CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: infant</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: infant"> <meta name="keywords" content="infant"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="infant" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="infant"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 240</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: infant</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">240</span> Role of Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) in Epigenetic Modulation of Bacterial Pathogen in Infant and Toddler</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aftab%20Yusuf%20Raj">Aftab Yusuf Raj</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex carbohydrates. They are 3rd most abundant solid component found in breast milk, after lactose and lipids. HMO has profound beneficial health benefit effects on infants and toddlers. They have diverse roles, in immuno-modulation, development of neonatal gut, influencing the commensal microbiota of developing gut, and anti-inflammatory functions. HMOs, gut and commensal microbiota of the gut work synergistically to bring positive impact on infant and toddler health. HMO influences the gut-brain axis, maintains good mental health and cognitive function and inhibits neuronal inflammation. HMOs are now applied in infant nutrition, and supplementation of HMOs in infant formula is a promising innovation for infant nutrition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HMO%E2%80%99s" title="HMO’s">HMO’s</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut" title=" gut"> gut</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epigenetic%20modulation" title=" epigenetic modulation"> epigenetic modulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191265/role-of-human-milk-oligosaccharides-hmos-in-epigenetic-modulation-of-bacterial-pathogen-in-infant-and-toddler" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191265.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">29</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">239</span> Learning Participation and Baby Care Ability in Mothers of Preterm Infant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Chuan%20Cheng">Yi-Chuan Cheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li-Chi%20Huang"> Li-Chi Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Shan%20Chang"> Yu-Shan Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the learning number, care knowledge, care skills and maternal confidence in preterm infant care in Taiwan. Background: Preterm infants care has been stressful for mother caring at home. Many programs have been applied for improving the infant care maternal confident. But less to know the learning behavior in mothers of preterm infant. Methods: The sample consisted of 55 mothers with preterm infants were recruited in a neonatal intermediate unit at a medical center in central Taiwan. The self-reported questionnaires including knowledge and skills of preterm infant care scales and maternal confidence scale were used to evaluation, which were conducted during hospitalization, before hospital discharge, and one month after discharge. We performed by using Pearson correlation of the collected data using SPSS 18. Results: The study showed that the learning number and knowledge in preterm infant care was a significant positive correlation (r = .40), and the skills and confidence preterm infant care was positively correlated (r = .89). Conclusions: Study results showed the mother had more learning number in preterm infant care will be stronger knowledge, and the skills and confidence in preterm infant care were also positively correlated. Thus, we found the learning behavior change significant care knowledge. And the maternal confidence change significant with skill on preterm infant’s care. But bondage still needs further study and develop the participation in hospital-based instructional programs, which could lead to greater long-term retention of learning. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=learning%20behavior" title="learning behavior">learning behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=care%20knowledge" title=" care knowledge"> care knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=care%20skills" title=" care skills"> care skills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20confidence" title=" maternal confidence"> maternal confidence</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79949/learning-participation-and-baby-care-ability-in-mothers-of-preterm-infant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">260</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">238</span> Infant and Child Mortality among the Low Socio-Economic Households in India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Narendra%20Kumar">Narendra Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study uses data from the ‘National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06’ to investigate the predictors of infant and child mortality among low economic households in East and Northeast region. The cross tabulation, life table survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard model techniques have been used to estimate the predictors of infant and child mortality. The life table survival estimates for infant and child mortality shows that infant mortality in female child is lower in comparison to male child but with child mortality, the rates are higher for female in comparison to male child and the Cox proportional hazard model also give highly significant in female in comparison to male child. The infant and child mortality rates among poor households highest in the Central region followed by North and Northeast region and the lowest in South region in comparison to all regions of India. Education of respondent has been found a significant characteristics in both analyzes, further birth interval, respondent occupation, caste/tribe and place of delivery has substantial impact on infant and child mortality among low economic households in East and Northeast region. Finally these findings specified that an increase in parents’ education, improve health care services and improve socioeconomic conditions of low economic households which should in turn raise infant and child survival and should decrease child mortality among low economic households in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant" title="infant">infant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child" title=" child"> child</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mortality" title=" mortality"> mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic" title=" socio-economic"> socio-economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=India" title=" India"> India</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40650/infant-and-child-mortality-among-the-low-socio-economic-households-in-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40650.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">307</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">237</span> Child Mortality in Portuguese Speaking Africa Countries: Levels and Trends, 1975-2021</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alcino%20Panguana">Alcino Panguana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> All Portuguese-speaking African countries are in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region that has high infant mortality rates, being responsible for 49.6% of deaths in Portuguese-speaking African countries, Angola has levels of infant mortality among children, where 2017, 156 children who died before reaching 1 year of life in 1000 live births. Although there is an increase in studies that document trends and specific causes of infant mortality in each country, historical-comparative studies of infant mortality among these countries remain rare. Understanding the trend of this indicator is important for policymakers and planners in order to improve access to successful child survival operations. Lusophone Africa continues with high infant mortality rates in the order of 64 deaths per thousand births. Assuming heterogeneities that can characterize these countries, raise an analysis investigated indicator at the country level to understand the pattern and historical trend of infant mortality within Lusophone Africa from the year 2021. The result is to understand the levels and evolution of infant mortality in Portuguese-speaking African countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20mortality" title="child mortality">child mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levels" title=" levels"> levels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trends" title=" trends"> trends</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lusophone%20African%20countries" title=" lusophone African countries"> lusophone African countries</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150755/child-mortality-in-portuguese-speaking-africa-countries-levels-and-trends-1975-2021" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">236</span> Mike Hat: Coloured-Tape-in-Hat as a Head Circumference Measuring Instrument for Early Detection of Hydrocephalus in an Infant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nyimas%20Annissa%20Mutiara%20Andini">Nyimas Annissa Mutiara Andini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every year, children develop hydrocephalus during the first year of life. If it is not treated, hydrocephalus can lead to brain damage, a loss in mental and physical abilities, and even death. To be treated, first, we have to do a proper diagnosis using some examinations especially to detect hydrocephalus earlier. One of the examination that could be done is using a head circumference measurement. Increased head circumference is a first and main sign of hydrocephalus, especially in infant (0-1 year age). Head circumference is a measurement of a child's head largest area. In this measurement, we want to get the distance from above the eyebrows and ears and around the back of the head using a measurement tape. If the head circumference of an infant is larger than normal, this infant might potentially suffer hydrocephalus. If early diagnosis and timely treatment of hydrocephalus could be done most children can recover successfully. There are some problems with early detection of hydrocephalus using regular tape for head circumference measurement. One of the problem is the infant’s comfort. We need to make the infant feel comfort along the head circumference measurement to get a proper result of the examination. For that, we can use a helpful stuff, like a hat. This paper is aimed to describe the possibility of using a head circumference measuring instrument for early