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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">보이기</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-징후_및_증상" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#징후_및_증상"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>징후 및 증상</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-징후_및_증상-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-원인" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#원인"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>원인</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-원인-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기전" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기전"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>기전</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-기전-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-진단" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#진단"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>진단</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-진단-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>진단 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-진단-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-변형" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#변형"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>변형</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-변형-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-치료" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#치료"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>치료</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-치료-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-예후" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#예후"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>예후</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-예후-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-역학" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#역학"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>역학</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-역학-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-기타_동물" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#기타_동물"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>기타 동물</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-기타_동물-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>기타 동물 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-기타_동물-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-위험요소" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#위험요소"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>위험요소</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-위험요소-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-임상증상" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#임상증상"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>임상증상</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-임상증상-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-치료_및_예후" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#치료_및_예후"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>치료 및 예후</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-치료_및_예후-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-분자적_변경" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#분자적_변경"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>분자적 변경</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-분자적_변경-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-고양이" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#고양이"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>고양이</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-고양이-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-공룡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#공룡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>공룡</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-공룡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-각주" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#각주"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>각주</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-각주-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">골육종</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 34개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ساركوما عظمية – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساركوما عظمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Остеосарком – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Остеосарком" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkom" title="Osteosarkom – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Osteosarkom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkom" title="Osteosarkom – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osteosarkom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%B0_%DE%90%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%89%DE%A7" title="އޮސްޓިއޯޖެނިކް ސާރކޯމާ – 디베히어" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އޮސްޓިއޯޖެނިކް ސާރކޯމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="디베히어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostosarkomo" title="Ostosarkomo – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ostosarkomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkoma" title="Osteosarkoma – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Osteosarkoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85" title="استئوسارکوم – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استئوسارکوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkooma" title="Osteosarkooma – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osteosarkooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost%C3%A9osarcome" title="Ostéosarcome – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ostéosarcome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 하우사어" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="하우사어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkom" title="Osteosarkom – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osteosarkom" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%82%89%E8%85%AB" title="骨肉腫 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨肉腫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoma" title="Osteosarcoma – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Osteosarcoma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkoma" title="Osteosarkoma – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Osteosarkoma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkoma" title="Osteosarkoma – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Osteosarkoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ओस्टियोसार्कोमा – 네와르어" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ओस्टियोसार्कोमा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="네와르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarcoom" title="Osteosarcoom – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osteosarcoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE" title="ଓଷ୍ଟିଓସାର୍କୋମା – 오리야어" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଷ୍ଟିଓସାର୍କୋମା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="오리야어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostniakomi%C4%99sak" title="Kostniakomięsak – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kostniakomięsak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteossarcoma" title="Osteossarcoma – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osteossarcoma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Остеогенная саркома – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остеогенная саркома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosark%C3%B3m" title="Osteosarkóm – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Osteosarkóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Остеосарком – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Остеосарком" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkom" title="Osteosarkom – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osteosarkom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteosarkom" title="Osteosarkom – 터키어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osteosarkom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="터키어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Остеогенна саркома – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Остеогенна саркома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%81" title="عظمی لحمومہ – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عظمی لحمومہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C3%A1c_t%C3%ADnh" title="U xương ác tính – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="U xương ác tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E8%82%89%E7%98%A4" title="骨肉瘤 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨肉瘤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311307">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc"><div style="background:gainsboro; position:relative; width:100%; height:50px; display:table;"><div style="position:absolute; bottom:0px; right:0;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png/52px-Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png/77px-Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png/103px-Entete_m%C3%A9decine.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div><span style="position:relative; width:100%; display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; padding:4px;">골육종</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg/300px-Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg/450px-Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg/600px-Osteosarcoma_-_intermed_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">비악성 뼈(이미지 왼쪽 아래)에 인접한 골육종(이미지 중앙 및 오른쪽)의 중간 배율 현미경 사진: 이미지 오른쪽 상단에는 분화도가 낮은 종양이 있다. 비악성 뼈와 잘 분화되지 않은 종양 사이에 고밀도의 악성 세포가 있는 골육종이 보인다(H&E 염색).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%84%EB%A3%8C%EA%B3%BC" title="진료과">진료과</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%ED%95%99" title="종양학">종양학</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>골육종</b>(骨肉腫, osteosarcoma, OS, osteogenic sarcoma, OGS)은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%BC%88" title="뼈">뼈</a> 속의 암 종양이다. </p><p>골육종은 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B0%84%EC%97%BD" title="중간엽">중간엽</a> 기원의 원시적 형질 전환 세포(육종)에서 발생하며 조골 세포 분화를 보이고 악성 골종양을 생성하는 공격적인 악성 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="신생물">신생물</a>이다.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 골육종은 뼈에서 발생하는 원발성 육종 중 가장 흔한 조직학적 형태이다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 주로 청소년과 젊은 성인에게 가장 흔하게 발생한다.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="징후_및_증상"><span id=".EC.A7.95.ED.9B.84_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.A6.9D.EC.83.81"></span>징후 및 증상</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 징후 및 증상"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>많은 환자들이 밤에 더 심하고 간헐적이며 다양한 강도의 통증을 호소하며 오랫동안 통증이 지속될 수 있다. 스포츠 활동을 활발히 하는 청소년은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%87%B4%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="대퇴골">대퇴골</a> 아래쪽 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A6%8E" title="무릎">무릎</a> 바로 아래에 통증을 호소하는 경우가 많다. 종양이 크면 명백한 국소 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%A2%85" title="부종">부종</a>으로 나타날 수 있다. 종양에 걸린 뼈는 정상 뼈만큼 강하지 않아 경미한 외상에도 비정상적으로 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%A0%88" title="골절">골절</a>될 수 있기 때문에 갑작스러운 골절이 첫 번째 증상인 경우도 있다. 골반에 발생한 종양처럼 피부와 가깝지 않은 심부 종양의 경우 국소 부종이 뚜렷하지 않을 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="원인"><span id=".EC.9B.90.EC.9D.B8"></span>원인</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 원인"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>여러 연구 그룹에서 암 줄기세포와 종양을 유발하는 유전자 및 단백질과 함께 다양한 표현형을 유발할 수 있는 암 줄기세포의 잠재력을 조사하고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_2017_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_2017-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다른 질환에 대한 방사선 치료는 드물게 원인이 될 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>저등급 중추성 골육종 및 골막하 골육종을 포함한 저등급 골육종의 종양 세포에는 작은 과수성 마커 염색체 또는 거대 막대 염색체가 존재하며,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27990273_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27990273-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다양한 잠재적 발암 유전자를 가지고 있으며,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30001240_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30001240-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 이러한 골육종의 발생에 기여하는 것으로 생각된다. (골육종에서의 작은 과수성 마커 염색체 및 거대 막대 염색체, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_supernumerary_marker_chromosome#Osteosarcomas" class="extiw" title="en:Small supernumerary marker chromosome">Small supernumerary marker chromosomes and giant rod chromosomes in osteosarcomas</a> 참조).</li> <li>13q14 염색체 결손으로 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%A7%89%EB%AA%A8%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%A2%85" title="망막모세포종">망막모세포종</a> 유전자가 비활성화되는 가족력은 골육종 발병 위험이 높은 것과 관련이 있다.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%B3%91" class="mw-disambig" title="파제트병">파제트 골 질환</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%AC%EC%9C%A0%EC%9D%B4%ED%98%95%EC%84%B1%EC%A6%9D" title="섬유이형성증">섬유성 이형성증</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B0%EA%B3%A8%EC%A2%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="연골종 (없는 문서)">연골종증</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%84%B1_%EB%8B%A4%EB%B0%9C%EC%84%B1_%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9%EC%A6%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="유전성 다발성 외골격증 (없는 문서)">유전성 다발성 외골격증</a> 등의 골 이형성증은 골육종의 위험을 높이다.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A6%AC-%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="리-프라우메니 증후군 (없는 문서)">리-프라우메니 증후군</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%8B%9D%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="생식세포">생식세포</a> <a href="/wiki/TP53" class="mw-redirect" title="TP53">TP53</a> 돌연변이)은 골육종 발병의 주요 원인이다.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8-%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="로스문트-톰슨 증후군 (없는 문서)">로스문트-톰슨 증후군</a>(선천성 골 결손, 모발 및 피부 이형성증, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%84%B1%EC%84%A0_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8A%A5_%EC%A0%80%ED%95%98%EC%A6%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="성선 기능 저하증 (없는 문서)">성선 기능 저하증</a>, 백내장의 상염색체 열성 연관성)은 이 질환의 위험 증가와 관련이 있다.</li> <li>뼈를 찾는 자라는 별명을 가진 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A0%ED%8A%AC-90" title="스트론튬-90">Sr-90</a>을 다량 섭취하면 동물의 골암과 백혈병 위험이 증가하며, 사람 역시 마찬가지일 것으로 추정된다.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A4%EB%A6%B0" title="플루오린">수돗물 불소화</a>와 암 또는 암으로 인한 사망 사이에는 일반적인 암과 특히 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%95%94" class="mw-redirect" title="골암">골암</a> 및 골육종 모두에 대해 명확한 연관성이 없다.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 일련의 연구에 따르면 수중 불소 농도는 골육종과 관련이 없다는 결론을 내렸다. 불소 노출과 골육종의 연관성에 대한 믿음은 1990년 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD_%EB%8F%85%EC%84%B1%ED%95%99_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="미국 국립 독성학 프로그램 (없는 문서)">미국 국립 독성학 프로그램</a>에서 수컷 쥐를 대상으로 한 연구에서 불소와 골육종의 연관성에 대한 불확실한 증거를 보여준 데서 비롯되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 그러나 쥐에서 불소가 암을 유발한다는 확실한 증거는 아직 없다. 수돗물 불소화는 시민의 치아 건강을 개선하기 위해 전 세계적으로 시행되고 있다. 또한 건강에도 큰 도움이 되는 것으로 간주되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD_%EB%B3%B4%ED%98%B8%EA%B5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="미국 환경 보호국">미국 환경 보호국</a>은 상수도의 불소 농도를 리터당 4밀리그램을 넘지 않도록 규제하는 등 상수도의 불소 농도는 규제되고 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 실제로 상수도에는 이미 자연적으로 발생하는 불소가 함유되어 있지만,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 많은 지역 사회에서는 충치를 줄일 수 있을 정도로 불소를 더 추가하기로 결정했다.