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<div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Advertising" 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[o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th-19th_century:_Newspaper_Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-19th_century:_Newspaper_Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 18th-19th century: Newspaper Advertising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th-19th_century:_Newspaper_Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_century:_Modern_Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_century:_Modern_Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Late 19th century: Modern Advertising </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_century:_Modern_Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radio_from_the_1920s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_from_the_1920s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Radio from the 1920s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_from_the_1920s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_television_in_the_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_television_in_the_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Commercial television in the 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_television_in_the_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_television_from_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_television_from_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Cable television from the 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_television_from_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_from_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_from_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.4 Internet from the 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_from_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Traditional media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_media_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_media_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 New media approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_media_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_in_new_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_in_new_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Rise in new media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_in_new_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Niche marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crowdsourcing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crowdsourcing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Crowdsourcing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crowdsourcing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Globalization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_public_messaging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_public_messaging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Foreign public messaging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_public_messaging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Diversification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 New technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Purposes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Purposes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sales_promotions_and_brand_loyalty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales_promotions_and_brand_loyalty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Sales promotions and brand loyalty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales_promotions_and_brand_loyalty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hierarchy-of-effects_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchy-of-effects_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Hierarchy-of-effects models </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchy-of-effects_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_mix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_mix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Marketing mix </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_mix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Semiotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_effects_on_comprehension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_effects_on_comprehension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gender effects on comprehension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_effects_on_comprehension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Alternatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Fathers"_of_advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Fathers"_of_advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 "Fathers" of advertising </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-"Fathers"_of_advertising-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle "Fathers" of advertising subsection </button> <ul id="toc-"Fathers"_of_advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influential_thinkers_in_advertising_theory_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influential_thinkers_in_advertising_theory_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Influential thinkers in advertising theory and practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influential_thinkers_in_advertising_theory_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Advertising</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" > 113 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إعلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicidat" title="Publicidat – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Publicidat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞাপন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বিজ্ঞাপন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklam" title="Reklam – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Reklam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تبلیغات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تبلیغات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8" title="বিজ্ঞাপন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিজ্ঞাপন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3ng-k%C3%B2" title="Kóng-kò – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kóng-kò" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рэклама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэклама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рэкляма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэкляма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weabung" title="Weabung – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weabung" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruderezh" title="Bruderezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bruderezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicitat" title="Publicitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Publicitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BCa" title="Рекламa – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рекламa" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpublisydad" title="Pagpublisydad – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pagpublisydad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicidad" title="Publicidad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Publicidad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushambadza" title="Kushambadza – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kushambadza" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysbysebu" title="Hysbysebu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hysbysebu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklame" title="Reklame – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reklame" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1innus" title="Máinnus – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Máinnus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werbung" title="Werbung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Werbung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklaam" title="Reklaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reklaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Διαφήμιση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαφήμιση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicidad" title="Publicidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Publicidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklamo" title="Reklamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reklamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publizitate" title="Publizitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Publizitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تبلیغات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبلیغات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicit%C3%A9" title="Publicité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Publicité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklame" title="Reklame – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Reklame" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicit%C3%A2t" title="Publicitât – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Publicitât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3gra%C3%ADocht" title="Fógraíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fógraíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicidade" title="Publicidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Publicidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4" title="જાહેરાત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાહેરાત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EA%B3%A0" title="광고 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광고" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4" title="Գովազդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գովազդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञापन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विज्ञापन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogla%C5%A1avanje" title="Oglašavanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oglašavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Advertising" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklan" title="Iklan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iklan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maniu%C4%A1un" title="Maniuġun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Maniuġun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukukhangisa" title="Ukukhangisa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukukhangisa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augl%C3%BDsing" title="Auglýsing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Auglýsing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubblicit%C3%A0" title="Pubblicità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pubblicità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פרסום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרסום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklan" title="Iklan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iklan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94m_susuu" title="Tɔm susuu – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔm susuu" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81" title="ಜಾಹೀರಾತು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾಹೀರಾತು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="რეკლამა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რეკლამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жарнама – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарнама" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklam" title="Reklam – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reklam" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piblisit%C3%A9" title="Piblisité – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Piblisité" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklam" title="Reklam – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Reklam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жарнама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарнама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeconium_mercatorium" title="Praeconium mercatorium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praeconium mercatorium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekl%C4%81ma" title="Reklāma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Reklāma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekl%C3%A1m" title="Reklám – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Reklám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പരസ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരസ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="जाहिरात – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जाहिरात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iklan" title="Iklan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iklan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Зар сурталчилгаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зар сурталчилгаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reclame" title="Reclame – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Reclame" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञापन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विज्ञापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="विज्ञापन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विज्ञापन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%91%8A" title="広告 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="広告" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklame" title="Reklame – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reklame" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklame" title="Reklame – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Reklame" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicitat" title="Publicitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Publicitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਇਸ਼ਤਿਹਾਰਬਾਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਸ਼ਤਿਹਾਰਬਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagpatalastas" title="Panagpatalastas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Panagpatalastas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advataizin" title="Advataizin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Advataizin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicidade" title="Publicidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Publicidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publicitate" title="Publicitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Publicitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatiray" title="Qatiray – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatiray" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverteesin" title="Adverteesin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Adverteesin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wierwenge" title="Wierwenge – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wierwenge" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklamimi" title="Reklamimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reklamimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubbricitati" title="Pubbricitati – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pubbricitati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="දැන්වීම්කරණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දැන්වීම්කරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Advertising" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogla%C5%A1evanje" title="Oglaševanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oglaševanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B4%DB%95" title="بانگەشە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بانگەشە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Оглашавање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оглашавање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklama" title="Reklama – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Reklama" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pariwara" title="Pariwara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pariwara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainonta" title="Mainonta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mainonta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklam" title="Reklam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reklam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatalastas" title="Pagpapatalastas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagpapatalastas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விளம்பரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விளம்பரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8" title="ప్రకటన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రకటన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2" title="การโฆษณา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโฆษณา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Таблиғот – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Таблиғот" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reklam" title="Reklam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reklam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Реклама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реклама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اشتہارات – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشتہارات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%90%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئېلان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئېلان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/AD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="AD (disambiguation)">AD (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertiser_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Advertiser (disambiguation)">Advertiser (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Advertise_(horse)" title="Advertise (horse)">Advertise (horse)</a>. For the English punk band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Adverts" title="The Adverts">The Adverts</a>. For the QI episode "Advertising", see <a href="/wiki/List_of_QI_episodes" title="List of QI episodes"> List of QI episodes</a>. For information about advertising on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Advertising" class="mw-disambig" title="Wikipedia:Advertising">Wikipedia:Advertising</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ladies%27_home_journal_(1948)_(14785694143).