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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="رأس الإنسان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رأس الإنسان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_hum%C3%A0" title="Cap humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cap humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidsk%C3%A1_hlava" title="Lidská hlava – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lidská hlava" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capu" title="Capu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Capu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Ανθρώπινο κεφάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανθρώπινο κεφάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabeza_humana" title="Cabeza humana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabeza humana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سر انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سر انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAte_(anatomie_humaine)" title="Tête (anatomie humaine) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tête (anatomie humaine)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AD%D5%AB_%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մարդու գլխի անատոմիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու գլխի անատոմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಾನವನ ತಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾನವನ ತಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caput_humanum" title="Caput humanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caput humanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Човечка глава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Човечка глава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%DA%93%DB%8D" title="انساني کوپړۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انساني کوپړۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabe%C3%A7a_humana" title="Cabeça humana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cabeça humana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மனித தலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித தலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqerru_(tafekkarut)" title="Aqerru (tafekkarut) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aqerru (tafekkarut)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A7u_(ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di)" title="Đầu (người) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đầu (người)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD" title="人頭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人頭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A0%AD" title="人頭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人頭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta" title="Ta – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Ta" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu_Manusia" title="Hulu Manusia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Hulu Manusia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_heads" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3409626" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upper portion of the human body</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about human anatomy. For the heads of other animals, see <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">Head</a>. For the game developer, see <a href="/wiki/Human_Head_Studios" title="Human Head Studios">Human Head Studios</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Head_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Head (disambiguation)">Head (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Human head</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg/250px-Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg/375px-Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg/500px-Proportions_of_the_Head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="779" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> head drawn by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>caput</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006257">D006257</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/01.1.00.001%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A01.1.00.001</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=98">98</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma7154">7154</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409626" class="extiw" title="d:Q3409626">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In human anatomy, the <b>head</b> is at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>. It supports the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> and is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a>, which itself encloses the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Human_head" title="Special:EditPage/Human head">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_ap_anatomy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_ap_anatomy.jpg/220px-Head_ap_anatomy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_ap_anatomy.jpg/330px-Head_ap_anatomy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Head_ap_anatomy.jpg/440px-Head_ap_anatomy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Anatomy of the human head</figcaption></figure> <p>The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a>. The brain is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head rests on the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, and the seven <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> support it. The human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb) Over 98% of humans fit into this range. There have been odd incidences where human beings have abnormally small or large heads. The Zika virus was responsible for underdeveloped heads in the early 2000s. </p><p>The face is the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> part of the head, containing the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a>. On either side of the mouth, the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheeks</a> provide a fleshy border to the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">oral cavity</a>. The ears sit to either side of the head. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_supply">Blood supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Blood supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head receives blood supply through the internal and external <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid arteries</a>. These supply the area outside of the skull (<a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">external carotid artery</a>) and inside of the skull (<a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a>). The area inside the skull also receives blood supply from the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_artery" title="Vertebral artery">vertebral arteries</a>, which travel up through the cervical vertebrae. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nerve_supply">Nerve supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nerve supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray784.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gray784.png/350px-Gray784.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gray784.png/525px-Gray784.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Gray784.