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 불소는 또한 새로운 뼈 형성을 유발하는 것으로도 알려져 있다. 그러나 추가 연구에 따르면 불소화된 물로 인한 골육종 위험은 인간에게 나타나지 않았다.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 대부분의 연구는 식수 내 불소 농도가 다른 특정 지역에서 발생한 골육종 환자 수를 세는 방식으로 진행되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 데이터의 통계 분석 결과, 불소화 지역별로 골육종 환자 발생에 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 또 다른 중요한 연구는 골육종 환자의 뼈 샘플을 채취하여 불소 농도를 측정하고 새로 진단된 악성 골종양의 뼈 샘플과 비교하는 것이었다. 그 결과 골육종 환자와 종양 대조군의 뼈 샘플에서 불소 농도 중앙값이 크게 다르지 않은 것으로 나타났다.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 뼈의 불소 농도뿐만 아니라 골육종 환자의 불소 노출량도 건강한 사람과 크게 다르지 않다는 것이 입증되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기전"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.EC.A0.84"></span>기전</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 기전"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png/120px-Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png/180px-Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png/240px-Predilection_sites_of_osteosarcoma2.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>골육종 호발 부위</figcaption></figure> <p>골육종은 뼈가 성장하는 부위에서 발생하는 경향이 있는데, 아마도 이 부위의 조골 세포가 증식하면서 세포의 변형으로 이어질 수 있는 돌연변이를 획득하기 쉽기 때문일 것이다(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%9D%EB%A7%89%EB%AA%A8%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC%EC%A2%85" title="망막모세포종">RB 유전자</a>와 <a href="/wiki/P53" title="P53">p53</a> 유전자가 일반적으로 관련됨). 종양은 긴 뼈의 끝(일반적으로 형이상학에서)에 국한될 수 있다. 대부분 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="경골">경골</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%99%84%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="상완골">상완골</a>의 근위 끝 또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%87%B4%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="대퇴골">대퇴골</a>의 원위 끝에 영향을 미친다. 골육종은 60%의 경우 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A6%8E" title="무릎">무릎</a> 주변, 15%는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%89%EB%8D%A9%EC%9D%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="엉덩이">엉덩이</a> 주변, 10%는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EA%B9%A8" title="어깨">어깨</a>, 8%는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%84%B1" title="턱">턱</a> 부위에 발생하는 경향이 있다. 종양은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%9A%8C%ED%99%94" title="석회화">석회화</a>된 뼈의 종양 돌기가 직각으로 방사되기 때문에 단단하고 단단하며 불규칙한다("전나무", "나방이 먹은" 또는 "태양이 터진" 모양으로 엑스레이 검사에서 보인다). 이러한 직각 방사 현상은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%98%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="코드만 삼각형 (없는 문서)">코드만 삼각형</a>으로 알려져 있는데, 이는 특징적이지만 골육종을 진단하는 것은 아니다. 일반적으로 주변 조직은 침윤되어 있다. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/220px-Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/330px-Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg/440px-Osteosarcoma_-_very_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>골육종 H&E 염색에서 골육종 형성을 보여주는 고배율 현미경 사진</figcaption></figure> <p>현미경적인 골육종의 특징은 종양 내에 골육종(뼈 형성)이 존재한다는 것이다. 종양 세포는 매우 다형성(<a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AD%ED%98%95%EC%84%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="역형성">역형성</a>)이며, 일부는 거대하고 수많은 비정형 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC_%EB%B6%84%EC%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="유사 분열">유사 분열</a>을 보인다. 이러한 세포는 중심 석회화 유무에 관계없이 불규칙한 섬유주(무정형, 호산구성/분홍색)를 나타내는 골종을 생성한다(<a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%97%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A1%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0%EC%B9%9C%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="헤마톡실린친화성 (없는 문서)">헤마톡실린친화성</a>/파란색, 과립형). 종양 뼈, 종양 세포는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EA%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="골격">골격</a> 기질에 포함되어 있다. 존재하는 종양 세포의 특징 (뼈 세포, 연골 세포 또는 섬유 아세포 세포와 유사한 지 여부)에 따라 종양을 하위 분류 할 수 있다. 골육종은 다핵성 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%8C%EA%B3%A8%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="파골세포 (없는 문서)">파골세포</a> 유사 거대 세포를 나타낼 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="진단"><span id=".EC.A7.84.EB.8B.A8"></span>진단</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 진단"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma,_high_mag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg/220px-Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg/330px-Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg/440px-Histopathology_of_osteosarcoma%2C_high_mag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>골육종의 조직 병리학, 높은 핵 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%ED%98%95%EC%84%B1_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="다형성 (생물학)">다형성</a>을 가진 종양 세포를 보여주지만 종양성 골 기질에 갇힌 세포에서는 상대적으로 덜 나타난다(이 H&E 염색 슬라이드에서 분홍색으로 나타남).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%91%EC%8A%A4%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="엑스레이">엑스레이</a>는 골육종을 진단하기 위해 가장 먼저 선택하는 영상이다. 엑스레이에서 보이는 골육종의 몇 가지 특징은 햇볕에 튀어나온 모양과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C%EB%A7%8C_%EC%82%BC%EA%B0%81%ED%98%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="코드만 삼각형 (없는 문서)">코드만 삼각형</a>(종양에 의해 새로운 뼈가 형성되는 골피질의 돌출)이다. CT 스캔은 뼈의 해부학적 구조, 뼈 피질의 완전성, 병적 골절 감지, 골화(새로운 뼈 물질의 생성) 및 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B3%A8" title="연골">연골</a>의 석회화 평가에 유용하다. 반면에 연조직과 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%88%98" title="골수">골수강</a>은 MRI 스캔으로 더 잘 촬영된다.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24932027_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24932027-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>대부분의 경우 골육종의 초기 징후는 정기 치과 검진 시 촬영한 엑스레이에서 발견된다. 골육종은 하악골(아래턱)에 자주 발생하므로 치과 의사는 골육종을 암시하는 징후를 찾도록 훈련받는다. 이 암의 방사선 소견은 매우 다양하지만, 일반적으로 치주 인대 공간이 대칭적으로 넓어지는 것을 볼 수 있다. 골육종 또는 다른 기저 질환을 의심할 만한 이유가 있는 치과의사는 환자를 구강악안면외과 전문의에게 조직검사를 의뢰한다. 안면 부위 이외의 골육종 의심 부위에 대한 생검은 자격을 갖춘 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%98%95%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC" title="정형외과">정형외과</a> 종양 전문의가 실시해야 한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%95%94_%ED%98%91%ED%9A%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="미국 암 협회">미국 암 협회</a>는 "아마도 다른 어떤 암에서도 이 절차를 제대로 수행하는 것만큼 중요한 것은 없을 것이다. 생검을 잘못 수행하면 절단된 팔다리를 살리기 어려울 수 있다."라고 설명한다. 또한 폐로 전이될 수 있으며, 주로 흉부 엑스레이에서 하부 부위에 가장 흔한 단독 또는 여러 개의 둥근 결절로 나타난다.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="변형"><span id=".EB.B3.80.ED.98.95"></span>변형</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 변형"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>일반적인 조골세포, 연골세포, 섬유아세포 골육종</li> <li>혈관 확장성 골육종</li> <li>소세포 골육종</li> <li>낮은 등급의 중앙 골육종</li> <li>골막 골육종</li> <li>골막주위 골육종</li> <li>이차 골육종</li> <li>고등급 표면형 골육종</li> <li>골격 외 골육종</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="치료"><span id=".EC.B9.98.EB.A3.8C"></span>치료</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 치료"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>골육종에서는 암을 일괄적으로 절제하는 근치적 외과적 완전 절제술이 최선의 치료법이다. 환자의 약 90%가 사지 보존 수술을 받을 수 있지만, 합병증, 특히 감염, 보철물 풀림 및 불유합, 국소 종양 재발로 인해 추가 수술이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8B%A8_(%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99)" title="절단 (의학)">절단</a>이 필요할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AF%B8%ED%8C%8C%EB%AC%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="미파무르타이드 (없는 문서)">미파무르타이드</a>는 환자가 종양 제거 수술을 받은 후 화학 요법과 함께 사용하여 남은 암세포를 죽여 암 재발 위험을 줄이다. 또한 종양을 제거한 후 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%84_%EC%84%B1%ED%98%95%EC%88%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="회전 성형술 (없는 문서)">회전 성형술</a>을 받을 수 있는 옵션도 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>골육종 환자는 육종 관리 경험이 풍부한 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%EB%82%B4%EA%B3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="종양내과 (없는 문서)">종양내과</a> 전문의와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%ED%98%95%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC" title="정형외과">정형외과</a> 전문의가 가장 잘 관리할 수 있다. 