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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Botanikkens historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Botanikkens_historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Botanikkens historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Botanikkens_historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klassisk_botanik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klassisk_botanik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Klassisk botanik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klassisk_botanik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_botanik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_botanik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Moderne botanik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_botanik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fagområder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fagområder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fagområder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fagområder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Eksterne henvisninger</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Floraer_og_botaniske_databaser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floraer_og_botaniske_databaser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Floraer og botaniske databaser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floraer_og_botaniske_databaser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Botanik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 179 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-179" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">179 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Аботаника – abkhasisk" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аботаника" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhasisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plantkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8B%95%E1%8C%BD" title="ሥነ ዕጽ – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ዕጽ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم النبات – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النبات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="علم النبات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="علم النبات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান – assamesisk" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Botánica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buotan%C4%97ka" title="Buotanėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Buotanėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Батаніка – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Батаніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Батаніка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Батаніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="बनस्पति बिज्ञान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बनस्पति बिज्ञान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boteni" title="Boteni – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Boteni" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရုက္ခဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ရုက္ခဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উদ্ভিদবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྩི་ཤིང་རིག་པ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩི་ཤིང་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louzawouriezh" title="Louzawouriezh – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louzawouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nica" title="Botànica – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Botànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – tjetjensk" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕوەکناسی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebatiyat" title="Nebatiyat – krimtatarisk" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nebatiyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – tjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botaneg" title="Botaneg – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Botaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%88%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ގަހަވީ އިލްމު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަހަވީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Βοτανική – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοτανική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantoscienco" title="Plantoscienco – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Botánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botaanika" title="Botaanika – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Botaanika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Botánica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="گیاه‌شناسی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاه‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvitiede" title="Kasvitiede – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kasvitiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – fijiansk" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanique" title="Botanique – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Botanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botaniche" title="Botaniche – friulisk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Botaniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luibheola%C3%ADocht" title="Luibheolaíocht – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luibheolaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luibh-e%C3%B2las" title="Luibh-eòlas – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Luibh-eòlas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nica" title="Botánica – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Botánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avokuaaty" title="Ka'avokuaaty – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avokuaaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lus-oaylleeaght" title="Lus-oaylleeaght – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Lus-oaylleeaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81lailau_nahele" title="Kālailau nahele – hawaiiansk" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kālailau nahele" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="בוטניקה – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוטניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वनस्पति विज्ञान – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वनस्पति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etid_plant" title="Etid plant – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etid plant" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուսաբանություն – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուսաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Բուսաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բուսաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botaniko" title="Botaniko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Botaniko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Grasafræði – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grasafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batani" title="Batani – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Batani" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/spaske" title="spaske – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="spaske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბოტანიკა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოტანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – karakalpakisk" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnim%C9%A3an" title="Tasnimɣan – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasnimɣan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಸಸ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಸ್ಯಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99" title="식물학 