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Leonora D. Guerrero</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: M. Leonora D. Guerrero"> <meta name="keywords" content="M. Leonora D. Guerrero"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="M. 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Leonora D. Guerrero"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 30</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: M. Leonora D. Guerrero</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Phonological Variation in the Speech of Grade 1 Teachers in Select Public Elementary Schools in the Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Leonora%20D.%20Guerrero">M. Leonora D. Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study attempted to uncover the most and least frequent phonological variation evident in the speech patterns of grade 1 teachers in select public elementary schools in the Philippines. It also determined the lectal description of the participants based on Tayao’s consonant charts for American and Philippine English. Descriptive method was utilized. A total of 24 grade 1 teachers participated in the study. The instrument used was word list. Each column in the word list is represented by words with the target consonant phonemes: labiodental fricatives f/ and /v/ and lingua-alveolar fricative /z/. These phonemes were in the initial, medial, and final positions, respectively. Findings of the study revealed that the most frequent variation happened when the participants read words with /z/ in the final position while the least frequent variation happened when the participants read words with /z/ in the initial position. The study likewise proved that the grade 1 teachers exhibited the segmental features of both the mesolect and basilect. Based on these results, it is suggested that teachers of English in the Philippines must aspire to manifest the features of the mesolect, if not, the acrolect since it is expected of the academicians not to be displaying the phonological features of the acrolects since this variety is only used by the 'uneducated.' This is especially so with grade 1 teachers who are often mimicked by their students who classify their speech as the 'standard.' <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=consonant%20phonemes" title="consonant phonemes">consonant phonemes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lectal%20description" title=" lectal description"> lectal description</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippine%20English" title=" Philippine English"> Philippine English</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phonological%20variation" title=" phonological variation"> phonological variation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73753/phonological-variation-in-the-speech-of-grade-1-teachers-in-select-public-elementary-schools-in-the-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">213</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> The Multi-Lingual Acquisition Patterns of Elementary, High School and College Students in Angeles City, Philippines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20Infante">Dennis Infante</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonora%20Yambao"> Leonora Yambao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Philippines is a multilingual community. A Filipino learns at least three languages throughout his lifespan. Since languages are learned and picked up simultaneously in the environment, a student naturally develops a language system that combines features of at least three languages: the local language, English and Filipino. This study seeks to investigate this particular phenomenon and aspires to propose a theoretical framework of unique language acquisition in the elementary, high school and college in the three languages spoken and used in media, community, business and school: Kapampangan, the local language; Filipino, the national language; and English. The study randomly selects five students from three participating schools in order to acquire language samples. The samples were analyzed in the subsentential, sentential and suprasentential levels using grammatical theories. The data are classified to map out the pattern of substitution or shifting from one language to another. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20acquisition" title="language acquisition">language acquisition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother%20tongue" title=" mother tongue"> mother tongue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiculturalism" title=" multiculturalism"> multiculturalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilingual%20education" title=" multilingual education"> multilingual education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5139/the-multi-lingual-acquisition-patterns-of-elementary-high-school-and-college-students-in-angeles-city-philippines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5139.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">380</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Sorting Fish by Hu Moments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20M.%20Hern%C3%A1ndez-Ontiveros">J. M. Hernández-Ontiveros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20E.%20Garc%C3%ADa-Guerrero"> E. E. García-Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Inzunza-Gonz%C3%A1lez"> E. Inzunza-González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20R.%20L%C3%B3pez-Bonilla"> O. R. López-Bonilla</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents the implementation of an algorithm that identifies and accounts different fish species: Catfish, Sea bream, Sawfish, Tilapia, and Totoaba. The main contribution of the method is the fusion of the characteristics of invariance to the position, rotation and scale of the Hu moments, with the proper counting of fish. The identification and counting is performed, from an image under different noise conditions. From the experimental results obtained, it is inferred the potentiality of the proposed algorithm to be applied in different scenarios of aquaculture production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=counting%20fish" title="counting fish">counting fish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20image%20processing" title=" digital image processing"> digital image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=invariant%20moments" title=" invariant moments"> invariant moments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pattern%20recognition" title=" pattern recognition"> pattern recognition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27652/sorting-fish-by-hu-moments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27652.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">408</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Strategies and Problems of Teachers in Using Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ezayra%20Dubria">Ezayra Dubria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonora%20Yambao"> Leonora Yambao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mother Tongue–Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) is a salient part of the recent reform in the country’s Education system which is the implementation of the K to 12 Basic Education Program. Its importance is highlighted by the passing of Republic Act 10523, otherwise known as the ‘Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013’. However, teachers, especially new teachers encounter problems in using mother tongue as medium of instruction. Fortunately, teachers are able to create strategies which address these problems. Specifically, this paper gathered the viewpoints of teachers in using mother tongue and analyzed the different problems and strategies used. The problems encountered by teachers are lack of instructional materials written in mother tongue, especially books, lack of vocabulary, lack of teacher training, and influences of social media to learners. The strategies which address these problems are translation of literary pieces and other instructional materials, vocabulary enrichment through the use of word-of-the-day and picture-word association, remedial class, storytelling, differentiated instruction, explicit teaching, individual and group activities, and utilization of multilingual teaching. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother%20tongue-based%20instruction" title="mother tongue-based instruction">mother tongue-based instruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilingualism" title=" multilingualism"> multilingualism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problems" title=" problems"> problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=strategies" title=" strategies"> strategies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76763/strategies-and-problems-of-teachers-in-using-mother-tongue-based-multilingual-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> A Process to Support Multidisciplinary Teams to Design Serious Games</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naza%20Djafarova">Naza Djafarova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tony%20Bates"> Tony Bates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Margaret%20Verkuyl"> Margaret Verkuyl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonora%20Zefi"> Leonora Zefi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozgur%20Turetken"> Ozgur Turetken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Ferworn"> Alex Ferworn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mastrilli%20Paula"> Mastrilli Paula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daria%20Romaniuk"> Daria Romaniuk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kosha%20Bramesfeld"> Kosha Bramesfeld</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasia%20Dimitriadou"> Anastasia Dimitriadou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cheryl%20To"> Cheryl To</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Designing serious games for education is a challenging and resource-intensive effort. If a well-designed process that balances pedagogical principles with game mechanics is in place, it can help to simplify the design process of serious games and increase efficiency. Multidisciplinary teams involved in designing serious games can benefit tremendously from such a process in their endeavours to develop and implement these games at undergraduate and graduate levels. This paper presentation will outline research results on identified gaps within existing processes and frameworks and present an adapted process that emerged from the research. The research methodology was based on a survey, semi-structured interviews and workshops for testing the adapted process for game design. Based on the findings, the authors propose a simple process for the pre-production stage of serious game design that may help guide multidisciplinary teams in their work. This process was used to facilitate team brainstorming, and is currently being tested to assess if multidisciplinary teams find value in using it in their process of designing serious games. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serious%20game-design" title="serious game-design">serious game-design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidisciplinary%20team" title=" multidisciplinary team"> multidisciplinary team</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20design%20framework" title=" game design framework"> game design framework</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20games" title=" learning games"> learning games</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multidisciplinary%20game%20design%20process" title=" multidisciplinary game design process"> multidisciplinary game design process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89674/a-process-to-support-multidisciplinary-teams-to-design-serious-games" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89674.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Predictive Maintenance Based on Oil Analysis Applicable to Transportation Fleets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Israel%20Ibarra%20Solis">Israel Ibarra Solis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Carlos%20Rodriguez%20Sierra"> Juan Carlos Rodriguez Sierra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ma.%20del%20Carmen%20Salazar%20Hernandez"> Ma. del Carmen Salazar Hernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isis%20Rodriguez%20Sanchez"> Isis Rodriguez Sanchez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Perez%20Guerrero"> David Perez Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At the present paper we try to explain the analysis techniques use for the lubricating oil in a maintenance period of a city bus (Mercedes Benz Boxer 40), which is call ‘R-24 route’, line Coecillo Centro SA de CV in Leon Guanajuato, to estimate the optimal time for the oil change. Using devices such as the rotational viscometer and the atomic absorption spectrometer, they can detect the incipient form when the oil loses its lubricating properties and, therefore, cannot protect the mechanical components of diesel engines such these trucks. Timely detection of lost property in the oil, it allows us taking preventive plan maintenance for the fleet. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=atomic%20absorption%20spectrometry" title="atomic absorption spectrometry">atomic absorption spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=predictive%20velocity%20rate" title=" predictive velocity rate"> predictive velocity rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lubricating%20oils" title=" lubricating oils"> lubricating oils</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35777/predictive-maintenance-based-on-oil-analysis-applicable-to-transportation-fleets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">569</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Understanding and Enhancing Ecotourism Opportunities through Education</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Iakovoglou">V. Iakovoglou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20N.%20Zaimes"> G. N. Zaimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20P.%20Arraiza%20Berm%C3%BAdez-Ca%C3%B1ete"> M. P. Arraiza Bermúdez-Cañete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20L.%20Garc%C3%ADa"> J. L. García</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20C.%20Gim%C3%A9nez"> M. C. Giménez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Calder%C3%B3n-Guerrero"> C. Calderón-Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Ioras"> F. Ioras</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Abrudan"> I. Abrudan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new fast growing trend in tourism is ecotourism, in which tourists visit natural ecosystems under low impact, non-consumptive and locally oriented activities. Through these activities species and habitats are maintained and typically, underdeveloped regions are emphasized. Ecotourism provides a great alternative, especially for rural and undeveloped area. At the same time, despite its many benefits, it also poses many risks for the naturally protected areas. If ecotourism is practiced improperly degradation and irreversible damages could be the unwanted result. In addition, the lack of MSc programs in the field of Ecotourism in Europe makes it a necessity to be developed. Such an MSc program is being implemented with the lead partner the Technical University of Madrid. The entire partnership has six Universities, seven SMEs and one National Park from seven different countries all over Europe. The MSc will have 10 educational modules that will be available online and will prepare professionals that will be able to implement ecotourism in a sustainable way. Only through awareness and education a sustainable ecotourism will be achieved in the protected areas of Europe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ERASMUS" title="ERASMUS">ERASMUS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MSc%20program" title=" MSc program"> MSc program</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protected%20Areas" title=" protected Areas"> protected Areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33488/understanding-and-enhancing-ecotourism-opportunities-through-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33488.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Structural Performance of a Bridge Pier on Dubious Deep Foundation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V%C3%ADctor%20Cecilio">Víctor Cecilio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20G%C3%B3mez"> Roberto Gómez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Alberto%20Escobar"> J. Alberto Escobar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%C3%A9ctor%20Guerrero"> Héctor Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study of the structural behavior of a support/pier of an elevated viaduct in Mexico City is presented. Detection of foundation piles with uncertain integrity prompted the review of possible situations that could jeopardy the structural safety of the pier. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the structural conditions of the support, taking into account the type of anomaly reported and the depth at which it is located, the position of the pile with uncertain integrity in the foundation system, the stratigraphy of the surrounding soil and the geometry and structural characteristics of the pier. To carry out the above, dynamic analysis, spectral modal, and step-by-step, with elastic and inelastic material models, were performed. Results were evaluated in accordance with the standards used for the design of the original structural project and with the Construction Regulations for Mexico’s Federal District (RCDF-2017, 2017). Comments on the response of the analyzed models are issued, and the conclusions are presented from a structural point of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20analysis" title="dynamic analysis">dynamic analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inelastic%20models" title=" inelastic models"> inelastic models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dubious%20foundation" title=" dubious foundation"> dubious foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge%20pier" title=" bridge pier"> bridge pier</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116289/structural-performance-of-a-bridge-pier-on-dubious-deep-foundation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/116289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">137</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Optimization of 3D Printing Parameters Using Machine Learning to Enhance Mechanical Properties in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darwin%20Junnior%20Sabino%20Diego">Darwin Junnior Sabino Diego</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brando%20Burgos%20Guerrero"> Brando Burgos Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diego%20Arroyo%20Villanueva"> Diego Arroyo Villanueva</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Additive manufacturing, commonly known as 3D printing, has revolutionized modern manufacturing by enabling the agile creation of complex objects. However, challenges persist in the consistency and quality of printed parts, particularly in their mechanical properties. This study focuses on addressing these challenges through the optimization of printing parameters in FDM technology, using Machine Learning techniques. Our aim is to improve the mechanical properties of printed objects by optimizing parameters such as speed, temperature, and orientation. We implement a methodology that combines experimental data collection with Machine Learning algorithms to identify relationships between printing parameters and mechanical properties. The results demonstrate the potential of this methodology to enhance the quality and consistency of 3D printed products, with significant applications across various industrial fields. This research not only advances understanding of additive manufacturing but also opens new avenues for practical implementation in industrial settings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20manufacturing" title=" additive manufacturing"> additive manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20learning" title=" machine learning"> machine learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185830/optimization-of-3d-printing-parameters-using-machine-learning-to-enhance-mechanical-properties-in-fused-deposition-modeling-fdm-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185830.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">51</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Providing Emotional Support to Children under Long-Term Health Treatments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ram%C3%B3n%20Cruzat">Ramón Cruzat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20F.%20Ochoa"> Sergio F. Ochoa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ignacio%20Casas"> Ignacio Casas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20A.%20Guerrero"> Luis A. Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Bravo"> José Bravo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Patients under health treatments that involve long stays at a hospital or health centre (e.g. cancer, organ transplants and severe burns), tend to get bored or depressed because of the lack of social interaction with family and friends. Such a situation also affects the evolution and effectiveness of their treatments. In many cases, the solution to this problem involves extra challenges, since many patients need to rest quietly (or remain in bed) to their being contagious. Considering the weak health condition in which usually are these kinds, keeping them motivated and quiet represents an important challenge for nurses and caregivers. This article presents a mobile ubiquitous game called MagicRace, which allows hospitalized kinds to interact socially with one another without putting to risk their sensitive health conditions. The game does not require a communication infrastructure at the hospital, but instead, it uses a mobile ad hoc network composed of the handheld devices used by the kids to play. The usability and performance of this application was tested in two different sessions. The preliminary results show that users experienced positive feelings from this experience. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ubiquitous%20game" title="ubiquitous game">ubiquitous game</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%27s%20emotional%20support" title=" children's emotional support"> children's emotional support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20isolation" title=" social isolation"> social isolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mobile%20collaborative%20interactions" title=" mobile collaborative interactions"> mobile collaborative interactions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2537/providing-emotional-support-to-children-under-long-term-health-treatments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2537.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">430</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Digital Economy as an Alternative for Post-Pandemic Recovery in Latin America: A Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Armijos-Orellana%20Ana">Armijos-Orellana Ana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gonz%C3%A1lez-Calle%20Mar%C3%ADa"> González-Calle María</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maldonado-Matute%20Juan"> Maldonado-Matute Juan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guerrero-Maxi%20Pedro"> Guerrero-Maxi Pedro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, the digital economy represents a fundamental element to guarantee economic and social development, whose importance increased significantly with the arrival of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, despite the benefits it offers, it can also be detrimental to those developing countries characterized by a wide digital divide. It is for this reason that the objective of this research was to identify and describe the main characteristics, benefits, and obstacles of the digital economy for Latin American countries. Through a bibliographic review, using the analytical-synthetic method in the period 1995-2021, it was determined that the digital economy could give way to structural changes, reduce inequality, and promote processes of social inclusion, as well as promote the construction and participatory development of organizational structures and institutional capacities in Latin American countries. However, the results showed that the digital economy is still incipient in the region and at least three factors are needed to establish it: joint work between academia, the business sector and the State, greater emphasis on learning and application of digital transformation and the creation of policies that encourage the creation of digital organizations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20countries" title="developing countries">developing countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20divide" title=" digital divide"> digital divide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20economy" title=" digital economy"> digital economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20literacy" title=" digital literacy"> digital literacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20transformation" title=" digital transformation"> digital transformation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148398/digital-economy-as-an-alternative-for-post-pandemic-recovery-in-latin-america-a-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Effect of Naphtha on the Composition of a Heavy Crude, in Addition to a Cycle Steam Stimulation Process </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Guerrero">A. Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Leon"> A. Leon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Munoz"> S. Munoz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sandoval"> M. Sandoval</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The addition of solvent to cyclic steam stimulation is done in order to reduce the solvent-vapor ratio at late stages of the process, the moment in which this relationship increases significantly. The study of the use of naphtha in addition to the cyclic steam stimulation has been mainly oriented to the effect it achieves on the incremental recovery compared to the application of steam only. However, the effect of naphtha on the reactivity of crude oil components under conditions of cyclic steam stimulation or if its effect is the only dilution has not yet been considered, to author’s best knowledge. The present study aims to evaluate and understand the effect of naphtha and the conditions of cyclic steam stimulation, on the remaining composition of the improved oil, as well as the main mechanisms present in the heavy crude - naphtha interaction. Tests were carried out with the system solvent (naphtha)-oil (12.5° API, 4216 cP @ 40° C)- steam, in a batch micro-reactor, under conditions of cyclic steam stimulation (250-300 °C, 400 psi). The characterization of the samples obtained was carried out by MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry) and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) techniques. The results indicate that there is a rearrangement of the microstructure of asphaltenes, resulting in a decrease in these and an increase in lighter components such as resins. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composition%20change" title="composition change">composition change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20steam%20stimulation" title=" cyclic steam stimulation"> cyclic steam stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interaction%20mechanism" title=" interaction mechanism"> interaction mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naphtha" title=" naphtha"> naphtha</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111468/effect-of-naphtha-on-the-composition-of-a-heavy-crude-in-addition-to-a-cycle-steam-stimulation-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111468.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> The Use Management of the Knowledge Management and the Information Technologies in the Competitive Strategy of a Self-Propelling Industry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guerrero%20Ram%C3%ADrez%20Sandra">Guerrero Ramírez Sandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramos%20Salinas%20Norma%20Maricela"> Ramos Salinas Norma Maricela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muriel%20Amezcua%20Vanesa"> Muriel Amezcua Vanesa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article presents the beginning of a wider study that intends to demonstrate how within organizations of the automotive industry from the city of Querétaro. Knowledge management and technological management are required, as well as people’s initiative and the interaction embedded at the interior of it, with the appropriate environment that facilitates information conversion with wide information technologies management (ITM) range. A company was identified for the pilot study of this research, where descriptive and inferential research information was obtained. The results of the pilot suggest that some respondents did noted entity the knowledge management topic, even if staffs have access to information technology (IT) that serve to enhance access to knowledge (through internet, email, databases, external and internal company personnel, suppliers, customers and competitors) data, this implicates that there are Knowledge Management (KM) problems. The data shows that academically well-prepared organizations normally do not recognize the importance of knowledge in the business, nor in the implementation of it, which at the end is a great influence on how to manage it, so that it should guide the company to greater in sight towards a competitive strategy search, given that the company has an excellent technological infrastructure and KM was not exploited. Cultural diversity is another factor that was observed by the staff. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Knowledge%20Management%20%28KM%29" title="Knowledge Management (KM)">Knowledge Management (KM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Technological%20Knowledge%20Management%20%28TKM%29" title=" Technological Knowledge Management (TKM)"> Technological Knowledge Management (TKM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Technology%20Information%20Management%20%28TI%29" title=" Technology Information Management (TI)"> Technology Information Management (TI)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access%20to%20knowledge" title=" access to knowledge"> access to knowledge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22766/the-use-management-of-the-knowledge-management-and-the-information-technologies-in-the-competitive-strategy-of-a-self-propelling-industry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22766.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">500</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> Optimization of the Structural Design for an Irregular Building in High Seismicity Zone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arias%20Fernando">Arias Fernando</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20Boj%C3%B3rquez"> Juan Bojórquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ed%C3%A9n%20Boj%C3%B3rquez"> Edén Bojórquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alfredo%20Reyes-Salazar"> Alfredo Reyes-Salazar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fernando%20de%20J.