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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">José Palma (dichter)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma_(escritor)" title="José Palma (escritor) – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José Palma (escritor)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Palma" title="Iosephus Palma – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Palma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jose_Palma" title="Jose Palma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jose Palma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Palma" title="José Palma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="José Palma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Jose_Palma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Jose_Palma.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>José Palma</figcaption></figure> <p><b>José Palma</b> (<a href="/wiki/Manilla" title="Manilla">Manilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/3_juni" title="3 juni">3 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> – <a href="/wiki/12_februari" title="12 februari">12 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Filipijnen" title="Filipijnen">Filipijns</a> dichter. Hij schreef onder andere de tekst van het Filipijnse volkslied, <a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a>. Palma wordt samen met <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Mar%C3%ADa_Guerrero" title="Fernando María Guerrero">Fernando Guerrero</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cecilio_Apostel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cecilio Apostel (de pagina bestaat niet)">Cecilio Apostel</a> beschouwd als het meest vooraanstaande trio van Filipijnse Spaanstalige dichters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Palma_(dichter)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Palma_(dichter)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Palma was het jongste kind van Hermogene Palma, een boekhouder op het Intendencia Office, en Hilaria Velasquez. Een van de andere kinderen van het stel was <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Palma" title="Rafael Palma">Rafael Palma</a>, een latere politicus en president van de <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>. Na zijn lagere school in zijn geboortedistrict <a href="/wiki/Tondo_(Manilla)" title="Tondo (Manilla)">Tondo</a>, volgde hij een middelbare opleiding aan de <a href="/wiki/Ateneo_Municipal_de_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ateneo Municipal de Manila">Ateneo Municipal de Manila</a>. In die periode begon hij met het schrijven van gedichten. Een van zijn vroegste werken was <i>La cruz de Sampaguitas</i> (1893). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1894" title="1894">1894</a> sloot Palma zich aan bij de ondergrondse verzetsbeweging <a href="/wiki/Katipunan_(revolutionaire_beweging)" title="Katipunan (revolutionaire beweging)">Katipunan</a>. Ondertussen bleef hij actief als schrijver. Toen in <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a> de <a href="/wiki/Filipijnse_Revolutie" title="Filipijnse Revolutie">Filipijnse Revolutie</a> uitbrak nam hij in eerste instantie geen deel aan de strijd. Toen in <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> de <a href="/wiki/Filipijns-Amerikaanse_Oorlog" title="Filipijns-Amerikaanse Oorlog">Filipijns-Amerikaanse Oorlog</a> begon, sloot hij zich wel aan bij gewapende troepen. Hij diende eerst onder het commando van kolonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosendo_Simon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosendo Simon (de pagina bestaat niet)">Rosendo Simon</a> en later <a href="/wiki/Servillano_Aquino" title="Servillano Aquino">Servillano Aquino</a> in gevechten in <a href="/wiki/Angeles" title="Angeles">Angeles</a> en <a href="/wiki/Bambang_(Nueva_Vizcaya)" title="Bambang (Nueva Vizcaya)">Bambang</a>. Omdat hij de oorlog fysiek niet goed aankon, bleef hij echter vaak in het kamp en vermaakte daar de soldaten met kundimans. Uiteindelijk ging hij werken voor het Tagalog-deel van de revolutionaire krant <i><a href="/wiki/La_Independencia" title="La Independencia">La Independencia</a></i>. Palma en zijn collega's van die krant vermaakten zich op rustige momenten of tijdens pauze in lange marsen vaak met zingen en het schrijven van gedichten. Het was tijdens een van dergelijke momenten in <a href="/wiki/Bautista" title="Bautista">Bautista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_(provincie)" title="Pangasinan (provincie)">Pangasinan</a> dat Palma, een gedicht schreef dat paste op de muziek van de "Marcha Nacional Filipina" van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Felipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan Felipe (de pagina bestaat niet)">Juan Felipe</a>. Het Spaanstalige gedicht <i>Filipinas</i> werd gepubliceerd in <i>La Independencia</i> op de eerste verjaardag van de krant op 3 september 1899, zou later het volkslied van de Filipijnen worden. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> veroverden de Amerikanen de drukpers van <i>La Independencia</i> en hield de krant niet lang daarna op te bestaan. Palma en de andere medewerkers van de krant, waaronder zijn broer Rafael Palma, keerden terug naar Manilla, waar ze samen met <a href="/wiki/Juan_Abad" title="Juan Abad">Juan Abad</a> een nieuwe krant genaamd <i>Laong-Laan</i> begonnen. Deze krant werd echter door de Amerikanen verboden en Palma werd hiervoor kortstondig gevangengenomen. In <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a> werd de krant <i>El Renacimiento</i> opgericht. Rafael Palma was redacteur en Jose Palma schreef ervoor. Zo schreef hij onder het pseudoniem Esteban Estebañez de column Vida Manileña en onder het pseudoniem Juventino de column Cuartilla Licerarias. Daarnaast publiceerde hij gedichten en korte verhalen in diverse andere publicatie zoals El Comercio, La Moda Filipina, La Patria, La Union en Revista Catolica gebruik makend van namen als Ana Haw en Gan Hantik. </p><p>In 1903 overleed Palma op 26-jarige leeftijd. Ter ere van hun broer publiceerden Rafael en Manuel Palma in 1912 een verzameling van zijn gedichten, geschreven van 1893 tot en met 1901, in een bundel genaamd <i>Melancolicas</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bron">Bron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Palma_(dichter)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Palma_(dichter)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bron"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Quirino" title="Carlos Quirino">Carlos Quirino</a>, <i>Who's who in Philippine history</i>, Tahanan Books, Manilla (1995)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhi.gov.ph/downloads/lt0030.pdf">Biografie José Palma</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Onbereikbare_externe_links" title="Wikipedia:Onbereikbare externe links">[dode link]</a></sup></i>, National Historical Institute</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style><div class="navigatie mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Bibliografische informatie" data-collapsetext="Inklappen" data-expandtext="Uitklappen"><div id="Bibliografische_informatie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografische_informatie" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografische informatie">Bibliografische informatie</a></div><div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content plainlist ta-left"><ul style="column-width:36em"><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/000000044455139X">0000 0004 4455 139X</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/nb2015000013">nb2015000013</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/313409997">313409997</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/313409997">313409997</a></li></ul></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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