현재 표준 치료는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%A0%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B0_%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%EC%9A%94%EB%B2%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="신보조 화학 요법 (없는 문서)">신보조 화학 요법</a>(수술 전에 투여하는 화학 요법)을 사용한 후 외과적 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A0%88%EC%A0%9C%EC%88%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="절제술 (없는 문서)">절제술</a>을 시행하는 것이다. 수술 후 종양에서 관찰되는 종양 세포 괴사(세포 사멸)의 비율은 예후에 대한 기준을 제공하고 종양 전문의에게 수술 후 화학 요법을 변경해야 하는지 여부를 알려준다. </p><p>표준 치료는 가능한 경우 사지 보존 정형외과 수술(또는 경우에 따라 절단)과 고용량 <a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%86%A0%ED%8A%B8%EB%A0%89%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="메토트렉세이트">메토트렉세이트</a>와 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A5%98%EC%BD%94%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="류코보린 (없는 문서)">류코보린</a> 구조, 동맥 내 <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%ED%8B%B4" title="시스플라틴">시스플라틴</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="아드리아마이신">아드리아마이신</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9D%B4%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="이포스파미드 (없는 문서)">이포스파미드</a>와 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A9%94%EC%8A%A4%EB%82%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="메스나 (없는 문서)">메스나</a>, <a href="/wiki/BCD" class="mw-disambig" title="BCD">BCD</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0" title="블레오마이신">블레오마이신</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%ED%8F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="사이클로포스파미드 (없는 문서)">사이클로포스파미드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A5%ED%8B%B0%EB%85%B8%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8B%A0" title="닥티노마이신">닥티노마이신</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%ED%86%A0%ED%8F%AC%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="에토포사이드">에토포사이드</a> 및 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%80_%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%8E%A9%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="무라밀 트리펩타이드 (없는 문서)">무라밀 트리펩타이드</a>를 병용하는 방법이다. 회전 성형술을 사용할 수 있다. 괴사율이 낮은 경우 이포스파미드를 보조 치료로 사용할 수 있다. </p><p>골육종에 대한 화학 요법의 성공에도 불구하고 소아암 중 가장 낮은 생존율을 보이는 암 중 하나이다. 보고된 최고 10년 생존율은 92%이며, 동맥 조영술 반응에 따라 치료를 개별화하는 공격적인 동맥 내 요법이 사용된다.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3년 무사건 생존율은 50%에서 75%, 5년 생존율은 60%에서 85% 이상에 이르는 연구도 있다. 전반적으로 5년 전에 치료를 받은 환자의 65~70%가 현재 생존해 있다. 이러한 생존율은 전체 평균이며 개별 괴사율에 따라 크게 달라진다.<sup id="cite_ref-Buecker_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buecker-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%80" title="필그라스팀">필그라스팀</a> 또는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8E%98%EA%B7%B8%ED%95%84%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="페그필그라스팀 (없는 문서)">페그필그라스팀</a>은 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%ED%98%88%EA%B5%AC" title="백혈구">백혈구</a> 수와 <a href="/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AC" title="호중구">호중구</a> 수에 도움이 된다. 수혈과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%90%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B4_%EC%95%8C%ED%8C%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="에포에틴 알파 (없는 문서)">에포에틴 알파</a>는 빈혈에 도움이 된다. 골육종 세포주 패널에 대한 전산 분석을 통해 골육종에서 새로운 공유 및 특정 치료 표적(단백질체 및 유전자)이 확인되었으며, 표현형에서는 종양 미세 환경의 역할이 증가했음을 보여주었다.<sup id="cite_ref-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_20172_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_20172-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="예후"><span id=".EC.98.88.ED.9B.84"></span>예후</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 예후"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>예후는 세 그룹으로 나뉜다. </p> <ul><li><b>1기 골육종</b>은 드물며 골막 골육종 또는 저급 중추성 골육종을 포함한다. 광범위 절제 시 예후가 우수하다(90% 이상).</li> <li><b>2기 골육종의</b> 예후는 종양의 부위(근위 경골, 대퇴골, 골반 등), 종양 덩어리의 크기, 신보조 화학요법으로 인한 괴사 정도에 따라 달라진다. 폐로의 원격 전이와 관련이 있는 p-당단백질 정도, 종양이 cxcr4 양성인지 또는 Her2 양성인지 여부와 같은 다른 병리학적인 요인도 중요하다.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 전이성 골육종 환자의 예후는 전이까지의 시간이 길수록(12개월 이상에서 4개월 미만), 전이 개수가 적을수록, 그리고 절제 가능성이 높을수록 좋아진다. 전이까지의 시간이 긴 것보다 전이가 적은 것이 더 좋다. 전이 기간이 길고(24개월 이상) 결절 수가 적은(2개 이하) 경우 예후가 가장 좋으며, 전이 후 2년 생존율은 50%, 5년 생존율은 40%, 10년 생존율은 20%이다. 전이가 국소 및 지역 전이인 경우 예후가 더 나쁘다.</li> <li><b>폐 전이가 있는 3기</b> 골육종의 초기 증상은 원발성 종양과 폐 결절의 절제 가능성, 원발성 종양의 괴사 정도, 전이 수에 따라 달라질 수 있다. 전체 생존 예후는 약 30%이다.<sup id="cite_ref-Koshkina_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koshkina-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>뼈와 관절의 악성 신생물로 인한 사망은 소아암 사망자 중 많은 수를 차지한다. 그 중 알려지지 않은 경우도 많다. 골육종으로 인한 사망률은 매년 약 1.3%로 감소하고 있다. 골육종의 장기 생존 확률은 20세기 후반에 극적으로 개선되어 2009년에는 약 68%에 달했다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="역학"><span id=".EC.97.AD.ED.95.99"></span>역학</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 역학"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>골육종은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%95%84%EC%95%94" title="소아암">소아암</a> 중 8번째로 흔한 형태로, 소아 환자에서 발생하는 모든 악성 종양의 2.4%를 차지하며 전체 원발성 골암의 약 20%를 차지한다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>20세 미만 미국 환자의 골육종 발생률은 일반 인구에서 연간 백만 명당 5.0명으로 추정되며, 흑인, 히스패닉, 백인 인종에 따라 약간의 차이가 있다(각각 연간 백만 명당 6.8명, 6.5명, 4.6명). 남성(연간 백만 명당 5.4명)이 여성(연간 백만 명당 4.0명)보다 약간 더 흔하다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>대퇴골에서 42%, 경골에서 19%, 상완골에서 10%로 관상의 긴 뼈의 형태 변화 부위에서 더 자주 발생한다. 전체 사례의 약 8%는 두개골과 턱에서, 나머지 8%는 골반에서 발생한다.<sup id="cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>미국에서 매년 진단받는 900명 중 약 300명이 사망한다. 두 번째 발병률 정점은 노년층에서 발생하며, 일반적으로 <a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%A0%9C%ED%8A%B8%EB%B3%91" class="mw-disambig" title="파제트병">파제트병</a>과 같은 기저 뼈 병리와 관련이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="기타_동물"><span id=".EA.B8.B0.ED.83.80_.EB.8F.99.EB.AC.BC"></span>기타 동물</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 기타 동물"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG/220px-Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG/330px-Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG/440px-Canine_osteosarcoma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>개의 원위 대퇴골 골육종 X- 선 촬영</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="위험요소"><span id=".EC.9C.84.ED.97.98.EC.9A.94.EC.86.8C"></span>위험요소</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 위험요소"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>골육종은 개에게 가장 흔한 뼈 종양으로 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%89%AC_%EC%9A%B8%ED%94%84%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="아이리쉬 울프하운드 (없는 문서)">아이리쉬 울프하운드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B4%EB%93%9C" title="그레이하운드">그레이하운드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%80%EB%A8%BC_%EC%85%B0%ED%8D%BC%EB%93%9C" title="저먼 셰퍼드">저먼 셰퍼드</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%ED%8A%B8%EC%99%80%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="로트와일러">로트와일러</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%82%B0%EC%95%85_%EA%B2%AC%EC%A2%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="산악 견종 (없는 문서)">산악 견종</a>(<a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%ED%94%BC%EB%A0%88%EB%84%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="그레이트 피레네">그레이트 피레네</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B2%84%EB%82%98%EB%93%9C" title="세인트 버나드">세인트 버나드</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A8%EB%B2%84%EA%B1%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="레온버거 (없는 문서)">레온버거</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EB%89%B4%ED%8E%80%EB%93%A4%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="뉴펀들랜드">뉴펀들랜드</a>), <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%ED%95%80%EC%85%94" title="도베르만 핀셔">도베르만 핀셔</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B8" title="그레이트 데인">그레이트 데인</a> 등 중년의 대형견 및 거대견에게 주로 발병한다. 