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onclick="doGTranslate('en|ar');return false;" title="العربية" class="flag nturl notranslate">العربية</a> <a href="/fr/reverse-dns" onclick="doGTranslate('en|fr');return false;" title="Français" class="flag nturl notranslate">Français</a> <a href="/pt/reverse-dns" onclick="doGTranslate('en|pt');return false;" title="Português" class="flag nturl notranslate">Português</a> </div></div></div></div><div id="sp-top-whois-faq" class="col-xs-6 col-sm-6 col-md-4"><div class="sp-column "><div class="sp-module "><div class="sp-module-content"> <div class="custom" > <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #;"> <strong> <a class="jcepopup noicon" style="color: #;" title="AFRINIC Web WHOIS Interface" href="/whois?lang=en" data-mediabox="1" data-mediabox-title="AFRINIC Web WHOIS Interface">WHOIS SEARCH</a> <a class="jcepopup noicon" style="color: #;" title="MEMBERS PORTAL" href="https://my.afrinic.net/login" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-mediabox="1" data-mediabox-title="AFRINIC Web WHOIS Interface">LOGIN TO MYAFRINIC</a></strong></span></p></div> </div></div></div></div><div id="sp-top3" class="col-xs-3 col-sm-3 col-md-4"><div class="sp-column time"><div class="sp-module "><div class="sp-module-content"><div class="itp-gs"> <form action="/component/itpgooglesearch/search" method="get" accept-charset="utf-8"> <input name="gsquery" type="text" class="inputbox" placeholder="Search for..." value="" /> </form> </div></div></div></div></div></div></section><header id="sp-header"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div id="sp-logo" class="col-xs-4 col-sm-4 col-md-3"><div class="sp-column "><div class="logo"><a href="/"><img class="sp-default-logo hidden-xs" src="/ast/img/afrinic-logo/afrinic_logo.png" alt="AFRINIC - Regional Internet Registry for Africa"><img class="sp-retina-logo hidden-xs" src="/ast/img/afrinic-logo/afrinic_logo.png" alt="AFRINIC - Regional Internet Registry for Africa" width="202" height="85"><img class="sp-default-logo visible-xs" src="/ast/img/afrinic-logo/afrinic_logo.png" alt="AFRINIC - Regional Internet Registry for Africa"></a></div></div></div><div id="sp-menu" class="col-xs-8 col-sm-8 col-md-9"><div class="sp-column "> <div class='sp-megamenu-wrapper'> <a id="offcanvas-toggler" class="visible-sm visible-xs" href="#"><i class="fa fa-bars"></i></a> <ul class="sp-megamenu-parent menu-fade hidden-sm hidden-xs"><li class="sp-menu-item"></li><li class="sp-menu-item"></li><li class="sp-menu-item sp-has-child"><a href="/about" >About us</a><div class="sp-dropdown sp-dropdown-main sp-menu-right" style="width: 240px;"><div class="sp-dropdown-inner"><ul class="sp-dropdown-items"><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/history" >History</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/partners" >Our Partners</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/membership" >Membership</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/service-region" >Our Service Region</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/agmm" >AGMM</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/membership/cost" >Fees Schedule</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/governance" >Governance</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/stats" >Statistics</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/corporate-documents" >Corporate Documents</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/team" >Our Team</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/contact" >Contact us</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="sp-menu-item sp-has-child"><a href="/our-work" >Our Work</a><div class="sp-dropdown sp-dropdown-main sp-menu-right" style="width: 240px;"><div class="sp-dropdown-inner"><ul class="sp-dropdown-items"><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/membership" >Membership Services</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/resources" >Internet Number Resources Management</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item active"><a href="/reverse-dns" >Reverse DNS</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/whois" >WHOIS</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/membership/cost" >Fees Schedule</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/internet-routing-registry" >Internet Routing Registry (IRR)</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/dnssec" >DNSSEC Program</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/resource-certification" >Resource Certification Program (RPKI)</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/corporate-documents" >Corporate Documents</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="http://learn.afrinic.net/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" >Training Services</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/support" >Support & FAQs</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/changelog" >Online Services Changelog</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/dns-support" >DNS Support Program</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/root-server-copy" >Root Server Copy Program</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/internet-development-programs" >Internet Development Programs</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="sp-menu-item sp-has-child"><a href="/participate" >Participate</a><div class="sp-dropdown sp-dropdown-main sp-menu-right" style="width: 240px;"><div class="sp-dropdown-inner"><ul class="sp-dropdown-items"><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/code" >Code of Conduct</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/email" >Email & Mailing Lists</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/policy" >Policy