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg/300px-The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg/450px-The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg/600px-The_Ladies%27_home_journal_%281948%29_%2814785694143%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2630" /></a><figcaption>1948 print advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Rinso" title="Rinso">Rinso</a> laundry soap</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Management</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_activation" title="Marketing activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">Brand licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-creation" title="Co-creation">Co-creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">Consumer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_effectiveness" title="Marketing effectiveness">Effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_ethics" title="Marketing ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">MiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalization_(marketing)" title="Cannibalization (marketing)">Cannibalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account-based_marketing" title="Account-based marketing">Account-based marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_marketing" title="Social marketing">Social marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_(marketing)" title="Attribution (marketing)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Promotional content</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_marketing" title="Ambush marketing">Ambush marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_anniversary" title="Corporate anniversary">Corporate anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">Direct marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">Franchising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_on_hold" title="Music on hold">On-hold messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_selling" title="Personal selling">Personal selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_(marketing)" title="Premium (marketing)">Premiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(marketing)" title="Prize (marketing)">Prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_spot" title="Underwriting spot">Underwriting spot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Promotional media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">Behavioral targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_ambassador" title="Brand ambassador">Brand ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">Display advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_marketing" title="Drip marketing">Drip marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">In-game advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">Out-of-home advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_representative" title="Promotional representative">Promotional representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">Web banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word-of-mouth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Market research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">Marketing research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_shopping" title="Mystery shopping">Mystery shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer research">Consumer research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marketing" title="Template:Marketing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marketing" title="Template talk:Marketing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to present a product or service in terms of utility, advantages and qualities of interest to consumers. It is typically used to promote a specific good or service, but there are a wide range of uses, the most common being commercial advertisement. Commercial advertisements often seek to generate increased consumption of their products or services through "<a href="/wiki/Branding_(promotional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branding (promotional)">branding</a>", which associates a product name or image with certain qualities in the minds of consumers. On the other hand, ads that intend to elicit an immediate sale are known as direct-response advertising. Non-commercial entities that advertise more than consumer products or services include political parties, interest groups, religious organizations, and governmental agencies. <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Non-profit organizations</a> may use free modes of persuasion, such as a <a href="/wiki/Public_service_announcement" title="Public service announcement">public service announcement</a>. Advertising may also help to reassure employees or shareholders that a company is viable or successful. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> businesses were among the first to employ large-scale advertising campaigns. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt" title="Thomas J. Barratt">Thomas J. Barratt</a> was hired by <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears</a> to be its brand manager—the first of its kind—and in addition to creating slogans and images he recruited West End stage actress and socialite <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> to become the poster-girl for Pears, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-Endorse-1">[1]</a> Modern advertising originated with the techniques introduced with <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">tobacco advertising</a> in the 1920s, most significantly with the campaigns of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a>, considered the founder of modern, "<a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a>" advertising.<a href="#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gifford2010p15-3">[3]</a> Worldwide spending on advertising in 2015 amounted to an estimated <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>529.43 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Carat092015-4">[4]</a> Advertising's projected distribution for 2017 was 40.4% on TV, 33.3% on digital, 9% on newspapers, 6.9% on magazines, 5.8% on outdoor and 4.3% on radio.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Internationally, the largest ("Big Five") <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">advertising agency</a> groups are <a href="/wiki/Omnicom_Group" title="Omnicom Group">Omnicom</a>, <a href="/wiki/WPP_plc" title="WPP plc">WPP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publicis" title="Publicis">Publicis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Interpublic_Group_of_Companies" title="The Interpublic Group of Companies">Interpublic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dentsu" title="Dentsu">Dentsu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In Latin, advertere means "to turn towards".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_advertising" title="History of advertising">History of advertising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg/220px-Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg/330px-Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg/440px-Bronze_printing_plate_for_an_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Bronze plate for printing an advertisement for the Liu family needle shop at <a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> China. It is the world's earliest identified printed advertising medium.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg/220px-Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg/440px-Edo_period_advertising_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> LEL flyer from 1806 for a traditional medicine called Kinseitan</figcaption></figure> Egyptians used <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> to make sales messages and wall posters.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">Commercial messages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaign</a> displays have been found in the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lost_and_found" title="Lost and found">Lost and found</a> advertising on papyrus was common in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>. Wall or rock painting for commercial advertising is another manifestation of an ancient advertising form, which is present to this day in many parts of Asia, Africa, and South America. The tradition of wall painting can be traced back to Indian <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> paintings that date back to 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatia-9">[9]</a> In ancient China, the earliest advertising known was oral, as recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry" title="Classic of Poetry">Classic of Poetry</a> (11th to 7th centuries BC) of bamboo flutes played to sell confectionery. Advertisement usually takes the form of calligraphic signboards and inked papers. A copper printing plate dated back to the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> used to print posters in the form of a square sheet of paper with a rabbit logo with "<a href="/wiki/Jinan" title="Jinan">Jinan</a> Liu's Fine Needle Shop" and "We buy high-quality steel rods and make fine-quality needles, to be ready for use at home in no time" written above and below<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> is considered the world's earliest identified printed advertising medium.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In Europe, as the towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general population was unable to read, instead of signs that read "cobbler", "miller", "tailor", or "blacksmith", images associated with their trade would be used such as a boot, a suit, a hat, a clock, a diamond, a horseshoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square from the backs of carts and wagons and their proprietors used street callers (<a href="/wiki/Town_crier" title="Town crier">town criers</a>) to announce their whereabouts. The first compilation of such advertisements was gathered in "Les Crieries de Paris", a thirteenth-century poem by Guillaume de la Villeneuve.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th-19th_century:_Newspaper_Advertising">18th-19th century: Newspaper Advertising</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pears_Soap_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pears_Soap_1900.jpg/200px-Pears_Soap_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pears_Soap_1900.jpg/300px-Pears_Soap_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pears_Soap_1900.jpg/400px-Pears_Soap_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Poster for <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears soap</a> created under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt" title="Thomas J. Barratt">Thomas J. Barratt</a>'s leadership, 1900. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These early print advertisements were used mainly to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in the printing press; and medicines, which were increasingly sought after. However, <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a> and so-called "<a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quack</a>" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of advertising content. In the United States, newspapers grew quickly in the first few decades of the 19th century, in part due to advertising. By 1822, the United States had more newspaper readers than any other country. About half of the content of these newspapers consisted of advertising, usually local advertising, with half of the daily newspapers in the 1810s using the word "advertiser" in their name.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg/200px-Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg/300px-Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg/400px-Beechams_Pills._Worth_a_guinea_a_Box_from_August_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Beecham%27s_Pills" title="Beecham's Pills">Beechams Pills</a>: Worth a guinea a box", the first <a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">advertising slogan</a> from August 1859</figcaption></figure> In August 1859, British pharmaceutical firm <a href="/wiki/Beecham_Group" title="Beecham Group">Beechams</a> created a slogan for <a href="/wiki/Beecham%27s_Pills" title="Beecham's Pills">Beecham's Pills</a>: "Beechams Pills: Worth a <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guinea</a> a box", which is considered to be the world's first advertising slogan.<a href="#cite_note-Herald-14">[14]</a> The Beechams adverts would appear in newspapers all over the world, helping the company become a global brand.<a href="#cite_note-Herald-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-slogan-15">[15]</a> The phrase was said to be uttered by a satisfied lady purchaser from <a href="/wiki/St_Helens,_Merseyside" title="St Helens, Merseyside">St Helens</a>, Lancashire, the founder's hometown.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png/150px-19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png/225px-19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png/300px-19th_Century_advertisement_for_Beecham%27s_Pills.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Beecham's slogan in the Los Angeles Herald, July 20, 1893</figcaption></figure> In June 1836, the French newspaper <a href="/wiki/La_Presse_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="La Presse (France)">La Presse</a> was the first to include paid advertising in its pages,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profitability</a> and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney B. Palmer established the roots of the modern day advertising agency in Philadelphia. In 1842 Palmer bought large amounts of space in various newspapers at a discounted rate then resold the space at higher rates to advertisers. The actual ad – the copy, layout, and artwork – was still prepared by the company wishing to advertise; in effect, Palmer was a space broker. The situation changed when the first full-service advertising agency of N.W. Ayer & Son was founded in 1869 in Philadelphia. Ayer & Son offered to plan, create, and execute complete advertising campaigns for its customers. By 1900 the advertising agency had become the focal point of creative planning, and advertising was firmly established as a profession. <a href="#cite_note-eskilson-pg58-17">[17]</a> Around the same time, in France, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Havas" title="Charles-Louis Havas">Charles-Louis Havas</a> extended the services of his news agency, <a href="/wiki/Havas" title="Havas">Havas</a> to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-eskilson-pg58-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_century:_Modern_Advertising">Late 19th century: Modern Advertising</h3></div> The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of modern advertising, driven by <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialization</a> and the growth of consumer goods. This era saw the dawn of ad agencies, employing more cunning methods— persuasive diction and psychological tactics.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt" title="Thomas J. Barratt">Thomas J. Barratt</a> of London has been called "the father of modern advertising".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-mat-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-nick-21">[21]</a> Working for the <a href="/wiki/Pears_(soap)" title="Pears (soap)">Pears soap</a> company, Barratt created an effective advertising campaign for the company products, which involved the use of targeted slogans, images and phrases. One of his slogans, "Good morning. Have you used Pears' soap?" was famous in its day and into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-obit-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-part-23">[23]</a> In 1882, Barratt recruited English actress and socialite <a href="/wiki/Lillie_Langtry" title="Lillie Langtry">Lillie Langtry</a> to become the poster girl for Pears, making her the first celebrity to endorse a commercial product.<a href="#cite_note-Endorse-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg/220px-Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg/330px-Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg/440px-Cocacola-5cents-1900_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2331" data-file-height="3190" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> advertisement from the 1890s</figcaption></figure> Becoming the company's brand manager in 1865, listed as the first of its kind by the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of Records">Guinness Book of Records</a>, Barratt introduced many of the crucial ideas that lie behind successful advertising and these were widely circulated in his day. He constantly stressed the importance of a strong and exclusive brand image for Pears and of emphasizing the product's availability through saturation campaigns. He also understood the importance of constantly reevaluating the market for changing tastes and mores, stating in 1907 that "tastes change, fashions change, and the advertiser has to change with them. An idea that was effective a generation ago would fall flat, stale, and unprofitable if presented to the public today. Not that the idea of today is always better than the older idea, but it is different – it hits the present taste."<a href="#cite_note-mat-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg/180px-Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg/270px-Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg/360px-Opera_wafers_huntleypalmers_ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Advertising for <a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a> wafers <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890</figcaption></figure> Enhanced advertising revenues was one effect of the Industrial Revolution in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Thanks to the revolution and the consumers it created, by the mid-19th century <a href="/wiki/Biscuit#Confectionery_biscuits" title="Biscuit">biscuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> became products for the masses, and British biscuit manufacturers were among the first to introduce branding to distinguish grocery products.<a href="#cite_note-V&A-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FT-27">[27]</a> One the world's first global brands, <a href="/wiki/Huntley_%26_Palmers" title="Huntley & Palmers">Huntley & Palmers</a> biscuits were sold in 172 countries in 1900, and their global reach was reflected in their advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-V&A-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg/220px-George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg/330px-George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg/440px-George_William_Joy_-_The_Bayswater_Omnibus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_William_Joy" class="mw-redirect" title="George William Joy">George William Joy</a>'s depiction of the interior of a late 19th century omnibus conspicuously shows the advertisements placed overhead.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg/180px-Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg/270px-Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg/360px-Advert_for_Guy%27s_Tonic_Wellcome_L0040436.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for Guy's Tonic in the 1900s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_(US).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg/220px-1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg/330px-1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg/440px-1929-_Advertising_revenue_as_percent_of_GDP_%28US%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption> Advertising revenue as a percent of US <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> shows a rise in audio-visual and digital advertising at the expense of print media.<a href="#cite_note-BEA_20171023-28">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegna_Plakat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aegna_Plakat.jpg/180px-Aegna_Plakat.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Aegna_Plakat.jpg/270px-Aegna_Plakat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Aegna_Plakat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian language</a> advertisement about a cruise between <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg/220px-Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg/330px-Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Ad_Encyclopaedia-Britannica_05-1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></figcaption></figure> As a result of massive industrialization, advertising increased dramatically in the United States. In 1919 it was 2.5 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in the US, and it averaged 2.2 percent of GDP between then and at least 2007, though it may have declined dramatically since the Great Recession. Industry could not benefit from its increased productivity without a substantial increase in <a href="/wiki/Consumer_spending" title="Consumer spending">consumer spending</a>. This contributed to the development of mass marketing designed to influence the population's economic behavior on a larger scale.