사람보다 개에서 발병률이 10배 더 높다.<sup id="cite_ref-Withrow_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Withrow-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 세인트 버나드 견종에서 유전적 기반이 있는 것으로 나타났다.<sup id="cite_ref-Bech-Nielsen_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bech-Nielsen-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 중성화 수술을 한 개는 그렇지 않은 개보다 골육종에 걸릴 위험이 두 배나 높다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ru_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ru-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 기생충인 스피로세르카 루피에 감염되면 식도 골육종이 발생할 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranen_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranen-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="임상증상"><span id=".EC.9E.84.EC.83.81.EC.A6.9D.EC.83.81"></span>임상증상</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 임상증상"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>가장 흔하게 영향을 받는 뼈는 근위 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%99%84%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="상완골">상완골</a>, 원위 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="요골">요골</a>, 원위 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%87%B4%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="대퇴골">대퇴골</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="경골">경골</a>이며,<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison_1998-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "팔꿈치에서 멀리, 무릎에서 가깝게"라는 기본 전제를 따르다. 다른 부위로는 갈비뼈, 하악골, 척추, 골반 등이 있다. 드물게 연조직에서 골육종이 발생할 수 있다(골격 외 골육종). 팔다리 뼈와 관련된 종양의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="전이">전이</a>는 매우 흔하며 일반적으로 폐로 전이된다. 종양은 심한 통증을 유발하며, 심지어 영향을 받은 뼈의 골절로 이어질 수도 있다. 사람의 골육종과 마찬가지로 뼈 생검은 최종 진단을 내리기 위한 결정적인 방법이다. 골육종은 다른 뼈 종양 및 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%88%98%EC%97%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="골수염">골수염</a>과 같은 다양한 다른 병변과 감별해야 한다. 특히 두개골 골육종의 감별 진단에는 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B0%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="연골육종 (없는 문서)">연골 육종</a>과 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%A4%EC%97%BD%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="다엽성 (없는 문서)">다엽성</a> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91" title="골종양">골종양</a> 등이 포함된다.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="치료_및_예후"><span id=".EC.B9.98.EB.A3.8C_.EB.B0.8F_.EC.98.88.ED.9B.84"></span>치료 및 예후</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 치료 및 예후"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>절단이 초기 치료이지만 이것만으로는 전이를 예방할 수 없다. 절단과 화학 요법을 병행하면 생존 기간이 향상되지만 대부분의 개는 여전히 1년 이내에 사망한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison_1998-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 다리를 살리기 위해 고안된 수술 기술(사지 보존술)은 예후를 개선하지 못한다. 최근 일부 연구에 따르면 알렌드로네이트와 파미드로네이트와 같은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8C%8C%EA%B3%A8%EC%84%B8%ED%8F%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="파골세포 (없는 문서)">파골세포</a> 억제제는 골 용해를 감소시켜 통증의 정도와 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%A8%EC%A0%88" class="mw-redirect" title="병적 골절">병적 골절</a>의 위험을 줄여 삶의 질에 유익한 영향을 미칠 수 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-Tomlin_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tomlin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="분자적_변경"><span id=".EB.B6.84.EC.9E.90.EC.A0.81_.EB.B3.80.EA.B2.BD"></span>분자적 변경</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 분자적 변경"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>개 골육종은 인간의 질병과 유사한 패턴의 분자적 체세포 변형을 보인다. 둘 다 유전적 불안정성과 핵형 복잡성이 특징이며, 반복적으로 변이되는 유전자로는 TP53, RB1, PTEN, MYC, PIK3CA 등이 있다.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 반면, 히스톤 메틸전달효소 유전자 SETD2의 돌연변이는 인간 골육종에서는 드물지만 개 종양의 21%에서 확인되었다.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="고양이"><span id=".EA.B3.A0.EC.96.91.EC.9D.B4"></span>고양이</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 고양이"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>골육종은 고양이에게 가장 흔한 뼈 종양이지만 자주 발생하지는 않으며, 대부분 뒷다리에 발생한다. 이 암은 일반적으로 개보다 고양이에서 덜 공격적이기 때문에 절단만으로도 많은 감염 고양이의 생존 기간을 늘릴 수 있지만, 조직 병리학에서 높은 등급이 확인되면 절단 후 화학 요법을 권장한다.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrison_1998-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="공룡"><span id=".EA.B3.B5.EB.A3.A1"></span>공룡</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 공룡"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2020년의 한 연구에서는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B0%B1%EC%95%85%EA%B8%B0" title="백악기">백악기</a>의 센트로사우루스가 비골에 골육종이 발생했음을 방사선 사진과 조직학적 분석과 인간의 골육종과의 비교를 통해 입증할 수 있었다.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="각주"><span id=".EA.B0.81.EC.A3.BC"></span>각주</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 각주"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r35556958">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Luetke A, Meyers PA, Lewis A, Juergens H (2014). “Osteosarcoma treatment—where do we stand? A state of the art review”. 《Cancer Treat Rev》 <b>40</b> (4): 523–532. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2013.11.006">10.1016/j.ctrv.2013.11.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24345772">24345772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treat+Rev&rft.atitle=Osteosarcoma+treatment%E2%80%94where+do+we+stand%3F+A+state+of+the+art+review&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-532&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2013.11.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24345772&rft.aulast=Luetke&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Meyers%2C+PA&rft.au=Lewis%2C+A&rft.au=Juergens%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OttavianiJaffe2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe2_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ottaviani G, Jaffe N (2009). 〈The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma〉. 《Pediatric and Adolescent Osteosarcoma》. Cancer Treatment and Research <b>152</b>. New York: Springer. 3–13쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0284-9_1">10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4419-0283-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4419-0283-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0283-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20213383">20213383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epidemiology+of+Osteosarcoma&rft.btitle=Pediatric+and+Adolescent+Osteosarcoma&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Cancer+Treatment+and+Research&rft.pages=3-13&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20213383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0284-9_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0283-2&rft.aulast=Ottaviani&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002616/">“Osteosarcoma”</a>. 《US National Library of Medicine》. PubMed Health. 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Osteosarcoma&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMH0002616%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Osuna D, de Alava E (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://semanticscholar.org/paper/911818ce8873ad11ad96fbcffbafd178f1877987">“Molecular pathology of sarcomas”</a>. 《Rev Recent Clin Trials》 <b>4</b> (1): 12–26. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F157488709787047585">10.2174/157488709787047585</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B8%EB%93%A4_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="핸들 시스템">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//hdl.handle.net/10261%2F61716">10261/61716</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149759">19149759</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15039305">15039305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Recent+Clin+Trials&rft.atitle=Molecular+pathology+of+sarcomas&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-26&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F61716&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19149759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15039305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F157488709787047585&rft.aulast=Osuna&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=de+Alava%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsemanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2F911818ce8873ad11ad96fbcffbafd178f1877987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_2017-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_2017_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sharma, Ankush; Cinti, Caterina; Capobianco, Enrico (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536125">“Multitype Network-Guided Target Controllability in Phenotypically Characterized Osteosarcoma: Role of Tumor Microenvironment”</a>. 《Frontiers in Immunology》 (영어) <b>8</b>: 918. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2017.00918">10.3389/fimmu.2017.00918</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-3224">1664-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536125">5536125</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824643">28824643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Multitype+Network-Guided+Target+Controllability+in+Phenotypically+Characterized+Osteosarcoma%3A+Role+of+Tumor+Microenvironment&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=918&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5536125&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28824643&rft.issn=1664-3224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2017.00918&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ankush&rft.au=Cinti%2C+Caterina&rft.au=Capobianco%2C+Enrico&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5536125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sharma, Ankush; Capobianco, Enrico (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533255">“Immuno-Oncology Integrative Networks: Elucidating the Influences of Osteosarcoma Phenotypes”</a>. 《Cancer Informatics》 (영어) <b>16</b>: 117693511772169. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F1176935117721691">10.1177/1176935117721691</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1176-9351">1176-9351</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533255">5533255</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28804242">28804242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Informatics&rft.atitle=Immuno-Oncology+Integrative+Networks%3A+Elucidating+the+Influences+of+Osteosarcoma+Phenotypes&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=117693511772169&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5533255&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28804242&rft.issn=1176-9351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1176935117721691&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ankush&rft.au=Capobianco%2C+Enrico&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5533255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dhaliwal J, Sumathi VP, Grimer RJ (2009년 12월 20일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandroundsjournal.com/articles/gr100003/gr100003.pdf">“Radiation-induced periosteal osteosarcoma”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 《Grand Rounds》 <b>10</b>: 13–18. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1102%2F1470-5206.2010.0003">10.1102/1470-5206.2010.0003</a> (년 이후로 접속 불가 2023-08-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Rounds&rft.atitle=Radiation-induced+periosteal+osteosarcoma&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=13-18&rft.date=2009-12-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1102%2F1470-5206.2010.0003&rft.aulast=Dhaliwal&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Sumathi%2C+VP&rft.au=Grimer%2C+RJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandroundsjournal.com%2Farticles%2Fgr100003%2Fgr100003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27990273-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27990273_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bielack SS, Hecker-Nolting S, Blattmann C, Kager L (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130082">“Advances in the management of osteosarcoma”</a>. 《F1000Research》 <b>5</b>: 2767. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.12688%2Ff1000research.9465.1">10.12688/f1000research.9465.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5130082">5130082</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27990273">27990273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=F1000Research&rft.atitle=Advances+in+the+management+of+osteosarcoma&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=2767&rft.date=2016&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130082&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27990273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12688%2Ff1000research.9465.1&rft.aulast=Bielack&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Hecker-Nolting%2C+S&rft.au=Blattmann%2C+C&rft.au=Kager%2C+L&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5130082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30001240-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30001240_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">He X, Pang Z, Zhang X, Lan T, Chen H, Chen M, Yang H, Huang J, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Jing W, Peng R, Zhang H (September 2018). “Consistent Amplification of FRS2 and MDM2 in Low-grade Osteosarcoma: A Genetic Study of 22 Cases With Clinicopathologic Analysis”. 《The American Journal of Surgical Pathology》 <b>42</b> (9): 1143–1155. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FPAS.0000000000001125">10.1097/PAS.0000000000001125</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30001240">30001240</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51618887">51618887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Surgical+Pathology&rft.atitle=Consistent+Amplification+of+FRS2+and+MDM2+in+Low-grade+Osteosarcoma%3A+A+Genetic+Study+of+22+Cases+With+Clinicopathologic+Analysis&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1143-1155&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30001240&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51618887&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPAS.0000000000001125&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Pang%2C+Z&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=Lan%2C+T&rft.au=Chen%2C+H&rft.au=Chen%2C+M&rft.au=Yang%2C+H&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft.au=Chen%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z&rft.au=Jing%2C+W&rft.au=Peng%2C+R&rft.au=Zhang%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/faqs.html">“Sr-90 is known to increase the risk of bone cancer and leukemia in animals, and is presumed to do so in people”</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sr-90+is+known+to+increase+the+risk+of+bone+cancer+and+leukemia+in+animals%2C+and+is+presumed+to+do+so+in+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Freactors%2Foperating%2Fops-experience%2Ftritium%2Ffaqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014191758/http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/Eh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf">《A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation》</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-86496-415-8" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-86496-415-8"><bdi>978-1-86496-415-8</bdi></a>. 