Development</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/committees/afgwg" >Governments</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/committees" >Committees</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/election-process" >Elections</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/exhaustion" >IPv4 Exhaustion</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/internet-governance" >Internet Governance</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/privacy" >Privacy</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="sp-menu-item sp-has-child"><a href="/events" >Events</a><div class="sp-dropdown sp-dropdown-main sp-menu-left" style="width: 240px;"><div class="sp-dropdown-inner"><ul class="sp-dropdown-items"><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="https://meeting.afrinic.net" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" >Meetings</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/events/sponsorship" >Sponsorship Opportunities</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/events/hosting-guide" >Hosting Guide</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="http://learn.afrinic.net/events" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" >Training Workshops</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/outreach" >Outreach</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/events/webinar-series" >Webinar Series</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="sp-menu-item sp-has-child"><a href="/news" >Media</a><div class="sp-dropdown sp-dropdown-main sp-menu-left" style="width: 240px;"><div class="sp-dropdown-inner"><ul class="sp-dropdown-items"><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/news" >News</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/press" >Press Releases</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/presentations" >Presentations</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/factsheets" >Factsheets</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/newsletter" >Newsletter</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/branding" >Branding</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="/post-guidelines" >Contribution Guidelines</a></li></ul></div></div></li><li class="sp-menu-item"><a href="https://blog.iso.afrinic.net/" >Blog</a></li><li class="sp-menu-item"></li><li class="sp-menu-item"></li><li class="sp-menu-item"></li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></div></header><section id="sp-localisation-notice"><div class="row"><div id="sp-localisation-notice" class="col-sm-12 col-md-12"><div class="sp-column "><div class="sp-module "><div class="sp-module-content"> <div class="custom" > <div id="English-Notice"> <div class="alert alert-info" style="text-align: center;"><i class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle" aria-hidden="true"></i> <strong>Info!</strong> Please note that this translation has been provided at best effort, for your convenience. The English page remains the official version.</div> </div></div> </div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="sp-main-body"><div class="row"><div id="sp-left" class="col-sm-2 col-md-3 hidden-sm hidden-xs"><div class="sp-column "><div class="sp-module "><h3 class="sp-module-title">Our Work</h3><div class="sp-module-content"><ul class="nav menu"> <li class="item-828 deeper parent"><a href="/our-work" > Our Work</a><ul><li class="item-495"><a href="/membership" > Membership Services</a></li><li class="item-491 deeper parent"><a href="/resources" > Internet Number Resources Management</a><ul><li class="item-3261"><a href="/asn" > Autonomous System Number (ASN)</a></li><li class="item-3452"><a href="/resources/ipv6" > Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)</a></li><li class="item-493"><a href="/resources/transfers" > Resource Transfers</a></li><li class="item-3156"><a href="/resources/management" > Resource Management</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-667 deeper parent"><a href="/resource-certification" > Resource Certification Program (RPKI)</a><ul><li class="item-3281"><a href="/resource-certification/tal" > Trust Anchor Locator (TAL)</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-662"><a href="/internet-routing-registry" > Internet Routing Registry (IRR)</a></li><li class="item-663"><a href="/dnssec" > DNSSEC Program</a></li><li class="item-728"><a href="/support" > Support & FAQs</a></li><li class="item-499 deeper parent"><a href="/corporate-documents" > Corporate Documents</a><ul><li class="item-510"><a href="/bylaws" target="_blank" > Bylaws</a></li><li class="item-505"><a href="/membership/agreements" target="_blank" > Membership Agreements</a></li><li class="item-804"><a href="/commitment" > Service Level Commitment (SLC)</a></li><li class="item-562"><a href="/policy/manual" > Consolidated Policy Manual</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-511 deeper parent"><a href="/whois" > WHOIS</a><ul><li class="item-3240"><a href="/whois/terms" > Terms of Use</a></li><li class="item-514"><a href="/whois/utilities" > WHOIS Crypt</a></li><li class="item-3404"><a href="/whois/ip-tools" > IP Tools</a></li><li class="item-3405"><a href="/whois/data-protection" > Your data protection</a></li><li class="item-1208"><a href="/whois/lame" > Lame Tool</a></li><li class="item-2527"><a href="/whois/rdap" > RDAP</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-515"><a href="http://learn.afrinic.net/" target="_blank" > Training Services</a></li><li class="item-2792"><a href="/changelog" > Online Services Changelog</a></li><li class="item-655"><a href="/dns-support" > DNS Support Program</a></li><li class="item-670"><a href="/root-server-copy" > Root Server Copy Programme</a></li><li class="item-3380"><a href="/products" > Products Roadmap</a></li></ul></li><li class="item-3684 current active"><a href="/reverse-dns" > Reverse DNS</a></li><li class="item-3688 deeper parent"><a