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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Negotiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_opposition_and_constitutionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_opposition_and_constitutionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestic opposition and constitutionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_opposition_and_constitutionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formal_transfers_and_initial_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formal_transfers_and_initial_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Formal transfers and initial organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formal_transfers_and_initial_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asserting_U.S._possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asserting_U.S._possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Asserting U.S. possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asserting_U.S._possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Impact on Native Americans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_Cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_Cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Works Cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_Cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisiana Purchase</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="صفقة لويزيانا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صفقة لويزيانا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compra_de_Luisiana" title="Compra de Luisiana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Compra de Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizianan%C4%B1n_sat%C4%B1n_al%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1" title="Luiziananın satın alınması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luiziananın satın alınması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_K%C3%B2%CD%98-b%C3%A9" title="Louisiana Kò͘-bé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louisiana Kò͘-bé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Луізіянская купля – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луізіянская купля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Покупка на Луизиана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покупка на Луизиана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenadenn_Louiziana" title="Prenadenn Louiziana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Prenadenn Louiziana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compra_de_la_Louisiana" title="Compra de la Louisiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compra de la Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Луизианăна сутăн илни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луизианăна сутăн илни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koup%C4%9B_Louisiany" title="Koupě Louisiany – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koupě Louisiany" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryniant_Louisiana" title="Pryniant Louisiana – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pryniant Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana-k%C3%B8bet" title="Louisiana-købet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louisiana-købet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauf_Louisianas" title="Kauf Louisianas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kauf Louisianas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_ost" title="Louisiana ost – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louisiana ost" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B9%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αγορά της Λουιζιάνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγορά της Λουιζιάνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compra_de_Luisiana" title="Compra de Luisiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Compra de Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%89eto_de_Luiziano" title="Aĉeto de Luiziano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aĉeto de Luiziano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianaren_erosketa" title="Louisianaren erosketa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louisianaren erosketa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="خرید لوئیزیانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرید لوئیزیانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vente_de_la_Louisiane" title="Vente de la Louisiane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vente de la Louisiane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compra_de_Luisiana" title="Compra de Luisiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Compra de Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%95%A0%EB%82%98_%EB%A7%A4%EC%9E%85" title="루이지애나 매입 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이지애나 매입" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembelian_Louisiana" title="Pembelian Louisiana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembelian Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisto_della_Louisiana" title="Acquisto della Louisiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acquisto della Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="רכישת לואיזיאנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכישת לואיזיאנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Луизиананы сатыб алыу – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Луизиананы сатыб алыу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emptio_Ludoviciana" title="Emptio Ludoviciana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Emptio Ludoviciana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luizianos_perpirkimas" title="Luizianos perpirkimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Luizianos perpirkimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_megv%C3%A1s%C3%A1rl%C3%A1sa" title="Louisiana megvásárlása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louisiana megvásárlása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Купувањето на Луизијана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Купувањето на Луизијана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembelian_Louisiana" title="Pembelian Louisiana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembelian Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankoop_van_Louisiana" title="Aankoop van Louisiana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aankoop van Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A%E8%B2%B7%E5%8F%8E" title="ルイジアナ買収 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイジアナ買収" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana-kj%C3%B8pet" title="Louisiana-kjøpet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louisiana-kjøpet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiziana_sotib_olish" title="Luiziana sotib olish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Luiziana sotib olish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لوزیانا دی خرید – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوزیانا دی خرید" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakup_Luizjany" title="Zakup Luizjany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakup Luizjany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compra_da_Luisiana" title="Compra da Luisiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Compra da Luisiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achizi%C8%9Bia_Louisianei" title="Achiziția Louisianei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Achiziția Louisianei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Луизианская покупка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луизианская покупка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louisiana Purchase" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Louisiana Purchase" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Куповина Луизијане – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Куповина Луизијане" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianan_osto" title="Louisianan osto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louisianan osto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisianak%C3%B6pet" title="Louisianaköpet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louisianaköpet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="லூசியானா வாங்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூசியானா வாங்கல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="การซื้อลุยเซียนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การซื้อลุยเซียนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%27n%C4%B1n_sat%C4%B1n_al%C4%B1m%C4%B1" title="Louisiana'nın satın alımı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louisiana'nın satın alımı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Купівля Луїзіани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Купівля Луїзіани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="لوویزیانا خرید – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوویزیانا خرید" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronpa_de_%C5%82a_Luiziana" title="Cronpa de ła Luiziana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cronpa de ła Luiziana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B9ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_mua_Louisiana" title="Vùng đất mua Louisiana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vùng đất mua Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0%E6%A1%88" title="路易斯安那購地案 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="路易斯安那購地案" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpalit_han_Louisiana" title="Pagpalit han Louisiana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagpalit han Louisiana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%B4%AD%E5%9C%B0" title="路易斯安那购地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易斯安那购地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%B3%BC%E5%9C%B0" title="路易斯安那購地 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易斯安那購地" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louisiana Purchase (disambiguation)">Louisiana Purchase (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Louisiana Purchase <br /> <i>Vente de la Louisiane</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1803–1804</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/220px-Louisiana_Purchase.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/330px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Louisiana_Purchase.png/440px-Louisiana_Purchase.png 2x" data-file-width="3433" data-file-height="2414" /></a></span><br />Modern map of the United States overlapped with territory bought in the Louisiana Purchase (in white)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 July 1803</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(law)" title="Dissolution (law)">Disestablished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1804</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana (New France)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795%E2%80%931818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800)_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1693" data-file-height="2252" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Thomas Jefferson</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Early life and political career</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Minister_to_France" title="Thomas Jefferson">Minister to France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Secretary_of_State" title="Thomas Jefferson">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Election_of_1796_and_vice_presidency" title="Thomas Jefferson">Vice presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Monticello,_marriage,_and_family" title="Thomas Jefferson">Personal life</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">3rd President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">Inauguration</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">First term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="First inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Fiscal_policy" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twelfth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Peace_Establishment_Act" title="Military Peace Establishment Act">Military Peace Establishment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_land_scandal" title="Yazoo land scandal">Yazoo land scandal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Burr–Hamilton duel</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Second term</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Second inauguration of Thomas Jefferson">2nd inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Florida_and_Haiti" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Florida and Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair">Chesapeake–Leopard affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Post-presidency</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Autobiography" title="Thomas Jefferson">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#Final_days,_death,_and_burial" title="Thomas Jefferson">Death</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Legacy</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">cultural depictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Views on education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Views on slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson's signature"><img alt="Thomas Jefferson's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg/225px-Thomas_Jefferson_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157919884"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#478800;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_(4x5_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Napoleon_I_of_France_by_Andrea_Appiani_%284x5_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#478800;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Napoleon</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Family</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li>Wives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a></li></ul></li> <li>Children <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9on" title="Charles Léon">Charles Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Walewski">Alexandre Walewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Parents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Maria Buonaparte">Carlo Maria Buonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">Letizia Ramolino</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brothers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sisters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Life and career</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_client_states" title="List of French client states">Client states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></div> <ul><li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian Campaign of 1796-1797</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenotte_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenotte Campaign">Montenotte Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mantua_(1796-1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Mantua (1796-1797)">Siege of Mantua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Republic_of_Venice" title="Fall of the Republic of Venice">Fall of Venice</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Tabor_(1799)" title="Battle of Mount Tabor (1799)">Battle of Mount Tabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abukir_(1799)" title="Battle of Abukir (1799)">Battle of Aboukir</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marengo_campaign" title="Marengo campaign">Marengo campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></b></div> <ul><li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulm Campaign">Ulm Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Battle of Ulm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena-Auerstedt" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jena-Auerstedt">Battle of Jena-Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Battle of Friedland</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Battle of Somosierra</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Battle of Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Battle of Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Battle of Wagram</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Battle of Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berezina" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Berezina">Battle of the Berezina</a></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_campaign_of_1813" title="German campaign of 1813">German campaign of 1813</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Battle of Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Battle of Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Battle of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_in_north-east_France_(1814)" title="Campaign in north-east France (1814)">Campaign of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">Battle of La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Days%27_Campaign" title="Six Days' Campaign">Six Days' Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Battle of Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Battle of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Battle of Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterloo_campaign" title="Waterloo campaign">Waterloo campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Views</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">Infamous Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_Protestants" title="Napoleon and Protestants">Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Articles" title="Organic Articles">Organic Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Homes and honours</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Napoleon_(Rouen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Napoleon (Rouen)">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Monument_(Warsaw)" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Monument (Warsaw)">Warsaw monument</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology#Modern_Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_sur_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Mémoires sur l'Égypte">Mémoires sur l'Égypte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_d%27%C3%89gypte" title="Institut d'Égypte">Institut d'Égypte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefect_(France)" title="Prefect (France)">French Prefecture System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_(coin)" title="Napoléon (coin)">Coinage</a></li> <li>Public works <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pont_d%27I%C3%A9na" title="Pont d'Iéna">Pont d'Iéna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplon_Pass" title="Simplon Pass">Simplon Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_propaganda" title="Napoleonic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Vodnik" title="Valentin Vodnik">Valentin Vodnik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz" title="Pan Tadeusz">Pan Tadeusz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace" title="War and Peace">War and Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_and_Punishment" title="Crime and Punishment">Crime and Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_complex" title="Napoleon complex">Napoleon complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Napoleon" title="Red Napoleon">"Red Napoleon" term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_is_a_sleeping_giant" title="China is a sleeping giant">"China is a sleeping giant" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">Tomb</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">Retour des cendres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_penis" title="Napoleon's penis">Penis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon's signature"><img alt="Napoleon's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg/120px-Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg/180px-Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg/240px-Firma_Napole%C3%B3n_Bonaparte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_(1804-1815).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/50px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/75px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg/100px-Imperial_Coat_of_Arms_of_France_%281804-1815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2229" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleon_series" title="Template:Napoleon series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleon_series" title="Template talk:Napoleon series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Louisiana Purchase</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Vente de la Louisiane</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Sale of Louisiana') was the acquisition of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">territory of Louisiana</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> from the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a> in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River#Watershed" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River's drainage basin</a> west of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_x363_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_x363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In return for fifteen million dollars,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km<sup>2</sup>; 530,000,000 acres) now in the <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</a>. However, France only controlled a small fraction of this area, most of which was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>; effectively, for the majority of the area, the United States bought the preemptive right to obtain Indian lands by treaty or by conquest, to the exclusion of other colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-slate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-slate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-jahist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Kingdom of France</a> had controlled the Louisiana territory from 1682<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">it was ceded</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> in 1762. In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, the First Consul of the French Republic, <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">regained ownership</a> of Louisiana in exchange for territories in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> as part of a broader effort to re-establish a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a> in North America. However, France's failure to suppress a <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">revolt in Saint-Domingue</a>, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, prompted Napoleon to consider selling Louisiana to the United States. Acquisition of Louisiana was a long-term goal of President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who was especially eager to gain control of the crucial <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> port of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Jefferson tasked <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> with purchasing New Orleans. Negotiating with French Treasury Minister <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a>, the U.S. representatives quickly agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana after it was offered. Overcoming the opposition of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>, Jefferson and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> persuaded Congress to ratify and fund the Louisiana Purchase. </p><p>The Louisiana Purchase extended United States sovereignty across the Mississippi River, nearly doubling the nominal size of the country. The purchase included land from fifteen present <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a>, including the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>; large portions of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>; the area of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a>; the portion of <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> west of the Mississippi River; the northeastern section of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>; northern portions of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>; New Orleans and the portions of the present <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">state of Louisiana</a> west of the Mississippi River; and small portions of land within <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. At the time of the purchase, the territory of Louisiana's non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">enslaved Africans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western borders of the purchase were later settled by the 1819 <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> with <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, while the northern borders of the purchase were adjusted by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a> with the British. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana1804a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louisiana1804a.jpg/220px-Louisiana1804a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louisiana1804a.jpg/330px-Louisiana1804a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Louisiana1804a.jpg/440px-Louisiana1804a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption>1804 map of "<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>", bounded on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the second half of the 18th century, the French colony of Louisiana became a pawn for European political intrigue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring200899_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring200899-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colony was the most substantial presence of <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France's overseas empire</a>, with other possessions consisting of a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers. France ceded the territory to Spain in 1762 in the secret <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a>. Following French defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, Spain gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">territory west of the Mississippi</a>, and the British received the territory to the east of the river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinig1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the establishment of the United States, the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans. The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi out to sea. As the lands were being gradually settled by American migrants, many Americans, including Jefferson, assumed that the territory would be acquired "piece by piece". The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a "profound reconsideration" of this policy necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring200899_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring200899-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a>, signed with Spain on October 27, 1795, gave American merchants "right of deposit" in New Orleans, granting them use of the port to store goods for export. The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi, which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeinig1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeinig1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1798, Spain revoked the treaty allowing American use of New Orleans, greatly upsetting Americans. In 1801, Spanish Governor Don <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_de_Salcedo" title="Juan Manuel de Salcedo">Juan Manuel de Salcedo</a> took over from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana#Spanish_period" title="List of colonial governors of Louisiana">Marquess of Casa Calvo</a>, and restored the American right to deposit goods. However, in 1800, Spain had ceded the Louisiana territory back to France as part of Napoleon's secret <a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent 1801 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aranjuez_(1801)" title="Treaty of Aranjuez (1801)">Treaty of Aranjuez</a> established that Spain's cession of Louisiana was a "restoration" of the territory to France, not a retrocession.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory nominally remained under Spanish control, until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the formal cession of the territory to the United States on December 20, 1803.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiation">Negotiation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_(1758-1831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/170px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/255px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg/340px-James_Monroe_%281758-1831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The future president <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> as envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France helped <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> in negotiating the Louisiana Purchase</figcaption></figure> <p>While the treaty between Spain and France went largely unnoticed in 1800, fear of an eventual French invasion spread across America when, in 1801, Napoleon sent a military force to nearby <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. Though Jefferson urged moderation, Federalists sought to use this against Jefferson and called for hostilities against France. Undercutting them, Jefferson threatened an alliance with Britain, although relations were uneasy in that direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008100_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008100-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801, Jefferson supported France in its plan to take back Saint-Domingue (present-day <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>), which was then under control of <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> after a <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a>. However, there was a growing concern in the U.S. that Napoleon would send troops to New Orleans after quelling the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995221–222_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995221–222-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hopes of securing control of the mouth of the Mississippi, Jefferson sent Livingston to Paris in 1801 with the authorization to purchase New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1802, France sent <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">General Charles Leclerc</a>, Napoleon's brother-in-law, on an <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">expedition to Saint-Domingue</a> to reassert French control over the colony, which had become essentially autonomous under Louverture. Louverture, as a French general, had fended off incursions from other European powers, but had also begun to consolidate power for himself on the island. Before the revolution, France had derived enormous wealth from Saint-Domingue at the cost of the lives and freedom of the enslaved. Napoleon wanted the territory's revenues and productivity for France restored. Alarmed over the French actions and its intention to re-establish an empire in North America, Jefferson declared neutrality in relation to the Caribbean, refusing credit and other assistance to the French, but allowing war contraband to get through to the rebels to prevent France from regaining a foothold.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995221–222_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995221–222-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1803, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a>, a French nobleman, began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson. Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France. He engaged in back-channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuke197777–83_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuke197777–83-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this time, Jefferson had up-to-date intelligence on Napoleon's military activities and intentions in North America. Part of his evolving strategy involved giving du Pont some information that was withheld from Livingston. Intent on avoiding possible war with France, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris in 1803 to negotiate a settlement, with instructions to go to London to negotiate an alliance if the talks in Paris failed. Spain procrastinated until late 1802 in executing the treaty to transfer Louisiana to France, which allowed American hostility to build. Also, Spain's refusal to cede <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> to France meant that Louisiana would be indefensible. </p><p>Napoleon needed peace with Britain to take possession of Louisiana. Otherwise, Louisiana would be an easy prey for a potential invasion from Britain or the U.S. But in early 1803, continuing war between France and Britain seemed unavoidable. On March 11, 1803, Napoleon began <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">planning an invasion of Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Saint-Domingue, Leclerc's forces took Louverture prisoner, but their expedition soon faltered in the face of fierce resistance and disease. By early 1803, Napoleon decided to abandon his plans to rebuild France's New World empire. Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean, Louisiana had little value to him. Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France, and war between France and the UK was imminent. Out of anger towards Spain and the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet, Napoleon decided to sell the entire territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008101_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008101-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">foreign minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a> opposed the plan, on April 10, 1803, Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François Barbé-Marbois that he was considering selling the Louisiana Territory to the United States. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe's arrival, Barbé-Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which averages to less than three cents per acre (7¢/ha).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgan200236_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgan200236-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total of $15 million is equivalent to about $371 million in 2023 dollars, or 70 cents per acre. The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million. Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199130_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaloneRoederLang199130-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803 (10 Floréal XI in the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Tubeuf" title="Hôtel Tubeuf">Hôtel Tubeuf</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signers were <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Barb%C3%A9-Marbois" title="François Barbé-Marbois">François Barbé-Marbois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the signing Livingston famously stated, "We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives ... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 4, 1803, the treaty was announced,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the documents did not arrive in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> until July 14.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> in the west. Acquiring the territory nearly doubled the size of the United States. </p><p>In November 1803, France withdrew its 7,000 surviving troops from Saint-Domingue (more than two-thirds of its troops died there) and gave up its ambitions in the Western Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995209_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995209-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1804, Haiti declared its independence; but fearing a <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave revolt</a> at home, Jefferson and the rest of Congress refused to recognize the new republic, the second in the Western Hemisphere, and imposed a trade <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">embargo</a> against it. This, together with the <a href="/wiki/Haiti_indemnity_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiti indemnity controversy">successful French demand for an indemnity</a> of 150 million francs in 1825, severely hampered Haiti's ability to repair its <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">economy</a> after decades of war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson199622–23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson199622–23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_opposition_and_constitutionality">Domestic opposition and constitutionality</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg/220px-Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg/330px-Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg/440px-Louisiana_purchase_treaty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The original treaty of the Louisiana Purchase</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Louisianatransfer_exposition1904_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><i>Transfer of Louisiana</i> by Ford P. Kaiser for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> (1904)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/220px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/330px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg/440px-Handover_ceremony_of_Lousiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>Flag raising in the <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Place d'Armes</a> (now Jackson Square), New Orleans, marking the transfer of sovereignty over French Louisiana to the United States, December 20, 1803, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Thure_de_Thulstrup" title="Thure de Thulstrup">Thure de Thulstrup</a> in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>After Monroe and Livingston had returned from France with news of the purchase, an official announcement of the purchase was made on July 4, 1803. This gave Jefferson and his cabinet until October, when the treaty had to be ratified, to discuss the constitutionality of the purchase. Jefferson considered a constitutional amendment to justify the purchase; however, his cabinet convinced him otherwise. Jefferson justified the purchase by rationalizing, "it is the case of a guardian, investing the money of his ward in purchasing an important adjacent territory; & saying to him when of age, I did this for your good." Jefferson ultimately came to the conclusion before the ratification of the treaty that the purchase was to protect the citizens of the United States therefore making it constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-Monticello_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monticello-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> and other historians have argued that Jefferson acted hypocritically with the Louisiana Purchase, because of his position as a <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionist</a> regarding the Constitution, by stretching the intent of that document to justify his purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2002139–40_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2002139–40-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition. Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question and many people believed he and others, including James Madison, were doing something they surely would have argued against with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> strongly opposed the purchase, because of the cost involved, their belief that France would not have been able to resist U.S. and British encroachment into Louisiana, and Jefferson's perceived hypocrisy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase's constitutionality. Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase. Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a> led the opposition. The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase, but it failed by two votes, 59–57. The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain, not France, but available records proved otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2003149ff_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2003149ff-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists also feared that the power of the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic seaboard</a> states would be threatened by the new citizens in the West, whose political and economic priorities were bound to conflict with those of the merchants and bankers of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. There was also concern that an increase in the number of slave-holding states created out of the new territory would exacerbate divisions between North and South. A group of Northern Federalists led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> of Massachusetts went so far as to explore the idea of a separate northern confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The opposition of New England Federalists to the Louisiana Purchase was primarily economic self-interest, not any legitimate concern over constitutionality or whether France indeed owned Louisiana or was required to sell it back to Spain should it desire to dispose of the territory. The Northerners were not enthusiastic about Western farmers gaining another outlet for their crops that did not require the use of New England ports. Also, many Federalists were speculators in lands in upstate New York and New England and were hoping to sell these lands to farmers, who might go west instead if the Louisiana Purchase went through. They also feared that this would lead to Western states being formed, which would likely be Republican, and dilute the political power of New England Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200379_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200379-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another concern was whether it was proper to grant citizenship to the French, Spanish, and free black people living in New Orleans, as the treaty would dictate. Critics in Congress worried whether these "foreigners", unacquainted with democracy, could or should become citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200965–68_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200965–68-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Spain protested the transfer on two grounds: First, France had previously promised in a note not to alienate Louisiana to a third party and, second, France had not fulfilled the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso by having the King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a> recognized by all European powers. The French government replied that these objections were baseless as the promise not to alienate Louisiana was not in the treaty of San Ildefonso itself and therefore had no legal force, and the Spanish government had ordered Louisiana to be transferred in October 1802 despite knowing for months that Britain had not recognized the King of Etruria in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayarre1867544_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayarre1867544-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madison, in response to Spain's objections, noted that the United States had first approached Spain about purchasing the property, but had been told by Spain itself that the U.S. would have to deal with France for the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg/220px-Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg/330px-Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg/440px-Louisiana_Purchase_1953_Issue-3c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Issue of 1953, commemorating the 150th anniversary of signing</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry Adams claimed "The sale of Louisiana to the United States was trebly invalid; if it were French property, Bonaparte could not constitutionally alienate it without the consent of the French <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_conservateur" title="Sénat conservateur">Chambers</a>; if it were Spanish property, he could not alienate it at all; if Spain had a right of reclamation, his sale was worthless."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams201156–57_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams201156–57-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sale, of course, was not "worthless"—the U.S. actually did take possession. Furthermore, the Spanish prime minister had authorized the U.S. to negotiate with the French government regarding "the acquisition of territories which may suit their interests." Spain turned the territory over to France in a ceremony in New Orleans on November 30, a month before France turned the city over to American officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200966–67_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200966–67-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians counter the above arguments regarding Jefferson's alleged hypocrisy by asserting that countries change their borders in two ways: (1) conquest, or (2) an agreement between nations, otherwise known as a treaty. The Louisiana Purchase was the latter, a treaty. Article II, Section 2, of the Constitution specifically grants the president the power to negotiate treaties, which is what Jefferson did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawsonSeidman200820–22_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonSeidman200820–22-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison (the "Father of the Constitution") assured Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase was well within even the strictest interpretation of the Constitution. Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> added that because the power to negotiate treaties was specifically granted to the president, the only way extending the country's territory by treaty could <i>not</i> be a presidential power would be if it were specifically excluded by the Constitution (which it was not). Jefferson, as a strict constructionist, was right to be concerned about staying within the bounds of the Constitution, but felt the power of these arguments and was willing to "acquiesce with satisfaction" if the Congress approved the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanning19957–9,_178,_326–327,_330–333,_345–346,_360–361,_371,_384_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning19957–9,_178,_326–327,_330–333,_345–346,_360–361,_371,_384-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> quickly ratified the treaty, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a>, with equal readiness, authorized the required funding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fledgling United States did not have $15 million in its treasury; instead, it borrowed the sum from British and Dutch banks, at an annual interest rate of six percent.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="#Financing">§ Financing</a> below.) </p><p>The United States Senate consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of 24 to seven on October 20. On the following day, October 21, 1803, the Senate authorized Jefferson to take possession of the territory and establish a temporary military government. In legislation enacted on October 31, Congress made temporary provisions for local civil government to continue as it had under French and Spanish rule and authorized the president to use military forces to maintain order. Plans were also set forth for several missions to explore and chart the territory, the most famous being the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monticello_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monticello-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formal_transfers_and_initial_organization">Formal transfers and initial organization</h2></div> <p>France turned over New Orleans, the historic colonial capital, on December 20, 1803, at <a href="/wiki/The_Cabildo" title="The Cabildo">the Cabildo</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Flag#Hoisting_the_flag" title="Flag">flag-raising</a> ceremony in the Plaza de Armas, now <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Jackson Square</a>. Just three weeks earlier, on November 30, 1803, Spanish officials had formally conveyed the colonial lands and their administration to France. </p><p>On March 9 and 10, 1804, another ceremony, commemorated as <a href="/wiki/Three_Flags_Day" title="Three Flags Day">Three Flags Day</a>, was conducted in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, to transfer ownership of <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Upper Louisiana</a> from Spain to France, and then from France to the United States. From March 10 to September 30, 1804, Upper Louisiana was supervised as a military district, under its first civil <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">commandant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amos_Stoddard" title="Amos Stoddard">Amos Stoddard</a>, who was appointed by the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Effective October 1, 1804, the purchased territory was organized into the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Orleans" title="Territory of Orleans">Territory of Orleans</a> (most of which would become the state of Louisiana) and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Louisiana" title="District of Louisiana">District of Louisiana</a>, which was temporarily under control of the governor and judicial system of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a>. The following year, the District of Louisiana was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Territory" title="Louisiana Territory">Territory of Louisiana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Orleans was the administrative capital of the Orleans Territory, and St. Louis was the capital of the Louisiana Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Financing">Financing</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg/220px-AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg/330px-AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg/440px-AandeelLouisianaPurchase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption><i>Share issued by Hope & Co. in 1804 to finance the Louisiana Purchase</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>To pay for the land, the American government used a mix of sovereign bonds and the assumption of French debts. Earlier in 1803, <a href="/wiki/Barings_Bank" title="Barings Bank">Francis Baring and Company</a> of London had become the U.S. government's official banking agent in London following the failure of <a href="/wiki/Bird,_Savage_%26_Bird" title="Bird, Savage & Bird">Bird, Savage & Bird</a>. Because of this favored position, the U.S. asked Barings to handle the transaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barings had a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Hope_%26_Co." title="Hope & Co.">Hope & Co.</a> of Amsterdam, and the two banking houses worked together to facilitate and underwrite the purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopes brought to the transaction experience with issuing sovereign bonds and Barings brought its American connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Baring,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Baring, 1st Baronet">Francis Baring</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander</a> and Pierre Labouchère from Hopes arrived in Paris in April 1803 to assist with the negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler198870_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler198870-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the bankers' help, the French and American negotiators settled on a price of 80 million francs ($15 million), down from an initial price of 100 million francs, a sum the Americans could not afford and the financers could not provide.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final agreement, the value of the U.S. currency was set at <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="tion"><span class="num">3333</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">10000</span></span>⁠</span> francs per U.S. dollar.