detection of hydrocephalus in an infant with a mike hat, coloured-tape-in-hat. In the first life, infants’ head size is about 35 centimeters. First three months after that infants will gain 2 centimeters each month. The second three months, infant’s head circumference will increase 1 cm each month. And for the six months later, the rate is 0.5 cm per month, and end up with an average of 47 centimeters. This formula is compared to the WHO’s head circumference growth chart. The shape of this tape-in-hat is alike an upper arm measurement. This tape-in-hat diameter is about 47 centimeters. It contains twelve different colours range by age. If it is out of the normal colour, the infant potentially suffers hydrocephalus. This examination should be done monthly. If in two times of measurement there still in the same range abnormal of head circumference, or a rapid growth of the head circumference size, the infant should be referred to a pediatrician. There are the pink hat for girls and blue hat for boys. Based on this paper, we know that this measurement can be used to help early detection of hydrocephalus in an infant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=head%20circumference" title="head circumference">head circumference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrocephalus" title=" hydrocephalus"> hydrocephalus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant" title=" infant"> infant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mike%20hat" title=" mike hat"> mike hat</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58285/mike-hat-coloured-tape-in-hat-as-a-head-circumference-measuring-instrument-for-early-detection-of-hydrocephalus-in-an-infant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58285.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">235</span> Pediatricians as a Key Channel of Influence for Infant Formula Purchases</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Matthew%20Heidman">Matthew Heidman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20Dallabrida"> Susan Dallabrida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Analice%20Costa"> Analice Costa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For infant caregivers, choosing an infant formula for their child can be a difficult task in an already stressful environment of caring for a newborn. There exist several channels that influence purchasing decision of infant formula such as, friends and family and their experiences, health care professionals, social media influencers, as well as standard media marketing. This study sought to identify the key channels by which caregivers obtain information regarding infant formula and help them make their purchasing decision. A digital survey was issued for 90 days in the US (n=121) and 30 days in Mexico (n=88) targeting respondents with children ≤4 years of age. Respondents were asked two key questions regarding the influences on their purchasing decisions: 1) “When choosing a formula brand, what do you do to help you make your decision?”, and 2) “When choosing a formula brand, what is most important to you?”. A list of potential answers was provided for each question and respondents were asked to select all that apply to them. Lastly, respondents were provided a 5-point Likert scale and asked to respond to the statement 3) “I am more likely to buy a particular formula brand if my pediatrician recommends it to me”. For question 1, in the US and Mexico, 76% and 95% of respondents respectively, selected “I ask my pediatrician” which represented the top selection. For question 2, 52% and 45% of respondents respectively, selected “On package “Pediatrician Recommended” claim…” which also represented the top selection. For statement 3, 82% and 89% of respondents respectively, stated that they either “somewhat agree” or “strongly agree” with the statement. For infant caregivers, the pediatrician is a very important channel of influence when it comes to purchasing decision of infant formula. Caregivers clearly see the pediatrician as the arbiter of their child’s nutrition and seek their recommendations for infant formula use. For infant formula manufacturers, it is important that they see the pediatrician as the gatekeeper to this market, and they put resources into medical marketing communication to this health care professional group to ensure success. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20formula" title="infant formula">infant formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrician" title=" pediatrician"> pediatrician</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=purchasing%20driver" title=" purchasing driver"> purchasing driver</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=caregiver" title=" caregiver"> caregiver</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156295/pediatricians-as-a-key-channel-of-influence-for-infant-formula-purchases" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">234</span> Heavy Metals in Selected Infant Milk Formula</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suad%20M.%20Abuzariba">Suad M. Abuzariba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gazette"> M. Gazette</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To test for the presence of toxic heavy metals, specifically Arsenic, Lead, and Mercury in formula milk available in Misrata city north of Libya for infants aged 6-12 months through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer,30 samples of imported milk formula in Libyan markets subjected to test to accurate their pollution with heavy metals, We get concentration of Hg, Ar, Pb in milk formula samples was between 0.002-1.37, 1.62-0.04–2.16, 0.15–0.65 respectively, when compared the results with Libyan &WHO standards ,they were within standards of toxic heavy metals. The presence or absence of toxic heavy metals (Lead, Arsenic, and Mercury) in selected infant formula milk and their levels within or beyond standards set by the WHO. The three infant formulas tested, all were negative for Arsenic and Lead, while two out of the three infant formulas tested positive for Mercury with levels of 0.6333ppm and 0.8333ppm. The levels of Mercury obtained, expressed in parts per million (ppm), from the two infant formulas tested were above the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of total Mercury, which is 0.005ppm, as set by the FAO, WHO, and JECFA. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milk%20formula" title=" milk formula"> milk formula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Libya" title=" Libya"> Libya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic" title=" toxic"> toxic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18908/heavy-metals-in-selected-infant-milk-formula" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18908.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">509</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">233</span> Association between Maternal Personality and Postnatal Mother-to-Infant Bonding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tessa%20Sellis">Tessa Sellis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marike%20A.%20Wierda"> Marike A. Wierda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elke%20Tichelman"> Elke Tichelman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mirjam%20T.%20Van%20Lohuizen"> Mirjam T. Van Lohuizen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marjolein%20Berger"> Marjolein Berger</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fran%C3%A7ois%20Schellevis"> François Schellevis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Claudi%20Bockting"> Claudi Bockting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lilian%20Peters"> Lilian Peters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Huib%20Burger"> Huib Burger</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Most women develop a healthy bond with their children, however, adequate mother-to-infant bonding cannot be taken for granted. Mother-to-infant bonding refers to the feelings and emotions experienced by the mother towards her child. It is an ongoing process that starts during pregnancy and develops during the first year postpartum and likely throughout early childhood. The prevalence of inadequate bonding ranges from 7 to 11% in the first weeks postpartum. An impaired mother-to-infant bond can cause long-term complications for both mother and child. Very little research has been conducted on the direct relationship between the personality of the mother and mother-to-infant bonding. This study explores the associations between maternal personality and postnatal mother-to-infant bonding. The main hypothesis is that there is a relationship between neuroticism and mother-to-infant bonding. Methods: Data for this study were used from the Pregnancy Anxiety and Depression Study (2010-2014), which examined symptoms of and risk factors for anxiety or depression during pregnancy and the first year postpartum of 6220 pregnant women who received primary, secondary or tertiary care in the Netherlands. The study was expanded in 2015 to investigate postnatal mother-to-infant bonding. For the current research 3836 participants were included. During the first trimester of gestation, baseline characteristics, as well as personality, were measured through online questionnaires. Personality was measured by the NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), which covers the big five of personality (neuroticism, extraversion, openness, altruism and conscientiousness). Mother-to-infant bonding was measured postpartum by the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ). Univariate linear regression analysis was performed to estimate the associations. Results: 5% of the PBQ-respondents reported impaired bonding. A statistically significant association was found between neuroticism and mother-to-infant bonding (p < .001): mothers scoring higher on neuroticism, reported a lower score on mother-to-infant bonding. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the personality traits extraversion (b: -.081), openness (b: -.014), altruism (b: -.067), conscientiousness (b: -.060) and mother-to-infant bonding. Discussion: This study is one of the first to demonstrate a direct association between the personality of the mother and mother-to-infant bonding. A statistically significant relationship has been found between neuroticism and mother-to-infant bonding, however, the percentage of variance predictable by a personality dimension is very small. This study has examined one part of the multi-factorial topic of mother-to-infant bonding and offers more insight into the rarely investigated and complex matter of mother-to-infant bonding. For midwives, it is important recognize the risks for impaired bonding and subsequently improve policy for women at risk. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother-to-infant%20bonding" title="mother-to-infant bonding">mother-to-infant bonding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=personality" title=" personality"> personality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postpartum" title=" postpartum"> postpartum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65415/association-between-maternal-personality-and-postnatal-mother-to-infant-bonding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65415.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">364</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">232</span> Gender of the Infant and Interpersonal Relationship Correlates of Postpartum Depression among Women in Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Humaira%20Mujeeb">Humaira Mujeeb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farah%20Qadir"> Farah Qadir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study aimed to explore the association between interpersonal relationship and postpartum depression with a special focus on gender of the infant among women in Gilgit, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. The research was quantitative in nature. It was a correlation study with a cross-sectional study design. The target population was women between six weeks to six months after the delivery of a baby. The sample size of 158 women has been computed by using G*Power (3.0.10 version). The sample was taken through quota sampling technique which was used to gather data according to the specifically predefined groups (79 women with female infants and 79 women with male infants). The sample was selected non-randomly according to the fixed quota. A protocol which had demographic and interpersonal relationship variables alongside with the Urdu version Edinburgh postnatal depression scale was used to collect the relevant data. The data was analyzed by using SPSS 16.0 software package. A statistically significant association between the attachment with husband in women who had a female infant and postpartum depression has been found. The association between the husband’s emotional and physical support in women who had a female infant and postpartum depression had also been found significant. In case of women with a male infant, the association between support of in-laws and postpartum depression is statistically significant. An association between the violence/discrimination based on the basis of infant's gender in women who had a female infant and postpartum depression is also found. These findings points out that when studying the correlates of postpartum depression, it is imperative to carry out an analysis in the context of gender by considering gender of the infant especially in societies where strict gender preferences exists. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant" title="infant">infant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender" title=" gender"> gender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attachment" title=" attachment"> attachment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=husband" title=" husband"> husband</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-laws" title=" in-laws"> in-laws</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support" title=" support"> support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=violence" title=" violence"> violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrimination" title=" discrimination"> discrimination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edinburgh%20postnatal%20depression%20scale" title=" Edinburgh postnatal depression scale"> Edinburgh postnatal depression scale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilgit" title=" Gilgit"> Gilgit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan"> Pakistan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21714/gender-of-the-infant-and-interpersonal-relationship-correlates-of-postpartum-depression-among-women-in-gilgit-gilgit-baltistan-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/21714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">596</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">231</span> The Birth Connection: An Examination of the Relationship between Her Birth Event and Infant Feeding among African American Mothers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nicole%20Banton">Nicole Banton</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The maternal and infant mortality rate of Blacks is three times that of Whites in the US. Research indicates that breastfeeding lowers both. In this paper, the researcher examines how the ideas that Black/African American mothers had about breastfeeding before, during, and after pregnancy (postpartum) affected whether or not they initiated breastfeeding. The researcher used snowball sampling to recruit thirty African-American mothers from the Orlando area. At the time of her interview, each mother had at least one child who was at least three years old. Through in-depth face-to-face interviews, the researcher investigated how mothers’ healthcare providers affected their decision-making about infant feeding, as well as how the type of birth that she had (e.g., preterm, vaginal, c-section, full term) affected her actual versus idealized infant feeding practice. Through our discussions, we explored how pre-pregnancy perceptions, birth and postpartum experiences, social support, and the discourses surrounding motherhood within an African-American context affected the perceptions and experiences that the mothers in the study had with their infant feeding practice(s). Findings suggest that the pregnancy and birth experiences of the mothers in the study influenced whether or not they breastfed exclusively, combined breastfeeding and infant formula use, or used infant formula exclusively. Specifically, the interplay of invocation of agency (the ability to control their bodies before, during, and after birth), birth outcomes, and the interaction that the mothers in this study had with resources, human and material, had the highest impact on the initiation, duration, and attitude toward breastfeeding. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20American%20mothers" title="African American mothers">African American mothers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20health" title=" maternal health"> maternal health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breastfeeding" title=" breastfeeding"> breastfeeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=birth" title=" birth"> birth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=midwives" title=" midwives"> midwives</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obstetricians" title=" obstetricians"> obstetricians</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hospital%20birth" title=" hospital birth"> hospital birth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breast%20pumps" title=" breast pumps"> breast pumps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formula%20use" title=" formula use"> formula use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20feeding" title=" infant feeding"> infant feeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lactation%20consultant" title=" lactation consultant"> lactation consultant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=postpartum" title=" postpartum"> postpartum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vaginal%20birth" title=" vaginal birth"> vaginal birth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=c-section" title=" c-section"> c-section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=familial%20support" title=" familial support"> familial support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20support" title=" social support"> social support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work" title=" work"> work</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172791/the-birth-connection-an-examination-of-the-relationship-between-her-birth-event-and-infant-feeding-among-african-american-mothers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">230</span> An Alternative Stratified Cox Model for Correlated Variables in Infant Mortality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Adeleke">K. A. Adeleke</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Often in epidemiological research, introducing stratified Cox model can account for the existence of interactions of some inherent factors with some major/noticeable factors. This research work aimed at modelling correlated variables in infant mortality with the existence of some inherent factors affecting the infant survival function. An alternative semiparametric Stratified Cox model is proposed with a view to take care of multilevel factors that have interactions with others. This, however, was used as a tool to model infant mortality data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) with some multilevel factors (Tetanus, Polio, and Breastfeeding) having correlation with main factors (Sex, Size, and Mode of Delivery). Asymptotic properties of the estimators are also studied via simulation. The tested model via data showed good fit and performed differently depending on the levels of the interaction of the strata variable Z*. An evidence that the baseline hazard functions and regression coefficients are not the same from stratum to stratum provides a gain in information as against the usage of Cox model. Simulation result showed that the present method produced better estimates in terms of bias, lower standard errors, and or mean square errors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stratified%20Cox" title="stratified Cox">stratified Cox</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiparametric%20model" title=" semiparametric model"> semiparametric model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality" title=" infant mortality"> infant mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilevel%20factors" title=" multilevel factors"> multilevel factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cofounding%20variables" title=" cofounding variables"> cofounding variables</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76246/an-alternative-stratified-cox-model-for-correlated-variables-in-infant-mortality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/76246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">557</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">229</span> Infant Care Practice in Hadiya Culture: Case Study of Harche Auyaya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dawit%20Thomas">Dawit Thomas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Feeding and weaning practices vary from culture to culture