href="/internet-development-programs" > Internet Development Programs</a><ul><li class="item-3689"><a href="/internet-development-programs/the-fellowship-program" > The Fellowship Program</a></li><li class="item-3690"><a href="/internet-development-programs/technical-community-development-program" > Technical Community Development Program</a></li><li class="item-3691"><a href="/internet-development-programs/african-research-collaboration-program" > African Research Collaboration Program</a></li><li class="item-3692"><a href="/internet-development-programs/diversity-in-ict-program" > Diversity in ICT Program</a></li><li class="item-3693"><a href="/internet-development-programs/african-critical-infrastructure-development-program" > African Critical Infrastructure Development Program</a></li><li class="item-3694"><a href="/internet-development-programs/african-internet-governance-and-ict-initiatives-development-program" > African Internet Governance and ICT Initiatives Development Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></div><div id="sp-component" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-9"><div class="sp-column "><div id="system-message-container"> </div> <article class="item item-page" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB" /> <div class="entry-header"> <h1 itemprop="name"> Reverse DNS </h1> </div> <div itemprop="articleBody"> <div id="sp-page-builder" class="sp-page-builder sppb-article-page-wrapper"><div class="page-content"><section id="section-id-1682423375715" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682423375714"><div id="column-id-1682423375714" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682423375718" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682423375718" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ul> <li><a href="#section1">Section 1: What is Reverse DNS</a></li> <li><a href="#section2">Section 2: Reverse DNS Delegation</a> <ul> <li><a href="#2.1">2.1 Reverse DNS Delegation</a><br /> <ul> <li><a href="#hierarchy">Hierarchy of Reverse DNS</a></li> <li><a href="#ptr">PTR Records and Zone Files</a></li> <li><a href="#reverse">AFRINIC Reverse Delegation Process</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#2.2">2.2 Reverse DNS Usage</a></li> <li><a href="#2.3">2.3 Common Reverse DNS Issues</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#section3">Section 3: Steps to setup reverse delegation in the AFRINIC WHOIS database</a><br /> <ul> <li><a href="#step1">Step 1. DNS Configurations on your Name Servers</a></li> <li><a href="#step2">Step 2. Register your Domain(s) on AFRINIC Servers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="#section4">Section 4: Troubleshooting Reverse DNS ( WHAT CAN GO WRONG !)</a></li> <li><a href="#section5">Section 5: Important Policy Sections</a><br /> <ul> <li><a href="#section10.5">1. Section - 10.5 - Validity of the Reverse Delegation</a></li> <li><a href="#section10.7">2. Section - 10.7 - Removal of 'Lame' Delegations</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section1" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading">Section 1: What is Reverse DNS</h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682423375719"><div id="column-id-1682423375719" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682423375723" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682423375723" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Reverse DNS (Domain Name System) is an integral part of the Internet infrastructure and plays a crucial role in translating IP addresses into domain names. While most users are familiar with forward DNS, which maps domain names to IP addresses, reverse DNS performs the opposite task, allowing users to identify the domains and hostnames associated with particular IP addresses.<br /><br />Reverse DNS is a query and response-based service such that when an IP address is used to access a website or send an email, reverse DNS can be employed to determine the associated domain.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section2" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading">Section 2: Reverse DNS Delegation</h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682423375724"><div id="column-id-1682423375724" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682424272354" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682424272354" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.1 Reverse DNS Delegation</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div id="2.1" style="text-align: justify;">Reverse DNS (Domain Name System) operates through a hierarchical tree of servers, similar to forward DNS. The Address and Routing Parameter Area (ARPA) top-level Internet domain serves as the root of the reverse DNS structure. The delegation process involves the ARPA root, the Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), delegated servers, and PTR records.<br /><br />Regional Internet Registries, such as AFRINIC, manage the reverse delegation process for their respective regions. Understanding the hierarchical structure and delegation process of reverse DNS is essential for maintaining proper configuration and ensuring efficient IP address lookups in the Internet ecosystem. </div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686041992776" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686041992776" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">Hierarchy of Reverse DNS</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div id="hierarchy" style="text-align: justify;">The ARPA root serves as the highest level in the reverse DNS hierarchy. Below the ARPA root, delegated servers handle specific IP address ranges. For IPv4 addresses, the "in-addr.arpa" domain is used, while "ip6.arpa" is utilized for IPv6 addresses. Further down the hierarchy, there are delegations for the /8 IPv4 and IPv6 blocks allocated by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to the RIRs.