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식물학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نَباتیات – kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نَباتیات" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riweknas%C3%AE" title="Riweknasî – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riweknasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losonieth" title="Losonieth – cornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Losonieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanice" title="Botanice – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Botanice" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A1nika" title="Botánika – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Botánika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – luxembourgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantk%C3%B3nde" title="Plantkónde – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plantkónde" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nica" title="Botànica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Botànica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C4%81nika" title="Botānika – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Botānika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वनस्पति विज्ञान – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वनस्पति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Ботанике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ботанике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സസ്യശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ургамал судлал – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ургамал судлал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वनस्पतीशास्त्र – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वनस्पतीशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ရုက္ခဗေဒ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရုက္ခဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlanelhuayomatiliztli" title="Tlanelhuayomatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlanelhuayomatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="वनस्पति विज्ञान – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वनस्पति विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="बोतानी – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बोतानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plantkunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanikk" title="Botanikk – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Botanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanikk" title="Botanikk – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Botanikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanike" title="Botanike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Botanike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8D%DF%98%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%9D%DF%8B%DF%B2_%DF%A0%DF%8E%DF%AC" title="ߝߍߘߍ߲ߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߍߘߍ߲ߝߋ߲ ߠߎ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botannie" title="Botannie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Botannie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanica" title="Botanica – occitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Botanica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiinbiqila" title="Xiinbiqila – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xiinbiqila" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Ботаникæ – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ботаникæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਨਸਪਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botenii" title="Botenii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Botenii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nica" title="Botànica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Botànica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%B9%D9%86%DB%8C" title="باٹنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="باٹنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="بوټپوهنه – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بوټپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A2nica" title="Botânica – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Botânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sach%27a_yachay" title="Sach'a yachay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sach'a yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanic%C4%83" title="Botanică – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Botanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаніка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ботаніка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubushakashatsi_ku_Bimera" title="Ubushakashatsi ku Bimera – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubushakashatsi ku Bimera" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="वनस्पतिविज्ञानम् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वनस्पतिविज्ञानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – jakutisk" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nica" title="Botànica – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Botànica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/But%C3%A0nica" title="Butànica – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Butànica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نباتاتيات – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نباتاتيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnm%C9%A3ayt" title="Tasnmɣayt – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnmɣayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="උද්භිද විද්‍යාව – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උද්භිද විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany" title="Botany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Botany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botani" title="Botani – sundanesisk" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Botani" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botania" title="Botania – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Botania" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தாவரவியல் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவரவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వృక్షశాస్త్రం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వృక్షశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%91%D2%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Гиёҳшиносӣ – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гиёҳшиносӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="พฤกษศาสตร์ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พฤกษศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – turkmensk" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаника – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ботаника" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ботаніка – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ботаніка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نباتیات – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نباتیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bot%C3%A0nega" title="Botànega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Botànega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanik" title="Botanik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Botanik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thực vật học – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planav" title="Planav – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Planav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanike" title="Botanike – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Botanike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanika" title="Botanika – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Botanika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="植物学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბოტანიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოტანიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="באטאניק – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באטאניק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植物学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si̍t-bu̍t-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="植物學 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="植物學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Botany.jpg/330px-Botany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Botany.jpg/440px-Botany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2183" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Klassisk udstyr for botaniske studier: Flora (bestemmelsesnøgle), mikroskop, reagensglas.