%20Velarde"> Fernando de J. Velarde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Robespierre%20Ch%C3%A1vez"> Robespierre Chávez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Martin%20Leal"> J. Martin Leal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20Baca"> Victor Baca</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study focuses on the optimization of different structural systems employed in tall steel buildings, with a specific focus on the city of Acapulco, Guerrero, a region known for its high seismic activity. Using the spectral modal method, analyses were conducted to assess the ability of these buildings to withstand seismic forces and other external loads. After performing a detailed analysis of various models, the results were compared based on various engineering parameters, including maximum interstory drift, base shear, displacements, and the total weight of the structures, the latter being considered as an estimate of the cost of the proposed systems. The findings of this study indicate that steel frames stand out as a viable option for tall buildings in question. However, areas of potential improvement were identified, suggesting opportunities for further optimization of the design and seismic resistance of these structures. This study provides a deep and insightful perspective on the optimization of structural systems in tall steel buildings, offering valuable information for engineers and professionals in the field involved in similar projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20seismic%20zone" title="high seismic zone">high seismic zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irregular%20buildings" title=" irregular buildings"> irregular buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20design" title=" optimization design"> optimization design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=steel%20buildings" title=" steel buildings"> steel buildings</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192081/optimization-of-the-structural-design-for-an-irregular-building-in-high-seismicity-zone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">24</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Impact of Integrated Signals for Doing Human Activity Recognition Using Deep Learning Models</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milagros%20Ja%C3%A9n-Vargas">Milagros Jaén-Vargas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Javier%20Garc%C3%ADa%20Mart%C3%ADnez"> Javier García Martínez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karla%20Miriam%20Reyes%20Leiva"> Karla Miriam Reyes Leiva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20Fernanda%20Trujillo-Guerrero"> María Fernanda Trujillo-Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Fernandes"> Francisco Fernandes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S%C3%A9rgio%20Barroso%20Gon%C3%A7alves"> Sérgio Barroso Gonçalves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20Tavares%20Silva"> Miguel Tavares Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Sim%C3%B5es%20Lopes"> Daniel Simões Lopes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Javier%20Serrano%20Olmedo"> José Javier Serrano Olmedo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human Activity Recognition (HAR) is having a growing impact in creating new applications and is responsible for emerging new technologies. Also, the use of wearable sensors is an important key to exploring the human body's behavior when performing activities. Hence, the use of these dispositive is less invasive and the person is more comfortable. In this study, a database that includes three activities is used. The activities were acquired from inertial measurement unit sensors (IMU) and motion capture systems (MOCAP). The main objective is differentiating the performance from four Deep Learning (DL) models: Deep Neural Network (DNN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) and hybrid model Convolutional Neural Network-Long Short-Term Memory (CNN-LSTM), when considering acceleration, velocity and position and evaluate if integrating the IMU acceleration to obtain velocity and position represent an increment in performance when it works as input to the DL models. Moreover, compared with the same type of data provided by the MOCAP system. Despite the acceleration data is cleaned when integrating, results show a minimal increase in accuracy for the integrated signals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HAR" title="HAR">HAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IMU" title=" IMU"> IMU</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOCAP" title=" MOCAP"> MOCAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acceleration" title=" acceleration"> acceleration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity" title=" velocity"> velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=position" title=" position"> position</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feature%20maps" title=" feature maps"> feature maps</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167055/impact-of-integrated-signals-for-doing-human-activity-recognition-using-deep-learning-models" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167055.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Study and Conservation of Cultural and Natural Heritages with the Use of Laser Scanner and Processing System for 3D Modeling Spatial Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julia%20Desiree%20Velastegui%20Caceres">Julia Desiree Velastegui Caceres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Alejandro%20Velastegui%20Caceres"> Luis Alejandro Velastegui Caceres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oswaldo%20Padilla"> Oswaldo Padilla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eduardo%20Kirby"> Eduardo Kirby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Guerrero"> Francisco Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theofilos%20%20Toulkeridis"> Theofilos Toulkeridis</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is fundamental to conserve sites of natural and cultural heritage with any available technique or existing methodology of preservation in order to sustain them for the following generations. We propose a further skill to protect the actual view of such sites, in which with high technology instrumentation we are able to digitally preserve natural and cultural heritages applied in Ecuador. In this project the use of laser technology is presented for three-dimensional models, with high accuracy in a relatively short period of time. In Ecuador so far, there are not any records on the use and processing of data obtained by this new technological trend. The importance of the project is the description of the methodology of the laser scanner system using the Faro Laser Scanner Focus 3D 120, the method for 3D modeling of geospatial data and the development of virtual environments in the areas of Cultural and Natural Heritage. In order to inform users this trend in technology in which three-dimensional models are generated, the use of such tools has been developed to be able to be displayed in all kinds of digitally formats. The results of the obtained 3D models allows to demonstrate that this technology is extremely useful in these areas, but also indicating that each data campaign needs an individual slightly different proceeding starting with the data capture and processing to obtain finally the chosen virtual environments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20scanner%20system" title="laser scanner system">laser scanner system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20model" title=" 3D model"> 3D model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title=" cultural heritage"> cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20heritage" title=" natural heritage"> natural heritage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58508/study-and-conservation-of-cultural-and-natural-heritages-with-the-use-of-laser-scanner-and-processing-system-for-3d-modeling-spatial-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Effect of Naphtha in Addition to a Cycle Steam Stimulation Process Reducing the Heavy Oil Viscosity Using a Two-Level Factorial Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nora%20A.%20Guerrero">Nora A. Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adan%20Leon"> Adan Leon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mar%C3%ADa%20I.%20Sandoval"> María I. Sandoval</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romel%20Perez"> Romel Perez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samuel%20Munoz"> Samuel Munoz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The addition of solvents in cyclic steam stimulation is a technique that has shown an impact on the improved recovery of heavy oils. In this technique, it is possible to reduce the steam/oil ratio in the last stages of the process, at which time this ratio increases significantly. The mobility of improved crude oil increases due to the structural changes of its components, which at the same time reflected in the decrease in density and viscosity. In the present work, the effect of the variables such as temperature, time, and weight percentage of naphtha was evaluated, using a factorial design of experiments 23. From the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Pareto diagram, it was possible to identify the effect on viscosity reduction. The experimental representation of the crude-vapor-naphtha interaction was carried out in a batch reactor on a Colombian heavy oil of 12.8° API and 3500 cP. The conditions of temperature, reaction time, and percentage of naphtha were 270-300 °C, 48-66 hours, and 3-9% by weight, respectively. The results showed a decrease in density with values in the range of 0.9542 to 0.9414 g/cm³, while the viscosity decrease was in the order of 55 to 70%. On the other hand, simulated distillation results, according to ASTM 7169, revealed significant conversions of the 315°C+ fraction. From the spectroscopic techniques of nuclear magnetic resonance NMR, infrared FTIR and UV-VIS visible ultraviolet, it was determined that the increase in the performance of the light fractions in the improved crude is due to the breakdown of alkyl chains. The methodology for cyclic steam injection with naphtha and laboratory-scale characterization can be considered as a practical tool in improved recovery processes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity%20reduction" title="viscosity reduction">viscosity reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cyclic%20steam%20stimulation" title=" cyclic steam stimulation"> cyclic steam stimulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factorial%20design" title=" factorial design"> factorial design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=naphtha" title=" naphtha"> naphtha</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122135/effect-of-naphtha-in-addition-to-a-cycle-steam-stimulation-process-reducing-the-heavy-oil-viscosity-using-a-two-level-factorial-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">174</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Galvanized Steel by Sintering Zinc Nanopowder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francisco%20Javier%20Montes%20Ruiz-Cabello">Francisco Javier Montes Ruiz-Cabello</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guillermo%20Guerrero-Vacas"> Guillermo Guerrero-Vacas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sara%20Bermudez-Romero"> Sara Bermudez-Romero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20Cabrerizo%20Vilchez"> Miguel Cabrerizo Vilchez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miguel%20Angel%20Rodriguez-Valverde"> Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Valverde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Galvanized steel is one of the widespread metallic materials used in industry. It consists on a iron-based alloy (steel) coated with a layer of zinc with variable thickness. The zinc is aimed to prevent the inner steel from corrosion and staining. Its production is cheaper than the stainless steel and this is the reason why it is employed in the construction of materials with large dimensions in aeronautics, urban/ industrial edification or ski-resorts. In all these applications, turning the natural hydrophilicity of the metal surface into superhydrophobicity is particularly interesting and would open a wide variety of additional functionalities. However, producing a superhydrophobic surface on galvanized steel may be a very difficult task. Superhydrophobic surfaces are characterized by a specific surface texture which is reached either by coating the surface with a material that incorporates such texture, or by conducting several roughening methods. Since galvanized steel is already a coated material, the incorporation of a second coating may be undesired. On the other hand, the methods that are recurrently used to incorporate the surface texture leading to superhydrophobicity in metals are aggressive and may damage their surface. In this work, we used a novel strategy which goal is to produce superhydrophobic galvanized steel by a two-step non-aggressive process. The first process is aimed to create a hierarchical structure by incorporating zinc nanoparticles sintered on the surface at a temperature slightly lower than the zinc’s melting point. The second one is a hydrophobization by a thick fluoropolymer layer deposition. The wettability of the samples is characterized in terms of tilting plate and bouncing drop experiments, while the roughness is analyzed by confocal microscopy. The durability of the produced surfaces was also explored. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=galvanaized%20steel" title="galvanaized steel">galvanaized steel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=superhydrophobic%20surfaces" title=" superhydrophobic surfaces"> superhydrophobic surfaces</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sintering%20nanoparticles" title=" sintering nanoparticles"> sintering nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20nanopowder" title=" zinc nanopowder"> zinc nanopowder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124318/fabrication-of-superhydrophobic-galvanized-steel-by-sintering-zinc-nanopowder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Calculating Asphaltenes Precipitation Onset Pressure by Using Cardanol as Precipitation Inhibitor: A Strategy to Increment the Oil Well Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Camilo%20A.%20Guerrero-Martin">Camilo A. Guerrero-Martin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Erik%20Montes%20Paez"> Erik Montes Paez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcia%20C.%20K.%20Oliveira"> Marcia C. K. Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Campos"> Jonathan Campos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elizabete%20F.%20Lucas"> Elizabete F. Lucas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Asphaltenes precipitation is considered as a formation damage problem, which can reduce the oil recovery factor. It fouls piping and surface installations, as well as cause serious flow assurance complications and decline oil well production. Therefore, researchers have shown an interest in chemical treatments to control this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to assess the asphaltenes precipitation onset of crude oils in the presence of cardanol, by titrating the crude with n-heptane. Moreover, based on this results obtained at atmosphere pressure, the asphaltenes precipitation onset pressure were calculated to predict asphaltenes precipitation in the reservoir, by using differential liberation and refractive index data of the oils. The influence of cardanol concentrations in the asphaltenes stabilization of three Brazilian crude oils samples (with similar API densities) was studied. Therefore, four formulations of cardanol in toluene were prepared: 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15 m/m%. The formulations were added to the crude at 2:98 ratio. The petroleum samples were characterized by API density, elemental analysis and differential liberation test. The asphaltenes precipitation onset (APO) was determined by titrating with n-heptane and monitoring with near-infrared (NIR). UV-Vis spectroscopy experiments were also done to assess the precipitate asphaltenes content. The asphaltenes precipitation envelopes (APE) were also determined by numerical simulation (Multiflash). In addition, the adequate artificial lift systems (ALS) for the oils were selected. It was based on the downhole well profile and a screening methodology. Finally, the oil flowrates were modelling by NODAL analysis production system in the PIPESIM software. The results of this study show that the asphaltenes precipitation onset of the crude oils were 2.2, 2.3 and 6.0 mL of n-heptane/g of oil. The cardanol was an effective inhibitor of asphaltenes precipitation for the crude oils used in this study, since it displaces the precipitation pressure of the oil to lower values. This indicates that cardanol can increase the oil wells productivity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphaltenes" title="asphaltenes">asphaltenes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NODAL%20analysis%20production%20system" title=" NODAL analysis production system"> NODAL analysis production system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation%20pressure%20onset" title=" precipitation pressure onset"> precipitation pressure onset</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inhibitory%20molecule" title=" inhibitory molecule"> inhibitory molecule</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83321/calculating-asphaltenes-precipitation-onset-pressure-by-using-cardanol-as-precipitation-inhibitor-a-strategy-to-increment-the-oil-well-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83321.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Experimental Study Analysis of Flow over Pickup Truck’s Cargo Area Using Bed Covers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Rodriguez">Jonathan Rodriguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dominga%20Guerrero"> Dominga Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surupa%20Shaw"> Surupa Shaw</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Automobiles are modeled in various forms, and they interact with air when in motion. Aerodynamics is the study of such interactions where solid bodies affect the way air moves around them. The shape of solid bodies can impact the ease at which they move against the flow of air; due to which any additional freightage, or loads, impact its aerodynamics. It is important to transport people and cargo safely. Despite the various safety measures, there are a large number of vehicle-related accidents. This study precisely explores the effects an automobile experiences, with added cargo and covers. The addition of these items changes the original vehicle shape and the approved design for safe driving. This paper showcases the effects of the changed vehicle shape and design via experimental testing conducted on a physical 1:27 scale and CAD model of an F-150 pickup truck, the most common pickup truck in the United States, with differently shaped loads and weight traveling at a constant speed. The additional freightage produces unwanted drag or lift resulting in lower fuel efficiencies and unsafe driving conditions. This study employs an adjustable external shell on the F-150 pickup truck to create a controlled aerodynamic geometry to combat the detrimental effects of additional freightage. The results utilize colored powder [ which acts as a visual medium for the interaction of air with the vehicle], to highlight the impact of the additional freight on the automobile’s external shell. This will be done along with simulation models using Altair CFD software of twelve cases regarding the effects of an added load onto an F-150 pickup truck. This paper is an attempt toward standardizing the geometric design of the external shell, given the uniqueness of every load and its placement on the vehicle; while providing real-time data to be compared to simulation results from the existing literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerodynamics" title="aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freightage" title=" freightage"> freightage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pickup%20cover" title=" pickup cover"> pickup cover</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149072/experimental-study-analysis-of-flow-over-pickup-trucks-cargo-area-using-bed-covers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/149072.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Potential Use of Cnidoscolus Chayamansa Leaf from Mexico as High-Quality Protein Source</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diana%20Karina%20Baigts%20Allende">Diana Karina Baigts Allende</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariana%20%20Gonzalez%20Diaz"> Mariana Gonzalez Diaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Antonio%20Chel%20Guerrero"> Luis Antonio Chel Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mukthar%20Sandoval%20Peraza"> Mukthar Sandoval Peraza</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poverty and food insecurity are still incident problems in the developing countries, where population´s diet is based on cereals which are lack in protein content. Nevertheless, during last years the use of native plants has been studied as an alternative source of protein in order to improve the nutritional intake. Chaya crop also called Spinach tree, is a prehispanic plant native from Central America and South of Mexico (Mayan culture), which has been especially valued due to its high nutritional content particularly protein and some medicinal properties. The aim of this work was to study the effect of protein isolation processing from Chaya leaf harvest in Yucatan, Mexico on its structure quality in order: i) to valorize the Chaya crop and ii) to produce low-cost and high-quality protein. Chaya leaf was extruded, clarified and recovered using: a) acid precipitation by decreasing the pH value until reach the isoelectric point (3.5) and b) thermal coagulation, by heating the protein solution at 80 °C during 30 min. Solubilized protein was re-dissolved in water and spray dried. The presence of Fraction I protein, known as RuBisCO (Rubilose-1,5-biphosfate carboxylase/oxygenase) was confirmed by gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) where molecular weight bands of 55 KDa and 12 KDa were observed. The infrared spectrum showed changes in protein structure due to the isolation method. The use of high temperatures (thermal coagulation) highly decreased protein solubility in comparison to isoelectric precipitated protein, the nutritional properties according to amino acid profile was also disturbed, showing minor amounts of overall essential amino acids from 435.9 to 367.8 mg/g. Chaya protein isolate obtained by acid precipitation showed higher protein quality according to essential amino acid score compared to FAO recommendations, which could represent an important sustainable source of protein for human consumption. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chaya%20leaf" title="chaya leaf">chaya leaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritional%20properties" title=" nutritional properties"> nutritional properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20isolate" title=" protein isolate"> protein isolate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=protein%20structure" title=" protein structure"> protein structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56439/potential-use-of-cnidoscolus-chayamansa-leaf-from-mexico-as-high-quality-protein-source" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56439.