and depend on different child-rearing values. The socio-cultural dimensions that influence the acceptable infant feeding practices are varied and complex. Understanding cultural differences in beliefs and practices relating to infant feeding is important to enhance designing programs for delivering successful psychological, social, physiological and economic well-being of mothers and infants. The main purpose of this study was exploring mothers infant feeding practices in the context of Hadiyya culture. After purposively selecting Harche Huyaya Uyaya Kebele eight infant feeding mothers were selected using snowball sampling technique. The study employed interviews and focus group discussion. The study found out early initiation and prolonged breastfeeding and early complementary feeding in some instances immediately after birth. In addition, infants were not forced to wean unless the mothers encounter pressing issues like pregnancy and health related problems. Furthermore, the main weaning techniques were putting unpleasant materials on the tip of nipples and sending infants to grandparents home. The study also found out gender difference in weaning, i.e., early initiation of weaning for girls. This can be indicative of gender-based bias on weaning practice. Finally, health extension workers, office of women and children affairs and Hadiyya Zone Tourism office should organize awareness raising programs to preserve vital infant feeding practices like prolonged breastfeeding and length of weaning. In addition, the offices should raise awareness among communities on negative side effects of sending infant to grandparents home that may weaken infant-mothers attachment and create favorable ground for the development of phobia. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeding" title="feeding">feeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant" title=" infant"> infant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=practices" title=" practices"> practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weaning" title=" weaning"> weaning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52489/infant-care-practice-in-hadiya-culture-case-study-of-harche-auyaya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">228</span> Interactions on Silent Mode: Parental Smartphone Distractions on Infant Mental Health</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terry%20Gomez">Terry Gomez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This interpretive phenomenological qualitative study explored potential risks related to infant mental health with parental smartphone use while caring for infants. Data were collected through nine online interviews of first-time parents with infants under one-year-old. All parents reported using their smartphone during child-bonding activities such as playtime, feeding, and sleep-time. Results indicated that smartphone distractions appear to influence the synchrony of parent-child interactions. Infants displayed physical, verbal, or emotional reactions to parents’ smartphone distractions, indicating that smartphone use influences infants’ behaviors. Parents shared information on how smartphones helped them with their transition into parenthood. The findings of this study provide insights helpful to inform infant mental health professionals and parents about potential developmental consequences associated with parental technoference and absent presence. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=absent%20presence" title="absent presence">absent presence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mental%20health" title=" infant mental health"> infant mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parental%20distractions" title=" parental distractions"> parental distractions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smartphones" title=" smartphones"> smartphones</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technoference" title=" technoference"> technoference</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117397/interactions-on-silent-mode-parental-smartphone-distractions-on-infant-mental-health" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117397.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">129</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">227</span> A Case Comparative Study of Infant Mortality Rate in North-West Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20I.%20Onwuka">G. I. Onwuka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Danbaba"> A. Danbaba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20U.%20Gulumbe"> S. U. Gulumbe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigated of Infant Mortality Rate as observed at a general hospital in Kaduna-South, Kaduna State, North West Nigeria. The causes of infant Mortality were examined. The data used for this analysis were collected at the statistics unit of the Hospital. The analysis was carried out on the data using Multiple Linear regression Technique and this showed that there is linear relationship between the dependent variable (death) and the independent variables (malaria, measles, anaemia, and coronary heart disease). The resultant model also revealed that a unit increment in each of these diseases would result to a unit increment in death recorded, 98.7% of the total variation in mortality is explained by the given model. The highest number of mortality was recorded in July, 2005 and the lowest mortality recorded in October, 2009.Recommendations were however made based on the results of the study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality%20rate" title="infant mortality rate">infant mortality rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20linear%20regression" title=" multiple linear regression"> multiple linear regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diseases" title=" diseases"> diseases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=serial%20correlation" title=" serial correlation"> serial correlation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37277/a-case-comparative-study-of-infant-mortality-rate-in-north-west-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">329</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">226</span> The Recorded Interaction Task: A Validation Study of a New Observational Tool to Assess Mother-Infant Bonding</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hannah%20Edwards">Hannah Edwards</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Femke%20T.%20A.%20Buisman-Pijlman"> Femke T. A. Buisman-Pijlman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrian%20Esterman"> Adrian Esterman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Craig%20Phillips"> Craig Phillips</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sandra%20Orgeig"> Sandra Orgeig</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Gordon"> Andrea Gordon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Mother-infant bonding is a term which refers to the early emotional connectedness between a mother and her infant. Strong mother-infant bonding promotes higher quality mother and infant interactions including prolonged breastfeeding, secure attachment and increased sensitive parenting and maternal responsiveness. Strengthening of all such interactions leads to improved social behavior, and emotional and cognitive development throughout childhood, adolescence and adulthood. The positive outcomes observed following strong mother-infant bonding emphasize the need to screen new mothers for disrupted mother-infant bonding, and in turn the need for a robust, valid tool to assess mother-infant bonding. A recent scoping review conducted by the research team identified four tools to assess mother-infant bonding, all of which employed self-rating scales. Thus, whilst these tools demonstrated both adequate validity and reliability, they rely on self-reported information from the mother. As such this may reflect a mother’s perception of bonding with their infant, rather than their actual behavior. Therefore, a new tool to assess mother-infant bonding has been developed. The Recorded Interaction Task (RIT) addresses shortcomings of previous tools by employing observational methods to assess bonding. The RIT focusses on the common interaction between mother and infant of changing a nappy, at the target age of 2-6 months, which is visually recorded and then later assessed. Thirteen maternal and seven infant behaviors are scored on the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet, and a final combined score of mother-infant bonding is determined. The aim of the current study was to assess the content validity and inter-rater reliability of the RIT. A panel of six experts with specialized expertise in bonding and infant behavior were consulted. Experts were provided with the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet, a visual recording of a nappy change interaction, and a feedback form. Experts scored the mother and infant interaction on the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet and completed the feedback form which collected their opinions on the validity of each item on the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet and the RIT as a whole. Twelve of the 20 items on the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet were scored ‘Valid’ by all (n=6) or most (n=5) experts. Two items received a ‘Not valid’ score from one expert. The remainder of the items received a mixture of ‘Valid’ and ‘Potentially Valid’ scores. Few changes were made to the RIT Observation Scoring Sheet following expert feedback, including rewording of items for clarity and the exclusion of an item focusing on behavior deemed not relevant for the target infant age. The overall ICC for single rater absolute agreement was 0.48 (95% CI 0.28 – 0.71). Experts (n=6) ratings were less consistent for infant behavior (ICC 0.27 (-0.01 – 0.82)) compared to mother behavior (ICC 0.55 (0.28 – 0.80)). Whilst previous tools employ self-report methods to assess mother-infant bonding, the RIT utilizes observational methods. The current study highlights adequate content validity and moderate inter-rater reliability of the RIT, supporting its use in future research. A convergent validity study comparing the RIT against an existing tool is currently being undertaken to confirm these results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=content%20validity" title="content validity">content validity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inter-rater%20reliability" title=" inter-rater reliability"> inter-rater reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mother-infant%20bonding" title=" mother-infant bonding"> mother-infant bonding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=observational%20tool" title=" observational tool"> observational tool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recorded%20interaction%20task" title=" recorded interaction task"> recorded interaction task</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86858/the-recorded-interaction-task-a-validation-study-of-a-new-observational-tool-to-assess-mother-infant-bonding" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86858.