</figcaption></figure> <div style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: solid #aaa 1px; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 1ex; margin-left:15px; margin-top:10px; font-size: 90%;" class="thumb tright"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></span></span> </td> <td><i><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Botanik" title="Portal:Botanik">Portal:Botanik</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:US_long_grain_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_long_grain_rice.jpg/220px-US_long_grain_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_long_grain_rice.jpg/330px-US_long_grain_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_long_grain_rice.jpg/440px-US_long_grain_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Botanikken har stor, økonomisk betydning for landbruget. Billedet viser ris, dyrket i USA.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dioscorides01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/220px-Dioscorides01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/330px-Dioscorides01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Dioscorides01.jpg/440px-Dioscorides01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Grækeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedanios_Dioskorides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedanios Dioskorides (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dioskorides</a> dominerende den vestlige, botaniske forståelse i de første 15 århundreder af vor tidsregning.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg/220px-Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg/330px-Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg/440px-Systema_Naturae_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="865" /></a><figcaption>Titelsiden på <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Linnés</a> <i>Systema naturae</i> (1735).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg/220px-Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg/330px-Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg/440px-Systema_naturae_Regnum_vegetabile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Oversigt over planteriget i Linnés <i>Systema naturae</i> (1735).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Botanikken</b> som begreb blev først brugt af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedanios_Dioskorides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedanios Dioskorides (ikke skrevet endnu)">Dioskorides</a>. Ordet kommer af (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6sk_(sprog)" title="Græsk (sprog)">græsk</a> <i>botaníké [epistémé]</i>: fra <i>botáné</i> = ”foderplante”), og det betegner et videnskabeligt delområde af <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologien</a>, hvor man beskæftiger sig med undersøgelse af planteverdenen. Botanik nævnes ofte sammen med eller i modsætning til zoologisk (om dyreriget). Ofte regner man <a href="/wiki/Mykologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mykologi">mykologien</a> (svampelæren), <a href="/wiki/Lichenologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenologi">lichenologien</a> (læren om lav) og <a href="/wiki/Mikrobiologi" title="Mikrobiologi">mikrobiologien</a> (læren om mikroberne) med til botanikken, selv om disse videnskaber ikke beskæftiger sig med planter. Det skyldes en gammel tradition, som stammer fra, at botanikerne studerede alle <a href="/wiki/Organisme" title="Organisme">organismer</a>, der ikke blev klassificeret som <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a> (der dengang alene var <a href="/wiki/Zoolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoolog">zoologernes</a> domæne). Derfor <a href="/wiki/Studium" class="mw-redirect" title="Studium">studerede</a> botanikere alle organismer, der fremstod som ubevægelige, eller som var knyttet til jord. I nutiden vil man anse botanikken for at være studiet af <a href="/wiki/Landplanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Landplanter">landplanter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Alge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alge">alger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fykologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fykologi">fykologi</a>). Studiet omfatter således ca. 400.000 arter, eller – hvis man medregner <a href="/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe">svampe</a> – mere end 550.000 arter og deres indbyrdes systematik. </p><p>Botanikken omfatter udforskningen af planters struktur, stofskifte, vækst, evolutionære udvikling, slægtskabsforhold og systematik, sygdomme, kemiske egenskaber og genetik samt deres deres økologi og den økonomiske udnyttelse af dem. Studiet af menneskers forhold til planter kaldes <a href="/wiki/Etnobotanik" title="Etnobotanik">etnobotanik</a>, mens studiet af planterester, brugt til historiske formål, falder ind under <a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6obotanik" title="Palæobotanik">palæobotanik</a>. Aldersbestemmelse og økologi- eller klimastudier gennem studier af træer eller plantefrø kaldes for (<a href="/wiki/Dendrokronologi" title="Dendrokronologi">dendrokronologi</a>). Botanikkens metode grænser til, eller bruger, fagdiscipliner som <a href="/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi">biokemi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi">geografi</a> og <a href="/wiki/%C3%98kologi" title="Økologi">økologi</a>. </p><p>Selv om <a href="/wiki/Protister" title="Protister">protister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lav_(symbiotisk_organisme)" title="Lav (symbiotisk organisme)">lav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svampe" title="Svampe">svampe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier">bakterier</a> og <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">vira</a> ikke regnes under botanikken, giver universitetsstudier i botanik ofte en indledende indføring i disse organismer. Økologisk er <a href="/wiki/Forskning" title="Forskning">botanisk forskning</a> vigtig for vores forståelse af alt <a href="/wiki/Liv" title="Liv">liv</a>, jordklodens <a href="/wiki/Klima" title="Klima">klima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vand" title="Vand">vand</a>-cykluser og vejrudvikling, samt erosion, og ikke mindst udviklingen af medikamenter indenfor <a href="/wiki/Farmaci" title="Farmaci">farmacien</a>. Det er etisk mere uproblematisk at forske på planter end på <a href="/wiki/Dyr" title="Dyr">dyr</a>. Østrigeren <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> opdagede <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvel%C3%A6re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvelære (ikke skrevet endnu)">arvelæren</a> ved studier af <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8nner" class="mw-redirect" title="Bønner">bønner</a>, mens <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> opdagede <a href="/wiki/Transposon" title="Transposon">genflydning</a> i celler gennem studier af <a href="/wiki/Majs" title="Majs">majs</a>. Der findes dog etiske dilemmaer i botanikken, eksempelvis <a