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Online Faculty Professional Development: An Approach to the Design Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marie%20Bountrogianni">Marie Bountrogianni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leonora%20Zefi"> Leonora Zefi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Krystle%20Phirangee"> Krystle Phirangee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naza%20Djafarova"> Naza Djafarova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Faculty development is critical for any institution as it impacts students’ learning experiences and faculty performance with regards to course delivery. With that in mind, The Chang School at Ryerson University embarked on an initiative to develop a comprehensive, relevant faculty development program for online faculty and instructors. Teaching Adult Learners Online (TALO) is a professional development program designed to build capacity among online teaching faculty to enhance communication/facilitation skills for online instruction and establish a Community of Practice to allow for opportunities for online faculty to network and exchange ideas and experiences. TALO is comprised of four online modules and each module provides three hours of learning materials. The topics focus on online teaching and learning experience, principles and practices, opportunities and challenges in online assessments as well as course design and development. TALO offers a unique experience for online instructors who are placed in the role of a student and an instructor through interactivities involving discussions, hands-on assignments, peer mentoring while experimenting with technological tools available for their online teaching. Through exchanges and informal peer mentoring, a small interdisciplinary community of practice has started to take shape. Successful participants have to meet four requirements for completion: i) participate actively in online discussions and activities, ii) develop a communication plan for the course they are teaching, iii) design one learning activity/or media component, iv) design one online learning module. This study adopted a mixed methods exploratory sequential design. For the qualitative phase of this study, a thorough literature review was conducted on what constitutes effective faculty development programs. Based on that review, the design team identified desired competencies for online teaching/facilitation and course design. Once the competencies were identified, a focus group interview with The Chang School teaching community was conducted as a needs assessment and to validate the competencies. In the quantitative phase, questionnaires were distributed to instructors and faculty after the program was launched to continue ongoing evaluation and revisions, in hopes of further improving the program to meet the teaching community’s needs. Four faculty members participated in a one-hour focus group interview. Major findings from the focus group interview revealed that for the training program, faculty wanted i) to better engage students online, ii) to enhance their online teaching with specific strategies, iii) to explore different ways to assess students online. 91 faculty members completed the questionnaire in which findings indicated that: i) the majority of faculty stated that they gained the necessary skills to demonstrate instructor presence through communication and use of technological tools provided, ii) increased faculty confidence with course management strategies, iii) learning from peers is most effective – the Community of Practice is strengthened and valued even more as program alumni become facilitators. Although this professional development program is not mandatory for online instructors, since its launch in Fall 2014, over 152 online instructors have successfully completed the program. A Community of Practice emerged as a result of the program and participants continue to exchange thoughts and ideas about online teaching and learning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20of%20practice" title="community of practice">community of practice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=customized" title=" customized"> customized</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=faculty%20development" title=" faculty development"> faculty development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusive%20design" title=" inclusive design"> inclusive design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80679/online-faculty-professional-development-an-approach-to-the-design-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80679.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Online Consortium of Independent Colleges and Universities (OCICU): Using Cluster Analysis to Grasp Student and Institutional Value of Consolidated Online Offerings in Higher Education </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Rodriguez">Alex Rodriguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adam%20Guerrero"> Adam Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: This study is designed to examine the institutions that comprise the Online Consortium of Independent Colleges and Universities (OCICU) to understand better the types of higher education institutions that comprise their membership. The literature on this topic is extensive in analyzing the current economic environment around higher education, which is largely considered to be negative for independent, tuition-driven institutions, and is forcing colleges and universities to reexamine how the college-attending population defines value and how institutions can best utilize their existing resources (and those of other institutions) to meet that value expectation. The results from this analysis are intended to give OCICU the ability to target their current customer base better, based on their most notable differences, and other institutions to see how to best approach consolidation within higher education. Design/Methodology: This study utilized k-means cluster analysis in order to explore the possibility that different segments exist within the seventy-one colleges and universities that have comprised OCICU. It analyzed fifty different variables, whose selection was based on the previous literature, collected by the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), whose data is self-reported by individual institutions. Findings: OCICU member institutions are partitioned into two clusters: "access institutions" and "conventional institutions” based largely on the student profile they target. Value: The methodology of the study is relatively unique as there are not many studies within the field of higher education marketing that have employed cluster analysis, and this type of analysis has never been conducted on OCICU members, specifically, or that of any higher education consolidated offering. OCICU can use the findings of this study to obtain a better grasp as to the specific needs of the two market segments OCICU currently serves and develop measurable marketing programs around how those segments are defined that communicate the value sought by current and potential OCICU members or those of similar institutions. Other consolidation efforts within higher education can also employ the same methodology to determine their own market segments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Consolidation" title="Consolidation">Consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Colleges" title=" Colleges"> Colleges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Enrollment" title=" Enrollment"> Enrollment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Higher%20Education" title=" Higher Education"> Higher Education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marketing" title=" Marketing"> Marketing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Strategy" title=" Strategy"> Strategy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Universities" title=" Universities"> Universities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122399/online-consortium-of-independent-colleges-and-universities-ocicu-using-cluster-analysis-to-grasp-student-and-institutional-value-of-consolidated-online-offerings-in-higher-education" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/122399.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Gamification Teacher Professional Development: Engaging Language Learners in STEMS through Game-Based Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karen%20Guerrero">Karen Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kindergarten-12th grade teachers engaged in teacher professional development (PD) on game-based learning techniques and strategies to support teaching STEMSS (STEM + Social Studies with an emphasis on geography across the curriculum) to language learners. Ten effective strategies have supported teaching content and language in tandem. To provide exiting teacher PD on summer and spring breaks, gamification has integrated these strategies to engage linguistically diverse student populations to provide informal language practice while students engage in the content. Teachers brought a STEMSS lesson to the PD, engaged in a wide variety of games (dice, cards, board, physical, digital, etc.), critiqued the games based on gaming elements, then developed, brainstormed, presented, piloted, and published their game-based STEMSS lessons to share with their colleagues. Pre and post-surveys and focus groups were conducted to demonstrate an increase in knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in using gamification to teach content in the classroom. Provide an engaging strategy (gamification) to support teaching content and language to linguistically diverse students in the K-12 classroom. Game-based learning supports informal language practice while developing academic vocabulary utilized in the game elements/content focus, building both content knowledge through play and language development through practice. The study also investigated teacher's increase in knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy in using games to teach language learners. Mixed methods were used to investigate knowledge, skills, and self-efficacy prior to and after the gamification teacher training (pre/post) and to understand the content and application of developing and utilizing game-based learning to teach. This study will contribute to the body of knowledge in applying game-based learning theories to the K-12 classroom to support English learners in developing English skills and STEMSS content knowledge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamification" title="gamification">gamification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20professional%20development" title=" teacher professional development"> teacher professional development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=STEM" title=" STEM"> STEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20learners" title=" English learners"> English learners</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game-based%20learning" title=" game-based learning"> game-based learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167143/gamification-teacher-professional-development-engaging-language-learners-in-stems-through-game-based-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167143.