</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686041992786" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686041992786" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-single-image sppb-text-center "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div class="sppb-addon-single-image-container"><img class="sppb-img-responsive" src="/ast/2023/06/07/ip6-arpa.png" alt="Image" title="" loading="lazy"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686041992789" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686041992789" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">PTR Records and Zone Files</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div id="ptr" style="text-align: justify;">PTR records, containing the reverse mapping of IP addresses to domain names, are stored in the zone files specific to each reverse domain. These zone files are maintained by Name Servers. To create a PTR record, the IP address octets are reversed and appended with the ".in-addr.arpa" extension. For instance, if a server has the IP address 196.0.1.2, the corresponding PTR record will be registered as 2.1.0.192.in-addr.arpa.</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686041992794" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686041992794" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">AFRINIC Reverse Delegation Process</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div id="reverse" style="text-align: justify;"> <p data-renderer-start-pos="2769">AFRINIC DNS servers provide referrals for the IP resources delegated to its resource members.</p> <p data-renderer-start-pos="2865">To request reverse delegation, resource holders need to create a domain object in the AFRINIC WHOIS Database. Members must also configure reverse DNS zones on their name servers in advance, as AFRINIC servers will perform verification to ensure proper configurations are already in place. It is recommended to have at least two name servers for redundancy purposes. If the name servers are correctly configured, AFRINIC propagates the delegation to the Domain Name System. However, if a DNS server is not properly configured, it will be detected as a lame DNS server, and the delegation request may be dropped unless the issue is resolved promptly.</p> </div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686041992799" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686041992799" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.2 Reverse DNS Usage <p id="2.2"><p> </h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Reverse DNS finds numerous applications in email management, network administration, security and troubleshooting. Some notable use cases include:</div> <ol> <li style="text-align: justify;"> <div>Email Authentication: Reverse DNS is an essential component of email authentication mechanisms such as SPF (Sender Policy Framework) and DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail). Verifying that the IP address used for sending emails matches the domain specified in the sender's address helps combat email spam and improve deliverability.</div> </li> <li style="text-align: justify;"> <div>Network Troubleshooting: By using reverse DNS, network administrators can identify the domain associated with a problematic IP address using the log data with human-readable hostnames instead of numeric IP addresses, enabling them to pinpoint the source of network issues more efficiently.</div> </li> <li> <div style="text-align: justify;">Security and Access Control: Reverse DNS is often used in firewall configurations and access control systems. It allows organizations to define rules based on domain names rather than IP addresses, enhancing security measures and facilitating network management.</div> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686042973308" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686042973308" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.3 Common Reverse DNS Issues <p id="2.3"><p> </h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Certain services like email are configured to verify the authenticity of request-originating IP addresses before accepting such requests hence invalid or non-existent PTR (Pointer) records could lead to service rejection. Below are some of the common causes of reverse DNS issues.</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686042973315" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686042973315" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">1. Lack of Reverse DNS Delegation </h4><div class="sppb-addon-content">The absence of the network operators' Name Server (NS) information for their IPs will cause a failure of reverse DNS delegation.<br /><br /> <ul> <li>AFRINIC maintain authoritative information for the IP blocks they administer and its authoritative DNS servers give referrals if it contains the network operator's Name Server (NS) information in what is referred to as reverse DNS delegation. <ul> <li>For example, AFRINIC administers the prefix 196/8 and has the corresponding domain 196.in-addr.arpa.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Resource members must request delegation by registering their DNS name servers in the AFRINIC database. <ul> <li>For example, the network operator with 196.1.0.0/24 has to register the domain 0.1.196.in-addr.arpa.</li> </ul> </li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686046491442" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686046491442" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2. Lack of PTR records for your IP address</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ul> <li style="text-align: justify;">A PTR record maps an IP address to a hostname within the reverse DNS zone.