href="/wiki/Genmanipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genmanipulation">genmanipulation</a> og <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patentering</a> af madsorter. </p><p>Endelig er botanikken af enorm <a href="/wiki/%C3%98konomi" title="Økonomi">økonomisk</a> værdi, da alt, hvad vi spiser, enten direkte eller indirekte er hentet fra <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B8planter" title="Frøplanter">frøplanter</a>. Udviklingen af <a href="/wiki/Landbrug" title="Landbrug">landbrug</a> krævede indgående kendskab til årstidernes skiften og krydsningsmulighederne af <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Græs">græs</a>-arter (<a href="/wiki/Jordbrug" title="Jordbrug">jordbrug</a>), kundskab om giftige planter i forbindelse med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husdyrhold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husdyrhold (ikke skrevet endnu)">husdyrhold</a>, samt vigtige anvendelsesmåder for <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6_(organisme)" title="Træ (organisme)">træer</a> inden <a href="/wiki/Skovbrug" title="Skovbrug">skovbruget</a>. Faget <a href="/wiki/Agronomi" title="Agronomi">agronomi</a> ved landbrugsskoler og -universiteter uddanner landmænd og landbrugskyndige (agronomer), mens forststudiet uddanner skovteknikere og fagfolk til skovdrift. Desuden kræver arbejdet som <a href="/wiki/Landskabsarkitekt" title="Landskabsarkitekt">landskabsarkitekt</a> et godt kendskab til brug af planter i landskabsudformning og landskabspleje. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botanikkens_historie">Botanikkens historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Botanikkens historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Botanikkens historie"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I oldtiden beskrev inderne en række træer og planter, og deres egenskaber. I <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a> foretog forfatterne af det 4.000 år gamle værk <a href="/wiki/Vedaerne" title="Vedaerne">Rig Veda</a> en inddeling af planter i <a href="/wiki/Urt" title="Urt">urter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6_(organisme)" title="Træ (organisme)">træer</a> og <a href="/wiki/Busk" title="Busk">buske</a>, og tænkeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parashara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parashara (ikke skrevet endnu)">Parashara</a> inddelte desuden planterne i <i>Ekamatrka</i> (enfrøbladede) og <i>Dvimatrka</i> (tofrøbladede). Det tusind år yngre <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> inddeler planterne i otte klasser ud fra ydre karaktertræk, og dette gruppeantal holdt sig længe i indisk tænkning. Senere opnåede man at «ramme» en del af vore dages anerkendte plantegrupper som følger en synlig (ydre) morfologi, sådan at man opererede med <a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a> (æteblomster), <a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a> (citrusfrugter), <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> (korsblomster), <a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a> (græskar), <a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a> (singrønblomster) og <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a> (kurvblomster).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lotusrot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lotusrot (ikke skrevet endnu)">Lotusblomsten</a> blev siden et helligt symbol i <a href="/wiki/Buddhisme" title="Buddhisme">buddhismen</a>. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a> blev den urtebaserede <a href="/wiki/Farmaci" title="Farmaci">farmaci</a> udviklet skriftligt i <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_stridende_staters_tid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De stridende staters tid (ikke skrevet endnu)">De stridende staters tid</a> fra ca. 440 f.Kr. til 221 f.Kr. Den meget kendte <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A6gevidenskab" title="Lægevidenskab">medicinske</a> lærebog, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huangdi_Neijing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huangdi Neijing (ikke skrevet endnu)">Huangdi Neijing</a></i> fra <a href="/wiki/Han-dynastiet" title="Han-dynastiet">Han-dynastiet</a> (samtidig med <a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Romerriget</a>) dannede basis for systematisk naturmedicin i Kina i mere end 2.000 år. En meget betydningsfuld, eksperimentel farmaceut var <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhang_Zhongjing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhang Zhongjing (ikke skrevet endnu)">Zhang Zhongjing</a> (<a href="/wiki/150" title="150">150</a>–<a href="/wiki/219" title="219">219</a>), som dannede skole inden for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traditionel_kinesisk_medicin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traditionel kinesisk medicin (ikke skrevet endnu)">kinesisk medicin</a> frem til vores tid. Efter højmiddelalderen var den kinesiske botanik og naturvidenskab derimod generelt langt mindre nyskabende og eksperimentel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klassisk_botanik">Klassisk botanik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Klassisk botanik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Klassisk botanik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> regnes grækeren <a href="/wiki/Theophrastos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophrastos">Theophrastos</a> (371–286 f.Kr.) som botanikkens grundlægger. Han beskrev 500 plantearter i 10-bindsværket <i>Historia Plantarum</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theophrastus' egen lærer, <a href="/wiki/Aristoteles" title="Aristoteles">Aristoteles</a>, var også en habil biolog og studerede planter indgående, og begge to skelnede mellem han- og hunplanter. De etablerede verdens første <a href="/wiki/Botanisk_have" title="Botanisk have">botaniske have</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lykeion" title="Lykeion">Lykeion</a>. Et gennembrud kom med <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dioskorides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dioskorides (ikke skrevet endnu)">Pedanius Dioskorides</a>, som i år <a href="/wiki/60" title="60">60</a> skrev <i>De Materia Medica</i>, med omtale af 1.000 lægemidler, hvoraf 600 var fra beskrevne planter.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romerriget" title="Romerriget">Romerne</a> kendte ca. 1.300–1.400 plantearter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Først med udviklingen af <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopet</a> i det <a href="/wiki/17._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="17. århundrede">17. århundrede</a> nåede den europæiske botanik væsentlige landvindinger, der rakte udover hans standardværk. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arabien" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabien">Arabisk</a> botanik indledtes med <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">kurderen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad-Dinawari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad-Dinawari (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ad-Dinawari</a> (828–896), som beskrev 637 planter, deres vækst, blomstring og frugtudvikling i værket <i>Kitâb al-nabât</i> (= ”Planternes bog”). I <a href="/wiki/Andalusien" title="Andalusien">Andalusien</a> skrev <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Baitar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Baitar (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ibn al-Baitar</a> (–1248) om 1.400 planter til farmaceutisk brug, hvoraf han selv havde opdaget de 300 arter. Biblioteket i arabernes spanske hovedstad, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Córdoba">Córdoba</a> havde 660.000 bøger i <a href="/wiki/775" title="775">775</a> og europæiske munke valfartede til denne kundskabskilde, men megen systematisk forvirring opstod ved, at centraleuropæerne ikke forstod, at floraen ved Middelhavet og i Nord-Europa var helt forskellig.