-7007-1051-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+Dictionary+of+Shinto&rft.place=Richmond&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1051-5&rft.aulast=Bocking&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaliDougill2013" class="citation book cs1">Cali, Joseph; Dougill, John (2013). Shinto Shrines: A Guide to the Sacred Sites of Japan's Ancient Religion. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3713-6"><bdi>978-0-8248-3713-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shinto+Shrines%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Sacred+Sites+of+Japan%27s+Ancient+Religion&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3713-6&rft.aulast=Cali&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Dougill%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1996" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yearinlifeofs00nels">A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine</a>. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97500-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Year+in+the+Life+of+a+Shinto+Shrine&rft.place=Seattle+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97500-9&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyearinlifeofs00nels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARitual+purification" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Water_in_religion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Water in religion">Water in religion</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&oldid=1248803001">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&oldid=1248803001</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ritual_purification&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 1 October 2024, at 15:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="طقوس الطهارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طقوس الطهارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purificaci%C3%B3_(religi%C3%B3)" title="Purificació (religió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Purificació (religió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C4%8Distota" title="Rituální čistota – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rituální čistota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituelle_Reinheit" title="Rituelle Reinheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rituelle Reinheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purificaci%C3%B3n_(religi%C3%B3n)" title="Purificación (religión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purificación (religión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="آیین طهارت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آیین طهارت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemurnian_ritual" title="Pemurnian ritual – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemurnian ritual" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purit%C3%A0_rituale" title="Purità rituale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purità rituale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94" title="דרכי היטהרות מטומאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרכי היטהרות מטומאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritu%C3%A1lis_f%C3%BCrd%C3%A9s" title="Rituális fürdés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rituális fürdés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bersuci" title="Bersuci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bersuci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiniging_(religie)" title="Reiniging (religie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reiniging (religie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ritual" title="Purificação ritual – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Purificação ritual" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ritual purification" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituaalinen_puhtaus" title="Rituaalinen puhtaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rituaalinen puhtaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rituell_renhet" title="Rituell renhet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rituell renhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%B1nma_ayini" title="Arınma ayini – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arınma ayini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Очисні обряди – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Очисні обряди" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi_th%E1%BB%A9c_thanh_t%E1%BA%A9y" title="Nghi thức thanh tẩy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghi thức thanh tẩy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img 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</div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qnvsb","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.883","walltime":"1.159","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4141,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":90848,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3774,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":146174,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 990.163 1 -total"," 34.00% 336.634 1 Template:Reflist"," 22.55% 223.252 27 Template:Cite_book"," 17.33% 171.594 1 Template:Lang"," 8.46% 83.808 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.96% 68.913 1 Template:More_citations_needed"," 6.85% 67.813 7 Template:Main"," 6.42% 63.566 1 Template:Ambox"," 5.45% 53.996 4 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