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Network operators must create PTR records for their email servers, enabling reverse DNS lookup to establish the server's authority for sending and receiving mail. If a DNS server does not possess the appropriate PTR record, the reverse DNS lookup will fail. Consequently, sending emails from such a server may face rejection by email providers that require a valid Reverse DNS record.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686046491449" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686046491449" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">3. Incorrect Reverse DNS record</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ul> <li style="text-align: justify;">An incorrect Reverse DNS record may cause either service or DNS delegation failure impacting other network functionalities, leading to the rejection of emails sent from the server. It is crucial to ensure the accuracy of PTR records to maintain proper reverse DNS resolution.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686046491458" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686046491458" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">4. Slow Reverse DNS resolution</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ul> <li style="text-align: justify;">Delays in Reverse DNS lookups may occur due to network congestion or problems with the DNS server's performance. If slow reverse DNS resolution becomes an issue, alternative DNS servers can be used to determine if the problem persists. In such cases, contacting the hosting provider or network administrator for further investigation is recommended.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686048494288" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686048494288" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Reverse DNS issues can hinder the smooth operation of email servers. By understanding the common causes, network administrators and email server operators can troubleshoot and resolve these issues effectively. Ensuring proper configuration and maintenance of reverse DNS records is crucial for reliable email delivery and compliance with email provider requirements.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section3" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading">Section 3: Steps to setup reverse delegation in the AFRINIC WHOIS database </h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682492340565"><div id="column-id-1682492340565" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682492340569" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682492340569" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;"> Before proceeding with the request for reverse delegation service, it is advisable to review the following checklist:</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify;"> <div>Register Assignments on the WHOIS Database: For Local Internet Registry (LIR) members, it is a must to register the IP utilisation assignments in the AFRINIC WHOIS database before initiating reverse DNS registration. AFRINIC requires at least one registered assignment in order to comply with the policy for accepting reverse delegations.</div> </li> </ul> This requirement is not applicable to resource members in the End-User category.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <ul> <li>Delegation Boundaries for IPv4 and IPv6: AFRINIC permits reverse delegation on 8-bit boundaries for IPv4 addresses, typically /16 or /24.</li> </ul> To cover CIDR prefixes shorter than a /24 (e.g., /22), multiple delegations are necessary, requiring the registration of four /24 objects. For IPv6, it is highly recommended to align reverse delegations with the boundaries of 4 bits, commonly referred to as nibble boundaries.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="step1" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading"> </h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682661531871"><div id="column-id-1682661531871" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682661531873" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682661531873" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">Step 1. DNS Configurations on your Name Servers</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Before requesting reverse DNS delegation, follow these DNS configuration steps on your name servers:</div> <ol> <li style="text-align: justify;"> <div>Create Reverse Zone: Ensure that the reverse zone is created before proceeding with the reverse DNS delegation request.</div> </li> <li style="text-align: justify;"> <div>Configure PTR Records: Properly configure the PTR records within the reverse zones. These records facilitate the mapping of IP addresses to domain names.</div> </li> <li> <div style="text-align: justify;">Uniformity in SOA Resource Record: Maintain consistency among all the nameservers by ensuring that the SOA (Start of Authority) resource record contains the same serial number and other data content. The SOA should also include a valid 'rname,' which represents the contact address for administrative purposes.</div> </li> </ol></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="step2" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading"> </h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682661531863"><div id="column-id-1682661531863" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686049087775" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686049087775" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">Step 2. Register your Domain(s) on AFRINIC Servers</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">After concluding step 1, you are now ready to add your domain object(s) and request the reverse delegation. from AFRINIC. This request can be made in one fo the three methods:</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682661531867" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682661531867" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.1 Through MyAfrinic Members Portal</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <li>Log into <a href="https://my.afrinic.