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den tyske lærde <a href="/wiki/Hildegard_von_Bingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildegard von Bingen">Hildegard von Bingen</a> (1099–1179) forstod det bedre og fokuserede sit botaniske studium på lokale arter som hun gav <a href="/wiki/Tysk_(sprog)" title="Tysk (sprog)">tyske</a> navne. En virkelig videnskabelig botanik kom derimod først med Hildegards landsmand, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (1139–1280), som beskrev Europas flora på en måde, som skabte skole for vestlig botanik i århundreder. Med <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> fik europæerne deres første kendskab til <a href="/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus">bambus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nellikke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nellikke (ikke skrevet endnu)">nellikke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingef%C3%A6r" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingefær">ingefær</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bomuld" title="Bomuld">bomuld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukkerr%C3%B8r" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukkerrør">sukkerrør</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabarber" title="Rabarber">rabarber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamfer" title="Kamfer">kamfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peber" title="Peber">peber</a> og <a href="/wiki/Muskatn%C3%B8d" title="Muskatnød">muskatnød</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A6ssancen" title="Renæssancen">Renæssancen</a> bragte opdagelsesrejser, som hastigt øgede kendskabet til nye arter, men der blev gjort relativt få videnskabelige fremskridt inden for den analytiske planteforståelse. På denne tid blev systematik en vigtig trend inden for al naturvidenskab, og botaniske (og zoologiske) samlinger kom på mode i Europa. <a href="/wiki/Botanisk_have" title="Botanisk have">Botaniske haver</a> blev anlagt fra <a href="/wiki/1544" title="1544">1544</a> i <a href="/wiki/Padua" class="mw-redirect" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/1545" title="1545">1545</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> og <a href="/wiki/1567" title="1567">1567</a> i <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. Italieneren <a href="/wiki/Luca_Ghini" title="Luca Ghini">Luca Ghini</a> (1490–1556) i Pisa pressede og tørrede planter til verdens måske første <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a>. </p><p>Listen nedenfor angiver, hvor mange arter, der var kendt og beskrevet med sikkerhed på de forskellige tidspunkter, og den viser de store systematiske fremskridt, som blev gjort i renæssancen: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/280_f.Kr." title="280 f.Kr.">280 f.Kr.</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theophrastos" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophrastos">Theophrastos</a> (Gr.) – 500 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/60" title="60">60</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedanios_Dioskorides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedanios Dioskorides (ikke skrevet endnu)">Pedanios Dioskorides</a> (Gr.) – 600 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1240" title="1240">1240</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Baitar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Baitar (ikke skrevet endnu)">Ibn al-Baitar</a> (Ar.) – 1.400 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1532" title="1532">1532</a>: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a> (Ty.) – 800 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1551" title="1551">1551</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Lonicer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Lonicer (ikke skrevet endnu)">Adam Lonicer</a> (Ty.) – 879 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a> (Ty.) – 240 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1552" title="1552">1552</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rembert_Dodoens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rembert Dodoens (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rembert Dodoens</a> (Fr.) – 884 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1586" title="1586">1586</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Dal%C3%A9champs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Daléchamps (ikke skrevet endnu)">Jacques Daléchamps</a> (Fr.) – > 3.000 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1623" title="1623">1623</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caspar_Bauhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caspar Bauhin (ikke skrevet endnu)">Caspar Bauhin</a> (Ch.) – > 6.000 arter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1758" title="1758">1758</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> (Sv.) – 7.700 arter</li></ul> <p>Renæssancens overvejende tyske botanikere var tydelig inspireret af Dioskorides, men de skrev på både latin og tysk. Tidens ideal var at udgive <a href="/wiki/Flora_(bog)" title="Flora (bog)">floraer</a> og give arterne navn. Schweizeren Caspar Bauhin brugte i sin <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatur" title="Nomenklatur">nomenklatur</a> at benævne planter med et navn for slægten fulgt af et for arten, selv om det blev svenskeren Carl von Linné, der fik æren for denne fremgangsmåde. En anden vigtig forsker var schweizeren <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (1516–1565), som brugte planternes blomst og frugt i sin søgen efter slægtskab, og beskrev <a href="/wiki/Plantegeografi" title="Plantegeografi">plantegeografien</a> i <a href="/wiki/Alperne" title="Alperne">Alperne</a> ved at kortlægge floraen i forskellige højdezoner.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderne_botanik">Moderne botanik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Moderne botanik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne botanik"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Med opdagelsen af <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopet</a> blev fokus i højere grad vendt mod fysiologiske og biokemiske studier af planterne. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_van_Helmont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes van Helmont (ikke skrevet endnu)">Johannes van Helmont</a> målte vandoptagelsen i træer i løbet af 1640'erne, mens briten <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> klarlagde planternes fysiologi, masse, tryk, næringsoptagelse og respiration i værket <i>Vegetable Staticks</i> fra <a href="/wiki/1727" title="1727">1727</a>. Etter katoffelkrisen i <a href="/wiki/Irland" title="Irland">Irland</a> i 1840'erne fik studiet af plantesygdomme og planternes <a href="/wiki/Stofskifte" title="Stofskifte">stofskifte</a> ny fart med nyvindinger af blandt andre <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den videnskabelige tilgang til gruppering, identifikation og navngivning af arter kaldes for <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomi</a>, og den store autoritet på dette felt blev <a href="/wiki/Sverige" title="Sverige">svenskeren</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a>. Han levede i det <a href="/wiki/18._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="18. århundrede">18. århundrede</a>, i en periode, hvor kontakten med de nye kolonier bragte mængder af helt nye arter til Europa. Det satte gang i en fornyet udforskning på tidens universiteter. Linné forelæste ved <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Universitet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uppsala Universitet">Uppsala Universitet</a> fra <a href="/wiki/1730" title="1730">1730</a>, og regnes ofte som <a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">taksonomiens</a> far med værket <i>Systema Naturae</i> fra <a href="/wiki/1735" title="1735">1735</a> med 4.400 dyrearter og 7.700 plantearter. Han delte planterne i kongedømmer, klasser, ordener, slægter og arter.