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the 1910s and 1920s, advertisers in the U.S. adopted the doctrine that human instincts could be targeted and harnessed – "<a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">sublimated</a>" into the desire to purchase commodities.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a>, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, became associated with the method and is sometimes called the founder of modern advertising and public relations.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Bernays claimed that:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[The] general principle, that men are very largely actuated by motives which they conceal from themselves, is as true of mass as of individual psychology. It is evident that the successful propagandist must understand the true motives and not be content to accept the reasons which men give for what they do.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></blockquote>In other words, selling products by appealing to the rational minds of customers (the main method used prior to Bernays) was much less effective than selling products based on the unconscious desires that Bernays felt were the true motivators of human action. "<a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex sells</a>" became a controversial issue, with techniques for titillating and enlarging the audience posing a challenge to conventional morality.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the 1920s, under <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, the American government promoted advertising. Hoover himself delivered an address to the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World in 1925 called 'Advertising Is a Vital Force in Our National Life."<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In October 1929, the head of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Foreign_and_Domestic_Commerce" title="Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce">Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce</a>, Julius Klein, stated "Advertising is the key to world prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-Leach367-36">[36]</a> This was part of the "unparalleled" collaboration between business and government in the 1920s, according to a 1933 European economic journal.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The tobacco companies became major advertisers in order to sell packaged cigarettes.<a href="#cite_note-Brandt2009p31-38">[38]</a> The tobacco companies pioneered the new advertising techniques when they hired Bernays to create positive associations with tobacco smoking.<a href="#cite_note-Studlar2002p55-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gifford2010p15-3">[3]</a> Advertising was also used as a vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, encouraging workers to exchange their traditional habits and community structure in favor of a shared "modern" lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> An important tool for influencing immigrant workers was the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Foreign_Language_Newspapers" title="American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers">American Association of Foreign Language Newspapers</a> (AAFLN). The AAFLN was primarily an advertising agency but also gained heavily centralized control over much of the immigrant press.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg/220px-1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg/330px-1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg/440px-1916-skin-touch-soap-ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1382" /></a><figcaption>1916 Ladies' Home Journal version of the famous ad by <a href="/wiki/Helen_Lansdowne_Resor" title="Helen Lansdowne Resor">Helen Lansdowne Resor</a> of the J. Walter Thompson Agency</figcaption></figure> At the turn of the 20th century, advertising was one of the few career choices for women. Since women were responsible for most household purchasing done, advertisers and agencies recognized the value of women's insight during the creative process. In fact, the first American advertising to use a <a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">sexual sell</a> was created by a woman – for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards, the advertisement featured a couple with the message "A skin you love to touch".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In the 1920s, psychologists Walter D. Scott and <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a> contributed applied psychological theory to the field of advertising. Scott said, "Man has been called the reasoning animal but he could with greater truthfulness be called the creature of suggestion. He is reasonable, but he is to a greater extent suggestible".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> He demonstrated this through his advertising technique of a direct command to the consumer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio_from_the_1920s">Radio from the 1920s</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif/220px-1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif/330px-1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/1930.05.06_Advertisement_for_Radio_Broadcast_With_Lisa_Roma.gif 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for a live radio broadcast, sponsored by a milk company, Adohr milk, and published in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> on May 6, 1930</figcaption></figure> In the early 1920s, the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers, followed by <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organizations</a> such as schools, clubs and civic groups who also set up their own stations.<a href="#cite_note-uouynv-44">[44]</a> Retailer and consumer goods manufacturers quickly recognized radio's potential to reach consumers in their home and soon adopted advertising techniques that would allow their messages to stand out; <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">slogans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingles</a> began to appear on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> in the 1920s and early <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The rise of mass media communications allowed manufacturers of branded goods to bypass retailers by advertising directly to consumers. This was a major paradigm shift which forced manufacturers to focus on the brand and stimulated the need for superior insights into consumer purchasing, consumption and usage behavior; their needs, wants and aspirations.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The earliest radio drama series were sponsored by soap manufacturers and the genre became known as a <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Before long, radio station owners realized they could increase advertising revenue by selling 'air-time' in small time allocations which could be sold to multiple businesses. By the 1930s, these advertising spots, as the packets of time became known, were being sold by the station's geographical sales representatives, ushering in an era of national radio advertising.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> By the 1940s, manufacturers began to recognize the way in which consumers were developing personal relationships with their brands in a social/psychological/anthropological sense.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Advertisers began to use motivational research and <a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">consumer research</a> to gather insights into consumer purchasing. Strong branded campaigns for Chrysler and Exxon/Esso, using insights drawn research methods from psychology and cultural anthropology, led to some of the most enduring campaigns of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commercial_television_in_the_1950s">Commercial television in the 1950s</h4></div> In the early 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont Television Network</a> began the modern practice of selling advertisement time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by selling smaller blocks of advertising time to several businesses. This eventually became the standard for the commercial television industry in the United States. However, it was still a common practice to have single sponsor shows, such as <a href="/wiki/The_United_States_Steel_Hour" title="The United States Steel Hour">The United States Steel Hour</a>. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content of the show – up to and including having one's advertising agency actually writing the show.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The single sponsor model is much less prevalent now, a notable exception being the <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hallmark Hall of Fame">Hallmark Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cable_television_from_the_1980s">Cable television from the 1980s</h4></div> The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a <a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">by-product</a> or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, <a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">specialty channels</a> emerged, including channels entirely <a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">devoted to advertising</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/QVC" title="QVC">QVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_Shopping_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Shopping Network">Home Shopping Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ShopTV_Canada" title="ShopTV Canada">ShopTV Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internet_from_the_1990s">Internet from the 1990s</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></div> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Ad_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad server">ad server</a>, online advertising grew, contributing to the "<a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com</a>" boom of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupons</a> to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, some websites, including the <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search engine</a> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, changed <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a> by personalizing ads based on web browsing behavior. This has led to other similar efforts and an increase in <a href="/wiki/Interactive_advertising" title="Interactive advertising">interactive advertising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Online advertising introduced new opportunities for targeting and engagement, with platforms like <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> leading the charge. This shift has significantly altered the advertising landscape, making digital advertising a dominant force in the industry.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media since 1925. In 1925, the main advertising media in America were newspapers, magazines, signs on <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">streetcars</a>, and outdoor <a href="/wiki/Poster" title="Poster">posters</a>. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2.9 percent. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media; by 2017, the balance between broadcast and online advertising had shifted, with online spending exceeding broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower – about 2.4 percent.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_marketing" title="Guerrilla marketing">Guerrilla marketing</a> involves unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. This type of advertising is unpredictable, which causes consumers to buy the product or idea.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and "embedded" ads, such as via <a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">product placement</a>, having consumers vote through text messages, and various campaigns utilizing <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network services</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The advertising business model has also been adapted in recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In <a href="/wiki/Media_for_equity" title="Media for equity">media for equity</a>, advertising is not sold, but provided to start-up companies in return for <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a>. If the company grows and is sold, the media companies receive cash for their shares. <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">Domain name</a> registrants (usually those who register and renew domains as an investment) sometimes <a href="/wiki/Domain_parking" title="Domain parking">"park" their domains</a> and allow advertising companies to place ads on their sites in return for per-click payments. These ads are typically driven by pay per click search engines like Google or Yahoo, but ads can sometimes be placed directly on targeted domain names through a domain lease or by making contact with the registrant of a domain name that describes a product. Domain name registrants are generally easy to identify through <a href="/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS">WHOIS</a> records that are publicly available at registrar websites.<a href="#cite_note-icannwhois-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm/220px-seek%3D232-The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="251" data-mwtitle="The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm/The_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Impact_Of_Wikipedia.webm&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>An advertisement for the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg/220px-Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg/330px-Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg/440px-Clarkes_on_Belmont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2723" data-file-height="4183" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for a diner. Such signs are common on storefronts.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Advertisingman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Advertisingman.jpg/220px-Advertisingman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Advertisingman.jpg/330px-Advertisingman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Advertisingman.jpg/440px-Advertisingman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Paying people to hold signs is one of the oldest forms of advertising, as with this <a href="/wiki/Human_billboard" title="Human billboard">human billboard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg/220px-Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg/330px-Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg/440px-Hyundai_i40_with_Daikin_Advertising_operating_under_Comfort_taxis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3632" data-file-height="1715" /></a><figcaption>A taxicab with an advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Daikin" title="Daikin">Daikin</a> in Singapore. Buses and other vehicles are popular media for advertisers.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore,_April_9_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg/220px-Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Mobile_Bicycle_Billboard_from_Singapore%2C_April_9_2013.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>Mobile billboard in <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Park,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="East Coast Park, Singapore">East Coast Park, Singapore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg/220px-101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg/330px-101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg/440px-101_016_DRI_Ingolstadt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/DBAG_Class_101" class="mw-redirect" title="DBAG Class 101">DBAG Class 101</a> with <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> ads at Ingolstadt main railway station</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_(Transperth_(Transdev))_(TP1970).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg/220px-2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg/330px-2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg/440px-2008_Volgren_CR228L_on_Mercedes-Benz_OC_500_LE_CNG_%28Transperth_%28Transdev%29%29_%28TP1970%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="2095" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Transperth" title="Transperth">Transperth</a> bus with an advertisement on its side</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg/220px-Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg/330px-Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg/440px-Heissluftballon_over_Uetersen_3493_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">Hot air balloon</a> displaying advertising for <a href="/wiki/GEO_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GEO (magazine)">GEO</a> magazine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Advertising_(5795814747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg/220px-Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg/330px-Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg/440px-Street_Advertising_%285795814747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="2638" /></a><figcaption>Advertising man pasting a bill for <a href="/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a>, London in 1877</figcaption></figure> Advertising may be categorized in a variety of ways, including by style, target audience, geographic scope, medium, or purpose.<a href="#cite_note-Bovee-62">[62]</a>: 9–15  For example, in print advertising, classification by style can include <a href="/wiki/Display_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Display ad">display advertising</a> (ads with design elements sold by size) vs. classified advertising (ads without design elements sold by the word or line). Advertising may be local, national or global. An ad campaign may be directed toward consumers or to businesses. The purpose of an ad may be to raise awareness (brand advertising), or to elicit an immediate sale (direct response advertising). The term above the line (<a href="/wiki/ATL_%26_BTL_Agencies" title="ATL & BTL Agencies">ATL</a>) is used for advertising involving mass media; more targeted forms of advertising and promotion are referred to as below the line (BTL).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The two terms date back to 1954 when <a href="/wiki/Procter_%26_Gamble" title="Procter & Gamble">Procter & Gamble</a> began paying their advertising agencies differently from other promotional agencies.