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 dollars, the $15 million purchase price is equivalent to about $371 million. </p><p>As part of the deal, the U.S. assumed responsibility for up to 20 million francs ($3.75 million) of French debts owed to U.S. citizens. The remaining 60 million francs ($11.25 million) were financed through U.S. government bonds carrying 6% interest, redeemable between 1819 and 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1803, the U.S. Treasury had some $5.86 million in <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">specie</a> on hand, $2 million of which would be used to pay a portion of the debts assumed from France as part of the purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Napoleon wanted to receive his money as quickly as possible, Barings and Hopes purchased the bonds for 52 million francs, agreeing to an initial 6 million franc payment upon issuance of the bonds followed by 23 monthly payments of 2 million francs each.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group of bonds were issued on January 16, 1804, but the banks had already provided a 10 million franc advance to France in July 1803. In need of funds, Napoleon pressed the banks to complete their purchase of the bonds as quickly as possible, and by April 1804 the banks transferred an additional 40.35 million francs to fully discharge their obligations to France. In the end, Barings and Hopes acquired the $11.25 million in bonds for just $9.44 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Barings_51-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the bonds were paid off by the United States Treasury in 1823; with interest, the total cost of the Louisiana Purchase bonds amounted to $23,313,567.73.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-LoC_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-LoC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>, which brought France into a war with the United Kingdom, began before the purchase was completed, the British government initially allowed the deal to proceed as it was better for the neutral Americans to own the territory than the hostile French.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by December 1803, the British directed Barings to halt future payments to France. Barings relayed the order to Hopes, which agreed but under the condition that Baring bear the costs of the change and that its Louisiana stock be reallocated to Hopes. Hopes also required Baring to refrain from trading in Louisiana stock without its consent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay2024115–118_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay2024115–118-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final payments were made to France in April 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZiegler198871–72_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiegler198871–72-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2></div> <p>A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoultz199815–16_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoultz199815–16-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/440px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/660px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png/880px-U.S._Territorial_Acquisitions.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>The Purchase was one of several territorial additions to the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. claimed that Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaynes2010115–116_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaynes2010115–116-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHämäläinen2008183_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHämäläinen2008183-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute was ultimately resolved by the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819, with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west. </p><p>The relatively narrow Louisiana of New Spain had been a special province under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, while the vast region to the west was in 1803 still considered part of the Commandancy General of the <a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>. Louisiana had never been considered one of New Spain's internal provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber1994223,_293_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1994223,_293-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank, the northern reaches of the purchase extended into the equally ill-defined British possession—Rupert's Land of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>, now part of Canada. The purchase originally extended just beyond the <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" title="50th parallel north">50th parallel</a>. However, the territory north of the 49th parallel (including the <a href="/wiki/Milk_River_(Alberta%E2%80%93Montana)" title="Milk River (Alberta–Montana)">Milk River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poplar_River_(Montana%E2%80%93Saskatchewan)" title="Poplar River (Montana–Saskatchewan)">Poplar River</a> watersheds) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Basin">Red River Basin</a> south of <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Anglo-American Convention of 1818</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the <a href="/wiki/31st_parallel_north" title="31st parallel north">31st parallel</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Lake_Itasca" title="Lake Itasca">the source of the Mississippi</a> was, at the time, unknown. The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear. The U.S. claimed the land as far as the <a href="/wiki/Perdido_River" title="Perdido River">Perdido River</a>, and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River. The Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821. Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Panhandle">Florida Panhandle</a>, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the western boundary was contested at the time of the purchase, President Jefferson immediately began to organize four missions to explore and map the new territory. All four started from the Mississippi River. The <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> (1804) traveled up the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition (1806)</a> explored the Red River basin; the <a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a> (1806) also started up the Missouri but turned south to explore the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a> watershed. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a> (1804–1805) explored the <a href="/wiki/Ouachita_River" title="Ouachita River">Ouachita River</a> watershed.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The maps and journals of the explorers helped to define the boundaries during the negotiations leading to the Adams–Onís Treaty, which set the western boundary as follows: north up the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> from the Gulf of Mexico to its intersection with the <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32nd parallel</a>, due north to the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>, up the Red River to the <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_west" title="100th meridian west">100th meridian</a>, north to the Arkansas River, up the Arkansas River to its headwaters, due north to the <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42nd parallel</a> and due west to its previous boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein-LoC_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein-LoC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Louisiana" title="History of slavery in Louisiana">History of slavery in Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Missouri" title="History of slavery in Missouri">History of slavery in Missouri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></div> <p>Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it. Its European peoples primarily of ethnic French, Spanish and Mexican descent were largely <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>; in addition, there was a large population of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">enslaved Africans</a>, as Spain had continued the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">transatlantic slave trade</a>. This was particularly true in the area of the present-day state of Louisiana, which also contained a large number of <a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">free people of color</a>. Both present-day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the 18th and early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, south Louisiana received a large influx of French-speaking refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, including <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> who brought their slaves with them. Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American-held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint-Domingue and revolt. They wanted the U.S. government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises, as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008104_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008104-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Louisiana Territory was broken into smaller portions for administration, and the territories passed slavery laws similar to those in the southern states but incorporating provisions from the preceding French and Spanish rule (for instance, Spain had prohibited slavery of Native Americans in 1769, but some slaves of mixed African–Native American descent were still being held in St. Louis in Upper Louisiana when the U.S. took over).<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_suit" title="Freedom suit">freedom suit</a> that went from Missouri to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, slavery of Native Americans was finally ended in 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Foley_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foley-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The institutionalization of slavery under U.S. law in the Louisiana Territory contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> a half century later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerring2008104_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerring2008104-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As states organized within the territory, the status of slavery in each state became a matter of contention in Congress, as southern states wanted slavery extended to the west, and northern states just as strongly opposed new states being admitted as "<a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave states</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a> of 1820 was a temporary solution.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asserting_U.S._possession">Asserting U.S. possession</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Madison_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/170px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/255px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/340px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="3169" /></a><figcaption>Plan of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Madison">Fort Madison</a>, built in 1808 to establish U.S. control over the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase, drawn 1810</figcaption></figure> <p>After the early explorations, the U.S. government sought to establish control of the region, since trade along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers was still dominated by British and French traders from Canada and allied Indians, especially the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a>. The U.S. adapted the former Spanish facility at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Belle_Fontaine" title="Fort Belle Fontaine">Fort Bellefontaine</a> as a fur trading post near St. Louis in 1804 for business with the Sauk and Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuttig1920[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttig1920[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, two military forts with trading factories were built, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Osage" title="Fort Osage">Fort Osage</a> along the Missouri River in western present-day Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa" title="Fort Madison, Iowa">Fort Madison</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippi_River" title="Upper Mississippi River">Upper Mississippi River</a> in eastern present-day Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha196999–100_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha196999–100-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With tensions increasing with Great Britain, in 1809 Fort Bellefontaine was converted to a U.S. military fort and was used for that purpose until 1826.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, aided by their Indian allies, the British defeated U.S. forces in the Upper Mississippi; the U.S. abandoned Forts Osage and Madison, as well as several other U.S. forts built during the war, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson" title="Fort Johnson">Fort Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Shelby_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Shelby (Wisconsin)">Fort Shelby</a>. U.S. ownership of the whole Louisiana Purchase region was confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a> (ratified in February 1815).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. later built or expanded forts along the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, including adding to Fort Bellefontaine, and constructing <a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a> (1816) and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw,_Illinois" title="Warsaw, Illinois">Fort Edwards</a> (1816) in Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a> (1816) in Wisconsin, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Snelling</a> (1819) in Minnesota, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a> (1819) in Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Native_Americans">Impact on Native Americans</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory#Indian_Reserve_and_the_Louisiana_Purchase" title="Indian Territory">Indian Reserve and the Louisiana Purchase</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_(NYPL_b20643878-5437624).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg/220px-Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg/330px-Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg/440px-Map_illustrating_the_plan_of_the_defences_of_the_western_%26_north-western_frontier_%28NYPL_b20643878-5437624%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6779" data-file-height="9678" /></a><figcaption>Louisiana Purchase territory shown as <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> land in Gratiot's map of the defenses of the western & north-western frontier, 1837.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Louisiana Purchase was negotiated between France and the United States, without consulting the various Indian tribes who lived on the land and who had not ceded the land to any colonial power. The four decades following the Louisiana Purchase was an era of court decisions <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">removing</a> many tribes from their lands east of the Mississippi for resettlement in the new territory, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marasco-2012_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marasco-2012-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The purchase of the Louisiana Territory led to debates over the idea of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous land rights</a> that persisted into the mid 20th century. The many court cases and tribal suits in the 1930s for historical damages flowing from the Louisiana Purchase led to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Claims_Commission" title="Indian Claims Commission">Indian Claims Commission</a> Act (ICCA) in 1946. <a href="/wiki/Felix_S._Cohen" title="Felix S. Cohen">Felix S. Cohen</a>, Interior Department lawyer who helped pass ICCA, is often quoted as saying, "practically all of the real estate acquired by the United States since 1776 was purchased not from Napoleon or any other emperor or czar but from its original Indian owners".<sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-jahist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, the total cost to the U.S. government of all subsequent treaties and financial settlements up to the year 2012 for the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase has been estimated to be around $2.6 billion, or $11.2 billion in 2023 dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-slate_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-slate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-jahist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is equivalent to $418 million in 1803 dollars, so the $15 million originally paid to France was roughly 3.5 percent of the total amount paid for this land (to both France and the Indians).