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">225</span> Basic Study on a Thermal Model for Evaluating The Environment of Infant Facilities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xin%20Yuan">Xin Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuji%20Ryu"> Yuji Ryu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The indoor environment has a significant impact on occupants and a suitable indoor thermal environment can improve the children’s physical health and study efficiency during school hours. In this study, we explored the thermal environment in infant facilities classrooms for infants and children aged 1-5 and evaluated their thermal comfort. An infant facility in Fukuoka, Japan was selected for a case study to capture the infant and children’s thermal comfort characteristics in summer and winter from August 2019 to February 2020. Previous studies have pointed out using PMV indices to evaluate the thermal comfort for children could create errors that may lead to misleading results. Thus, to grasp the actual thermal environment and thermal comfort characteristics of infants and children, we retrieved the operative temperature of each child through the thermal model, based on the sensible heat transfer from the skin to the environment, and the measured classroom indoor temperature, relative humidity, and pocket temperature of children’s shorts. The statistical and comparative analysis of the results shows that (1) the operative temperature showed a large individual difference among children, with the maximum reached 6.25 °C. (2) The children might feel slightly cold in the classrooms in summer, with the frequencies of operative temperature within the interval of 26-28 ºC were only 5.33% and 16.6% for children respectively. (3) The thermal environment around children is more complicated in winter the operative temperature could exceed or fail to reach the thermal comfort temperature zone (20-23 ºC interval). (4) The environmental conditions surrounding the children may account for the reduction of their thermal comfort. The findings contribute to improving the understanding of the infant and children’s thermal comfort and provide valuable information for designers and governments to develop effective strategies for the indoor thermal environment considering the perspective of children. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20and%20children" title="infant and children">infant and children</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20environment" title=" thermal environment"> thermal environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20model" title=" thermal model"> thermal model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=operative%20temperature." title=" operative temperature."> operative temperature.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148343/basic-study-on-a-thermal-model-for-evaluating-the-environment-of-infant-facilities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148343.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">119</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">224</span> Maternal Awareness of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Jordanian Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nemeh%20Ahmad%20Al-Akour">Nemeh Ahmad Al-Akour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahem%20Alfaouri"> Ibrahem Alfaouri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Objective: To examine the level of maternal awareness of SIDS and its prevention amongst Jordanian mothers in the north of Jordan, as well as to determine their SIDS-related infant care practices. Design: A cross-sectional design. Setting: The study was conducted in maternal out-patients clinics of two teaching hospitals and three maternal and child health clinic in three major health care centers in Northern Jordan. Participants: A total of 356 mothers of infants attending the maternal and child health clinics were included in this study. Measurements and findings: A self-administered questionnaire was used for collecting data study. In this study, 64%of mothers didn’t hear about SIDS, while only 7% of mothers were able to identify factors risk-reducing recommendations. Avoidance of prone sleeping was the most frequently identified recommendation (5%). There were 67.7% of mothers who put their infant in a lateral position to sleep, 61% used soft mattress surface for their babies sleep and 25.8% who shared a bed with their babies. Employed mother, mothers of higher age, and mothers living within a nuclear family were the only factors associated with maternal awareness of SIDS. Friends were the highest a source of knowledge of SIDS for mothers (44.7%). Key conclusions: There was a low level of awareness of SIDS and its associated risk factor among the mothers in Jordan. The mothers' misconception about smoking and sleeping position for their infants requires further efforts. Implications for practice: To ensure raising awareness of infant care practice regarding SIDS, a national educational intervention on SIDS risk reduction strategies and recommendations is necessary for maintaining a low rate of SIDS in the population. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bed%20sharing" title="bed sharing">bed sharing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20care" title=" infant care"> infant care</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jordan" title=" Jordan"> Jordan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep%20position" title=" sleep position"> sleep position</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sudden%20infant%20death" title=" sudden infant death"> sudden infant death</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85726/maternal-awareness-of-sudden-infant-death-syndrome-a-jordanian-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">223</span> Analysis of Factors Affecting the Number of Infant and Maternal Mortality in East Java with Geographically Weighted Bivariate Generalized Poisson Regression Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luh%20Eka%20Suryani">Luh Eka Suryani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Purhadi"> Purhadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Poisson regression is a non-linear regression model with response variable in the form of count data that follows Poisson distribution. Modeling for a pair of count data that show high correlation can be analyzed by Poisson Bivariate Regression. Data, the number of infant mortality and maternal mortality, are count data that can be analyzed by Poisson Bivariate Regression. The Poisson regression assumption is an equidispersion where the mean and variance values are equal. However, the actual count data has a variance value which can be greater or less than the mean value (overdispersion and underdispersion). Violations of this assumption can be overcome by applying Generalized Poisson Regression. Characteristics of each regency can affect the number of cases occurred. This issue can be overcome by spatial analysis called geographically weighted regression. This study analyzes the number of infant mortality and maternal mortality based on conditions in East Java in 2016 using Geographically Weighted Bivariate Generalized Poisson Regression (GWBGPR) method. Modeling is done with adaptive bisquare Kernel weighting which produces 3 regency groups based on infant mortality rate and 5 regency groups based on maternal mortality rate. Variables that significantly influence the number of infant and maternal mortality are the percentages of pregnant women visit health workers at least 4 times during pregnancy, pregnant women get Fe3 tablets, obstetric complication handled, clean household and healthy behavior, and married women with the first marriage age under 18 years. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=adaptive%20bisquare%20kernel" title="adaptive bisquare kernel">adaptive bisquare kernel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GWBGPR" title=" GWBGPR"> GWBGPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality" title=" infant mortality"> infant mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20mortality" title=" maternal mortality"> maternal mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=overdispersion" title=" overdispersion"> overdispersion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98212/analysis-of-factors-affecting-the-number-of-infant-and-maternal-mortality-in-east-java-with-geographically-weighted-bivariate-generalized-poisson-regression-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98212.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">222</span> A Comparison Study: Infant and Children’s Clothing Size Charts in South Korea and UK</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hye-Won%20Lim">Hye-Won Lim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tom%20Cassidy"> Tom Cassidy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tracy%20Cassidy"> Tracy Cassidy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Infant and children’s body shapes are changing constantly while they are growing up into adults and are also distinctive physically between countries. For this reason, optimum size charts which can represent body sizes and shapes of infants and children are required. In this study, investigations of current size charts in South Korea and UK (n=50 each) were conducted for understanding and figuring out the sizing perspectives of the clothing manufacturers. The size charts of the two countries were collected randomly from online shopping websites and those size charts’ average measurements were compared with both national sizing surveys (SizeKorea and Shape GB). The size charts were also classified by age, gender, clothing type, fitting, and other factors. In addition, the key measurement body parts of size charts of each country were determined and those will be suggested for new size charts and sizing system development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20clothing" title="infant clothing">infant clothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=children%E2%80%99s%20clothing" title=" children’s clothing"> children’s clothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=body%20shapes" title=" body shapes"> body shapes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=size%20charts" title=" size charts"> size charts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43386/a-comparison-study-infant-and-childrens-clothing-size-charts-in-south-korea-and-uk" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43386.