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the 2010s, as advertising technology developed, a new term, through the line (TTL) began to come into use, referring to integrated <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising campaigns">advertising campaigns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_media">Traditional media</h3></div> Virtually any medium can be used for advertising. Commercial advertising media can include <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">wall paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboards">billboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Street_furniture" title="Street furniture">street furniture</a> components, printed flyers and <a href="/wiki/Rack_card" title="Rack card">rack cards</a>, radio, cinema and television adverts, <a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">web banners</a>, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web <a href="/wiki/Pop-up_ad" title="Pop-up ad">popups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skywriting" title="Skywriting">skywriting</a>, bus stop benches, <a href="/wiki/Human_billboard" title="Human billboard">human billboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forehead_advertising" title="Forehead advertising">forehead advertising</a>, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses, banners attached to or sides of airplanes ("<a href="/wiki/Logojet" title="Logojet">logojets</a>"), <a href="/wiki/In-flight_advertising" title="In-flight advertising">in-flight advertisements</a> on <a href="/wiki/Tray-table" class="mw-redirect" title="Tray-table">seatback tray tables</a> or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and <a href="/wiki/Cabvision" title="Cabvision">passenger screens</a>, musical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, doors of bathroom stalls, stickers on apples in supermarkets, <a href="/wiki/Shopping_cart" title="Shopping cart">shopping cart handles</a> (grabertising), the opening section of <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a> audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any situation in which an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Share of global adspend<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Medium</th> <th>2015</th> <th>2017 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Advertising" title="Talk:Advertising">discuss</a>] </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">Television advertisement</a></td> <td>37.7%</td> <td>34.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Desktop <a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">online advertising</a></td> <td>19.9%</td> <td>18.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a></td> <td>9.2%</td> <td>18.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newspaper#Advertising" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a></td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>10.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>5.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_advertising" title="Outdoor advertising">Outdoor advertising</a></td> <td>6.8%</td> <td>6.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio advertisement</a></td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>5.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Cinema</a></td> <td>0.6%</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">Television</a></dt> <dd>Television advertising is one of the most expensive types of advertising; networks charge large amounts for commercial <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">airtime</a> during popular events. The annual <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a> <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a> game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television – with an audience of over 108 million and studies showing that 50% of those only tuned in to see the advertisements.<a href="#cite_note-A_Super_Bowl_Ad_Really_Is_Worth_$4_Million-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> During the 2014 edition of this game, the average thirty-second ad cost US$4 million, and $8 million was charged for a 60-second spot.<a href="#cite_note-A_Super_Bowl_Ad_Really_Is_Worth_$4_Million-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_advertising" title="Virtual advertising">Virtual advertisements</a> may be inserted into regular programming through computer graphics. It is typically inserted into otherwise blank backdrops<a href="#cite_note-McCarthy-72">[72]</a> or used to replace local billboards that are not relevant to the remote broadcast audience.<a href="#cite_note-Keith_Mcarthur-73">[73]</a> Virtual billboards may be inserted into the background where none exist in real-life. This technique is especially used in televised sporting events. Virtual product placement is also possible.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Welcome_to_E-Commerce_Times-75">[75]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">infomercial</a> is a long-format television commercial, typically five minutes or longer. The name blends the words "information" and "commercial". The main objective in an infomercial is to create an <a href="/wiki/Impulse_purchase" title="Impulse purchase">impulse purchase</a>, so that the target sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised <a href="/wiki/Toll-free_telephone_number" title="Toll-free telephone number">toll-free telephone number</a> or website. Infomercials describe and often demonstrate products, and commonly have testimonials from customers and <a href="/wiki/Advertising_professional" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising professional">industry professionals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Television_commercial_1948.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Television_commercial_1948.JPG/220px-Television_commercial_1948.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Television_commercial_1948.JPG/330px-Television_commercial_1948.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Television_commercial_1948.JPG/440px-Television_commercial_1948.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>A television commercial being filmed in 1948</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Radio</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a> advertisements are broadcast as radio waves to the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Airtime is purchased from a station or network in exchange for airing the commercials. While radio has the limitation of being restricted to sound, proponents of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage. Radio is an expanding medium that can be found on air, and also online. According to <a href="/wiki/Arbitron" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitron">Arbitron</a>, radio has approximately 241.6 million weekly listeners, or more than 93 percent of the U.S. population.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Online</dt> <dd>Online advertising is a form of <a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">promotion</a> that uses the Internet and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> for the expressed purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Online ads are delivered by an ad server. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear on <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search engine results pages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banner_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner ad">banner ads</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Pay_per_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Pay per click">pay per click</a> text ads, <a href="/wiki/Rich_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich media">rich media</a> ads, <a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_classified_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Online classified advertising">online classified advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising_network" title="Advertising network">advertising networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-mail_marketing" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail marketing">e-mail marketing</a>, including <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">e-mail spam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A newer form of online advertising is <a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native Ads</a>; they go in a website's news feed and are supposed to improve user experience by being less intrusive. However, some people argue this practice is deceptive.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Domain names</dt> <dd>Domain name advertising is most commonly done through pay per click <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">web search engines</a>, however, advertisers often lease space directly on domain names that generically describe their products. When an Internet user visits a website by typing a domain name directly into their web browser, this is known as "direct navigation", or "type in" web traffic. Although many Internet users search for ideas and products using search engines and mobile phones, a large number of users around the world still use the address bar. They will type a keyword into the address bar such as "geraniums" and add ".com" to the end of it. Sometimes they will do the same with ".org" or a country-code Top Level Domain (TLD such as ".co.uk" for the United Kingdom or ".ca" for Canada). When Internet users type in a generic keyword and add .com or another <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> (TLD) ending, it produces a targeted sales lead.<a href="#cite_note-targetedtraffic-80">[80]</a> Domain name advertising was originally developed by Oingo (later known as Applied Semantics), one of <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s early acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-oingo-81">[81]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Product placements</dt> <dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie <a href="/wiki/Minority_Report_(film)" title="Minority Report (film)">Minority Report</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>'s character John Anderton owns a phone with the <a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a> logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a> logo. Another example of advertising in film is in <a href="/wiki/I,_Robot_(film)" title="I, Robot (film)">I, Robot</a>, where main character played by <a href="/wiki/Will_Smith" title="Will Smith">Will Smith</a> mentions his <a href="/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Converse (shoe company)">Converse</a> shoes several times, calling them "classics", because the film is set far in the future. I, Robot and <a href="/wiki/Spaceballs" title="Spaceballs">Spaceballs</a> also showcase futuristic cars with the <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> logos clearly displayed on the front of the vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Cadillac" title="Cadillac">Cadillac</a> chose to advertise in the movie <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_Reloaded" title="The Matrix Reloaded">The Matrix Reloaded</a>, which as a result contained many scenes in which Cadillac cars were used. Similarly, product placement for <a href="/wiki/Omega_SA" title="Omega SA">Omega Watches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VAIO">VAIO</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aston_Martin" title="Aston Martin">Aston Martin</a> cars are featured in recent <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> films, most notably <a href="/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)" title="Casino Royale (2006 film)">Casino Royale</a>. In "<a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four:_Rise_of_the_Silver_Surfer" title="Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer">Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer</a>", the main transport vehicle shows a large <a href="/wiki/Dodge" title="Dodge">Dodge</a> logo on the front. <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> includes some of the most obvious product placement; the whole film stops to show a <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a> billboard.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Print</dt> <dd>Print advertising describes advertising in a printed medium such as a newspaper, magazine, or trade journal. This encompasses everything from media with a very broad readership base, such as a major national newspaper or magazine, to more narrowly targeted media such as local newspapers and trade journals on very specialized topics. One form of print advertising is <a href="/wiki/Classified_advertising" title="Classified advertising">classified advertising</a>, which allows private individuals or companies to purchase a small, narrowly targeted ad paid by the word or line. Another form of print advertising is the display ad, which is generally a larger ad with design elements that typically run in an article section of a newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-Bovee-62">[62]</a>: 14 </dd></dl> <dl><dt>Outdoor</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_,_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_,_circa_1949_,Kodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg/250px-London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg/375px-London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg/500px-London_%2C_Piccadilly_Circus_looking_up_Shaftsbury_Ave_%2C_circa_1949_%2CKodachrome_by_Chalmers_Butterfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5240" data-file-height="3678" /></a><figcaption>Outdoor advertisements, such as <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Avenue" title="Shaftesbury Avenue">Shaftesbury Avenue</a>, London <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1949 pictured here, are usually placed in busy locations.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg/235px-Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg/353px-Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg/470px-Aditya_Enclave_-_Ameerpet_-_Hyderabad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Hoardings as seen on commercial buildings in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad, India</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a>, also known as hoardings in some parts of the world, are large structures located in public places which display advertisements to passing pedestrians and motorists. Most often, they are located on main roads with a large amount of passing motor and pedestrian traffic; however, they can be placed in any location with large numbers of viewers, such as on mass transit vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums. The form known as street advertising first came to prominence in the UK by Street Advertising Services to create outdoor advertising on street furniture and pavements. Working with products such as <a href="/wiki/Reverse_Graffiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse Graffiti">Reverse Graffiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_dancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Air dancer">air dancers</a> and 3D pavement advertising, for getting brand messages out into public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> Sheltered outdoor advertising combines outdoor with indoor advertisement by placing large mobile, structures (<a href="/wiki/Tents" class="mw-redirect" title="Tents">tents</a>) in public places on temporary bases. The large outer advertising space aims to exert a strong pull on the observer, the product is promoted indoors, where the creative decor can intensify the impression.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_billboard" title="Mobile billboard">Mobile billboards</a> are generally vehicle mounted billboards or digital screens. These can be on dedicated vehicles built solely for carrying advertisements along routes preselected by clients, they can also be specially equipped cargo trucks or, in some cases, large banners strewn from planes. The billboards are often lighted; some being <a href="/wiki/Backlight" title="Backlight">backlit</a>, and others employing spotlights. Some billboard displays are static, while others change; for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of advertisements. Mobile displays are used for various situations in metropolitan areas throughout the world, including: target advertising, one-day and long-term campaigns, conventions, sporting events, store openings and similar promotional events, and big advertisements from smaller companies.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redeye_Sailboat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Redeye_Sailboat.jpg/220px-Redeye_Sailboat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Redeye_Sailboat.jpg/330px-Redeye_Sailboat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Redeye_Sailboat.jpg/440px-Redeye_Sailboat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/RedEye" title="RedEye">RedEye</a> newspaper advertised to its target market at <a href="/wiki/North_Avenue_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="North Avenue Beach">North Avenue Beach</a> with a sailboat billboard on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan" title="Lake Michigan">Lake Michigan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Point-of-sale</dt> <dd>In-store advertising is any advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placement of a product in visible locations in a store, such as at eye level, at the ends of aisles and near checkout counters (a.k.a. POP – point of purchase display), eye-catching displays promoting a specific product, and advertisements in such places as shopping carts and in-store video displays.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Novelties</dt> <dd>Advertising printed on small tangible items such as coffee mugs, T-shirts, pens, bags, and such is known as <a href="/wiki/Novelty_item" title="Novelty item">novelty advertising</a>. Some printers specialize in printing novelty items, which can then be distributed directly by the advertiser, or items may be distributed as part of a cross-promotion, such as ads on fast food containers. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Celebrity endorsements</dt> <dd>Advertising in which a celebrity endorses a product or brand leverages celebrity power, fame, money, and popularity to gain recognition for their products or to promote specific stores' or products. Advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products or wear clothes by specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print adverts to advertise specific or general products. The use of celebrities to endorse a brand can have its downsides, however; one mistake by a celebrity can be detrimental to the <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a> of a brand. For example, following his performance of eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, swimmer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Phelps" title="Michael Phelps">Michael Phelps</a>' contract with <a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s" title="Kellogg's">Kellogg's</a> was terminated, as Kellogg's did not want to associate with him after he was photographed smoking marijuana.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Celebrities such as <a href="/wiki/Britney_Spears" title="Britney Spears">Britney Spears</a> have advertised for multiple products including Pepsi, Candies from Kohl's, Twister, NASCAR, and Toyota.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Aerial_advertising" title="Aerial advertising">Aerial</a></dt> <dd>Using aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balloon (aircraft)">balloons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airships</a> to create or display advertising media. <a href="/wiki/Skywriting" title="Skywriting">Skywriting</a> is a notable example.