<sup id="cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-2017-jahist-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Discovery" title="Corps of Discovery">Corps of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Purchase" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Purchase">Florida Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_affairs_of_the_Jefferson_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign affairs of the Jefferson administration">Foreign affairs of the Jefferson administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_possessions_and_colonies" title="List of French possessions and colonies">List of French possessions and colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park">Louisiana Purchase Historic State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States_on_stamps" title="Territories of the United States on stamps">Territories of the United States on stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_National_Historic_Trail" title="Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail">Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About $371 million at 2023 prices.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">About $445 at 2023 prices.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_x363-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_x363_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Louisiana-Purchase">"Louisiana Purchase Definition, Date, Cost, History, Map, States, Significance, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. July 20, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Louisiana+Purchase+Definition%2C+Date%2C+Cost%2C+History%2C+Map%2C+States%2C+Significance%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FLouisiana-Purchase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-2017-slate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-slate_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-slate_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Robert (March 1, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history/2017/03/how_much_did_the_louisiana_purchase_actually_cost.html">"The True Cost of the Louisiana Purchase"</a>. <i>Slate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+True+Cost+of+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fhistory%2F2017%2F03%2Fhow_much_did_the_louisiana_purchase_actually_cost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-2017-jahist-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lee-2017-jahist_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Robert (March 1, 2017). 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October 20, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430050035/https://constitutioncenter.org/blog/the-louisiana-purchase-jeffersons-constitutional-gamble">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Constitution+Center&rft.atitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+Jefferson%27s+constitutional+gamble&rft.date=2017-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-louisiana-purchase-jeffersons-constitutional-gamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0101">"Purchase of Louisiana, [5 July 1803]"</a>. <i>Founders Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a>. Footnote 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430045616/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-26-02-0001-0101">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Founders+Online&rft.atitle=Purchase+of+Louisiana%2C+%5B5+July+1803%5D&rft.pages=Footnote+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FHamilton%2F01-26-02-0001-0101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995209-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson1995209_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewson1995">Matthewson (1995)</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthewson199622–23-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthewson199622–23_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatthewson1996">Matthewson (1996)</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monticello-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monticello_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monticello_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monticello.org/thomas-jefferson/louisiana-lewis-clark/the-louisiana-purchase/">"The Louisiana Purchase"</a>. <i>Monticello</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monticello&rft.atitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monticello.org%2Fthomas-jefferson%2Flouisiana-lewis-clark%2Fthe-louisiana-purchase%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERodriguez2002139–40-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERodriguez2002139–40_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRodriguez2002">Rodriguez (2002)</a>, pp. 139–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalleck1992" class="citation journal cs1">Balleck, Barry J. (1992). "When the Ends Justify the Means: Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">688–</span>689. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-4918">0360-4918</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551031">27551031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=When+the+Ends+Justify+the+Means%3A+Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E688-%3C%2Fspan%3E689&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551031%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0360-4918&rft.aulast=Balleck&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFleming2003149ff-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFleming2003149ff_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFleming2003">Fleming (2003)</a>, pp. 149ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gannon, Kevin M. (2001). "Escaping "Mr. Jefferson's Plan of Destruction": New England Federalists and the Idea of a Northern Confederacy, 1803–1804". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">413–</span>443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3125268">10.2307/3125268</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125268">3125268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Escaping+%22Mr.+Jefferson%27s+Plan+of+Destruction%22%3A+New+England+Federalists+and+the+Idea+of+a+Northern+Confederacy%2C+1803%E2%80%931804&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E413-%3C%2Fspan%3E443&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3125268&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3125268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKetcham2003420–422_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKetcham2003">Ketcham (2003)</a>, pp. 420–422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200379-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200379_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2003">Lewis (2003)</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200965–68-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200965–68_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugent2009">Nugent (2009)</a>, pp. 65–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayarre1867544-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGayarre1867544_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGayarre1867">Gayarre (1867)</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1974" class="citation news cs1">Peterson, Merrill D. (1974). "James Madison: A Biography in his Own Words". <i>Newsweek</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">237–</span>46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Biography+in+his+Own+Words&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Merrill+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams201156–57-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams201156–57_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams2011">Adams (2011)</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENugent200966–67-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENugent200966–67_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNugent2009">Nugent (2009)</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawsonSeidman200820–22-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawsonSeidman200820–22_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawsonSeidman2008">Lawson & Seidman (2008)</a>, pp. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning19957–9,_178,_326–327,_330–333,_345–346,_360–361,_371,_384-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanning19957–9,_178,_326–327,_330–333,_345–346,_360–361,_371,_384_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanning1995">Banning (1995)</a>, pp. 7–9, 178, 326–327, 330–333, 345–346, 360–361, 371, 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610090032/http://americanhistory.about.com/od/thomasjefferson/a/tj_lapurchase.htm">"Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanhistory.about.com/od/thomasjefferson/a/tj_lapurchase.htm">the original</a> on June 10, 2015. <q>America did not have the money to pay the $15 million outright so they instead borrowed the money from Great Britain at 6% interest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson+and+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fthomasjefferson%2Fa%2Ftj_lapurchase.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard2016" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, Amos (2016). Stoddard, Robert A. (ed.). <i>The Autobiography Manuscript of Major Amos Stoddard</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 67−69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1537593593" title="Special:BookSources/978-1537593593"><bdi>978-1537593593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+Manuscript+of+Major+Amos+Stoddard&rft.pages=67%E2%88%9269&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1537593593&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Amos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard1812" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, Amos (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HikVAAAAYAAJ&q=commandant"><i>Sketches, Historical and Descriptive, of Louisiana</i></a>. Mathew Carey. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608399270" title="Special:BookSources/9780608399270"><bdi>9780608399270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches%2C+Historical+and+Descriptive%2C+of+Louisiana&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Mathew+Carey&rft.date=1812&rft.isbn=9780608399270&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHikVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcommandant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The district of Louisiana changed to the territory of Louisiana". See chapter iii, "Treaty Ceding Louisiana to the United States" (1803 ff.), <i>Laws of a Public and General Nature: Of the District of Louisiana, of the Territory of Louisiana, of the Territory of Missouri, and of the State of Missouri, Up to the Year 1824</i> (Jefferson City MO: W. Lusk, 1842), 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlbrich2004" class="citation book cs1">Olbrich, William L. Jr. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xu4uoI4DimMC&q=New%20Orleans%20was%20the%20administrative%20capital%20of%20the%20Orleans%20Territory,%20and%20St.%20Louis%20was%20the%20capital%20of%20the%20Louisiana%20Territory&pg=PA672">"The State of Missouri"</a>. In Shearer, Benjamin F. (ed.). <i>The Uniting States: Louisiana to Ohio</i>. The Uniting States: The Story of Statehood for the Fifty United States. Vol. 2. Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33106-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33106-0"><bdi>978-0-313-33106-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+State+of+Missouri&rft.btitle=The+Uniting+States%3A+Louisiana+to+Ohio&rft.place=Connecticut&rft.series=The+Uniting+States%3A+The+Story+of+Statehood+for+the+Fifty+United+States&rft.pages=672&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33106-0&rft.aulast=Olbrich&rft.aufirst=William+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxu4uoI4DimMC%26q%3DNew%2520Orleans%2520was%2520the%2520administrative%2520capital%2520of%2520the%2520Orleans%2520Territory%2C%2520and%2520St.%2520Louis%2520was%2520the%2520capital%2520of%2520the%2520Louisiana%2520Territory%26pg%3DPA672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValmori2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Valmori, Niccolò (2016). <i>Private Interest and the Public Sphere: Finance and Politics in France, Britain and the Netherlands during the Age of Revolution, 1789–1812</i> (PhD). Fiesole, Italy: European University Institute. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2870%2F536147">10.2870/536147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Private+Interest+and+the+Public+Sphere%3A+Finance+and+Politics+in+France%2C+Britain+and+the+Netherlands+during+the+Age+of+Revolution%2C+1789%E2%80%931812&rft.inst=European+University+Institute&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2870%2F536147&rft.aulast=Valmori&rft.aufirst=Niccol%C3%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barings-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barings_51-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHay2024" class="citation book cs1">Hay, Mark Edward (2024). <i>Transatlantic Finance in the Age of Revolutions. Hope, Baring, and the Financing of the Sale and Purchase of Louisiana</i>. 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Archief van de Firma Hope & Co. met verwante archiefvormers. 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(February 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha196999–100-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha196999–100_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrucha1969">Prucha (1969)</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Browman, David L (2018). Cantonment Belle Fontaine 805–1826 The First U.S. Fort West of the Mississippi River. Washington University in St. Louis Press. pp. 4 and 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Carr, "The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 3.3 (1979): 273-282 doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00315.x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrucha1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrucha1969[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2015]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2015)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrucha1969">Prucha (1969)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (February 2015)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marasco-2012-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marasco-2012_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarasco" class="citation web cs1">Marasco, Sue A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://64parishes.org/entry/indian-native-american-removal">"Indian (Native American) Removal"</a>. <i>64 Parishes Encyclopedia of Louisiana</i>. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=64+Parishes+Encyclopedia+of+Louisiana&rft.atitle=Indian+%28Native+American%29+Removal&rft.aulast=Marasco&rft.aufirst=Sue+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F64parishes.org%2Fentry%2Findian-native-american-removal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_Cited">Works Cited</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Adams, Henry (2011) [1889]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZdBTEL26OAC&pg=PA56"><i>History of the United States of America (1801–1817)</i></a>. Vol. 2: During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108033039" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108033039"><bdi>978-1108033039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+of+America+%281801%E2%80%931817%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1108033039&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZdBTEL26OAC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning1995" class="citation book cs1">Banning, Lance (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801431524"><i>The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic</i></a></span>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801431524" title="Special:BookSources/9780801431524"><bdi>9780801431524</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Fire+of+Liberty%3A+James+Madison+and+the+Founding+of+the+Federal+Republic&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780801431524&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780801431524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgan2002" class="citation book cs1">Burgan, Michael (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFc4NvjxsZQC&q=%22Louisiana+Purchase%22"><i>The Louisiana Purchase</i></a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756502102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756502102"><bdi>978-0756502102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.pub=Capstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0756502102&rft.aulast=Burgan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFc4NvjxsZQC%26q%3D%2522Louisiana%2BPurchase%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Carr, James A. "The Battle of New Orleans and the Treaty of Ghent." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 3.3 (1979): 273–282. doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1979.tb00315.x</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerami2003" class="citation book cs1">Cerami, Charles A. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersonsgreatg00cera"><i>Jefferson's Great Gamble</i></a></span>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402234354" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402234354"><bdi>978-1402234354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Great+Gamble&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1402234354&rft.aulast=Cerami&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersonsgreatg00cera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke1977" class="citation book cs1">Duke, Marc (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dupontsportraito00duke"><i>The du Ponts: Portrait of a Dynasty</i></a>. Saturday Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8415-0429-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8415-0429-6"><bdi>0-8415-0429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+du+Ponts%3A+Portrait+of+a+Dynasty&rft.pub=Saturday+Review+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8415-0429-6&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdupontsportraito00duke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming2003" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILeXYsMEFd8C&pg=PA149"><i>The Louisiana Purchase</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26738-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-26738-6"><bdi>978-0-471-26738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-26738-6&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILeXYsMEFd8C%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayarre1867" class="citation book cs1">Gayarre, Charles (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/America/United_States/Louisiana/_Texts/GAYHLA/4/9*.html"><i>History of Louisiana</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Louisiana&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Gayarre&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FAmerica%2FUnited_States%2FLouisiana%2F_Texts%2FGAYHLA%2F4%2F9%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHämäläinen2008" class="citation book cs1">Hämäläinen, Pekka (2008). <i>The Comanche Empire</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12654-9"><bdi>978-0-300-12654-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche+Empire&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12654-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes2010" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, Robert V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PygOrpm2E64C"><i>The Mississippi Territory and the Southwest Frontier, 1795–1817</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2577-0"><bdi>978-0-8131-2577-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mississippi+Territory+and+the+Southwest+Frontier%2C+1795%E2%80%931817&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2577-0&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPygOrpm2E64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring2008" class="citation book cs1">Herring, George (2008). <i>From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976553-9"><bdi>978-0-19-976553-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Colony+to+Superpower%3A+U.S.+Foreign+Relations+Since+1776&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976553-9&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span>, pp. 101–109.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetcham2003" class="citation book cs1">Ketcham, Ralph (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCAjgs4mmQ4C"><i>James Madison: A Biography</i></a>. Newtown CT: American Political Biography Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813912653" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813912653"><bdi>978-0813912653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+Madison%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Newtown+CT&rft.pub=American+Political+Biography+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0813912653&rft.aulast=Ketcham&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCAjgs4mmQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyCohenBailey2008" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, David M.; Cohen, Lizabeth & Bailey, Thomas Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0wgPAAACAAJ"><i>The American Pageant: A History of the American People</i></a>. Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-16654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-16654-4"><bdi>978-0-547-16654-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Pageant%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-547-16654-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Lizabeth&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Thomas+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0wgPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawsonSeidman2008" class="citation book cs1">Lawson, Gary & Seidman, Guy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c3uboehs0zUC&pg=PA21"><i>The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300128963" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300128963"><bdi>978-0300128963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Empire%3A+Territorial+Expansion+and+American+Legal+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0300128963&rft.aulast=Lawson&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Seidman%2C+Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc3uboehs0zUC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James E. Jr. (2003). <i>The Louisiana Purchase: Jefferson's Noble Bargain?</i>. UNC Press Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+Jefferson%27s+Noble+Bargain%3F&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuttig1920" class="citation book cs1">Luttig, John C. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journalafurtrad00luttgoog"><i>Journal of a Fur-trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri: 1812–1813</i></a>. Kansas City MO: The Missouri Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+a+Fur-trading+Expedition+on+the+Upper+Missouri%3A+1812%E2%80%931813&rft.place=Kansas+City+MO&rft.pub=The+Missouri+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Luttig&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjournalafurtrad00luttgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloneRoederLang1991" class="citation book cs1">Malone, Michael P.; Roeder, Richard B. & Lang, William L. (1991). <i>Montana: A History of Two Centuries</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-97129-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-97129-0"><bdi>0-295-97129-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana%3A+A+History+of+Two+Centuries&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-295-97129-0&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft.au=Roeder%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Lang%2C+William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Matthewson, Tim (May 1995). "Jefferson and Haiti". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>61</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2211576">10.2307/2211576</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2211576">2211576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=Jefferson+and+Haiti&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2211576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2211576%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthewson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthewson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Matthewson, Tim (March 1996). "Jefferson and the Non-Recognition of Haiti". <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>140</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">22–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/987274">987274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Jefferson+and+the+Non-Recognition+of+Haiti&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F987274%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthewson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinig1995" class="citation book cs1">Meinig, D.W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk-LFPFl_3YC"><i>The Shaping of America: Volume 2</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300062908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300062908"><bdi>978-0300062908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shaping+of+America%3A+Volume+2&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0300062908&rft.aulast=Meinig&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRk-LFPFl_3YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNugent2009" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Walter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4DAvNnBOufUC"><i>Habits of Empire: A History of American Expansionism</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7818-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-7818-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Habits+of+Empire%3A+A+History+of+American+Expansionism&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7818-9&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4DAvNnBOufUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrucha1969" class="citation book cs1">Prucha, Francis P. (1969). <i>The Sword of the Republic: The United States Army on the Frontier 1783–1846</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sword+of+the+Republic%3A+The+United+States+Army+on+the+Frontier+1783%E2%80%931846&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Prucha&rft.aufirst=Francis+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodriguez2002" class="citation book cs1">Rodriguez, Junius P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs7GAwwdzyQC&pg=PA139"><i>The Louisiana Purchase: A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576071885" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576071885"><bdi>978-1576071885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%3A+A+Historical+and+Geographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576071885&rft.aulast=Rodriguez&rft.aufirst=Junius+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQs7GAwwdzyQC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoultz1998" class="citation book cs1">Schoultz, Lars (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qxhd5QIQGQcC"><i>Beneath the United States</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92276-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-92276-1"><bdi>978-0-674-92276-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+United+States&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-92276-1&rft.aulast=Schoultz&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxhd5QIQGQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2006" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Linda (2006). <i>The Louisiana Purchase</i>. Rourke Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59515-513-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59515-513-9"><bdi>978-1-59515-513-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.pub=Rourke+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59515-513-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1994" class="citation book cs1">Weber, David J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC"><i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5"><bdi>978-0-300-05917-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05917-5&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOPdX2qaVrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiegler1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Ziegler" title="Philip Ziegler">Ziegler, Philip</a> (1988). <i>The Sixth Great Power: Barings 1762–1929</i>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-217508-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-217508-8"><bdi>0-00-217508-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sixth+Great+Power%3A+Barings+1762%E2%80%931929&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-00-217508-8&rft.aulast=Ziegler&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?176834-1/wilderness-immense-louisiana-purchase"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Jon Kukla on <i>A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America</i>, July 6, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleijeses2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gleijeses, Piero (2017). "Napoleon, Jefferson, and the Louisiana Purchase". <i>The International History Review</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2016.1196383">10.1080/07075332.2016.1196383</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159789666">159789666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Napoleon%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2016.1196383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159789666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gleijeses&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann1900" class="citation book cs1">Hermann, Binger (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/louisianapurchas00unit/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The Louisiana Purchase and our title west of the Rocky Mountains: with a review of annexation by the United States</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase+and+our+title+west+of+the+Rocky+Mountains%3A+with+a+review+of+annexation+by+the+United+States&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Binger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouisianapurchas00unit%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosmer1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Kendall_Hosmer" title="James Kendall Hosmer">Hosmer, James Kendall</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflouisia00hosm/page/n9/mode/2up"><i>The history of the Louisiana purchase</i></a>. New York, D. Appleton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+Louisiana+purchase&rft.pub=New+York%2C+D.+Appleton+and+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Hosmer&rft.aufirst=James+Kendall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflouisia00hosm%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward1902" class="citation book cs1">Howard, James Quay (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflouisia00howa"><i>History of the Louisiana purchase</i></a>. Chicago, Callaghan & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Louisiana+purchase&rft.pub=Chicago%2C+Callaghan+%26+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=James+Quay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflouisia00howa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1920" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Everett Somerville (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi00brow"><i>The constitutional history of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803–1812</i></a>. Berkeley, University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitutional+history+of+the+Louisiana+Purchase%2C+1803%E2%80%931812&rft.pub=Berkeley%2C+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Everett+Somerville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalhi00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLass2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lass, William E. (2015). "The Northern Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase". <i>Great Plains Quarterly</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgpq.2015.0006">10.1353/gpq.2015.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161440918">161440918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Great+Plains+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Boundary+of+the+Louisiana+Purchase&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgpq.2015.0006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161440918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lass&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1914" class="citation book cs1">Marshall (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfTheWesternBoundary"><i>A History of the Western Boundary of the Louisiana Purchase, 1819–1841</i></a>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Western+Boundary+of+the+Louisiana+Purchase%2C+1819%E2%80%931841&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAHistoryOfTheWesternBoundary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Dept._of_State1903" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Dept. of State (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statepapersandc03statgoog"><i>State papers and correspondence bearing upon the purchase of the territory of Louisiana</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+papers+and+correspondence+bearing+upon+the+purchase+of+the+territory+of+Louisiana&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1903&rft.au=U.S.+Dept.+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatepapersandc03statgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitridge1953" class="citation journal cs1">Whitridge, Arnold (July 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/louisiana-purchase-1803-america-moves-west">"The Louisiana Purchase, 1803: America Moves West"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>3</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">476–</span>483.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Louisiana+Purchase%2C+1803%3A+America+Moves+West&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E483&rft.date=1953-07&rft.aulast=Whitridge&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Flouisiana-purchase-1803-america-moves-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston_WalchO'Halloran1993" class="citation book cs1">Weston Walch, J.; O'Halloran, Kate (August 7, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tCqM8cGzBEC&dq=louisiana+purchase+constitution+controversy&pg=PA42">"Senator Pickering explains his opposition to the Louisiana Purchase, 1803"</a>. <i>Case and Controversies in U.S. History</i>. Walch. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825123207" title="Special:BookSources/9780825123207"><bdi>9780825123207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Senator+Pickering+explains+his+opposition+to+the+Louisiana+Purchase%2C+1803&rft.btitle=Case+and+Controversies+in+U.S.