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den schweizisk-franske botaniker <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Augustin Pyramus de Candolle</a> (1778–1841) satte <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> på sporet af evolutionen, og dog kom han aldrig helt væk fra det blindspor, som mentoren <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck</a> skabte med sit syn på udviklingen. Men Candolle havde større betydning som botaniker end som generel evolutionsteoretiker, og havde held til at formulere en alternativ klassifikation i opposition til Linné. Ideen om naturlig udvælgelse stammer fra hans koncept <i>Nature's War</i>, der handler om plantearters indbyrdes konkurrence, og Candolle lagde grunden til den naturlige systematik – <a href="/wiki/Fylogeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylogeni">fylogenien</a>. </p><p>I det <a href="/wiki/20._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="20. århundrede">20. århundrede</a> gennemgik systematikken en rivende udvikling, og placeringen af arter i grupper, baseret på et formodet slægtskap, undergik både udvikling og store revisioner. Ofte var de botaniske ”systemer” enkeltmandsarbejde, hvor det sidste er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronquist-systemet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronquist-systemet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Cronquist-systemet</a> fra <a href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</a>, som blev formuleret af den amerikanske forsker <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Cronquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur J. Cronquist (ikke skrevet endnu)">Arthur J. Cronquist</a> (1919–1992). Med basis i <a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">genetikken</a> og ved betydelig anvendelse af <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>-studier er systematikken blevet mere kompliceret og eksakt, og den bliver i dag udforsket i et forskerfællesskab, hvor amerikanske, britiske og svenske universiteter står centralt, og som kaldes <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a>. Med <a href="/wiki/APG_III_systemet" class="mw-redirect" title="APG III systemet">APG III systemet</a> (2009) har botanikken præsenteret sin foreløbigt seneste, systematiske helhedsgruppering af blomsterplanterne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fagområder"><span id="Fagomr.C3.A5der"></span>Fagområder</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Fagområder" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Fagområder"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tidens løb er der udviklet fire delområder, som beskæftiger sig med forskellige spørgsmål og metoder inden for faget: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(biologi)" title="Morfologi (biologi)">Plantemorfologi</a></i> – udforskning af planternes struktur og form med følgende underafdelinger <ul><li><i>Morfologi</i> – planternes ydre opbygning (den egentlige morfologi)</li> <li><i>Anatomi</i> – planternes indre opbygning</li> <li><i>Histologi</i> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A6vsl%C3%A6re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vævslære (ikke skrevet endnu)">vævslære</a></li> <li><i>Cytologi</i> – cellestruktur</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantefysiologi" title="Plantefysiologi">Plantefysiologi</a></i> – udforskning af planternes generelle funktioner med følgende underafdelinger <ul><li><i>Stofskiftefysiologi</i> – planters stofskifte</li> <li><i>Påvirknings- og bevægelsesfysiologi</i> – planters reaktioner på ydre påvirkninger</li> <li><i>Udviklingsfysiologi</i> – planters vækst- og udviklingsfunktioner</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%98kofysiologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Økofysiologi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Økofysiologi</a></i> hos planter – planternes tilpasninger til gunstige eller ugunstige miljøer</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Planterigets_systematik" title="Planterigets systematik">Planterigets systematik</a></i> – beskrivelse og ordning af planteverdenen med følgende underafdelinger <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Botanisk_taksonomi" title="Botanisk taksonomi">Botanisk taksonomi</a></i> – inddeling af planter efter bestemte træk</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6obotanik" title="Palæobotanik">Palæobotanik</a></i> – udforskning af fortidige planter</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geobotanik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geobotanik (ikke skrevet endnu)">Geobotanik</a></i> – udforskning af planter under økologiske synsvinkler med følgende underafdelinger <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetationslære</a></i> (også kaldet <a href="/wiki/Plantesociologi" title="Plantesociologi">Plantesociologi</a> eller Phytocoenologi) – plantedækkets opbygning og struktur</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantegeografi" title="Plantegeografi">Plantegeografi</a></i> eller korologi – planteslægternes udbredelse</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plante%C3%B8kologi" title="Planteøkologi">Planteøkologi</a></i> – planters og <a href="/wiki/Plantesamfund" title="Plantesamfund">plantesamfunds</a> forhold til deres miljø</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="" style="width: 35%; float: right; margin: 0 auto; border-collapse: collapse; background: #FBFBFB; border: 1px solid #aaa; border-left: 10px solid #660066;padding: 0.25em 0.5em;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0.25em 0.5em;"><span class="metadata"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/35px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/53px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/70px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></span></td><td style="width:100%"><b>Søsterprojekter med yderligere information:</b><br /><div style="font-size:85%;line-height:135%;"><ul style="list-style:none"><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Botany" class="extiw" title="c:Botany">Billeder og medier</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/25px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span> <a href="https://da.wiktionary.org/wiki/botanik" class="extiw" title="wikt:botanik">Opslag</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wikiordbogen</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> <a href="https://da.wikibooks.org/wiki/Botany" class="extiw" title="b:Botany">Opslagsværker</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Wikibooks" title="Wikibooks">Wikibooks</a></li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ulla Dietl: <i>Hvor kommer planterne fra – og hvem fandt dem?