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://my.afrinic.net</a></li> <li>Go to Resources -> Reverse Delegation</li> <li>Click "+" to expand the target allocation</li> <li>Click the "Add Reverse delegation" option to add the domain</li> <li>Update the details and submit</li> </ol></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682661531868" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682661531868" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.2 Through the whois web portal</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ol style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <li>Please Go to <a href="https://afrinic.net/whois" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://afrinic.net/whois</a></li> <li>Click on "create object ", then choose "domain", then load.</li> <li>Fill out the form as requested, then submit it.</li> </ol></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682661531869" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682661531869" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2.3 Through e-mail and is effective for the bulk updates</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">Submit a new reverse domain object by copying the domain object(s) template in a text file and emailing it to <span id="cloak4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</span><script type='text/javascript'> document.getElementById('cloak4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222').innerHTML = ''; var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; var addy4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222 = 'auto-dbm' + '@'; addy4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222 = addy4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222 + 'afrinic' + '.' + 'net'; var addy_text4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222 = 'auto-dbm' + '@' + 'afrinic' + '.' + 'net';document.getElementById('cloak4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222').innerHTML += '<a ' + path + '\'' + prefix + ':' + addy4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222 + '\'>'+addy_text4608a35408043db33965feac80a16222+'<\/a>'; </script> with a blank subject line.<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">An example of a domain object(reverse delegation) for 192.168.1.0/24 is shown below;<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">domain: 0.1.192.in-addr.arpa</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">descr: Example Domain Object</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">admin-c: NIC-AFRINIC</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">tech-c: NIC-AFRINIC</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">zone-c: NIC-AFRINIC</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">nserver: ns1.example.com</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">nserver: ns2.example.com</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">mnt-by: EXAMPLE-MNT</div> <div style="text-align: justify;">changed: <span id="cloak6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</span><script type='text/javascript'> document.getElementById('cloak6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44').innerHTML = ''; var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; var addy6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44 = 'email' + '@'; addy6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44 = addy6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44 + 'example' + '.' + 'com'; var addy_text6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44 = 'email' + '@' + 'example' + '.' + 'com';document.getElementById('cloak6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44').innerHTML += '<a ' + path + '\'' + prefix + ':' + addy6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44 + '\'>'+addy_text6d7553a4319c5af5528f3d4268f91a44+'<\/a>'; </script></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">source: AFRINIC<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Note that the "nserver:" attributes should be the Fully Qualified Domain Names(FQDNs) and not the IP addresses of your nameservers.<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">You can validate the functionality of your reverse DNS delegation using the AFRINIC reverse DNS lameness checker here: <a href="https://afrinic.net/whois/lame" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://afrinic.net/whois/lame</a>. <br /><br />Propagation may take a few hours to fully reflect in the global DNS system (depending on the TTL and refresh values). In case of challenges with propagation after 8 hrs, please contact AFRINIC at <span id="cloake21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6">This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.</span><script type='text/javascript'> document.getElementById('cloake21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6').innerHTML = ''; var prefix = 'ma' + 'il' + 'to'; var path = 'hr' + 'ef' + '='; var addye21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6 = 'hostmaster' + '@'; addye21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6 = addye21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6 + 'afrinic' + '.' + 'net'; var addy_texte21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6 = 'hostmaster' + '@' + 'afrinic' + '.' + 'net';document.getElementById('cloake21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6').innerHTML += '<a ' + path + '\'' + prefix + ':' + addye21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6 + '\'>'+addy_texte21472692b49696c2b77622f98c1f9d6+'<\/a>'; </script>.