2009년 10월 14일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/publications/synopses/Eh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf">원본 문서</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 10월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+systematic+review+of+the+efficacy+and+safety+of+fluoridation&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86496-415-8&rft.au=National+Health+and+Medical+Research+Council+%28Australia%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnhmrc.gov.au%2F_files_nhmrc%2Ffile%2Fpublications%2Fsynopses%2FEh41_Flouridation_PART_A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/water-fluoridation-and-cancer-risk">"Water Fluoridation and Cancer Risk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129170952/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/athome/water-fluoridation-and-cancer-risk">Archived</a> 2014년 11월 29일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, <i>American Cancer Society</i>, 6 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancerwa.asn.au/resources/cancermyths/fluoride-cancer-myth/">"Cancer myth: Fluoride and cancer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914205902/https://www.cancerwa.asn.au/resources/cancermyths/fluoride-cancer-myth/">Archived</a> 2014년 9월 14일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, <i>Cancer Council Western Australia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/fluoride.cfm">"Basic Information about Fluoride in Drinking Water"</a>, <i>United States Environmental Protection Agency</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/fluoride">"Fluoride"</a>, <i>Australian government national health and medical research council</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/faqs/">"Community Water Fluoridation"</a>, <i>Centers of disease control and prevention</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/fluoridated-water">"Fluoridated Water"</a>, <i>National Cancer Institute</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Blakey K, Feltbower RG, Parslow RC, James PW, Gómez Pozo B, Stiller C, Vincent TJ, Norman P, McKinney PA, Murphy MF, Craft AW, McNally RJ (2014년 1월 14일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937980">“Is fluoride a risk factor for bone cancer? Small area analysis of osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma diagnosed among 0-49-year-olds in Great Britain, 1980-2005”</a>. 《International Journal of Epidemiology》 <b>43</b> (1): 224–234. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt259">10.1093/ije/dyt259</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3937980">3937980</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24425828">24425828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Is+fluoride+a+risk+factor+for+bone+cancer%3F+Small+area+analysis+of+osteosarcoma+and+Ewing+sarcoma+diagnosed+among+0-49-year-olds+in+Great+Britain%2C+1980-2005&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=224-234&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3937980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24425828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt259&rft.aulast=Blakey&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Feltbower%2C+RG&rft.au=Parslow%2C+RC&rft.au=James%2C+PW&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez+Pozo+B&rft.au=Stiller%2C+C&rft.au=Vincent%2C+TJ&rft.au=Norman%2C+P&rft.au=McKinney%2C+PA&rft.au=Murphy%2C+MF&rft.au=Craft%2C+AW&rft.au=McNally%2C+RJ&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3937980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Burnett WS, Melius JM (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405037">“Bone cancer incidence rates in New York State: time trends and fluoridated drinking water”</a>. 《American Journal of Public Health》 <b>81</b> (4): 475–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.81.4.475">10.2105/AJPH.81.4.475</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1405037">1405037</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2003628">2003628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Bone+cancer+incidence+rates+in+New+York+State%3A+time+trends+and+fluoridated+drinking+water&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-9&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1405037&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2003628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.81.4.475&rft.aulast=Mahoney&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Nasca%2C+PC&rft.au=Burnett%2C+WS&rft.au=Melius%2C+JM&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1405037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kim FM, Hayes C, Williams PL, Whitford GM, Joshipura KJ, Hoover RN, Douglass CW, National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173011">“An assessment of bone fluoride and osteosarcoma”</a>. 《Journal of Dental Research》 <b>90</b> (10): 1171–6. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034511418828">10.1177/0022034511418828</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3173011">3173011</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21799046">21799046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dental+Research&rft.atitle=An+assessment+of+bone+fluoride+and+osteosarcoma&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1171-6&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3173011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21799046&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022034511418828&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=FM&rft.au=Hayes%2C+C&rft.au=Williams%2C+PL&rft.au=Whitford%2C+GM&rft.au=Joshipura%2C+KJ&rft.au=Hoover%2C+RN&rft.au=Douglass%2C+CW&rft.au=National+Osteosarcoma+Etiology+Group&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3173011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gelberg KH, Fitzgerald EF, Hwang SA, Dubrow R (December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615731">“Fluoride exposure and childhood osteosarcoma: a case-control study”</a>. 《American Journal of Public Health》 <b>85</b> (12): 1678–83. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.85.12.1678">10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1678</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1615731">1615731</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7503344">7503344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Fluoride+exposure+and+childhood+osteosarcoma%3A+a+case-control+study&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1678-83&rft.date=1995-12&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615731&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7503344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.85.12.1678&rft.aulast=Gelberg&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+EF&rft.au=Hwang%2C+SA&rft.au=Dubrow%2C+R&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1615731&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Papalas JA, Balmer NN, Wallace C, Sangüeza OP (June 2009). “Ossifying dermatofibroma with osteoclast-like giant cells: report of a case and literature review”. 《Am J Dermatopathol》 <b>31</b> (4): 379–83. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2FDAD.0b013e3181966747">10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181966747</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19461244">19461244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Dermatopathol&rft.atitle=Ossifying+dermatofibroma+with+osteoclast-like+giant+cells%3A+report+of+a+case+and+literature+review&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-83&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FDAD.0b013e3181966747&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19461244&rft.aulast=Papalas&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Balmer%2C+NN&rft.au=Wallace%2C+C&rft.au=Sang%C3%BCeza%2C+OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24932027-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24932027_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kundu ZS (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052020">“Classification, imaging, biopsy and staging of osteosarcoma”</a>. 