CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91355cd16edece7f',cH: 'EHWisXD_j.KppS._ULQDonEPfqgakBytOjGnDXJ199c-1739790958-1.2.1.1-eq8KUHs7wfgQKpU_2KGmgjbrvsAQ31ImnaFG37XfRAdzI1bIGtb6dop6Ifo5G9S8',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPE%E2%80%99s%20comparative%20solution%20projects&__cf_chl_tk=i14EFzILzCg4VT1O2i083EyZT1VNHRdr8lQGHrqDS5U-1739790958-1.0.1.1-NewVzNkoTXB_idWgohDiaIxL7.QTmvG5vkf1OAJgWmw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739790958',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPE%E2%80%99s%20comparative%20solution%20projects&__cf_chl_f_tk=i14EFzILzCg4VT1O2i083EyZT1VNHRdr8lQGHrqDS5U-1739790958-1.0.1.1-NewVzNkoTXB_idWgohDiaIxL7.QTmvG5vkf1OAJgWmw",md: "Qr74BVkrVv0DAnJ4JVT61W8W6JMYIeFIEIw87lhEi8A-1739790958-1.2.1.1-F2BYvDaytl6sK.V4TF_T0nIOupXckulUNV5jqb_pQ_m0KQvTKDMtdIWx7XQC1_ZpOer_ZurJ6160.XrWxUCH9CvBvHhJ3GI3plMJu2D8ajQmuXbHr9CD6b9C8AmD1U56daUzzvZEA73Zd_GY92y6MQpuk3WrelpMGDyWj1enfqTm9xUAS5_n1Y6CZPPRnx.sxVZDrHxWlVrtQ1wfykupBpUhYkJd1y9Wk1QaDp2I0ac5xj2iiiH7XWfEAOG3NLFC8un9ZTXubdaKb83HXIOt2CRuo8uYc1Wepp.Wl5CKkuYCpWrYypFz4tkpW5ZX8r8JiT6ysR2NJTwAoCxuUEujEoYs5axzUP_O2iAOCV4PJ3o0RB6B4fqdq7yDOkPeOAM6bB7qX_Eg3m_wbTafapSmHo0CeVWQ0GVrh.ZWCzM8Wu7PrsoL825kneRLbhr3G.wXojQCcrp70dsRYwep7ox0FDGi_68vyF_glyBRryHVwlAMpa7ZBfJyMZRnB0wZn.cn5ztG14omagynwQd0FiYaPbYBWqvZHOhvdoktzeEdNmIX2TBWBU3H56K92WjbA_Eap6ahDajzfO6YbJ4nqD5rfvXYnMJpeEsyxNJVfag1uk7iGYbA8InqcXo.pFd50AsT4EORQk._Zc6TnM6zbbZ8Vw.eiID5HqNzOcasCB5NmjOGEFvbavS6wZhn_QqMtbYMr2bHAMY7pczDOhlJM3gMb0JGjBBCQrtfcSAHcsRtzpawQnO.aPOrMIq8QFG2xCtUriqZJJEyvVAC6vUE4409nZdVdE9fqO.kOYTGnBGtmeDl.oT8l41sKA9PzufVIBSujFyorPs0Mp3N6Nkof4runWWjfU37dTQSksaXWMYae4n.AfU4QLJYZfs4DVP3IfU6YEbZAvqfoj5gVFmfw.zA2n82shVsr5O1rO46wZhSjVYz9GMDBlw8ywicM8hlkGWmyB5wJmPW8xGSGvYDyuQNhXoJWn8xcZ1yjaE6urcqsVhewW4Se8ro7PujdwWyfC6czuE7ENvp5c6Ld80PtFvlmzaliejeoBJxVZlR63ow2L5k3Dg.Lnu957e2eP41zd6Vqmuwv6NvG3Wh6uercVTyvuqoX_lKb_37nZjyhEfabn9ZfibGtFBX5H89cFv3IX.NR9ZOFfvqeenrW3ESDyzhppVPGCuADE.D67fLvui5ybfIdTiYmfZJXL0Tx.qqkpZAzgs18j9UJKVelE_byY2P4OqxOli5pNEomwS9X53S2FVxYt7hCaawukVzVj7Ng1H476ORsgcoxT53i_Ve_asFYhosHCiD97VzMTcsQYmxHrvfjkgoUmFLH_zMaqyOynNclSZ0DI.F7.Kt_3iK.g8E1IFd_KPnkLi0BNxeJYw_D3y.euGw2tyt0yyDBXxaE9wHuY6VzBZvHGsWXm.sOP3h73ppGIM2rIA8SSwmdk9QkEtL9EDbZ3aumJ0ZwmfFpIPlAX.knmWug6y7ZI3f6B.cw0ThAK1Ppk5DaBgj5890EqJ1ZHOPjAYk6PW8eE1CB49voAD4JgK8lV1_a19XNie.lWVBG5BSogI96EFcMkl3_AR3RYIwouyHnbkIp6U7xBgEOptFocnb.uT3ib5UjBjPQUT78ZNFe5uOErbM4oQxDNIC5blcUCXNbHTgab3LWf2fJyhCP3r1ETKH.jcuHojYAgwFx87z2Who6Ppr6O06Sp0DSF21unO86NSiDto2c.iWxex0.E0ZBKGUZjgA1dKg9JvjDooNIz652xI8Vw6ilPIv_9dCvLw9jAxzGQRG7fe9aC2lbaQ4DKcqBDb6VUa9AasHYOyfXXMan1yEaXDJwW..f35gEubdynawoRwLNEq5OdiCFqDYq9EjHTRLum0Ptg4tggQalanW016e_XshYvfZDO6368rkj9TUPTqgP0Be.93vlesn08DotWfJPoxjnNHw1bl31MPG7PBFWc4GLkdKNqblbupcVHF_rMnLH12HS9Tg2Mu4dJmrhUhrZ4fE3_CUlZCWEpipDubMuJac3N.ejTPc7ocB1XRrdHSIaBoG",mdrd: "MeUpHIPtKF9QyRDAlq.fhQkON4JjL9FdvReUkmblzgY-1739790958-1.2.1.1-pqzRtQ7Ns4ez.weUthEqwk74U8ostlgmYnxOMatSoQEN2pa2YMcJi1Zq8F_49NycGNCVYB0VHxitgjOYzn8MaLBC915swop9nsVDrZ8TC2z8gdejmcJM1qukMt2CT3JnkVbXUNQeERsByhdBqHeE0mQr7nk69UIt_NpkkJEXiJZ3HquddhwyM1wX9KRw9sG27A04rTIlK75en1UzKmgDsBrGzWRQbP_a2Zc3ZejP726dVSmFmXWIdINwq5pz12IDwl4UMP5R7Afov4oZSOwIYSarBD_mpjUZA2GjVVmHeMX_daM9BrQP448tmHD9VxIPV_7SiQzpKAOct1LMcRuR.3lO7qBaH4mwggYQUUCWhCcoijdl0zSn9xH9GLEyCfcQ5Gn78G3ahCg73lXGPEJGMOuOvm6tnf8TTLtEDeNPhdFWaKBDORoWHSTeGg4JVJ4BqP8wqUFHo0TmaefcOoZC8l6BRkX_0tH2_7wSott74FOmK6JyrWAJSr23zKtI2nhZ2O.e8yRLnjMK.D9_f7jE7LU3hPP65qDi.y3Vj_vbEYuQ27sH2cQr5JUOAYY.fET0MDDAGvsK5RnBMjt7SQt5sigAjxB3lUsjEWxaGR3coR4hHGVa_cx8BlPB.bsCrSclBkOpOy1YI6Enj6bM0Xk0IggA5sasUfPjepIbw7AXgaDmC5r1tcvGwgZWlcxzE3CJcbR4k_.BNwM_A.ArwyjYOMqGAffcckPlTGaYPK2tVxhulcWIf9K0W4kn7dAcp.QZF_fjo7Py3eKyV.tB0EHP.2D2UWGC1I0LCAPcqREHYP9ESA29UpqsfFb_mbeaCeqT1luIlvcEUa1orLrc9c3vahvKWJYGyWpWU3Qb7MDn92uKVptQ6hLuVWolPKNR8729cdpSk..oIiyMcXaAgleKfDjAYIsyBUlQsM91QaA2Ti8knAWGRFa8cGRS4txlMcm.3qOyk2tJKxU6E7x8Uu4zHuCrBPBawey1bV5.RomDAsT6JM6qsPzCRs4Um7Uwj8fyABnTmPDA.TDNeQrOW0kZgHYpZH.lw.YOsf_fICqjlCS0OQCyD7LEE8HCgCW4imQmrgl0qq2tgIRkcFHFVMfrDBbbenfSyfIovh0qv.iuxTUau2Pp6yvcLdD2gYNA.cRN6mUQUc.9rPhM.e6Ccu_C27IAG6PbxW__awJjOU7Z7ZvkT96j5Hcwpri0DrPeGDrSGQGYyvi6QQeG1PsibUDo0W7CH8mOxvaYR1SuHzZfaHWTCToPcPtufQK2wBdZhjgv9OSG8xTqp2Ao9UskNBTBzmsF5kMweXWjdLvB9zkDyAKb.Xet3WcEn.H4v5_d8iUkUr..RZOuuIjiX9O8yyHmquNVkZ6vQ2SyefjeBZmpcVhkhm2btk2DDRE_1Khrsf0uwzHpRqxGVEqbzJLqdqZltW8HIfBDTj1Okk5nDnjW9CcdCAjcz8PfDprI6SIqBIJbNbYbNAtefgpzyqRrzHpa1UfNbrLmmGrAbITziIEsuP5Iiwupv3ClyTXwLXFnVojGyXQfpzO.arDdxhx44zEbLnugpPMyIY5MGMhRZYacgCbxQ4wGwfxPTZeSdogNnSSga7MggWS9j_WHPh901cvLHfv3ntVzIYwHA1uksCGLuTlT65CrFAtvmAPflz__SlvbDdjzwlMjUvoaZvqK9Mlt28fKiTrmGcVN524uI9q2aUbj.gDHrLXN9J0Ujcz90C9BS0hBZH8WVoB6nvmufrTBFOLvahvE3AlfuEVQw3y0V0iEv0jVy92nmoEI9Wse5bLuO1SqhuoAS6PGqD0t8ErLIRePE8hUSHXkOS7VS4.9UVH5at9BR3C0LXttuRv6pEf5VPsSotNKnCxjD2FuIgq5xkfp1TVwyBcQpnZdw4DYTSVCXp05EqJ8K9qLFe0ogIUfSWOkSP87Vk8Iqp90qxt94oFdYUZHWf9W3IINquo4v.CDN9Ies8YT9pRyE3_NLAfOlFkBGJJxMeUiPO2VCMeXdg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91355cd16edece7f';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=SPE%E2%80%99s%20comparative%20solution%20projects&__cf_chl_rt_tk=i14EFzILzCg4VT1O2i083EyZT1VNHRdr8lQGHrqDS5U-1739790958-1.0.1.1-NewVzNkoTXB_idWgohDiaIxL7.QTmvG5vkf1OAJgWmw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>