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Asylum Seekers' Legal Limbo under the Migrant Protection Protocols: Implications from a US-Mexico Border Project</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tania%20M.%20Guerrero">Tania M. Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ileana%20Cortes%20Santiago"> Ileana Cortes Santiago</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Estamos Unidos Asylum Project has served more than 2,000 asylum seekers and migrants who are under the Migrant Protection Protocols (MPP) policy in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. The U.S. policy, implemented in January 2019, has stripped asylum seekers of their rights—forcing people fleeing violence and discrimination to wait in similar or worse conditions from which they fled and navigate their entire asylum process in a different country. Several civil rights groups, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), challenged MPP in U.S. federal courts in February 2019, arguing a violation of international U.S. obligations towards refugees and asylum-seekers under the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Refugee Act of 1980 in regards to the non-refoulement principle. MPP has influenced Mexico's policies, enforcement, and prioritization of the presence of asylum seekers and migrants; it has also altered the way international non-governmental organizations work at the Mexican Northern border. Estamos Unidos is a project situated in a logistical conundrum, as it provides needed legal services to a population in a legal and humanitarian void, i.e., a liminal space. The liminal space occupied by asylum seekers living under MPP is one that, in today's world, should not be overlooked; it dilutes asylum law and U.S. commitments to international protections. This paper provides analysis of and broader implications from a project whose main goal is to uphold the protections of asylum seekers and international refugee law. The authors identified and analyzed four critical points based on field work conducted since August 2019: (1) strategic coalition building with international, local, and national organizations; (2) brokering between domestic and international contexts and critical legal constraints; (3) flexibility to sudden policy changes and the diverse needs of the multiethnic groups of migrants and asylum seekers served by the project; and (4) the complexity of providing legal assistance to asylum seekers who are survivors of trauma. The authors concur with scholarship when highlighting the erosion of protections of asylum seekers and migrants as a dangerous and unjust global phenomenon. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asylum" title="asylum">asylum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migrant%20protection%20protocols" title=" migrant protection protocols"> migrant protection protocols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=refugees%20law" title=" refugees law"> refugees law</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126813/asylum-seekers-legal-limbo-under-the-migrant-protection-protocols-implications-from-a-us-mexico-border-project" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126813.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Tunable Crystallinity of Zinc Gallogermanate Nanoparticles via Organic Ligand-Assisted Biphasic Hydrothermal Synthesis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarai%20Guerrero">Sarai Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lijia%20Liu"> Lijia Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Zinc gallogermanate (ZGGO) is a persistent phosphor that can emit in the near infrared (NIR) range once dopped with Cr³⁺ enabling its use for in-vivo deep-tissue bio-imaging. Such a property also allows for its application in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Given this, work into developing a synthetic procedure that can be done using common laboratory instruments and equipment as well as understanding ZGGO overall, is in demand. However, the ZGGO nanoparticles must have a size compatible for cell intake to occur while still maintaining sufficient photoluminescence. The nanoparticle must also be made biocompatible by functionalizing the surface for hydrophilic solubility and for high particle uniformity in the final product. Additionally, most research is completed on doped ZGGO, leaving a gap in understanding the base form of ZGGO. It also leaves a gap in understanding how doping affects the synthesis of ZGGO. In this work, the first step of optimizing the particle size via the crystalline size of ZGGO was done with undoped ZGGO using the organic acid, oleic acid (OA) for organic ligand-assisted biphasic hydrothermal synthesis. The effects of this synthesis procedure on ZGGO’s crystallinity were evaluated using Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD). OA was selected as the capping ligand as experiments have shown it beneficial in synthesizing sub-10 nm zinc gallate (ZGO) nanoparticles as well as palladium nanocrystals and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles. Later it is possible to substitute OA with a different ligand allowing for hydrophilic solubility. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) was used to investigate the surface of the nanoparticle to investigate and verify that OA had capped the nanoparticle. PXRD results showed that using this procedure led to improved crystallinity, comparable to the high-purity reagents used on the ZGGO nanoparticles. There was also a change in the crystalline size of the ZGGO nanoparticles. ATR-FTIR showed that once capped ZGGO cannot be annealed as doing so will affect the OA. These results point to this new procedure positively affecting the crystallinity of ZGGO nanoparticles. There are also repeatable implying the procedure is a reliable source of highly crystalline ZGGO nanoparticles. With this completed, the next step will be working on substituting the OA with a hydrophilic ligand. As these ligands effect the solubility of the nanoparticle as well as the pH that the nanoparticles can dissolve in, further research is needed to verify which ligand is best suited for preparing ZGGO for bio-imaging. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biphasic%20hydrothermal%20synthesis" title="biphasic hydrothermal synthesis">biphasic hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crystallinity" title=" crystallinity"> crystallinity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oleic%20acid" title=" oleic acid"> oleic acid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zinc%20gallogermanate" title=" zinc gallogermanate"> zinc gallogermanate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137997/tunable-crystallinity-of-zinc-gallogermanate-nanoparticles-via-organic-ligand-assisted-biphasic-hydrothermal-synthesis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/137997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">133</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Activated Carbon Content Influence in Mineral Barrier Performance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raul%20Guerrero">Raul Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandro%20Machado"> Sandro Machado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Miriam%20Carvalho"> Miriam Carvalho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Soil and aquifer pollution, caused by hydrocarbon liquid spilling, is induced by misguided operational practices and inefficient safety guidelines. According to the Environmental Brazilian Institute (IBAMA), during 2013 alone, over 472.13 m3 of diesel oil leaked into the environment nationwide for those reported cases only. Regarding the aforementioned information, there’s an indisputable need to adopt appropriate environmental safeguards specially in those areas intended for the production, treatment, transportation and storage of hydrocarbon fluids. According to Brazilian norm, ABNT-NBR 7505-1:2000, compacted soil or mineral barriers used in structural contingency levees, such as storage tanks, are required to present a maximum water permeability coefficient, k, of 1x10-6 cm/s. However, as discussed by several authors, water can not be adopted as the reference fluid to determine the site’s containment performance against organic fluids. Mainly, due to the great discrepancy observed in polarity values (dielectric constant) between water and most organic fluids. Previous studies, within this same research group, proposed an optimal range of values for the soil’s index properties for mineral barrier composition focused on organic fluid containment. Unfortunately, in some circumstances, it is not possible to encounter a type of soil with the required geotechnical characteristics near the containment site, increasing prevention and construction costs, as well as environmental risks. For these specific cases, the use of an organic product or material as an additive to enhance mineral-barrier containment performance may be an attractive geotechnical solution. This paper evaluates the effect of activated carbon (AC) content additions into a clayey soil towards hydrocarbon fluid permeability. Variables such as compaction energy, carbon texture and addition content (0%, 10% and 20%) were analyzed through laboratory falling-head permeability tests using distilled water and commercial diesel as percolating fluids. The obtained results showed that the AC with smaller particle-size reduced k values significantly against diesel, indicating a direct relationship between particle-size reduction (surface area increase) of the organic product and organic fluid containment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title="activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clayey%20soils" title=" clayey soils"> clayey soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=permeability" title=" permeability"> permeability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20area" title=" surface area"> surface area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56613/activated-carbon-content-influence-in-mineral-barrier-performance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Automatic Segmentation of 3D Tomographic Images Contours at Radiotherapy Planning in Low Cost Solution </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20F.%20Carvalho">D. F. Carvalho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20O.%20Uscamayta"> A. O. Uscamayta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20C.%20Guerrero"> J. C. Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20F.%20Oliveira"> H. F. Oliveira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20M.