</i> <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/87-14-29860-0" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/87-14-29860-0">87-14-29860-0</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Noter">Noter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Noter"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_tiwar_botany_frameset.htm">Lalit Tiwari: <i>Ancient Indian Botany and Taxonomy</i></a> hos Infinity Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abocamuseum.it/uk/bibliothecaantiqua/Book_View.asp?Id_Book=161&Display=E">Aboca Museum: <i>Book Information</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928001242/http://www.abocamuseum.it/uk/bibliothecaantiqua/Book_View.asp?Id_Book=161&Display=E">Arkiveret</a> 28. september 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015132825/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01b.htm">"Universität Hamburg: <i>Botany under Roman Reign</i>"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01b.htm">originalen</a> 15. oktober 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. maj 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg%3A+Botany+under+Roman+Reign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fe01%2F01b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABotanik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/995/Botany-History-botany.html">Vita Ritchman: <i>Botany – History Of Botany</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107100740/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01.htm">"Universität Hamburg: <i>Botany: The History of a Science</i>"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01.htm">originalen</a> 7. januar 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. maj 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg%3A+Botany%3A+The+History+of+a+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fe01%2F01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABotanik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108132142/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01c.htm">"Universität Hamburg: <i>Decline of Botany – the Dark Ages</i>"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01c.htm">originalen</a> 8. januar 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. maj 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg%3A+Decline+of+Botany+%E2%80%93+the+Dark+Ages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fe01%2F01c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABotanik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901081444/http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01d.htm">"Universität Hamburg: <i>Botany Online, Renaissance</i>"</a>. Arkiveret fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e01/01d.htm">originalen</a> 1. september 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 15. maj 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universit%C3%A4t+Hamburg%3A+Botany+Online%2C+Renaissance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biologie.uni-hamburg.de%2Fb-online%2Fe01%2F01d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ABotanik" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.jrank.org/pages/995/Botany-History-botany.html">Vita Ritchman: <i>Botany – History Of Botany</i></a> hos jrank.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl von Linné, <i>Species Plantarum</i>, 1753.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Se også"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agronomi" title="Agronomi">Agronomi</a> – læren om jordbrug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanikkens_specialer" title="Botanikkens specialer">Botanikkens specialer</a> – faglig opdeling af botanikken</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanisk_have" title="Botanisk have">Botanisk have</a> – plantesamling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryologi" title="Bryologi">Bryologi</a> – læren om mosser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrokronologi" title="Dendrokronologi">Dendrokronologi</a> – botanisk viden, brugt i arkæologien</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etnobotanik" title="Etnobotanik">Etnobotanik</a> – kulturel plantelære</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylogeni" class="mw-redirect" title="Fylogeni">Fylogeni</a> – evolutionær systemlære</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fytokemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fytokemi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fytokemi</a> – planters bio- og mikrokemi</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fytopatologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fytopatologi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fytopatologi</a> – planters sydomslære</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fytotomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fytotomi (ikke skrevet endnu)">Fytotomi</a> – planters anatomi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetik" title="Genetik">Genetik</a> – gen- og arvelære</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hortikultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hortikultur (ikke skrevet endnu)">Hortikultur</a> – dyrkningslære</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karplanter" title="Karplanter">Karplanter</a> – spore- og frøplanter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Botanik" title="Kategori:Botanik">Kategorien <i>Botanik</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenologi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenologi">Lichenologi</a> – læren om lav</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6obotanik" title="Palæobotanik">Palæobotanik</a> – studiet af fortidige plantearter og -samfund</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynologi" title="Palynologi">Palynologi</a> – spore- og frøstudie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantefysiologi" title="Plantefysiologi">Plantefysiologi</a> – planters opbygning og funktion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantegeografi" title="Plantegeografi">Plantegeografi</a> – planters udbredelse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skovbrug" title="Skovbrug">Skovbrug</a> – læren om skovbrug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksonomi" title="Taksonomi">Taksonomi</a> – slægtskabs- og navnelære</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A6_(organisme)" title="Træ (organisme)">Træ</a> – forveddet, enstammet plante</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urt" title="Urt">Urt</a> – ikke-forveddet plante</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbii.gov/disciplines/botany/">National Biological Information Infrastructure: <i>Botany</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517003724/http://www.nbii.gov/disciplines/botany/">Arkiveret</a> 17. maj 2008 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> hos ”U.S. Geological Survey”.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu">Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation: Hjemmeside</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantGrowth.html:">Plantevækst</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/PlantCell.html:">Planteceller</a><small> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikler_med_d%C3%B8de_eksterne_henvisninger" title="Wikipedia:Artikler med døde eksterne henvisninger">Webside ikke længere tilgængelig</a>)</small>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.org/newsite/botany/">Botanical Society of America: <i>What is Botany?</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517093703/http://www.botany.org/newsite/botany/">Arkiveret</a> 17. maj 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/palbot/teach/botanyteach.html">Universität Würzburg: Oversikt over botanisk lærematerialer, kurser og studier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060814181712/http://uni-wuerzburg.de/mineralogie/palbot/teach/botanyteach.html">Arkiveret</a> 14. august 2006 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aspb.org/aboutus/">American society of plant biologists. Hjemmeside</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019073344/https://www.aspb.org/aboutus/">Arkiveret</a> 19. oktober 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/teaching/content.html">University of Cambridge: <i>Why study Plants</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209044556/http://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/teaching/content.html">Arkiveret</a> 9. december 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collectaneabotanica.revistas.csic.es">Institut Botànic de Barcelona: <i>Collectanea Botanica</i></a> – på spansk, engelsk og andre sprog.