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">317</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">221</span> Association of Maternal Diet Quality Indices and Dietary Patterns during Lactation and the Growth of Exclusive Breastfed Infant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Leila%20Azadbakht">Leila Azadbakht</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maedeh%20Moradi"> Maedeh Moradi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Reza%20Merasi"> Mohammad Reza Merasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzaneh%20Jahangir"> Farzaneh Jahangir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Maternal dietary intake during lactation might affect the growth rate of an exclusive breastfed infant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of maternal dietary patterns and quality during lactation on the growth of the exclusive breastfed infant. Methods: 484 healthy lactating mothers with their infant were enrolled in this study. Only exclusive breastfed infants were included in this study which was conducted in Iran. Dietary intake of lactating mothers was assessed using a validated and reliable semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality indices such as alternative Healthy eating index (HEI), Dietary energy density (DED), and adherence to Mediterranean dietary pattern score, Nordic and dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating pattern were created. Anthropometric features of infant (weight, height, and head circumference) were recorded at birth, two and four months. Results: Weight, length, weight for height and head circumference of infants at two months and four months age were mostly in the normal range among those that mothers adhered more to the HEI in lactation period (normal weight: 61%; normal height: 59%). The prevalence of stunting at four months of age among those whose mothers adhered more to the HEI was 31% lower than those with the least adherence to HEI. Mothers in the top tertiles of HEI score had the lowest frequency of having underweight infants (18% vs. 33%; P=0.03). Odds ratio of being overweight or obese at four months age was the lowest among those infants whose mothers adhered more to the HEI (OR: 0.67 vs 0.91; Ptrend=0.03). However, there was not any significant association between adherence of mothers to Mediterranean diet as well as DASH diet and Nordic eating pattern and the growth of infants (none of weight, height or head circumference). Infant weight, length, weight for height and head circumference at two months and four months did not show significant differences among different tertile categories of mothers’ DED. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Higher diet quality indices and more adherence of lactating mother to HEI (as an indicator of diet quality) may be associated with better growth indices of the breastfed infant. However, it seems that DED of the lactating mother does not affect the growth of the breastfed infant. Adherence to the different dietary patterns such as Mediterranean, DASH or Nordic among mothers had no different effect on the growth indices of the infants. However, higher diet quality indices and more adherence of lactating mother to HEI may be associated with better growth indices of the breastfed infant. Breastfeeding is a complete way that is not affected much by the dietary patterns of the mother. However, better diet quality might be associated with better growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breastfeeding" title="breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=growth" title=" growth"> growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant" title=" infant"> infant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal%20diet" title=" maternal diet"> maternal diet</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82462/association-of-maternal-diet-quality-indices-and-dietary-patterns-during-lactation-and-the-growth-of-exclusive-breastfed-infant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82462.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">220</span> Unveiling the Realities of Marrying Too Young: Evidence from Child Brides in Sub-Saharan Africa and Infant Mortality Implications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emmanuel%20Olamijuwon">Emmanuel Olamijuwon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Despite laws against child marriage - a violation against child rights, the practice remains widespread in sub-Saharan Africa and globally partly because of persistent poverty, gender inequality, protection and the need to reinforce family ties. Using pooled data from the recent demographic and health surveys of 20-sub-Saharan African countries with a regional representative sample of 36,943 girls under 18 years, this study explores the prevalence, pattern and infant mortality implications of this marriage type while also examining its regional variations. Indications from the study are that child marriage is still very high in the region with variations above one-tenth in West, Central and Southern Africa regions except in the East African region where only about 7% of children under 18 were already married. Preliminary findings also suggest that about one-in-ten infant deaths were to child brides many of whom were residing in poor households, rural residence, unemployed and have less than secondary education. Based on these findings, it is, therefore, important that government of African countries addresses critical issues through increased policies towards increasing enrollment of girl children in schools as many of these girls are not likely to have any economic benefit to the region if the observed pattern continues. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20marriage" title="child marriage">child marriage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20mortality" title=" infant mortality"> infant mortality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=child%20brides" title=" child brides"> child brides</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48340/unveiling-the-realities-of-marrying-too-young-evidence-from-child-brides-in-sub-saharan-africa-and-infant-mortality-implications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48340.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">253</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">219</span> Material Response Characterisation of a PolyJet 3D Printed Human Infant Skull </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20A.%20Khalid">G. A. Khalid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Prabhu"> R. Prabhu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Whittington"> W. Whittington</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20D.%20Jones"> M. D. Jones</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To establish a causal relationship of infant head injury consequences, this present study addresses the necessary challenges of cranial geometry and the physical response complexities of the paediatric head tissues. Herein, we describe a new approach to characterising and understanding infant head impact mechanics by developing printed head models, using high resolution clinical postmortem imaging, to provide the most complete anatomical representation currently available, and biological material response data-matched polypropylene polymers, to replicate the relative mechanical response properties of immature cranial bone, sutures and fontanelles. Additive manufacturing technology was applied to creating a physical polymeric model of a newborn infant skull, using PolyJet printed materials. Infant skull materials responses, were matched by a response characterisation study, utilising uniaxial tensile testing (1 mm min-1 loading rate), to determine: the stiffness, ultimate tensile strength and maximum strain of rigid and rubber additively manufactured acrylates. The results from the mechanical experiments confirm that the polymeric materials RGD835 Vero White Plus (White), representing the frontal and parietal bones; RGD8510- DM Rigid Light Grey25 (Grey), representing the occipital bone; and FLX9870-DM (Black) representing the suture and fontanelles, were found to show a close stiffness -correlation (E) at ambient temperatures. A 3D physical model of infant head was subsequently printed from the matched materials and subsequently validated against results obtained from a series of Post Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) tests. A close correlation was demonstrated between the model impact tests and the PMHS. This study, therefore, represents a key step towards applying printed physical models to understanding head injury biomechanics and is useful in the efforts to predict and mitigate head injury consequences in infants, whether accidental or by abuse. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20head%20trauma" title="infant head trauma">infant head trauma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20skull" title=" infant skull"> infant skull</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=material%20response" title=" material response"> material response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20mortem%20human%20subjects" title=" post mortem human subjects"> post mortem human subjects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polyJet%20printing" title=" polyJet printing"> polyJet printing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89613/material-response-characterisation-of-a-polyjet-3d-printed-human-infant-skull" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89613.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">218</span> Robotic Exoskeleton Response During Infant Physiological Knee Kinematics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Breanna%20Macumber">Breanna Macumber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20A.%20Huayamave"> Victor A. Huayamave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emir%20A.%20Vela"> Emir A. Vela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wangdo%20Kim"> Wangdo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20T.