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Sensory areas of the head, showing the general distribution of the three divisions of the fifth nerve. From Gray's Anatomy 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The twelve pairs of <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve">cranial nerves</a> provide the majority of nervous control to the head. The sensation to the face is provided by the branches of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranial nerve">cranial nerve</a>. Sensation to other portions of the head is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerve">cervical nerves</a>. </p><p>Modern texts are in agreement about which <a href="/wiki/Nerve_supply_to_the_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve supply to the skin">areas of the skin are served by which nerves</a>, but there are minor variations in some of the details. The borders designated by diagrams in the 1918 edition of <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> are similar but not identical to those generally accepted today. </p><p>The cutaneous innervation of the head is as follows: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">Ophthalmic nerve</a> (green)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxillary_nerve" title="Maxillary nerve">Maxillary nerve</a> (pink)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_nerve" title="Mandibular nerve">Mandibular nerve</a> (yellow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_plexus" title="Cervical plexus">Cervical plexus</a> (purple)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_ramus_of_spinal_nerve" title="Dorsal ramus of spinal nerve">Dorsal rami</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerves">cervical nerves</a> (blue) and others are in picture which show following in upper column</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The head contains <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">sensory organs</a>: two eyes, two ears, a nose and <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> inside of the mouth. It also houses the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. Together, these organs function as a processing center for the body by relaying sensory information to the brain. Humans can process information faster by having this central nerve cluster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, the front of the head (the face) is the main distinguishing feature between different people due to its easily discernible features, such as eye and hair colors, shapes of the sensory organs, and the wrinkles. Humans easily differentiate between faces because of the brain's predisposition toward facial recognition. When observing a relatively unfamiliar species, all faces seem nearly identical. Human infants are biologically programmed to recognize subtle differences in anthropomorphic facial features.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Ibu_Dajak_krijger_uit_Long_Nawan_Z._en_O._afdeling_Borneo._TMnr_60034031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak people</a> were feared for their headhunting practices</figcaption></figure> <p>People who have greater than average intelligence are sometimes depicted in cartoons as having bigger heads as a way of notionally indicating that they have a "larger head". Additionally, in <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in popular culture">extraterrestrial</a> having a big head is often symbolic of high intelligence. Despite this depiction, advances in <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a> have shown that the functional diversity of the brain means that a difference in overall brain size is only slightly to moderately correlated to differences in overall intelligence between two humans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head is a source for many metaphors and <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Human language">human language</a>, including referring to things typically near the human head ( "the head of the bed"), things physically similar to the way a head is arranged spatially to a body ("the head of the table"), metaphorically ("the head of the class"), and things that represent some characteristics associated with the head, such as intelligence ("there are a lot of good heads in this company").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greeks had a method for evaluating <a href="/wiki/Sexual_attractiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual attractiveness">sexual attractiveness</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a>, part of which included measurements of the head.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a> is the practice of taking and <a href="/wiki/Human_trophy_collecting" title="Human trophy collecting">preserving a person's head</a> after killing the person. Headhunting has been practiced across the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Oceania for millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0004_Madagascar_(5558700320).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg/170px-0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg/255px-0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg/340px-0004_Madagascar_%285558700320%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A man wearing a <a href="/wiki/Straw_hat" title="Straw hat">straw hat</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">Headgear</a></div> <p>Headpieces can signify status, origin, religious/spiritual beliefs, social grouping, team affiliation, occupation, or fashion choices. </p><p>In many cultures, covering the head is seen as a sign of respect. Often, some or all of the head must be covered and veiled when entering holy places or places of prayer. For many centuries, women in Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> have covered their head hair as a sign of modesty. This trend has changed drastically in Europe in the 20th century, although is still observed in other parts of the world. In addition, a number of religions require men to wear specific head clothing—such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">taqiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarmulke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmulke">yarmulke</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_turban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh turban">Sikh turban</a>. The same goes for women with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> nun's <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hat" title="Hat">hat</a> is a head covering that can serve a variety of purposes. Hats may be worn as part of a uniform or used as a protective device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Hard_hat" title="Hard hat">hard hat</a>, a covering for warmth, a covering that meets sensory needs in some <a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">neurodivergent</a> people, or a fashion accessory. Hats can also be indicative of social status in some areas of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropometry"><a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anthropometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While numerous charts detailing head sizes in infants and children exist, most do not measure average head circumference past the age of 21. Reference charts for adult head circumference also generally feature <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homogeneous">homogeneous</a> samples and fail to take height and weight into account.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One study in the United States estimated the average human head circumference to be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>57 centimetres (<span class="frac">22<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) in males and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">55 centimetres (<span class="frac">21<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in females.