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegiant_blueman_md80_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Allegiant_blueman_md80_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Air" title="Allegiant Air">Allegiant Air</a> aircraft in the special <a href="/wiki/Blue_Man_Group" title="Blue Man Group">Blue Man Group</a> livery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeppelin_NT_N07_(D-LZFN),_Friedrichshafen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg/220px-Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg/330px-Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg/440px-Zeppelin_NT_N07_%28D-LZFN%29%2C_Friedrichshafen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3303" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_NT" title="Zeppelin NT">Zeppelin NT</a> (D-LZFN) of <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen" title="Friedrichshafen">Friedrichshafen</a> used for advertisement</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_media_approaches">New media approaches</h3></div> A new advertising approach is known as advanced advertising, which is <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a>-driven advertising, using large quantities of data, precise measuring tools and precise targeting.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Advanced advertising also makes it easier for companies which sell ad space to attribute customer purchases to the ads they display or broadcast.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Increasingly, other media are overtaking many of the "traditional" media such as television, radio and newspaper because of a shift toward the usage of the Internet for news and music as well as devices like <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video recorders">digital video recorders</a> (DVRs) such as <a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Online advertising began with unsolicited bulk e-mail advertising known as "<a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">e-mail spam</a>". Spam has been a problem for e-mail users since 1978.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As new online communication channels became available, advertising followed. The first banner ad appeared on the World Wide Web in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Prices of Web-based advertising space are dependent on the "relevance" of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In online display advertising, display ads generate awareness quickly. Unlike search, which requires someone to be aware of a need, display advertising can drive awareness of something new and without previous knowledge. Display works well for direct response. The display is not only used for generating awareness, it is used for direct response campaigns that link to a landing page with a clear 'call to action'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As the mobile phone became a new mass medium in 1998 when the first paid downloadable content appeared on mobile phones in Finland,<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">mobile advertising</a> followed, also first launched in Finland in 2000.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By 2007 the value of mobile advertising had reached $2 billion and providers such as <a href="/wiki/Admob" class="mw-redirect" title="Admob">Admob</a> delivered billions of mobile ads.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More advanced mobile ads include banner ads, coupons, <a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">Multimedia Messaging Service</a> picture and video messages, advergames and various <a href="/wiki/Engagement_marketing" title="Engagement marketing">engagement marketing</a> campaigns. A particular feature driving mobile ads is the <a href="/wiki/2D_barcode" class="mw-redirect" title="2D barcode">2D barcode</a>, which replaces the need to do any typing of web addresses, and uses the camera feature of modern phones to gain immediate access to web content. 83 percent of Japanese mobile phone users already are active users of 2D barcodes.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some companies have proposed placing messages or corporate logos on the side of booster <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rockets</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Unpaid advertising (also called "publicity advertising"), can include personal recommendations ("bring a friend", "sell it"), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (in the United States, "<a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>" = "<a href="/wiki/Photocopier" title="Photocopier">photocopier</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Kleenex" title="Kleenex">Kleenex</a>" = <a href="/wiki/Facial_tissue" title="Facial tissue">tissue</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Vaseline" title="Vaseline">Vaseline</a>" = <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">petroleum jelly</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Hoover_Company" title="The Hoover Company">Hoover</a>" = <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_cleaner" title="Vacuum cleaner">vacuum cleaner</a>, and "<a href="/wiki/Band-Aid" title="Band-Aid">Band-Aid</a>" = <a href="/wiki/Adhesive_bandage" title="Adhesive bandage">adhesive bandage</a>). However, some companies[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks turning that brand into a <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic trademark</a> – turning it into a generic term which means that its legal protection as a trademark is lost.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Advertising" title="Talk:Advertising">discuss</a>] Early in its life, <a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a> aired short programming breaks called "Content Wraps", to advertise one company's product during an entire commercial break. The CW pioneered "content wraps" and some products featured were <a href="/wiki/Herbal_Essences" title="Herbal Essences">Herbal Essences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crest_(toothpaste)" title="Crest (toothpaste)">Crest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar_Hero_II" title="Guitar Hero II">Guitar Hero II</a>, <a href="/wiki/CoverGirl" title="CoverGirl">CoverGirl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> A new promotion concept has appeared, "ARvertising", advertising on <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Controversy exists on the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Subliminal message">subliminal advertising</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">mind control</a>), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (<a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_in_new_media">Rise in new media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/290px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/435px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg/580px-Naa_newspaper_ad_revenue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption> US newspaper advertising revenue, Newspaper Association of America published data<a href="#cite_note-NAAdata-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> With the Internet came many new advertising opportunities. Pop-up, <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a>, banner, pop-under, <a href="/wiki/Advergaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Advergaming">advergaming</a>, and email advertisements (all of which are often unwanted or spam in the case of email) are now commonplace. Particularly since the rise of "entertaining" advertising, some people may like an advertisement enough to wish to watch it later or show a friend.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In general, the advertising community has not yet made this easy, although some have used the Internet to widely distribute their ads to anyone willing to see or hear them. In the last three quarters of 2009, mobile and Internet advertising grew by 18% and 9% respectively, while older media advertising saw declines: −10.1% (TV), −11.7% (radio), −14.8% (magazines) and −18.7% (newspapers).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Between 2008 and 2014, U.S. newspapers lost more than half their print advertising revenue.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_marketing">Niche marketing</h3></div> Another significant trend regarding future of advertising is the growing importance of the <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a> using niche or targeted ads. Also brought about by the Internet and the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Long_tail" title="Long tail">long tail</a>, advertisers will have an increasing ability to reach specific audiences. In the past, the most efficient way to deliver a message was to blanket the largest <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a> audience possible.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, usage tracking, customer profiles and the growing popularity of niche content brought about by everything from blogs to social networking sites, provide advertisers with audiences that are smaller but much better defined,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] leading to ads that are more relevant to viewers and more effective for companies' marketing products. Among others, <a href="/wiki/Comcast_Spotlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Comcast Spotlight">Comcast Spotlight</a> is one such advertiser employing this method in their <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> menus. These advertisements are targeted to a specific group and can be viewed by anyone wishing to find out more about a particular business or practice, from their home. This causes the viewer to become proactive and actually choose what advertisements they want to view.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Niche marketing could also be helped by bringing the issue of color into advertisements. Different colors play major roles when it comes to marketing strategies, for example, seeing the blue can promote a sense of calmness and gives a sense of security which is why many social networks such as Facebook use blue in their logos. <a href="/wiki/Google_AdSense" title="Google AdSense">Google AdSense</a> is an example of niche marketing. Google calculates the primary purpose of a website and adjusts ads accordingly; it uses keywords on the page (or even in emails) to find the general ideas of topics disused and places ads that will most likely be clicked on by viewers of the email account or website visitors. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></div> The concept of crowdsourcing has given way to the trend of <a href="/wiki/User-generated" class="mw-redirect" title="User-generated">user-generated</a> advertisements. User-generated ads are created by people, as opposed to an advertising agency or the company themselves, often resulting from brand sponsored advertising competitions. For the 2007 Super Bowl, the Frito-Lays division of <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo" title="PepsiCo">PepsiCo</a> held the "Crash the Super Bowl" contest, allowing people to create their own <a href="/wiki/Doritos" title="Doritos">Doritos</a> commercials.<a href="#cite_note-Advertising_Age-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> held a similar competition for their Tahoe line of SUVs.<a href="#cite_note-Advertising_Age-101">[101]</a> Due to the success of the Doritos user-generated ads in the 2007 Super Bowl, Frito-Lays relaunched the competition for the 2009 and 2010 Super Bowl. The resulting ads were among the most-watched and most-liked Super Bowl ads. In fact, the winning ad that aired in the 2009 Super Bowl was ranked by the <a href="/wiki/USA_Today_Super_Bowl_Ad_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter">USA Today Super Bowl Ad Meter</a> as the top ad for the year while the winning ads that aired in the 2010 Super Bowl were found by Nielsen's BuzzMetrics to be the "most buzzed-about".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Another example of companies using crowdsourcing successfully is the beverage company <a href="/wiki/Jones_Soda" title="Jones Soda">Jones Soda</a> that encourages consumers to participate in the label design themselves.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This trend has given rise to several online platforms that host user-generated advertising competitions on behalf of a company. Founded in 2007, Zooppa has launched ad competitions for brands such as Google, <a href="/wiki/Nike,_Inc." title="Nike, Inc.">Nike</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Hershey_Company" title="The Hershey Company">Hershey's</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Universal">NBC Universal</a>, Zinio, and <a href="/wiki/Mini_Cooper" title="Mini Cooper">Mini Cooper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Crowdsourcing remains controversial, as the long-term impact on the advertising industry is still unclear.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalization">Globalization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_marketing" title="Global marketing">Global marketing</a></div> Advertising has gone through five major stages of development: domestic, export, international, multi-national, and global. For <a href="/wiki/Global_marketing" title="Global marketing">global advertisers</a>, there are four, potentially competing, business objectives that must be balanced when developing worldwide advertising: building a brand while speaking with one voice, developing <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> in the creative process, maximizing local effectiveness of ads, and increasing the company's speed of implementation. Born from the evolutionary stages of global marketing are the three primary and fundamentally different approaches to the development of global advertising executions: exporting executions, producing local executions, and importing ideas that travel.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Advertising research is key to determining the success of an ad in any country or region. The ability to identify which elements and/or moments of an ad contribute to its success is how <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> are maximized. Once one knows what works in an ad, that idea or ideas can be imported by any other market. <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Market research</a> measures, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flow_of_attention" class="extiw" title="wikt:flow of attention">Flow of Attention</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flow_of_emotion" class="extiw" title="wikt:flow of emotion">Flow of Emotion</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/branding_moment" class="extiw" title="wikt:branding moment">branding moments</a> provide insight into what is working in an ad in any country or region because the measures are based on the visual, not verbal, elements of the ad.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_public_messaging">Foreign public messaging</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_tourism_advertising" title="International tourism advertising">International tourism advertising</a></div> Foreign governments,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] particularly those that own marketable commercial products or services, often promote their interests and positions through the advertising of those goods because the target audience is not only largely unaware of the forum as a vehicle for foreign messaging but also willing to receive the message while in a mental state of absorbing information from advertisements during television commercial breaks, while reading a periodical, or while passing by billboards in public spaces. A prime example of this messaging technique is advertising campaigns to promote international travel. While advertising foreign destinations and services may stem from the typical goal of increasing revenue by drawing more tourism, some travel campaigns carry the additional or alternative intended purpose of promoting good sentiments or improving existing ones among the target audience towards a given nation or region. It is common for advertising promoting foreign countries to be produced and distributed by the tourism ministries of those countries, so these ads often carry political statements and/or depictions of the foreign government's <a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">desired international public perception</a>. Additionally, a wide range of foreign airlines and travel-related services which advertise separately from the destinations, themselves, are owned by their respective governments; examples include, though are not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates airline</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>), <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> (Singapore), <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>), <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines" title="China Airlines">China Airlines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a> (People's Republic of China). By depicting their destinations, airlines, and other services in a favorable and pleasant light, countries market themselves to populations abroad in a manner that could mitigate prior public impressions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversification">Diversification</h3></div> In the realm of <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertising agencies">advertising agencies</a>, continued industry diversification has seen observers note that "big global clients don't need big global agencies any more".<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> This is reflected by the growth of non-traditional agencies in various global markets, such as Canadian business <a href="/wiki/TAXI_(advertising_agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="TAXI (advertising agency)">TAXI</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMART_(advertising_agency)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMART (advertising agency)">SMART</a> in Australia and has been referred to as "a revolution in the ad world".<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_technology">New technology</h3></div> The ability to record shows on <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorders</a> (such as TiVo) allow watchers to record the programs for later viewing, enabling them to fast forward through commercials. Additionally, as more seasons of pre-recorded <a href="/wiki/Box_set" title="Box set">box sets</a> are offered for sale of television programs; fewer people watch the shows on TV. However, the fact that these sets are sold, means the company will receive additional profits from these sets. To counter this effect, a variety of strategies have been employed. Many advertisers have opted for product placement on TV shows like <a href="/wiki/Survivor_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Survivor (TV series)">Survivor</a>. Other strategies include integrating advertising with internet-connected <a href="/wiki/EPG" class="mw-redirect" title="EPG">program guidess</a> (EPGs), advertising on companion devices (like smartphones and tablets) during the show, and creating <a href="/wiki/Mobile_apps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile apps">mobile apps</a> for TV programs. Additionally, some like brands have opted for <a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">social television</a> sponsorship.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The emerging technology of <a href="/wiki/Drone_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone display">drone displays</a> has recently been used for advertising purposes.