%20Chamber"> Tamara T. Chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esteban%20Centeno"> Esteban Centeno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect that affects the nervous system and can lead to problems such as total leg paralysis. Treatment requires physical therapy and rehabilitation. Robotic exoskeletons have been used for rehabilitation to train muscle movement and assist in injury recovery; however, current models focus on the adult populations and not on the infant population. The proposed framework aims to couple a musculoskeletal infant model with a robotic exoskeleton using vacuum-powered artificial muscles to provide rehabilitation to infants affected by spina bifida. The study that drove the input values for the robotic exoskeleton used motion capture technology to collect data from the spontaneous kicking movement of a 2.4-month-old infant lying supine. OpenSim was used to develop the musculoskeletal model, and Inverse kinematics was used to estimate hip joint angles. A total of 4 kicks (A, B, C, D) were selected, and the selection was based on range, transient response, and stable response. Kicks had at least 5° of range of motion with a smooth transient response and a stable period. The robotic exoskeleton used a Vacuum-Powered Artificial Muscle (VPAM) the structure comprised of cells that were clipped in a collapsed state and unclipped when desired to simulate infant’s age. The artificial muscle works with vacuum pressure. When air is removed, the muscle contracts and when air is added, the muscle relaxes. Bench testing was performed using a 6-month-old infant mannequin. The previously developed exoskeleton worked really well with controlled ranges of motion and frequencies, which are typical of rehabilitation protocols for infants suffering with spina bifida. However, the random kicking motion in this study contained high frequency kicks and was not able to accurately replicate all the investigated kicks. Kick 'A' had a greater error when compared to the other kicks. This study has the potential to advance the infant rehabilitation field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=musculoskeletal%20modeling" title="musculoskeletal modeling">musculoskeletal modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20robotics" title=" soft robotics"> soft robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrics" title=" pediatrics"> pediatrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171107/robotic-exoskeleton-response-during-infant-physiological-knee-kinematics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171107.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">118</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">217</span> Exoskeleton Response During Infant Physiological Knee Kinematics And Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Breanna%20Macumber">Breanna Macumber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Victor%20A.%20Huayamave"> Victor A. Huayamave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Emir%20A.%20Vela"> Emir A. Vela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wangdo%20Kim"> Wangdo Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tamara%20T.%20Chamber"> Tamara T. Chamber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esteban%20Centeno"> Esteban Centeno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Spina bifida is a type of neural tube defect that affects the nervous system and can lead to problems such as total leg paralysis. Treatment requires physical therapy and rehabilitation. Robotic exoskeletons have been used for rehabilitation to train muscle movement and assist in injury recovery; however, current models focus on the adult populations and not on the infant population. The proposed framework aims to couple a musculoskeletal infant model with a robotic exoskeleton using vacuum-powered artificial muscles to provide rehabilitation to infants affected by spina bifida. The study that drove the input values for the robotic exoskeleton used motion capture technology to collect data from the spontaneous kicking movement of a 2.4-month-old infant lying supine. OpenSim was used to develop the musculoskeletal model, and Inverse kinematics was used to estimate hip joint angles. A total of 4 kicks (A, B, C, D) were selected, and the selection was based on range, transient response, and stable response. Kicks had at least 5° of range of motion with a smooth transient response and a stable period. The robotic exoskeleton used a Vacuum-Powered Artificial Muscle (VPAM) the structure comprised of cells that were clipped in a collapsed state and unclipped when desired to simulate infant’s age. The artificial muscle works with vacuum pressure. When air is removed, the muscle contracts and when air is added, the muscle relaxes. Bench testing was performed using a 6-month-old infant mannequin. The previously developed exoskeleton worked really well with controlled ranges of motion and frequencies, which are typical of rehabilitation protocols for infants suffering with spina bifida. However, the random kicking motion in this study contained high frequency kicks and was not able to accurately replicate all the investigated kicks. Kick 'A' had a greater error when compared to the other kicks. This study has the potential to advance the infant rehabilitation field. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=musculoskeletal%20modeling" title="musculoskeletal modeling">musculoskeletal modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20robotics" title=" soft robotics"> soft robotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rehabilitation" title=" rehabilitation"> rehabilitation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pediatrics" title=" pediatrics"> pediatrics</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171597/exoskeleton-response-during-infant-physiological-knee-kinematics-and-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171597.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">216</span> Formulation, Nutritive Value Assessment And Effect On Weight Gain Of Infant Formulae Prepared From Locally Available Materia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20T.%20Johnson">J. T. Johnson</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Atule"> R. A. Atule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Gbodo"> E. Gbodo </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The widespread problem of infant malnutrition in developing countries has stirred efforts in research, development and extension by both local and international organizations. As a result, the formulation and development of nutritious weaning foods from local and readily available raw materials which are cost effective has become imperative in many developing countries. Thus, local and readily available raw materials where used to compound and develop nutritious new infant formulae. The materials used for this study include maize, millet, cowpea, pumpkin, fingerlings, and fish bone. The materials where dried and blended to powder. The powders were weighed in the ratio of 4:4:4:3:1:1 respectively and were then mixed properly. Analysis of nutritive value was conducted on the formulae and compared with NAN-2 standard and results reveals that the formulae had reasonable amount of moisture, lipids, carbohydrate, protein, and fibre. Although NAN-2 was superior in both carbohydrate and protein, the new infant formula was higher in mineral elements, vitamins, fibre, and lipids. All the essentials vitamins and both macro and micro minerals where found in appreciable quantity capable of meeting the biochemical and physiological demand of the body while the anti-nutrients composition were significantly below FAO and WHO safe limits. Finally, the compounded infant formulae was feed to a set of albino Wistar rats while some other set of rats was feed with NAN-2 for the period of twenty seven (27) days and body weight was measure at three days intervals. The results of body weight changes was spectacular as their body weight over shot or almost double that of those animals that were feed with NAN-2 at each point of measurement. The results suggest that the widespread problem of infant malnutrition in the developing world especially among the low income segment of the society can now be reduced if not totally eradicated since nutritive and cost effective weaning formulae can be prepared locally from common readily available materials. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=formulation" title="formulation">formulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nutritive%20value" title=" nutritive value"> nutritive value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=local" title=" local"> local</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=materials" title=" materials"> materials</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26012/formulation-nutritive-value-assessment-and-effect-on-weight-gain-of-infant-formulae-prepared-from-locally-available-materia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26012.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">378</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">215</span> An Intelligent Baby Care System Based on IoT and Deep Learning Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chinlun%20Lai">Chinlun Lai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lunjyh%20Jiang"> Lunjyh Jiang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the heavy burden and pressure of caring for infants, an integrated automatic baby watching system based on IoT smart sensing and deep learning machine vision techniques is proposed in this paper. By monitoring infant body conditions such as heartbeat, breathing, body temperature, sleeping posture, as well as the surrounding conditions such as dangerous/sharp objects, light, noise, humidity and temperature, the proposed system can analyze and predict the obvious/potential dangerous conditions according to observed data and then adopt suitable actions in real time to protect the infant from harm. Thus, reducing the burden of the caregiver and improving safety efficiency of the caring work. The experimental results show that the proposed system works successfully for the infant care work and thus can be implemented in various life fields practically. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=baby%20care%20system" title="baby care system">baby care system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Internet%20of%20Things" title=" Internet of Things"> Internet of Things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title=" deep learning"> deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20vision" title=" machine vision"> machine vision</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78003/an-intelligent-baby-care-system-based-on-iot-and-deep-learning-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78003.