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section4" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading">Section 4: Reverse DNS troubleshooting ( WHAT CAN GO WRONG !)</h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682492340570"><div id="column-id-1682492340570" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682493987935" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682493987935" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">1. Error message if IP utilisation assignments are not registered in the AFRINIC database:</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a must to register IP utilisation assignments/sub-allocation in the AFRINIC whois database before submitting your domain object(s) for LIR resource members.<br /><br />With reference to section 10.5 of AFRINIC’s <a href="https://afrinic.net/policy/manual" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Consolidated Policy Manual (CPM)</a>, it is stated that “No reverse delegation of administered/allocated IP address space is allowed unless an assignment or sub-allocation from the specific address allocation is registered appropriately in the AFRINIC WHOIS database”,<br /><br />Failure to abide by the above policy requirements will generate the message below:</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682494529118" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682494529118" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-single-image sppb-text-center "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div class="sppb-addon-single-image-container"><img class="sppb-img-responsive" src="/ast/2023/05/22/afrinic_reserve_dns_figure_1.png" alt="Image" title="" loading="lazy"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682494529121" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682494529121" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">2. Authentication error when creating on whois web portal & email.</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">When submitting a new domain object via web whois or email, authentication against the mnt-domains is required; thus, the password of your maintainer object is needed.<br /><br />In case your password can not be traced, the following steps will assist in resetting the password:</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <ol> <li>Go to <a href="/whois/utilities" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WHOIS Crypt and other Utilities</a></li> <li>Input the new password you wish to use for the maintainer.</li> <li>Click on "Generate hash".</li> <li>Please send us the BCRYPT hash value that will be generated. We shall then use this to reset your object.</li> </ol> </div> <div style="text-align: justify;">Note that to authenticate against your maintainer after successfully resetting the password, you must use the clear text password you submitted in Step 2 above.</div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682495066229" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682495066229" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-single-image sppb-text-center "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div class="sppb-addon-single-image-container"><img class="sppb-img-responsive" src="/ast/2023/05/22/afrinic_reverse_dns_figure_2.png" alt="Image" title="" loading="lazy"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section5" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h3 class="sppb-title-heading">Section 5: Important Policy Sections </h3></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1682495177479"><div id="column-id-1682495177479" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1682495177483" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1682495177483" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block "><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">The AFRINIC AFRINIC's Consolidated Policy Manual (CPM) covers reverse delegation in <a href="https://afrinic.net/policy/manual#Reverse-Delegation" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Section 10</a> and the two key sections to pay close attention to are:</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section10.5" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h4 class="sppb-title-heading">1. Section - 10.5 - Validity of the Reverse Delegation</h4></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1686050169168"><div id="column-id-1686050169168" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686050169170" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686050169170" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><div class="sppb-addon-content">The policy section strictly stipulates that: <br /><br />No Reverse DNS service in the absence of registered assignments:<br /><br /> <ul> <li>No reverse delegation of administered/allocated IP address space is allowed unless an assignment or sub-allocation from the specific address allocation is registered appropriately in the AFRINIC whois database.</li> <li>For a /24 reverse delegation, at least one assignment or sub-allocation must be registered in the AFRINIC Database for that specific /24. The entire /24 does not have to be assigned in order for the reverse delegation to be allowed.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section id="section10.7" class="sppb-section" ><div class="sppb-row-container"><div class="sppb-section-title sppb-text-left"><h4 class="sppb-title-heading">2. Section 10.7 - Removal of ‘Lame’ Delegations</h4></div><div class="sppb-row"><div class="sppb-col-md-12" id="column-wrap-id-1686050169185"><div id="column-id-1686050169185" class="sppb-column" ><div class="sppb-column-addons"><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686050169186" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686050169186" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">What is Lame Delegation?