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Source does not support statement (October 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Human_head#Talk_Average_Head_Circumference_Statement" title="Talk:Human head">discuss</a></i>]</sup> A British study by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> showed an average size of 57.2 cm for males and 55.2 cm for females with average size varying proportionally with height <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Macrocephaly" title="Macrocephaly">Macrocephaly</a> can be an indicator of increased risk for some types of cancer in individuals who carry the genetic mutation that causes <a href="/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">Cowden syndrome</a>. For adults, this refers to head sizes greater than 58 centimeters in men or greater than 57 centimeters in women.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_anatomy" title="Head and neck anatomy">Head and neck anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heads_in_heraldry" title="Heads in heraldry">Heads in heraldry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/december/infants-process-faces-121112.html">"Infants process faces long before they recognize other objects, Stanford vision researchers find"</a>. <i>Stanford University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=Infants+process+faces+long+before+they+recognize+other+objects%2C+Stanford+vision+researchers+find&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fdecember%2Finfants-process-faces-121112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=neurosci.box.1833">Brain Size and Intelligence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallettLinkLee2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pallett PM, Link S, Lee K (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814183">"New "golden" ratios for facial beauty"</a>. <i>Vision Research</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 149–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.visres.2009.11.003">10.1016/j.visres.2009.11.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2814183">2814183</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19896961">19896961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vision+Research&rft.atitle=New+%22golden%22+ratios+for+facial+beauty&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-54&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2814183%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19896961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.visres.2009.11.003&rft.aulast=Pallett&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Link%2C+S&rft.au=Lee%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2814183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristine_Quigley2005" class="citation book cs1">Christine Quigley (13 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cM4BqO68wxEC&pg=PA249"><i>The Corpse: A History</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 249–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2449-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2449-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-2449-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corpse%3A+A+History&rft.pages=249-251&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2449-8&rft.au=Christine+Quigley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcM4BqO68wxEC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nguyen, A.K.D (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0717-95022012000400033">"Head Circumference in Canadian Male Adults: Development of a Normalized Chart"</a>. <i>International Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 1474–1480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2Fs0717-95022012000400033">10.4067/s0717-95022012000400033</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Head+Circumference+in+Canadian+Male+Adults%3A+Development+of+a+Normalized+Chart&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1474-1480&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2Fs0717-95022012000400033&rft.aulast=Nguyen&rft.aufirst=A.K.D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252Fs0717-95022012000400033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smf.org/docs/articles/pdf/chingtechbrief.pdf">TECHNICAL BRIEF - Relationship Between Head Mass and Circumference in Human Adults. Date: July 20, 2007. Principal Investigator: Randal P. Ching, Ph.D. Institution: University of Washington. Applied Biomechanics Laboratory.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushbyColeMatthewsGoodship1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bushby KM, Cole T, Matthews JN, Goodship JA (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1793909">"Centiles for adult head circumference"</a>. <i>Archives of Disease in Childhood</i>. <b>67</b> (10): 1286–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.67.10.1286">10.1136/adc.67.10.1286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1793909">1793909</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1444530">1444530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Centiles+for+adult+head+circumference&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1286-7&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1793909%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1444530&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.67.10.1286&rft.aulast=Bushby&rft.aufirst=KM&rft.au=Cole%2C+T&rft.au=Matthews%2C+JN&rft.au=Goodship%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1793909&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.clevelandclinic.org/about-cleveland-clinic/newsroom/releases-videos-newsletters/2010/genomic-researchers-correlation-head-size-colon-cancer-risk">Cowden Syndrome Detection Will Allow For Early Discovery of Cancerous Polyps. Date: December 7, 2010. Principal Investigator: Charis Eng, MD, PhD. Institution: Cleveland Clinic Genomic Medicine.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesterTilotRybickiFrazier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mester JL, Tilot AK, Rybicki LA, Frazier TW, Eng C (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137495">"Analysis of prevalence and degree of macrocephaly in patients with germline PTEN mutations and of brain weight in Pten knock-in murine model"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>19</b> (7): 763–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.20">10.1038/ejhg.2011.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3137495">3137495</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21343951">21343951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+prevalence+and+degree+of+macrocephaly+in+patients+with+germline+PTEN+mutations+and+of+brain+weight+in+Pten+knock-in+murine+model&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=763-8&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3137495%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21343951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.20&rft.aulast=Mester&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Tilot%2C+AK&rft.au=Rybicki%2C+LA&rft.au=Frazier%2C+TW&rft.au=Eng%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3137495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHuman+head" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_head&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_heads" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human heads">Human heads</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Campbell, Bernard Grant. <i>Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations</i>, 4th edition (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscles_of_the_head" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscles_of_head" title="Template:Muscles