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">224</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">214</span> Application of Natural Dyes on Polyester and Polyester-Cellulosic Blended Fabrics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Deepali%20Rastogi">Deepali Rastogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akanksha%20Rastogi"> Akanksha Rastogi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Comfort and safety are two essential factors in a newborn’s clothing. Natural dyes are considered safe for infant clothes because they are non-toxic and have medicinal properties. Natural dyes are sensitive to pH and may show changes in hue under different pH conditions. Infant garments face treatments different than adult clothing, for instance, exposure to infant’s saliva, milk, and urine. The present study was designed to study the suitability of natural dyes for infant clothes. Cotton fabric was dyed using fifteen natural dyes and two mordants, alum, and ferrous sulphate. The dyed samples were assessed for colour fastness to washing, rubbing, perspiration and light. In addition, fastness to milk, saliva, and urine was also tested. Simulated solutions of saliva and urine were prepared for the study. For milk, one of the commercial formulations for infants was taken and used as per the directions. A wide gamut of colours was obtained after dyeing the cotton with different natural dyes and mordants. The colour strength of all the dyed samples was determined in terms of K/S values. Most of the ferrous sulphate mordanted dyes gave higher K/S values than alum mordanted samples. The wash fastness of dyed cotton fabrics ranged from 3/4 -5. Perspiration fastness test for the samples was done in both acidic and alkaline mediums. The ratings ranged from 3-5, with most of the dyes falling in the range of 4-5. The rubbing fastness of the dyed samples was tested in dry and wet conditions. The results showed excellent rub fastness ranging between 4-5. Light fastness was found to be good to moderate. The main food for infants is milk, and this becomes one of the main agents to spot infants' garments. All dyes showed excellent fastness properties against milk with a grey scale rating of 4-5. Fastness against saliva is recommended by various eco-labels, standards, and organizations for fabrics of infants or babies. The fastness of most of the dyes was found to be satisfactory against saliva. Infant garments get frequently soiled with urine. Most of the natural dyes on cotton fabric had good to excellent fastness to simulated urine. The grey scale ratings ranged from 3/4 – 5. Thus, it can be concluded that most of the natural dyes can be successfully used for infant wear and accessories and are fast to various liquids to which infant wear are exposed. Therefore, we can surround little ones with beautiful hues from nature's garden and clothe them in natural fibres dyed with natural dyes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fastness%20properties" title="fastness properties">fastness properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20wear" title=" infant wear"> infant wear</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mordants" title=" mordants"> mordants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20dyes" title=" natural dyes"> natural dyes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124915/application-of-natural-dyes-on-polyester-and-polyester-cellulosic-blended-fabrics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/124915.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">139</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">213</span> Associations and Interactions of Delivery Mode and Antibiotic Exposure with Infant Cortisol Level: A Correlational Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samarpreet%20Singh">Samarpreet Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gerald%20Giesbrecht"> Gerald Giesbrecht</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Both c-section and antibiotic exposure are linked to gut microbiota imbalance in infants. Such disturbance is associated with the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis function. However, the literature only has contradicting evidence for the association between c-sections and the HPA axis. Therefore, this study aims to test if the mode of delivery and antibiotics exposure is associated with the HPA axis. Also, whether exposure to both interacts with the HPA-axis. It was hypothesized that associations and interactions would be observed. Secondary data analysis was used for this co-relational study. Data for the mode of delivery and antibiotics exposure variables were documented from hospital records or self-questionnaires. In addition, cortisol levels (Area under the curve with respect to increasing (AUCi) and Area under the curve with respect to ground (AUCg)) were based on saliva collected from three months old during the infant’s visit to the lab and after drawing blood. One-way and between-subject ANOVA analyses were run on data. No significant association between delivery mode and infant cortisol level was found, AUCi and AUCg, p > .05. Only the infant’s AUCg was found to be significantly higher if there were antibiotics exposure at delivery (p = .001) or their mothers were exposed during pregnancy (p < .05). Infants born by c-section and exposed to antibiotics at three months had higher AUCi than those born vaginally, p < .02. These results imply that antibiotic exposure before three months is associated with an infant’s stress response. The association might increase if antibiotic exposure occurs three months after a c-section birth. However, more robust and causal evidence in future studies is needed, given a variable group’s statistically weak sample size. Nevertheless, the results of this study still highlight the unintended consequences of antibiotic exposure during delivery and pregnancy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPA-axis" title="HPA-axis">HPA-axis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics" title=" antibiotics"> antibiotics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=c-section" title=" c-section"> c-section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gut-microbiota" title=" gut-microbiota"> gut-microbiota</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=development" title=" development"> development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168087/associations-and-interactions-of-delivery-mode-and-antibiotic-exposure-with-infant-cortisol-level-a-correlational-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168087.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">72</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">212</span> Maternal Health Care Utilization and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcome in Nepal</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adrita%20Banerjee">Adrita Banerjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajeet%20Kumar%20Singh"> Ajeet Kumar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Antenatal care (ANC) from a skilled provider is important to monitor the pregnancy and reduce the risk of morbidity for mother and baby during pregnancy and delivery. The quality of antenatal care can be monitored through the content of services received and the kind of information mothers are given during their visit. Objective: The paper tries to examine the association between ANC check-ups and size/ birth weight. It also focuses on investigating the relationship between utilization of recommended prenatal care for mothers and its effect on infant survival in Nepal. Data and methods: This paper uses data from Nepal demographic Health Survey 2011. To understand the relationship bi-variate statistical analysis and logistic regressions has been done. Maternal health care utilization include ANC check-ups i.e. the type of ante-natal care providers, the number and timing of the visit. The various components of the check-ups include intake of iron tablets/syrups, intestinal parasitic drugs, etc. Results: The results show that women who had no antenatal care visits about 40% had small sized babies at the time of birth compared to women to had at least 3 ANC check up. Women who had at least 3 check-ups 17% of the babies have a small size. It has also been found that about 50 % of the women prefer ANC check-ups during pregnancies which have resulted in lowering the infant mortality by about 40% during 1996-2011. Conclusion: Ante natal care check is care and monitoring of the pregnant woman and her foetus throughout pregnancy. ANC checks have an effect on the infant health and child survival. A woman who had at least three check-ups the possibilities of adverse effect on infant health and infant survival was significantly lower. The findings argue for a more enhanced focus on ANC check-ups for improving the maternal and child health in Nepal. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maternal" title="maternal">maternal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title=" health"> health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pregnancy" title=" pregnancy"> pregnancy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outcome" title=" outcome"> outcome</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44148/maternal-health-care-utilization-and-its-effect-on-pregnancy-outcome-in-nepal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44148.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">211</span> Logistic Regression Model versus Additive Model for Recurrent Event Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Entisar%20A.%20Elgmati">Entisar A. Elgmati</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recurrent infant diarrhea is studied using daily data collected in Salvador, Brazil over one year and three months. A logistic regression model is fitted instead of Aalen's additive model using the same covariates that were used in the analysis with the additive model. The model gives reasonably similar results to that using additive regression model. In addition, the problem with the estimated conditional probabilities not being constrained between zero and one in additive model is solved here. Also martingale residuals that have been used to judge the goodness of fit for the additive model are shown to be useful for judging the goodness of fit of the logistic model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20model" title="additive model">additive model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cumulative%20probabilities" title=" cumulative probabilities"> cumulative probabilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant%20diarrhoea" title=" infant diarrhoea"> infant diarrhoea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recurrent%20event" title=" recurrent event"> recurrent event</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27829/logistic-regression-model-versus-additive-model-for-recurrent-event-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27829.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">635</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infant&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>