</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">A DNS name server is considered lame when it does not adequately respond to DNS queries either by:<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <ul> <li>Not responding at all.</li> <li>Responding in some way, but not for the specific domain queried.</li> <li>Responding to the correct domain, but without the authority bit set.</li> </ul> </div></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686050169187" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686050169187" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">Lame delegations can lead to:</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><ul> <li style="text-align: justify;">Denial of certain services and delays due to DNS malfunctions.</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Timeouts from unresponsive servers can increase DNS traffic between caching and authoritative DNS servers, resulting in possible load on infrastructure and increased operating costs.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686050169188" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686050169188" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">What Member can do? ( Lame Delegation Test )</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">AFRINIC has developed a tool to test for lame DNS delegations within the in-addr.arpa and ipv6.arpa domains. <a href="https://afrinic.net/whois/lame" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://afrinic.net/whois/lame</a><br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">If a given ‘nserver’ attribute has been determined to be lame for a given domain object, Members are advised to</div> <ul> <li style="text-align: justify;">Configure the nameservers authoritative for the relevant zones</li> <li style="text-align: justify;">Edit the list of nameservers in the "nserver" attributes of the relevant "domain" objects. Objects with lame delegations can be updated by one of the mechanisms of interacting with the WHOIS database identified above.</li> </ul></div></div></div></div><div id="sppb-addon-wrapper-1686050169189" class="sppb-addon-wrapper"><div id="sppb-addon-1686050169189" class="clearfix " ><div class="sppb-addon sppb-addon-text-block sppb-text-left "><h4 class="sppb-addon-title">Resolving Lame Delegations</h4><div class="sppb-addon-content"><div style="text-align: justify;">DNS operations are critical services for a well-performing Internet hence to ensure an effective DNS service, AFRINIC implemented an automated procedure to help resource members identify and fix lame delegation issues. In the eventuality of failure to fix the issues, the persistent lame DNS delegations are removed in line with CPM section 10.7 to maintain accurate reverse DNS delegation data.<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">The full procedure is documented <a href="https://afrinic.net/20210428-lame-dns-delegation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.<br /><br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;">More details about the complete "lameness" checking approach and notification schedule can be read <a href="https://afrinic.net/20210428-lame-dns-delegation-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">here</a>.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div> </div> <div class="article-footer-wrap"> <div class="article-footer-top"> <div class="helix-social-share"> <div class="helix-social-share-icon"> <ul> <li> <div class="facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Share On Facebook"> <a class="facebook" onClick="window.open('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns','Facebook','width=600,height=300,left='+(screen.availWidth/2-300)+',top='+(screen.availHeight/2-150)+''); return false;" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns"> <i class="fa fa-facebook"></i> </a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Share On Twitter"> <a class="twitter" onClick="window.open('http://twitter.com/share?url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns&text=Reverse%20DNS','Twitter share','width=600,height=300,left='+(screen.availWidth/2-300)+',top='+(screen.availHeight/2-150)+''); return false;" href="http://twitter.com/share?url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns&text=Reverse%20DNS"> <i class="fa fa-twitter"></i> </a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="google-plus"> <a class="gplus" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Share On Google Plus" onClick="window.open('https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns','Google plus','width=585,height=666,left='+(screen.availWidth/2-292)+',top='+(screen.availHeight/2-333)+''); return false;" href="https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns" > <i class="fa fa-google-plus"></i></a> </div> </li> <li> <div class="linkedin"> <a class="linkedin" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="top" title="Share On Linkedin" onClick="window.open('http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns','Linkedin','width=585,height=666,left='+(screen.availWidth/2-292)+',top='+(screen.availHeight/2-333)+''); return false;" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://www.afrinic.net/reverse-dns" > <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"></i></a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="printfriendly-button-wrapper" style="text-align: right"><a class="printfriendly-button print-no" style="cursor: pointer" onclick="window.print(); return false;" title="Print Friendly, PDF & Email"><img style="border:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none; box-shadow:none;" src="https://cdn.printfriendly.com/buttons/printfriendly-button-lg.png" alt="Print Friendly, PDF & Email"></a></div> <dd class="modified"> <i class="fa fa-calendar-o"></i> Last Modified on - 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