of head"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscles_of_head" title="Template talk:Muscles of head"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles_of_head" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscles of head"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscles_of_the_head" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscles</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">head</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Oblique</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle" title="Superior oblique muscle">superior</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rectus</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_rectus_muscle" title="Superior rectus muscle">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_rectus_muscle" title="Inferior rectus muscle">inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_rectus_muscle" title="Medial rectus muscle">medial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_rectus_muscle" title="Lateral rectus muscle">lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle" title="Levator palpebrae superioris muscle">Levator palpebrae superioris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_tarsal_muscle" title="Superior tarsal muscle">superior tarsal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication" title="Muscles of mastication">Masticatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masseter_muscle" title="Masseter muscle">Masseter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal muscle">Temporalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sphenomandibularis" title="Sphenomandibularis">sphenomandibularis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Pterygoid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_pterygoid_muscle" title="Lateral pterygoid muscle">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_pterygoid_muscle" title="Medial pterygoid muscle">medial</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Fascia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masseteric_fascia" title="Masseteric fascia">masseteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_fascia" title="Temporal fascia">temporal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Facial_muscles" title="Facial muscles">Facial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auricular_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Auricular muscles">Auricular</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_auricular_muscle" title="Anterior auricular muscle">anterior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_auricular_muscle" title="Superior auricular muscle">superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_muscle" title="Posterior auricular muscle">posterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporoparietalis_muscle" title="Temporoparietalis muscle">Temporoparietalis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitofrontalis_muscle" title="Occipitofrontalis muscle">Occipitofrontalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occipitalis_muscle" title="Occipitalis muscle">occipitalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontalis_muscle" title="Frontalis muscle">frontalis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle" title="Orbicularis oculi muscle">Orbicularis oculi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressor_supercilii_muscle" title="Depressor supercilii muscle">depressor supercilii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugator_supercilii_muscle" title="Corrugator supercilii muscle">Corrugator supercilii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris_muscle" title="Levator palpebrae superioris muscle">Levator palpebrae superioris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Procerus_muscle" title="Procerus muscle">Procerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalis_muscle" title="Nasalis muscle">Nasalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilator_naris_muscle" title="Dilator naris muscle">dilator naris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressor_septi_nasi_muscle" title="Depressor septi nasi muscle">Depressor septi nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris_alaeque_nasi_muscle" title="Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle">Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levator_anguli_oris" title="Levator anguli oris">Levator anguli oris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_labii_superioris" title="Levator labii superioris">Levator labii superioris</a></li> <li><i>Zygomaticus</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticus_major_muscle" title="Zygomaticus major muscle">major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticus_minor_muscle" title="Zygomaticus minor muscle">minor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle" title="Orbicularis oris muscle">Orbicularis oris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risorius" title="Risorius">Risorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccinator_muscle" title="Buccinator muscle">Buccinator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depressor_anguli_oris_muscle" title="Depressor anguli oris muscle">Depressor anguli oris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressor_labii_inferioris_muscle" title="Depressor labii inferioris muscle">Depressor labii inferioris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalis" title="Mentalis">Mentalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transversus_menti" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversus menti">Transversus menti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soft_palate#Muscles" title="Soft palate">Soft palate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Veli palatini</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_veli_palatini_muscle" title="Tensor veli palatini muscle">tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levator_veli_palatini" title="Levator veli palatini">levator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musculus_uvulae" title="Musculus uvulae">Musculus uvulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatopharyngeus_muscle" title="Palatopharyngeus muscle">Palatopharyngeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatoglossus_muscle" title="Palatoglossus muscle">Palatoglossus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscles of tongue">Tongue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extrinsic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genioglossus" title="Genioglossus">Genioglossus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoglossus" title="Hyoglossus">Hyoglossus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroglossus" title="Chondroglossus">chondroglossus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styloglossus" title="Styloglossus">Styloglossus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatoglossus" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatoglossus">Palatoglossus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intrinsic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue" title="Superior longitudinal muscle of tongue">Superior longitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_longitudinal_muscle_of_tongue" title="Inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue">Inferior longitudinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_muscle_of_tongue" title="Transverse muscle of tongue">Transverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_muscle_of_tongue" title="Vertical muscle of tongue">Vertical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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