+History&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Walch&rft.date=1993-08-07&rft.isbn=9780825123207&rft.aulast=Weston+Walch&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=O%27Halloran%2C+Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tCqM8cGzBEC%26dq%3Dlouisiana%2Bpurchase%2Bconstitution%2Bcontroversy%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouisiana+Purchase" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNxmboWs0H8"><span class="plainlinks"><i>America's Louisiana Purchase: Noble Bargain, Difficult Journey</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=6037">Initial Point of the Louisiana Purchase Survey</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Marker_Database" title="Historical Marker Database">Historical Marker Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_E1TvHOVRU"><span class="plainlinks"><i>It Started Here: Early Arkansas and The Louisiana Purchase</i></span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territorial_expansion_of_the_United_States89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_growth" title="Template:US growth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_growth" title="Template talk:US growth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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(1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas Annexation (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase (1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guano_Islands_Act" title="Guano Islands Act">Guano Islands Act (1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase (1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Annexation of Hawaii (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Convention" title="Tripartite Convention">Tripartite Convention (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Treaty of Cession of Tutuila (1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa (1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of Oklahoma (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands (1986)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/100px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/150px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg/200px-Aquired_Lands_of_the_US.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="612" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Concept:</i> <b><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Template talk:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Jefferson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Jefferson1709" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1790–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1785–1789)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1784)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1779–1781)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1776)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Founding<br />documents of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America" title="A Summary View of the Rights of British America">A Summary View of the Rights of British America</a></i> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> (1776) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">physical history</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed#In_the_United_States_of_America" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1784" title="Land Ordinance of 1784">Land Ordinance of 1784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Ordinance_of_1785" title="Land Ordinance of 1785">Land Ordinance of 1785</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution#Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Co-author, <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> (1789)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Prohibiting_Importation_of_Slaves" title="Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves">Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Liberty" title="Empire of Liberty">Empire of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_and_Hunter_Expedition" title="Dunbar and Hunter Expedition">Dunbar and Hunter Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Expedition_(1806)" title="Red River Expedition (1806)">Red River Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Road#Cumberland_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Native American policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">Burr conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Military_Academy" title="History of the United States Military Academy">West Point Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Speeches" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">State of the Union Addresses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1801_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1801 State of the Union Address">1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1802 State of the Union Address">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1805_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1805 State of the Union Address">1805</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson#Administration" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Thomas Jefferson">Federal judicial appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Early life and career of Thomas Jefferson">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Franco-American alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">Founder, University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Virginia" title="History of the University of Virginia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Establishing_Uniformity_in_the_Coinage,_Weights,_and_Measures_of_the_United_States" title="Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States"><i>Coinage, Weights, and Measures</i> report</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">State Department Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">A Manual of Parliamentary Practice</a></i> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_disk" title="Jefferson disk">Jefferson disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_chair" title="Swivel chair">Swivel chair</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalonyx" title="Megalonyx">Megalonyx</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_architecture" title="Jeffersonian architecture">Jeffersonian<br />architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barboursville_(James_Barbour)" title="Barboursville (James Barbour)">Barboursville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmington_(Albemarle_County,_Virginia)" title="Farmington (Albemarle County, Virginia)">Farmington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Monticello" title="Gardens of Monticello">gardens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia#The_Grounds" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rotunda_(University_of_Virginia)" title="The Rotunda (University of Virginia)">The Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lawn" title="The Lawn">The Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Hall_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Jefferson Hall (University of Virginia)">Jefferson Hall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_Capitol" title="Virginia State Capitol">Virginia State Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House Colonnades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="The Papers of Thomas Jefferson">The Papers of Thomas Jefferson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia" title="Notes on the State of Virginia">Notes on the State of Virginia</a></i> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_concerted_operation_among_the_powers_at_war_with_the_Pyratical_states_of_Barbary" title="Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary">Pyratical states of Barbary proposals</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787" title="Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787">European journey memorandums</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_Native_Americans" title="Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans">Indian removal letters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Bible" title="Jefferson Bible">The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> (c. 1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Jefferson manuscript collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson#American_Philosophical_Society" title="Thomas Jefferson">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reputation_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Historical reputation of Thomas Jefferson">Historical reputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_education" title="Thomas Jefferson and education">Jefferson and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Religious views of Thomas Jefferson">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Jefferson and the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_the_Mockingbird" title="Dick the Mockingbird">Pet mockingbird</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Hemings" title="Sally Hemings">Sally Hemings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Hemings_controversy" title="Jefferson–Hemings controversy">Jefferson–Hemings controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Hemings" title="Betty Hemings">Betty Hemings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States#Jefferson,_Madison,_and_the_"wall_of_separation"" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufton_Farm" title="Tufton Farm">Tufton Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_republic" title="Ward republic">Ward republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidential elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Territory" title="Jefferson Territory">Jefferson Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lecture" title="Jefferson Lecture">Jefferson Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_Arch_National_Park" title="Gateway Arch National Park">Jefferson National Expansion Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Star_for_Foreign_Service" title="Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service">Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of statues of Thomas Jefferson">Statues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(Bitter)" title="Thomas Jefferson (Bitter)">Karl Bitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Monument_(Louisville,_Kentucky)" title="Jefferson Monument (Louisville, Kentucky)">Louisville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(University_of_Virginia)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (University of Virginia)">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d%27Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">David d'Angers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Literary_and_Debating_Society" title="Jefferson Literary and Debating Society">Jefferson Literary and Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Foundation" title="Thomas Jefferson Foundation">Thomas Jefferson Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Jefferson Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello_Association" title="Monticello Association">Monticello Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City, Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Jefferson College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_University" title="Thomas Jefferson University">Thomas Jefferson University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peaks_named_Mount_Jefferson" title="List of peaks named Mount Jefferson">Peaks and mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Rock" title="Jefferson Rock">Jefferson Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Thomas_Jefferson" title="List of memorials to Thomas Jefferson">Other placenames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson–Jackson Day">Jefferson–Jackson Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_nickel" title="Jefferson nickel">Jefferson nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">Two-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition_gold_dollar" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar">Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_250th_Anniversary_silver_dollar" title="Thomas Jefferson 250th Anniversary silver dollar">250th Anniversary silver dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson">Cultural<br />depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(play)" title="The Patriots (play)">The Patriots</a></i> (1946 play)</li> <li><i>1776</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)">1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_in_Paris" title="Jefferson in Paris">Jefferson in Paris</a></i> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(film)" title="Thomas Jefferson (film)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (1997 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Garden" title="Jefferson's Garden">Jefferson's Garden</a></i> (2015 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (2015 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_(miniseries)" title="Thomas Jefferson (miniseries)">Thomas Jefferson</a></i> (2025 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Rodenstock" title="Hardy Rodenstock">Wine bottles controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Sally_Hemings" title="Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings">Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson" title="Martha Jefferson">Martha Jefferson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jefferson_Eppes" title="Mary Jefferson Eppes">Mary Jefferson Eppes</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hemings" title="Harriet Hemings">Harriet Hemings</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Hemings" title="Madison Hemings">Madison Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eston_Hemings" title="Eston Hemings">Eston Hemings</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Thomas Jefferson Randolph">Thomas J. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Randolph_Coolidge" title="Ellen Randolph Coolidge">Ellen Randolph Coolidge</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Cornelia Jefferson Randolph">Cornelia Jefferson Randolph</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Eppes" title="Francis W. Eppes">Francis Eppes</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles_Jefferson" title="John Wayles Jefferson">John Wayles Jefferson</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_N._Randolph" title="Sarah N. Randolph">Sarah N. Randolph</a> (great-granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">T. Jefferson Coolidge</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Madison_Roberts" title="Frederick Madison Roberts">Frederick Madison Roberts</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jefferson" title="Peter Jefferson">Peter Jefferson</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Randolph_Jefferson" title="Jane Randolph Jefferson">Jane Randolph Jefferson</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Jefferson_Lewis" title="Lucy Jefferson Lewis">Lucy Jefferson Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Jefferson" title="Randolph Jefferson">Randolph Jefferson</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carr_(Virginia_politician)" title="Peter Carr (Virginia politician)">Peter Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Carr_(politician)" title="Samuel Carr (politician)">Samuel Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_Carr" title="Dabney Carr">Dabney Carr</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabney_S._Carr" title="Dabney S. Carr">Dabney S. Carr</a> (grand-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Randolph_of_Dungeness" title="Isham Randolph of Dungeness">Isham Randolph</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph" title="William Randolph">William Randolph</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Soane" title="Henry Soane">Henry Soane</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">← John Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>← John Adams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_Jefferson" title="Category:Thomas Jefferson">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_Livingston125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_R._Livingston" title="Template:Robert R. Livingston"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_R._Livingston" title="Template talk:Robert R. Livingston"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_R._Livingston" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert R. Livingston"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_Livingston125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert Livingston</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States founding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">New York Constitution</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> (1781-1783)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louisiana Purchase (negotiated)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_River_Steamboat" title="North River Steamboat">North River Steamboat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial Committee of Five pediment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Robert_R._Livingston" title="Statue of Robert R. Livingston">Robert Livingston</a></i> (1875 statue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Robert_R._Livingston" title="SS Robert R. Livingston">SS <i>Robert R. Livingston</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1718%E2%80%931775)" title="Robert Livingston (1718–1775)">Robert Livingston (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1688%E2%80%931775)" title="Robert Livingston (1688–1775)">Robert Livingston (grandfather)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clermont_State_Historic_Site" title="Clermont State Historic Site">Clermont State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical,</a><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)"> 1972 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Madison" title="Template:James Madison"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Madison" title="Template talk:James Madison"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Madison" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Madison"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the <br />Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Constitution#1776" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_James_Madison" title="Category:Federalist Papers by James Madison">written by Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._10" title="Federalist No. 10">No. 