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> In recent years there have been several media literacy initiatives, and more specifically concerning advertising, that seek to empower citizens in the face of media advertising campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Advertising_education" title="Advertising education">Advertising education</a> has become popular with bachelor, master and doctorate degrees becoming available in the emphasis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A surge in advertising interest is typically attributed to the strong relationship advertising plays in cultural and technological changes, such as the advance of online social networking.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A unique model for teaching advertising is the <a href="/wiki/Student-run_advertising_agency" title="Student-run advertising agency">student-run advertising agency</a>, where advertising students create campaigns for real companies.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Advertising_Federation" title="American Advertising Federation">American Advertising Federation</a> establish companies with students to create these campaigns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2></div> Advertising is at the front of delivering the proper message to customers and prospective customers. The purpose of advertising is to inform the consumers about their product and convince customers that a company's services or products are the best, enhance the image of the company, point out and create a need for products or services, demonstrate new uses for established products, announce new products and programs, reinforce the salespeople's individual messages, draw customers to the business, and to hold existing customers.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales_promotions_and_brand_loyalty">Sales promotions and brand loyalty</h3></div> Sales promotions are another way to advertise. Sales promotions are double purposed because they are used to gather information about what type of customers one draws in and where they are, and to jump start sales. Sales promotions include things like contests and games, sweepstakes, product giveaways, samples coupons, loyalty programs, and discounts. The ultimate goal of sales promotions is to stimulate potential customers to action.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racial_stereotyping_in_advertising" title="Racial stereotyping in advertising">Racial stereotyping in advertising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes,_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg/220px-Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg/330px-Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg/440px-Ballet_Star_Kathryn_Lee_advertises_Camel_cigarettes%2C_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="4589" /></a><figcaption>"More Doctors Smoke Camels than Any Other Cigarette" <a href="/wiki/Cigarette_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigarette advertising">advertisement</a> for <a href="/wiki/Camel_(cigarette)" title="Camel (cigarette)">Camel</a> cigarettes in the 1940s</figcaption></figure> While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth,<a href="#cite_note-Leach367-36">[36]</a> it is not without social costs. <a href="/wiki/E-mail_spam" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail spam">Unsolicited commercial e-mail</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a> have become so prevalent as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services, as well as being a financial burden on <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">internet service providers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces, such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> This increasing difficulty in limiting exposure to specific audiences can result in negative backlash for advertisers.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In tandem with these criticisms, the advertising industry has seen low approval rates in surveys and negative cultural portrayals.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> A 2021 study found that for more than 80% of brands, advertising had a negative return on investment.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Unsolicited ads have been criticized as <a href="/wiki/Attention_theft" title="Attention theft">attention theft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired-122">[122]</a> One of the most controversial criticisms of advertisement in the present day is that of the predominance of advertising of foods high in sugar, fat, and salt specifically to children. Critics claim that food advertisements targeting children are exploitive and are not sufficiently balanced with proper nutritional education to help children understand the consequences of their food choices. Additionally, children may not understand that they are being sold something, and are therefore more impressionable.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Michelle Obama has criticized large food companies for advertising unhealthy foods largely towards children and has requested that food companies either limit their advertising to children or advertise foods that are more in line with dietary guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The other criticisms include the change that are brought by those advertisements on the society and also the deceiving ads that are aired and published by the corporations. <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_industry" title="Cosmetic industry">Cosmetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health industry">health industry</a> are the ones which exploited the highest and created reasons of concern.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Political advertisement and their regulations have been scrutinized for <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">political bias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-y759-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div> There have been increasing efforts to protect the public interest by regulating the content and the influence of advertising. Some examples include restrictions for advertising <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_advertising" title="Alcohol advertising">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco advertising">tobacco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> imposed in many countries, as well as the bans around <a href="/wiki/Advertising_to_children" title="Advertising to children">advertising to children</a>, which exist in parts of Europe. Advertising regulation focuses heavily on the veracity of the claims and as such, there are often tighter restrictions placed around advertisements for food and healthcare products.<a href="#cite_note-UK_advertising-127">[127]</a> The advertising industries within some countries rely less on laws and more on systems of self-regulation.<a href="#cite_note-UK_advertising-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-asasa-129">[129]</a> Advertisers and the media agree on a code of advertising standards that they attempt to uphold. The general aim of such codes is to ensure that any advertising is 'legal, decent, honest and truthful'. Some self-regulatory organizations are funded by the industry, but remain independent, with the intent of upholding the standards or codes like the <a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a> in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In the UK, most forms of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_advertising" title="Outdoor advertising">outdoor advertising</a>, such as the display of billboards, are regulated by the UK Town and County Planning system. The display of an advertisement without consent from the Planning Authority is a criminal offense liable to a fine of £2,500 per offense.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In the US, where some communities believe that outdoor advertising are a blight on landscapes, attempts to ban billboard advertising in the open countryside occurred in the 1960s, leading to the Highway Beautification Act.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Cities such as <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> have introduced an outright ban,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> with London also having specific legislation to control unlawful displays.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Some governments restrict the languages that can be used in advertisements, but advertisers may employ tricks to try avoiding them. In France for instance, advertisers sometimes print English words in bold and French translations in fine print to deal with Article 120 of the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Toubon_Law" title="Toubon Law">Toubon Law</a> limiting the use of English.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The advertising of pricing information is another topic of concern for governments. In the United States for instance, it is common for businesses to only mention the existence and amount of applicable taxes at a later stage of a transaction.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> In Canada and New Zealand, taxes can be listed as separate items, as long as they are quoted up-front.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In most other countries, the advertised price must include all applicable taxes, enabling customers to easily know how much it will cost them.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Advertising_management" title="Advertising management">Advertising management</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchy-of-effects_models">Hierarchy-of-effects models</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/AIDA_(marketing)" title="AIDA (marketing)">AIDA (marketing)</a></div> Various competing models of hierarchies of effects attempt to provide a theoretical underpinning to advertising practice.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <ul><li>The model of Clow and Baack<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> clarifies the objectives of an advertising campaign and for each individual advertisement. The model postulates six steps a buyer moves through when making a purchase: <ol><li>Awareness</li> <li>Knowledge</li> <li>Liking</li> <li>Preference</li> <li>Conviction</li> <li>Purchase</li></ol></li> <li>Means-end theory suggests that an advertisement should contain a message or means that leads the consumer to a desired end-state.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li> <li>Leverage points aim to move the consumer from understanding a product's benefits to linking those benefits with personal values.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_mix">Marketing mix</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">Marketing mix</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">marketing mix</a> was proposed by professor <a href="/wiki/E._Jerome_McCarthy" title="E. Jerome McCarthy">E. Jerome McCarthy</a> in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> It consists of four basic elements called the "four Ps". Product is the first P representing the actual product. Price represents the process of determining the value of a product. Place represents the variables of getting the product to the consumer such as distribution channels, market coverage and movement organization. The last P stands for Promotion which is the process of reaching the target market and convincing them to buy the product. In the 1990s, the concept of four Cs was introduced as a more customer-driven replacement of four P's.<a href="#cite_note-Business_for_Higher_Awards-147">[147]</a> There are two theories based on four Cs: Lauterborn's four Cs (consumer, cost, communication, convenience) <a href="#cite_note-Schultz-148">[148]</a> and Shimizu's four Cs (<a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cost" title="Cost">cost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing_channel" title="Marketing channel">channel</a>) in the 7Cs Compass Model (<a href="/wiki/Co-marketing" title="Co-marketing">Co-marketing</a>). <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communications</a> can include advertising, <a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">sales promotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">publicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_selling" title="Personal selling">personal selling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">corporate identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal communication">internal communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">SNS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Management_information_system" title="Management information system">MIS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advertising_research" title="Advertising research">Advertising research</a></div> Advertising research is a specialized form of research that works to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of advertising. It entails numerous forms of research which employ different methodologies. Advertising research includes pre-testing (also known as <a href="/wiki/Copy_testing" title="Copy testing">copy testing</a>) and post-testing of ads and/or campaigns. Pre-testing includes a wide range of qualitative and quantitative techniques, including: focus groups, in-depth target audience interviews (one-on-one interviews), small-scale quantitative studies and physiological measurement. The goal of these investigations is to better understand how different groups respond to various messages and visual prompts, thereby providing an assessment of how well the advertisement meets its communications goals.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Post-testing employs many of the same techniques as pre-testing, usually with a focus on understanding the change in awareness or attitude attributable to the advertisement.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> With the emergence of digital advertising technologies, many firms have begun to continuously post-test ads using real-time data. This may take the form of A/B split-testing or multivariate testing. Continuous <a href="/wiki/Ad_tracking" title="Ad tracking">ad tracking</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communicus" title="Communicus">Communicus</a> System are competing examples of post-testing advertising research types.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semiotics">Semiotics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></div> Meanings between consumers and marketers depict <a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">signs</a> and symbols that are encoded in everyday objects.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> is the study of signs and how they are interpreted. Advertising has many hidden signs and meanings within <a href="/wiki/Brand_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Brand names">brand names</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logo" title="Logo">logos</a>, package designs, print advertisements, and <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisements" class="mw-redirect" title="Television advertisements">television advertisements</a>. Semiotics aims to study and interpret the message being conveyed in (for example) advertisements. Logos and advertisements can be interpreted at two levels – known as the surface level and the underlying level. The surface level uses signs creatively to create an image or personality for a product.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These signs can be images, words, fonts, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, or slogans. The underlying level is made up of hidden meanings. The combination of images, words, <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">colors</a>, and slogans must be interpreted by the audience or consumer.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The "key to advertising analysis" is the signifier and the signified. The signifier is the object and the signified is the mental concept.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> A product has a signifier and a signified. The signifier is the color, brand name, logo design, and technology. The signified has two meanings known as denotative and connotative. The denotative meaning is the meaning of the product. A television's denotative meaning might be that it is high definition. The connotative meaning is the product's deep and hidden meaning. A connotative meaning of a television would be that it is top-of-the-line.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple's</a> commercials[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] used a black <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> of a person that was the age of Apple's target market. They placed the silhouette in front of a blue screen so that the picture behind the silhouette could be constantly changing. However, the one thing that stays the same in these ads is that there is music in the background and the silhouette is listening to that music on a white iPod through white headphones. Through advertising, the white color on a set of earphones now signifies that the music device is an iPod. The white color signifies almost all of Apple's products.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The semiotics of <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> plays a key influence on the way in which signs are interpreted. When considering <a href="/wiki/Gender_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender advertisement">gender roles in advertising</a>, individuals are influenced by three categories. Certain characteristics of stimuli may enhance or decrease the elaboration of the message (if the product is perceived as <a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">feminine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">masculine</a>). Second, the characteristics of individuals can affect <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> and elaboration of the message (<a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditional</a> or non-traditional <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender role</a> orientation). Lastly, situational factors may be important to influence the elaboration of the message.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Marketing_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Marketing communication">marketing communication</a> claims-objective and subjective.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Objective claims stem from the extent to which the claim associates the brand with a tangible product or service feature. For instance, a camera may have auto-focus features. Subjective claims convey emotional, subjective, impressions of intangible aspects of a product or service. They are non-physical features of a product or service that cannot be directly perceived, as they have no physical reality. For instance the <a href="/wiki/Brochure" title="Brochure">brochure</a> has a beautiful design.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">Males</a> tend to respond better to objective marketing-communications claims while <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">females</a> tend to respond better to subjective <a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">marketing communications</a> claims.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceover" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceover">Voiceovers</a> are commonly used in advertising. Most voiceovers are done by men, with figures of up to 94% having been reported.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> There have been more female voiceovers in recent years,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] but mainly for food, household products, and feminine-care products.