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kosmosnet.dk/kosmosnet/Oversigt/Gateway/50-59/57.htm">Kosmosnets samling af links til botaniske emner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030607153917/http://kosmosnet.dk/kosmosnet/Oversigt/Gateway/50-59/57.htm">Arkiveret</a> 7. juni 2003 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioweb.dk/biolex_start.php">Bioweb (online biologisk leksikon)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030603181301/http://www.bioweb.dk/biolex_start.php">Arkiveret</a> 3. juni 2003 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floraer_og_botaniske_databaser">Floraer og botaniske databaser</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Floraer og botaniske databaser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Botanik&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Floraer og botaniske databaser"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html/">Den virtuelle floraen</a> – Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet (svensk)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowers-gardens.net/plant.html">Flower gardens: <i>Plant</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/www-vl/"><i>The Virtual Library of Botany</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulak.ac.be/bioweb/">Catholic University of Leuven: Information om planter og billeder af dem i høj kvalitet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK1xC981/">Curtis's Botanical Magazine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070701223857/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK1xC981/">Arkiveret</a> 1. juli 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/">Henry John Elwes og Augustine Henry: <i>The Trees Of Great Britain and Ireland</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070722000425/http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/">Arkiveret</a> 22. juli 2007 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1906–1913</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pflanzen-portal.com">Botanik-Datenbank</a> – tysksproget materialesamling</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://green-24.de/search/botanik/pflanzen/index.html">Plant Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090427160031/http://green-24.de/search/botanik/pflanzen/index.html">Arkiveret</a> 27. april 2009 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – tysksproget materialesamling</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.usda.gov/index.html">USDAs database over planter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnean.org/">The Linnean Society of London: Hjemmeside</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wildflower.utexas.edu/">University of Texas: <i>Native Plant Information Network</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best4plants.co.uk/Files/tradecentrepagecontent-pdffile-7.pdf">Indeks over planter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121013915/http://www.best4plants.co.uk/Files/tradecentrepagecontent-pdffile-7.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 21. november 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11759279">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F">Botanikkens underemner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etnobotanik" title="Etnobotanik">Etnobotanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A6obotanik" title="Palæobotanik">Palæobotanik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planteanatomi" title="Planteanatomi">Planteanatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plante%C3%B8kologi" title="Planteøkologi">Planteøkologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantesociologi" title="Plantesociologi">Plantesociologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantemorfologi" title="Plantemorfologi">Plantemorfologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantefysiologi" title="Plantefysiologi">Plantefysiologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planternes_evolution" title="Planternes evolution">Planteevolution</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:1859-Martinique.web.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/100px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/150px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/1859-Martinique.web.jpg/200px-1859-Martinique.web.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F"><a href="/wiki/Plante" class="mw-redirect" title="Plante">Planter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alge" class="mw-redirect" title="Alge">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosser" title="Mosser">Mosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bregne" title="Bregne">Bregner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8genfr%C3%B8ede" title="Nøgenfrøede">Nøgenfrøede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter">Dækfrøede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F">Planteorganer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blomst" title="Blomst">Blomst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugt" title="Frugt">Frugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blad_(plantedel)" title="Blad (plantedel)">Blad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meristem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meristem (ikke skrevet endnu)">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_(plantedel)" title="Rod (plantedel)">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A6ngel" title="Stængel">Stængel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalte%C3%A5bning_(plantedel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalteåbning (plantedel)">Spalteåbning</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karv%C3%A6v&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karvæv (ikke skrevet endnu)">Karvæv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedplanter" title="Vedplanter">Ved</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F"><a href="/wiki/Celle_(biologi)" title="Celle (biologi)">Planteceller</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellev%C3%A6g" title="Cellevæg">Cellevæg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klorofyl" title="Klorofyl">Klorofyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nkorn" title="Grønkorn">Kloroplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotosyntese" title="Fotosyntese">Fotosyntese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantehormon" title="Plantehormon">Plantehormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration_(botanik)" title="Transpiration (botanik)">Transpiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planters_livscyklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planters livscyklus (ikke skrevet endnu)">Planters livscyklus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">Gametofyt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B8nnethed_hos_planter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kønnethed hos planter (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kønnethed hos planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best%C3%B8vning" title="Bestøvning">Bestøvning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B8_(plantedel)" title="Frø (plantedel)">Frø</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore_(botanik)" title="Spore (botanik)">Spore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">Sporofyt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#7FBF7F"><a href="/wiki/Botanisk_taksonomi" title="Botanisk taksonomi">Planters taxonomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanisk_navn" title="Botanisk navn">Botanisk navn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanisk_nomenklatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanisk nomenklatur">Botanisk nomenklatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Plant_Taxonomy" title="International Association for Plant Taxonomy">IAPT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Botanical Nomenclature">ICBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species 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