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._51" title="Federalist No. 51">No. 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1814 State of the Union Address">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1815 State of the Union Address">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1816 State of the Union Address"> 1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress#History" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway,_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States House of Representatives elections">1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States House of Representatives elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1794_and_1795_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1794 and 1795 United States House of Representatives elections">1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_Phillips_Memorial_High_School" title="Vel Phillips Memorial High School">James Madison Memorial High School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS <i>Madison</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS <i>James Madison</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a></i> (1946 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)"><i>The American Museum</i> magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Madison" title="Category:James Madison">Category:James Madison</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Monroe1412" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_Monroe" title="Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_Monroe" title="Template talk:James Monroe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_Monroe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James Monroe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_Monroe1412" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1817–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> (1811–1817)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1814–1815)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">12th and 16th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia</a> (1799–1802, 1811)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1803–1808)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">U.S. Minister to France</a> (1794–1796)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Virginia" title="List of United States senators from Virginia">U.S. Senator from Virginia</a> (1790–1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1783–1786)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="First inauguration of James Monroe">First inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_James_Monroe" title="Second inauguration of James Monroe">Second inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Florida Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1824" title="Tariff of 1824">Tariff of 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1824 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Monroe">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Monroe" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Monroe">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted<br />accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe%E2%80%93Pinkney_Treaty" title="Monroe–Pinkney Treaty">Monroe–Pinkney Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Early_life" title="James Monroe">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Family_Home_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="James Monroe Family Home Site">Birthplace and boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Military_service_in_the_Revolutionary_War_and_serious_wounding" title="James Monroe">Revolutionary War service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_College_at_Monroe_Hill#Activities_and_history" title="Brown College at Monroe Hill">Monroe Hill home and office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Law_Office" title="James Monroe Law Office">James Monroe Law Office, Museum, and Memorial Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Highland (James Monroe house)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Hill_(James_Monroe_house)" title="Oak Hill (James Monroe house)">Oak Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe_Tomb" title="James Monroe Tomb">James Monroe Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1789_Virginia%27s_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_and_1791_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 and 1791 United States Senate elections">1790 and 1791 U.S. Senate elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_and_1793_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 and 1793 United States Senate elections">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor of Virginia election, 1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_James_Monroe" title="Bibliography of James Monroe">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_Monroe" title="List of memorials to James Monroe">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia" title="Monrovia">Monrovia, capital of Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Michigan" title="Monroe, Michigan">Monroe, Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_New_York" title="Monroe, New York">Monroe, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Georgia" title="Monroe, Georgia">Monroe, Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_Kentucky" title="Monroe County, Kentucky">Monroe County, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe County, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Middlesex_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Northern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Township,_Gloucester_County,_New_Jersey" title="Monroe Township, Gloucester County, New Jersey">Monroe Township, (Southern) New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Monroe" title="Mount Monroe">Mount Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Park" title="Monroe Park">Monroe Park</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton,_December_26,_1776" title="The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776">The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i> (1851 paintings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Hill" title="Monroe Hill"><i>Monroe Hill</i></a> (2015 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Monroe" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar">Monroe Doctrine Centennial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Monroe_(AP-104)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Monroe (AP-104)">USS <i>President Monroe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_James_Monroe_(SSBN-622)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Monroe (SSBN-622)">USS <i>James Monroe</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Slavery" title="James Monroe">Monroe on slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colonization_Society" title="American Colonization Society">American Colonization Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone_(Keswick,_Virginia)" title="Limestone (Keswick, Virginia)">Limestone plantation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Kortright</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hay_(Virginia_judge)" title="George Hay (Virginia judge)">George Hay</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Gouverneur" title="Samuel L. Gouverneur">Samuel L. Gouverneur</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">← James Madison</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_Monroe" title="Category:James Monroe">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleon4705" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleon" title="Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleon" title="Template talk:Napoleon"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleon"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleon4705" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Napoleonic_era" title="Timeline of the Napoleonic era">Life and career</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon%27s_stay_in_Auxonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon's stay in Auxonne (page does not exist)">Stay in Auxonne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9jour_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte_%C3%A0_Auxonne" class="extiw" title="fr:Séjour de Napoléon Bonaparte à Auxonne">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Assassination attempts on Napoleon Bonaparte">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_souper_de_Beaucaire" title="Le souper de Beaucaire">Le souper de Beaucaire</a></li> <li>Constitutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_X" title="Constitution of the Year X">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_XII" title="Constitution of the Year XII">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1815" title="Charter of 1815">1815</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sale of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_in_Holland" title="Napoleon in Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesures_usuelles" title="Mesures usuelles">Mesures usuelles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_looting_of_art" title="Napoleonic looting of art">Looting of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_tactics" title="Napoleonic tactics">Tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_weaponry_and_warfare" title="Napoleonic weaponry and warfare">Weaponry and warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">1st abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Elba" title="Principality of Elba">1st exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Route Napoléon">Route Napoléon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Napoleon,_1815" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdication of Napoleon, 1815">2nd abdication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I%27s_exile_to_St._Helena" title="Napoleon I's exile to St. Helena">2nd exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Napoleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Napoleon">Death</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_de_Napol%C3%A9on_Ier" class="extiw" title="fr:Mort de Napoléon Ier">fr</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_mask_of_Napoleon" title="Death mask of Napoleon">mask</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/120px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/180px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/240px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Napoleon" title="Military career of Napoleon">Battles and wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Siege of Toulon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lodi" title="Battle of Lodi">Battle of Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">Battle of Bassano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French campaign in Egypt and Syria</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyramids" title="Battle of the Pyramids">Battle of the Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jaffa" title="Siege of Jaffa">Siege of Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Battle of Eylau</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Battle of Eckmühl</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Battle of Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Battle of Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Napoleon and the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Tiara" title="Napoleon Tiara">Tiara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_the_Jews" title="Napoleon and the Jews">Jewish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Sanhedrin" title="Grand Sanhedrin">Grand Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">Infamous Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_and_Protestants" title="Napoleon and Protestants">Protestants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_Articles" title="Organic Articles">Organic Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li>Slavery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">Law of 20 May 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue_expedition" title="Saint-Domingue expedition">Saint-Domingue expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_and_women&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleon and women (page does not exist)">Women</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Ier_et_les_femmes" class="extiw" title="fr:Napoléon Ier et les femmes">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Homes and honours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Column of the Grande Armée">Column of the Grande Armée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Napoleon" title="Equestrian statue of Napoleon">Equestrian statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace of Fontainebleau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maison_Bonaparte" title="Maison Bonaparte">Maison Bonaparte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker">Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_as_Mars_the_Peacemaker_(Milan)" title="Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (Milan)">Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rue_de_la_Victoire" title="Rue de la Victoire">Rue de la Victoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte_Monument_(Warsaw)" title="Napoleon Bonaparte Monument (Warsaw)">Warsaw monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_Napoleon" title="Legacy of Napoleon">Legacy and memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Bank of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Napoleon" title="Cultural depictions of Napoleon">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_complex" title="Napoleon complex">Napoleon complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_is_a_sleeping_giant" title="China is a sleeping giant">"China is a sleeping giant" quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_propaganda" title="Napoleonic propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_tomb" title="Napoleon's tomb">Tomb</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">Retour des cendres</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_penis" title="Napoleon's penis">Penis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_studies" title="Napoleonic studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)">Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Louise,_Duchess_of_Parma" title="Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma">Marie Louise</a> (second wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L%C3%A9on" title="Charles Léon">Charles Léon</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Walewski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Walewski">Alexandre Walewski</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Buonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Maria Buonaparte">Carlo Maria Buonaparte</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letizia_Ramolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Letizia Ramolino">Letizia Ramolino</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bonaparte" title="Caroline Bonaparte">Caroline Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Bonaparte" title="Pauline Bonaparte">Pauline Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Bonaparte" title="Elisa Bonaparte">Elisa Bonaparte</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Napoleon" title="Category:Napoleon">Category</a> / <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:_Napoleon_I_of_France" class="extiw" title="commons:Category: Napoleon I of France">Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/17px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/26px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Klepsydra-pt.svg/34px-Klepsydra-pt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="275" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Modern_history" title="Portal:Modern history">Modern history</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Louisiana Purchase</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louisiana_Purchase" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Louisiana Purchase">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Treaty" class="extiw" title="s:Louisiana Purchase Treaty">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox386" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193155#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640083">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_Purchase&oldid=1272338432">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisiana_Purchase&oldid=1272338432</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1803" title="Category:States and territories established in 1803">States and territories established in 1803</a></li><li><a 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