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gender_effects_on_comprehension">Gender effects on comprehension</h2></div> According to a 1977 study by David Statt, females process information comprehensively, while males process information through heuristic devices such as procedures, methods or strategies for solving <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problems</a>, which could have an effect on how they interpret advertising.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] According to this study, men prefer to have available and apparent cues to interpret the message, whereas females engage in more creative, associative, imagery-laced interpretation. Later research by a Danish team<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> found that advertising attempts to persuade men to improve their appearance or performance, whereas its approach to women aims at <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">transformation</a> toward an impossible ideal of female presentation. In Paul Suggett's article "The Objectification of Women in Advertising" he discusses the negative impact that these women in advertisements, who are too perfect to be real, have on women, as well as men, in real life.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Advertising's manipulation of women's aspiration to these ideal types as portrayed in film, in erotic art, in advertising, on stage, within music videos and through other media exposures requires at least a conditioned rejection of female reality and thereby takes on a highly ideological cast. Studies show that these expectations of women and young girls negatively affect their views about their bodies and appearances. These advertisements are directed towards men. Not everyone agrees: one critic viewed this monologic, gender-specific interpretation of advertising as excessively skewed and politicized.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] There are some companies like <a href="/wiki/Dove_Beauties" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove Beauties">Dove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerie_(clothing_retailer)" title="Aerie (clothing retailer)">aerie</a> that are creating commercials to portray more natural women, with less <a href="/wiki/Image_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Image manipulation">post production manipulation</a>, so more women and young girls are able to relate to them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] More recent research by Martin (2003) reveals that males and females differ in how they react to advertising depending on their mood at the time of exposure to the ads and on the affective tone of the advertising. When feeling sad, males prefer happy ads to boost their mood. In contrast, females prefer happy ads when they are feeling happy. The television programs in which ads are embedded influence a viewer's mood state.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Susan Wojcicki, author of the article "Ads that Empower Women don't just Break Stereotypes—They're also Effective" discusses how advertising to women has changed since the first <a href="/wiki/Barbie" title="Barbie">Barbie</a> commercial, where a little girl tells the doll that, she wants to be just like her. Little girls grow up watching advertisements of scantily clad women advertising things from trucks to burgers and Wojcicki states that this shows girls that they are either arm candy or eye candy.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div> Other approaches to <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> include <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">paid subscriptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microtransaction" title="Microtransaction">microtransactions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Data_monetization" title="Data monetization">data monetization</a>. Websites and applications are "ad-free" when not using advertisements at all for revenue. For example, the online encyclopedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> provides free<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> content by receiving funding from charitable <a href="/wiki/Donation" title="Donation">donations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Fathers"_of_advertising">"Fathers" of advertising</h2></div> <ul><li>Late 1700s – <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (1706–1790) – "father of advertising in America"<a href="#cite_note-HJSJ-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Late 1800s – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Barratt" title="Thomas J. Barratt">Thomas J. Barratt</a> (1841–1914) of London – called "the father of modern advertising" by T.F.G. Coates<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a></li> <li>Early 1900s – J. Henry ("Slogan") Smythe Jr of Philadelphia – "world's best known slogan writer"<a href="#cite_note-HJSJ-174">[174]</a></li> <li>Early 1900s – <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lasker" title="Albert Lasker">Albert Lasker</a> (1880–1952) – the "father of modern advertising"; defined advertising as "salesmanship in print, driven by a reason why"<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influential_thinkers_in_advertising_theory_and_practice">Influential thinkers in advertising theory and practice</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._W._Ayer_%26_Son" title="N. W. Ayer & Son">N. W. Ayer & Son</a> – probably the first advertising agency to use mass media (i.e. telegraph) in a promotional campaign</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_C._Hopkins" title="Claude C. Hopkins">Claude C. Hopkins</a> (1866–1932) – popularised the use of test campaigns, especially coupons in direct mail, to track the efficiency of marketing spend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Dichter" title="Ernest Dichter">Ernest Dichter</a> (1907–1991) – developed the field of motivational research, used extensively in advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._St._Elmo_Lewis" title="E. St. Elmo Lewis">E. St. Elmo Lewis</a> (1872–1948) – developed the first hierarchy of effects model (AIDA) used in sales and advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nielsen" title="Arthur Nielsen">Arthur Nielsen</a> (1897–1980) – founded one of the earliest international advertising agencies and developed ratings for radio & TV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ogilvy_(businessman)" title="David Ogilvy (businessman)">David Ogilvy</a> (1911–1999) – pioneered the positioning concept and advocated of the use of brand image in advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coolidge_Parlin" title="Charles Coolidge Parlin">Charles Coolidge Parlin</a> (1872–1942) – regarded as the pioneer of the use of marketing research in advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosser_Reeves" title="Rosser Reeves">Rosser Reeves</a> (1910–1984) – developed the concept of the unique selling proposition (USP) and advocated the use of repetition in advertising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Ries" title="Al Ries">Al Ries</a> (1926–2022) – advertising executive, author and credited with coining the term "positioning" in the late 1960s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Starch" title="Daniel Starch">Daniel Starch</a> (1883–1979) – developed the Starch score method of measuring print media effectiveness (still in use)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J_Walter_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="J Walter Thompson">J Walter Thompson</a> – one of the earliest advertising agencies</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Camera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/28px-Icon_Camera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/42px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/56px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="55" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Media">Media portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertisements_in_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Advertisements in schools">Advertisements in schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertorial" title="Advertorial">Advertorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_advertising" title="Bibliography of advertising">Bibliography of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branded_content" title="Branded content">Branded content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_speech" title="Commercial speech">Commercial speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advertising" title="Comparative advertising">Comparative advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquesting" title="Conquesting">Conquesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copywriting" title="Copywriting">Copywriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demo_mode" title="Demo mode">Demo mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising" title="Direct-to-consumer advertising">Direct-to-consumer advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_advertising" title="Family in advertising">Family in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_rating_point" title="Gross rating point">Gross rating point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Advertising_Trust" title="History of Advertising Trust">History of Advertising Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informative_advertising" title="Informative advertising">Informative advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_marketing_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated marketing communications">Integrated marketing communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_advertising_awards" title="List of advertising awards">List of advertising awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_advertising" title="Local advertising">Local advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_overhang" title="Market overhang">Market overhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_planning" title="Media planning">Media planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-advertising" title="Meta-advertising">Meta-advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-based_advertising" title="Performance-based advertising">Performance-based advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_mix" title="Promotional mix">Promotional mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_media_creative" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior media creative">Senior media creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_advertising" title="Shock advertising">Shock advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Advertisers" title="World Federation of Advertisers">World Federation of Advertisers</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Endorse-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Endorse_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Endorse_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Geoffrey (2010). 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Social Science Research Network publishing working paper 17-37 of the Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia. p. 37 (Fig. 3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320213029/https://www.bea.gov/index.php/system/files/papers/WP2017-9.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SSRN.com&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+%22Free%22+Digital+Economy+Within+the+GDP+and+Productivity+Accounts&rft.pages=37+%28Fig.+3%29&rft.date=2017-10-24&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Leonard+I.+%28FRB%29&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Jon+%28BEA%29&rft.au=Soloveichik%2C+Rachel+H.+%28BEA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bea.gov%2Findex.php%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpapers%2FWP2017-9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (1976), p. 33. "As Ford's massive assembly line utilized 'extensive single-purpose machinery' to produce automobiles inexpensively and at a rate that dwarfed traditional methods, the costly machinery of advertising that Coolidge had described set out to produce consumers, likewise inexpensively and at a rate that dwarfed traditional methods." </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (1976), p. 34. "While agreeing that 'human nature is more difficult to control than material nature,' ad men spoke in specific terms of 'human instincts' which if properly understood could induce people 'to buy a given product if it was scientifically presented. If advertising copy appealed to the right instincts, the urge to buy would surely be excited'." </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiMaggio2012" class="citation book cs1">DiMaggio, Anthony (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfzFF5TT0tUC&pg=PA12">The Rise of the Tea Party: Political Discontent and Corporate Media in the Age of Obama</a>. NYU Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-306-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58367-306-5"><bdi>978-1-58367-306-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429145930/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfzFF5TT0tUC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Tea+Party%3A+Political+Discontent+and+Corporate+Media+in+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-58367-306-5&rft.aulast=DiMaggio&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfzFF5TT0tUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernays1928" class="citation book cs1">Bernays, Edward (1928). Propaganda. p. 52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda&rft.pages=52&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Bernays&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Rodger Streitmatter, Sex sells!: The media's journey from repression to obsession (Basic Books, 2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Jessica Dawn Blair, et al., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jnlolletl9&div=15&id=&page=">Ethics in advertising: sex sells, but should it?</a>" Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 9.1/2 (2006): 109+. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach1993" class="citation book cs1">Leach, William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=375">Land of Desire</a>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9"><bdi>978-0-307-76114-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506134502/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=375">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Desire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76114-9&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHZ6UAudSiUC%26pg%3D375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leach367-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leach367_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leach367_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach1993" class="citation book cs1">Leach, William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=367">Land of Desire</a>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9"><bdi>978-0-307-76114-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160502152642/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=367">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Desire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76114-9&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHZ6UAudSiUC%26pg%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeach1993" class="citation book cs1">Leach, William (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=373">Land of Desire</a>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-76114-9"><bdi>978-0-307-76114-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617042943/https://books.google.com/books?id=VHZ6UAudSiUC&pg=373">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Desire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-307-76114-9&rft.aulast=Leach&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHZ6UAudSiUC%26pg%3D373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandt2009p31-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Brandt2009p31_38-0">^</a> Brandt (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yybaN6j4IpEC&pg=PA31">p.31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160509171427/https://books.google.com/books?id=yybaN6j4IpEC&pg=PA31">Archived</a> May 9, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (1976), pp. 68–59. "Widespread within the socially oriented literature of business in the twenties and thirties is a notion of educating people into an acceptance of the products and aesthetics of a mass-produced culture. ... Beyond this, and perhaps more important to the consciousness of many, were the indigenous networks of social structure which generated mistrust or open opposition to corporate monopolization of culture." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Ewen, Captains of Consciousness (1976), pp. 62–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Petit, The Men and Women We Want (2010), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTubHqECr84C&pg=PA66">66</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150415132341/http://books.google.com/books?id=sTubHqECr84C&pg=PA66">Archived</a> April 15, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvacres.com/adslogans_w.htm">Advertising Slogans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530044539/http://www.tvacres.com/adslogans_w.htm">Archived</a> May 30, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Soap_Company" title="Woodbury Soap Company">Woodbury Soap Company</a>, "A skin you love to touch", <a href="/wiki/J._Walter_Thompson" title="J. Walter Thompson">J. Walter Thompson</a> Co., 1911 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Benjamin, L.T., & Baker, D.B. 2004. Industrial–organizational psychology: The new psychology and the business of advertising. From Séance to Science: A History of the Profession of Psychology in America. 118–121. California: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning. </li> <li id="cite_note-uouynv-44"><a href="#cite_ref-uouynv_44-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._McChesney" title="Robert W. McChesney">McChesney, Robert</a>, Educators and the Battle for Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–35, Rich Media, Poor Democracy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-02448-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-02448-6">0-252-02448-6</a> (1999) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Leigh, F., Historical Dictionary of American Radio, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998 pp 7–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Petty, R.D., "A History of Brand Identity Protection and Brand Marketing", in The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, D.G. Brian Jones & Mark Tadajewski (eds), Oxon, Routledge, 2016, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Copeland, M.A., Soap Opera History, BDD Books; 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0792454510" title="Special:BookSources/0792454510">0792454510</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Leigh, F., Historical Dictionary of American Radio, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, p.8 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Mildred Pierce, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newmediagroup.co.uk/pphistory1.htm">Newmediagroup.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206032132/http://newmediagroup.co.uk/pphistory1.htm">Archived</a> December 6, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Karmasin, H., "Ernest Dichter's Studies on Automobile Marketing", in Schwarzkopf, S. and Gries, R. (eds.), Ernest Dichter and Motivation Research: New Perspectives on the Making of Post-war Consumer Culture, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp. 109–125 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2009" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Lawrence R. (2009). Brought to You By: Postwar Television Advertising and the American Dream. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77476-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77476-6"><bdi>978-0-292-77476-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brought+to+You+By%3A+Postwar+Television+Advertising+and+the+American+Dream&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77476-6&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/culture/2011/11/hallmark-hall-of-fame-how-did-hallmark-get-into-the-tv-business-and-how-has-it-stayed-there.html">"Slate"</a>. November 23, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slate&rft.date=2011-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fculture%2F2011%2F11%2Fhallmark-hall-of-fame-how-did-hallmark-get-into-the-tv-business-and-how-has-it-stayed-there.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeardenMadden1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bearden, William O.; Madden, Charles S. (November 1, 1996). "A brief history of the future of advertising: Visions and lessons from integrated marketing communications". Journal of Business Research. 37 (3): 135–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0148-2963%2896%2900062-8">10.1016/S0148-2963(96)00062-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-2963">0148-2963</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Research&rft.atitle=A+brief+history+of+the+future+of+advertising%3A+Visions+and+lessons+from+integrated+marketing+communications&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1996-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0148-2963%2896%2900062-8&rft.issn=0148-2963&rft.aulast=Bearden&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rft.au=Madden%2C+Charles+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenn2000" class="citation journal cs1">Senn, James A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntanet.org/NTJ/53/3/ntj-v53n03p373-84-electronic-commerce-beyond-dot.pdf">"Electronic Commerce Beyond the "dot com" Boom"</a> (PDF). 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(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7944-2030-7" title="Special:BookSources/4-7944-2030-7">4-7944-2030-7</a> C3034 P3980E) pp. 63–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Shimizu, Koichi (2014) "Advertising Theory and Strategies", (Japanese) 18th edition, Souseisha Book Company (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7944-2132-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-7944-2132-X">4-7944-2132-X</a> C3034) pp. 63–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Solis, Brian (2011) Engage!: The Complete Guide for Brands and Businesses to Build, Cultivate, and Measure Success in the New Web, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Shimizu, Koichi (2003) "Symbiotic Marketing Strategy", (Japanese) 4th edition, Souseisha Book Company.(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7944-2158-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-7944-2158-3">4-7944-2158-3</a> C3034) pp. 25–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copytesting.org">"CopyTesting.org"</a>. www.copytesting.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170425021551/http://copytesting.org/">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved February 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.copytesting.org&rft.atitle=CopyTesting.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copytesting.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See, for instance: Panton, M. McB. (1936), "The Master Adman Nobody Knows", Advertising & Selling, Vol.27, (September 10, 1936), pp.32, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Peeter Verlegh, Hilde Voorveld, and Martin Eisend, eds. Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. VI): The Digital, the Classic, the Subtle, and the Alternative (Springer, 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMick1986" class="citation journal cs1">Mick, Devid Glen (September 1986). 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The Journal of Consumer Research. 13 (2): 196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F209060">10.1086/209060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Consumer+Research&rft.atitle=Consumer+Research+and+Semiotics%3A+Exploring+the+Morphology+of+Signs%2C+Symbols%2C+and+Significance&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F209060&rft.aulast=Mick&rft.aufirst=Devid+Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley2002" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, Ron (2002). Persuasive Signs: The Semiotics of Advertising. Berlin: Walter deGruyter GmbH & KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017341-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017341-3"><bdi>978-3-11-017341-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persuasive+Signs%3A+The+Semiotics+of+Advertising&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+deGruyter+GmbH+%26+KG&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017341-3&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinson1998" class="citation book cs1">Pinson, Christian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flora.insead.edu/fichiersti_wp/inseadwp1998/98-39.pdf">Marketing Semiotics</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816121627/http://flora.insead.edu/fichiersti_wp/inseadwp1998/98-39.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 16, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+Semiotics&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflora.insead.edu%2Ffichiersti_wp%2Finseadwp1998%2F98-39.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmiker-Sebeok1987" class="citation book cs1">Umiker-Sebeok, Donna Jean (1987). 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Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marketing+and+Semiotics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Umiker-Sebeok&rft.aufirst=Donna+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalsburey" class="citation web cs1">Salsburey, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/jsalsburey/macintoshsemiotics">"Semiotic analysis of iPod Advertisements"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521105135/https://sites.google.com/site/jsalsburey/macintoshsemiotics">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semiotic+analysis+of+iPod+Advertisements&rft.aulast=Salsburey&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fjsalsburey%2Fmacintoshsemiotics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoc2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koc, Erdogan (2002). 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Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 34 (1): 119–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0028807">10.1037/h0028807</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5436459">5436459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Pseudoperceptual+differentiation&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0028807&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5436459&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=King%2C+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/2013/08/female-celebrity-voiceovers-glass-ceiling.html">"Female Celebrities Still Can't Break Through the Glass Ceiling of Voice-over Work"</a>. 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Retrieved May 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ads+That+Empower+Women+Don%27t+Just+Break+Stereotypes%E2%80%94They%27re+Also+Effective&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adweek.com%2Fbrand-marketing%2Fads-empower-women-don-t-just-break-stereotypes-they-re-also-effective-170953%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> aside from rare popups seeking donations, Wikipedia routinely seeks voluntary donations of time to improve itself via research to be done by those who then make edits to existing articles. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m3oEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">Page 209</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227161813/https://books.google.se/books?id=m3oEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209">Archived</a> December 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs2017" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Christian (2017). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473987494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473987494"><bdi>978-1473987494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Media%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1473987494&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HJSJ-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HJSJ_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HJSJ_174-1">b</a> Winfield Scott Downs, American Historical Company, American Historical Society, 1940 – Biography & Autobiography (pp. 260–263) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kpoMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22father%20of%20advertising%22%20franklin%20smythe&pg=RA2-PA260">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221227161857/https://books.google.com/books?id=kpoMAQAAMAAJ&vq=%22father%20of%20advertising%22%20franklin%20smythe&pg=RA2-PA260">Archived</a> December 27, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> J. Henry Smythe, Jr – "the world's best known slogan writer... compiled and edited "The Amazing Benjamin Franklin," published in 1929 ... approved by the American Library Association. ... Over forty official contributions ... Each paid tribute to some special "side" of Franklin ... "Franklin, the Printer," is a Craftsman, Father of Advertising in America, Editor, Publisher ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> T F G Coates: 'Mr Thomas J Barratt, "The father of modern advertising"', Modern Business, September 1908, pp 107–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Hart_and_his_graduate_students_in_MCM510" class="citation web cs1">William Hart and his graduate students in MCM510. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Mass_Media/Advertising">"Introduction to Mass Media/Advertising"</a>. Norfolk State University: Wikibooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mass+Media%2FAdvertising&rft.place=Norfolk+State+University&rft.pub=Wikibooks&rft.au=William+Hart+and+his+graduate+students+in+MCM510&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FIntroduction_to_Mass_Media%2FAdvertising&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdvertising" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arens, William, and Michael Weigold. Contemporary Advertising: And Integrated Marketing Communications (2012)</li> <li>Belch, George E., and Michael A. Belch. Advertising and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective (10th ed. 2014)</li> <li>Biocca, Frank. Television and Political Advertising: Volume I: Psychological Processes (Routledge, 2013)</li> <li>Chandra, Ambarish, and Ulrich Kaiser. "Targeted advertising in magazine markets and the advent of the internet." Management Science 60.7 (2014) pp: 1829–1843.</li> <li>Chen, Yongmin, and Chuan He. "Paid placement: Advertising and search on the internet*." The Economic Journal 121#556 (2011): F309–F328. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/06-02_Chen_He_Paid_Placement.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201829/http://www.stern.nyu.edu/networks/06-02_Chen_He_Paid_Placement.pdf">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Johnson-Cartee, Karen S., and Gary Copeland. Negative political advertising: Coming of age (2013)</li> <li>McAllister, Matthew P. and Emily West, eds. HardcoverThe Routledge Companion to Advertising and Promotional Culture (2013)</li> <li>McFall, Elizabeth Rose Advertising: a cultural economy (2004), cultural and sociological approaches to advertising</li> <li>Moriarty, Sandra, and Nancy Mitchell. Advertising & IMC: Principles and Practice (10th ed. 2014)</li> <li>Okorie, Nelson. The Principles of Advertising: concepts and trends in advertising (2011)</li> <li>Reichert, Tom, and Jacqueline Lambiase, eds. Sex in advertising: Perspectives on the erotic appeal (Routledge, 2014)</li> <li>Sheehan, Kim Bartel. Controversies in contemporary advertising (Sage Publications, 2013)</li> <li>Vestergaard, Torben and Schrøder, Kim. The Language of Advertising. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-12743-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-12743-7">0-631-12743-7</a> <ul><li>Splendora, Anthony. "Discourse", a Review of Vestergaard and Schrøder, The Language of Advertising in Language in Society Vol. 15, No. 4 (Dec. 1986), pp. 445–449</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_advertising#Further_reading" title="History of advertising">History of advertising § Further reading</a></div> <ul><li>Brandt, Allan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yybaN6j4IpEC&pg=PA31">The Cigarette Century (2009)</a></li> <li>Crawford, Robert. But Wait, There's More!: A History of Australian Advertising, 1900–2000 (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ewen" title="Stuart Ewen">Ewen, Stuart</a>. Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of Consumer Culture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-019846-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-019846-2">0-07-019846-2</a></li> <li>Fox, Stephen R. The mirror makers: A history of American advertising and its creators (University of Illinois Press, 1984)</li> <li>Friedman, Walter A. Birth of a Salesman (Harvard University Press, 2005), In the United States</li> <li>Jacobson, Lisa. Raising consumers: Children and the American mass market in the early twentieth century (Columbia University Press, 2013)</li> <li>Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. Packaging the presidency: A history and criticism of presidential campaign advertising (Oxford University Press, 1996)</li> <li>Laird, Pamela Walker. Advertising progress: American business and the rise of consumer marketing (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.)</li> <li>Lears, Jackson. Fables of abundance: A cultural history of advertising in America (1995)</li> <li>Liguori, Maria Chiara. "North and South: Advertising Prosperity in the Italian Economic Boom Years." Advertising & Society Review (2015) 15#4</li> <li>Meyers, Cynthia B. A Word from Our Sponsor: Admen, Advertising, and the Golden Age of Radio (2014)</li> <li>Mazzarella, William. Shoveling smoke: Advertising and globalization in contemporary India (Duke University Press, 2003)</li> <li>Moriarty, Sandra, et al. Advertising: Principles and practice (Pearson Australia, 2014), Australian perspectives</li> <li>Nevett, Terence R. Advertising in Britain: a history (1982)</li> <li>Oram, Hugh. The advertising book: The history of advertising in Ireland (MOL Books, 1986)</li> <li>Presbrey, Frank. "The history and development of advertising." Advertising & Society Review (2000) 1#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asr/v001/1.1presbrey.html">online</a></li> <li>Saunders, Thomas J. "Selling under the Swastika: Advertising and Commercial Culture in Nazi Germany." German History (2014): ghu058.</li> <li>Short, John Phillip. "Advertising Empire: Race and Visual Culture in Imperial Germany." Enterprise and Society (2014): khu013.</li> <li>Sivulka, Juliann. Soap, sex, and cigarettes: A cultural history of American advertising (Cengage Learning, 2011)</li> <li>Spring, Dawn. "The Globalization of American Advertising and Brand Management: A Brief History of the J. Walter Thompson Company, Proctor and Gamble, and US Foreign Policy." Global Studies Journal (2013). 5#4</li> <li>Stephenson, Harry Edward, and Carlton McNaught. The Story of Advertising in Canada: A Chronicle of Fifty Years (Ryerson Press, 1940)</li> <li>Tungate, Mark. Adland: a global history of advertising (Kogan Page Publishers, 2007.)</li> <li>West, Darrell M. Air Wars: Television Advertising and Social Media in Election Campaigns, 1952–2012 (Sage, 2013)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Advertising at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Advertising" class="extiw" title="wikt:Advertising">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Advertising" class="extiw" title="c:Advertising">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Advertising" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Advertising">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Advertising" class="extiw" title="q:Advertising">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Advertising" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Advertising">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Advertising" class="extiw" title="b:Advertising">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Advertising" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Advertising">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038" class="extiw" title="d:Q37038">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Advertising <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Advertising">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&su=Advertising&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/hartman/index.html">Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising & Marketing History at Duke University</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106134741/http://library.duke.edu/rubenstein/hartman/index.html">Archived</a> January 6, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Libraries Digital Collections: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adaccess/">Ad*Access</a>, over 7,000 U.S. and Canadian advertisements, dated 1911–1955, includes World War II propaganda.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/eaa/">Emergence of Advertising in America</a>, 9,000 advertising items and publications dating from 1850 to 1940, illustrating the rise of consumer culture and the birth of a professionalized advertising industry in the United States.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/adviews/">AdViews</a>, vintage television commercials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/outdooradvertising/">ROAD 2.0</a>, 30,000 outdoor advertising images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/mma/">Medicine & Madison Avenue</a>, documents advertising of medical and pharmaceutical products</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Copy" title="Art & Copy">Art & Copy</a>, a 2009 documentary film about the advertising industry</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Product_advertising35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-consumer_advertising" title="Direct-to-consumer advertising">Direct-to-consumer advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food_advertising" title="Fast food advertising">Fast food advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_advertising" title="Gambling advertising">Gambling advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_advertising" title="Legal advertising">Legal advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_content_advertising" title="Mobile phone content advertising">Mobile phone content advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_advertising" title="Toy advertising">Toy advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_manipulation238" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_manipulation" title="Template talk:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_manipulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media manipulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_manipulation238" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td 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