%20Azevedo-Marques"> P. M. Azevedo-Marques</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The creation of vector contours slices (ROIs) on body silhouettes in oncologic patients is an important step during the radiotherapy planning in clinic and hospitals to ensure the accuracy of oncologic treatment. The radiotherapy planning of patients is performed by complex softwares focused on analysis of tumor regions, protection of organs at risk (OARs) and calculation of radiation doses for anomalies (tumors). These softwares are supplied for a few manufacturers and run over sophisticated workstations with vector processing presenting a cost of approximately twenty thousand dollars. The Brazilian project SIPRAD (Radiotherapy Planning System) presents a proposal adapted to the emerging countries reality that generally does not have the monetary conditions to acquire some radiotherapy planning workstations, resulting in waiting queues for new patients treatment. The SIPRAD project is composed by a set of integrated and interoperabilities softwares that are able to execute all stages of radiotherapy planning on simple personal computers (PCs) in replace to the workstations. The goal of this work is to present an image processing technique, computationally feasible, that is able to perform an automatic contour delineation in patient body silhouettes (SIPRAD-Body). The SIPRAD-Body technique is performed in tomography slices under grayscale images, extending their use with a greedy algorithm in three dimensions. SIPRAD-Body creates an irregular polyhedron with the Canny Edge adapted algorithm without the use of preprocessing filters, as contrast and brightness. In addition, comparing the technique SIPRAD-Body with existing current solutions is reached a contours similarity at least 78%. For this comparison is used four criteria: contour area, contour length, difference between the mass centers and Jaccard index technique. SIPRAD-Body was tested in a set of oncologic exams provided by the Clinical Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo (HCRP-USP). The exams were applied in patients with different conditions of ethnology, ages, tumor severities and body regions. Even in case of services that have already workstations, it is possible to have SIPRAD working together PCs because of the interoperability of communication between both systems through the DICOM protocol that provides an increase of workflow. Therefore, the conclusion is that SIPRAD-Body technique is feasible because of its degree of similarity in both new radiotherapy planning services and existing services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiotherapy" title="radiotherapy">radiotherapy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=image%20processing" title=" image processing"> image processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DICOM%20RT" title=" DICOM RT"> DICOM RT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Treatment%20Planning%20System%20%28TPS%29" title=" Treatment Planning System (TPS)"> Treatment Planning System (TPS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75533/automatic-segmentation-of-3d-tomographic-images-contours-at-radiotherapy-planning-in-low-cost-solution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75533.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Roads and Agriculture: Impacts of Connectivity in Peru</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Julio%20Aguirre">Julio Aguirre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohnny%20Campana"> Yohnny Campana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elmer%20Guerrero"> Elmer Guerrero</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20De%20La%20Torre%20Ugarte"> Daniel De La Torre Ugarte</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A well-developed transportation network is a necessary condition for a country to derive full benefits from good trade and macroeconomic policies. Road infrastructure plays a key role in the economic development of rural areas of developing countries; where agriculture is the main economic activity. The ability to move agricultural production from the place of production to the market, and then to the place of consumption, greatly influence the economic value of farming activities, and of the resources involved in the production process, i.e., labor and land. Consequently, investment in transportation networks contributes to enhance or overcome the natural advantages or disadvantages that topography and location have imposed over the agricultural sector. This is of particular importance when dealing with countries, like Peru, with a great topographic diversity. The objective of this research is to estimate the impacts of road infrastructure on the performance of the agricultural sector. Specific variables of interest are changes in travel time, shifts of production for self-consumption to production for the market, changes in farmers income, and impacts on the diversification of the agricultural sector. In the study, a cross-section model with instrumental variables is the central methodological instrument. The data is obtained from agricultural and transport geo-referenced databases, and the instrumental variable specification utilized is based on the Kruskal algorithm. The results show that the expansion of road connectivity reduced farmers' travel time by an average of 3.1 hours and the proportion of output sold in the market increases by up to 40 percentage points. The increase in connectivity has an unexpected increase in the districts index of diversification of agricultural production. The results are robust to the inclusion of year and region fixed-effects, and to control for geography (i.e., slope and altitude), population variables, and mining activity. Other results are also very eloquent. For example, a clear positive impact can be seen in access to local markets, but this does not necessarily correlate with an increase in the production of the sector. This can be explained by the fact that agricultural development not only requires provision of roads but additional complementary infrastructure and investments intended to provide the necessary conditions so that producers can offer quality products (improved management practices, timely maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, transparent management of water rights, among other factors). Therefore, complementary public goods are needed to enhance the effects of roads on the welfare of the population, beyond enabling them to increase their access to markets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture%20devolepment" title="agriculture devolepment">agriculture devolepment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=market%20access" title=" market access"> market access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20connectivity" title=" road connectivity"> road connectivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regional%20development" title=" regional development"> regional development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89021/roads-and-agriculture-impacts-of-connectivity-in-peru" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Intermodal Strategies for Redistribution of Agrifood Products in the EU: The Case of Vegetable Supply Chain from Southeast of Spain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20C.%20P%C3%A9rez-Mesa">Juan C. Pérez-Mesa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emilio%20Galdeano-G%C3%B3mez"> Emilio Galdeano-Gómez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jer%C3%B3nimo%20De%20Burgos-Jim%C3%A9nez"> Jerónimo De Burgos-Jiménez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20F.%20Bienvenido-B%C3%A1rcena"> José F. Bienvenido-Bárcena</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20F.%20Jim%C3%A9nez-Guerrero"> José F. Jiménez-Guerrero</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Environmental cost and transport congestion on roads resulting from product distribution in Europe have to lead to the creation of various programs and studies seeking to reduce these negative impacts. In this regard, apart from other institutions, the European Commission (EC) has designed plans in recent years promoting a more sustainable transportation model in an attempt to ultimately shift traffic from the road to the sea by using intermodality to achieve a model rebalancing. This issue proves especially relevant in supply chains from peripheral areas of the continent, where the supply of certain agrifood products is high. In such cases, the most difficult challenge is managing perishable goods. This study focuses on new approaches that strengthen the modal shift, as well as the reduction of externalities. This problem is analyzed by attempting to promote intermodal system (truck and short sea shipping) for transport, taking as point of reference highly perishable products (vegetables) exported from southeast Spain, which is the leading supplier to Europe. Methodologically, this paper seeks to contribute to the literature by proposing a different and complementary approach to establish a comparison between intermodal and the “only road” alternative. For this purpose, the multicriteria decision is utilized in a p-median model (P-M) adapted to the transport of perishables and to a means of shipping selection problem, which must consider different variables: transit cost, including externalities, time, and frequency (including agile response time). This scheme avoids bias in decision-making processes. By observing the results, it can be seen that the influence of the externalities as drivers of the modal shift is reduced when transit time is introduced as a decision variable. These findings confirm that the general strategies, those of the EC, based on environmental benefits lose their capacity for implementation when they are applied to complex circumstances. In general, the different estimations reveal that, in the case of perishables, intermodality would be a secondary and viable option only for very specific destinations (for example, Hamburg and nearby locations, the area of influence of London, Paris, and the Netherlands). Based on this framework, the general outlook on this subject should be modified. Perhaps the government should promote specific business strategies based on new trends in the supply chain, not only on the reduction of externalities, and find new approaches that strengthen the modal shift. A possible option is to redefine ports, conceptualizing them as digitalized redistribution and coordination centers and not only as areas of cargo exchange. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20externalities" title="environmental externalities">environmental externalities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermodal%20transport" title=" intermodal transport"> intermodal transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perishable%20food" title=" perishable food"> perishable food</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transit%20time" title=" transit time"> transit time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148707/intermodal-strategies-for-redistribution-of-agrifood-products-in-the-eu-the-case-of-vegetable-supply-chain-from-southeast-of-spain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148707.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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