《Indian Journal of Orthopaedics》 <b>48</b> (3): 238–46. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5413.132491">10.4103/0019-5413.132491</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4052020">4052020</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24932027">24932027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Orthopaedics&rft.atitle=Classification%2C+imaging%2C+biopsy+and+staging+of+osteosarcoma&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-46&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24932027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5413.132491&rft.aulast=Kundu&rft.aufirst=ZS&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4052020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">WHO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OttavianiJaffe-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-2">다</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-3">라</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-OttavianiJaffe_25-4">마</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ottaviani G, Jaffe N (2009). 〈The Epidemiology of Osteosarcoma〉. 《Pediatric and Adolescent Osteosarcoma》. Cancer Treatment and Research <b>152</b>. New York: Springer. 3–13쪽. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0284-9_1">10.1007/978-1-4419-0284-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-1-4419-0283-2" title="특수:책찾기/978-1-4419-0283-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0283-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20213383">20213383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epidemiology+of+Osteosarcoma&rft.btitle=Pediatric+and+Adolescent+Osteosarcoma&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Cancer+Treatment+and+Research&rft.pages=3-13&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20213383&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-0284-9_1&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0283-2&rft.aulast=Ottaviani&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Jaffe%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childrenscancer.org/main/kids_stories/lukes_story_surviving_osteosarcoma/">Luke's Story: Surviving Osteosarcoma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211237/http://www.childrenscancer.org/main/kids_stories/lukes_story_surviving_osteosarcoma/">보관됨</a> 2014-05-18 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a>, Children's Cancer Research Fund. Accessed 2016-11-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wilkins RM, Cullen JW, Odom L, Jamroz BA, Cullen PM, Fink K, Peck SD, Stevens SL, Kelly CM, Camozzi AB (June 2003). “Superior survival in treatment of primary nonmetastatic pediatric osteosarcoma of the extremity”. 《Annals of Surgical Oncology》 <b>10</b> (5): 498–507. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1245%2FASO.2003.03.061">10.1245/ASO.2003.03.061</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12794015">12794015</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32721347">32721347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Surgical+Oncology&rft.atitle=Superior+survival+in+treatment+of+primary+nonmetastatic+pediatric+osteosarcoma+of+the+extremity&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=498-507&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12794015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32721347&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1245%2FASO.2003.03.061&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Cullen%2C+JW&rft.au=Odom%2C+L&rft.au=Jamroz%2C+BA&rft.au=Cullen%2C+PM&rft.au=Fink%2C+K&rft.au=Peck%2C+SD&rft.au=Stevens%2C+SL&rft.au=Kelly%2C+CM&rft.au=Camozzi%2C+AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buecker-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Buecker_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Buecker PJ, Gebhardt M, Weber K (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarcomahelp.org/osteosarcoma.html">“Osteosarcoma”</a>. 《ESUN》<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 4월 15일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESUN&rft.atitle=Osteosarcoma&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Buecker&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Gebhardt%2C+M&rft.au=Weber%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsarcomahelp.org%2Fosteosarcoma.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_20172-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Phenotypically_Characterized_Osteosarcoma_20172_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sharma, Ankush; Cinti, Caterina; Capobianco, Enrico (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536125">“Multitype Network-Guided Target Controllability in Phenotypically Characterized Osteosarcoma: Role of Tumor Microenvironment”</a>. 《Frontiers in Immunology》 (영어) <b>8</b>: 918. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389%2Ffimmu.2017.00918">10.3389/fimmu.2017.00918</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1664-3224">1664-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5536125">5536125</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28824643">28824643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Immunology&rft.atitle=Multitype+Network-Guided+Target+Controllability+in+Phenotypically+Characterized+Osteosarcoma%3A+Role+of+Tumor+Microenvironment&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=918&rft.date=2017&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5536125&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28824643&rft.issn=1664-3224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2017.00918&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Ankush&rft.au=Cinti%2C+Caterina&rft.au=Capobianco%2C+Enrico&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5536125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osteosarcomasupport.org/cxcr4_metastases.pdf">“osteosarcomasupport.org”</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. osteosarcomasupport.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2012년 11월 13일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=osteosarcomasupport.org&rft.pub=osteosarcomasupport.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osteosarcomasupport.org%2Fcxcr4_metastases.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koshkina-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Koshkina_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Koshkina, NV; Corey, S (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarcomahelp.org/research_center/osteosarcoma_lung_metastases.html">“Novel Targets to Treat Osteosarcoma Lung Metastases”</a>. 《ESUN》<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2009년 4월 14일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESUN&rft.atitle=Novel+Targets+to+Treat+Osteosarcoma+Lung+Metastases&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Koshkina%2C+NV&rft.au=Corey%2C+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsarcomahelp.org%2Fresearch_center%2Fosteosarcoma_lung_metastases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/osteosarcoma/">“Osteosarcoma”</a>. 《The Lecturio Medical Concept Library》<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2021년 8월 25일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Osteosarcoma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fosteosarcoma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Withrow-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Withrow_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Withrow, S.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050315193019/http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Keystone/2003/withrow/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1">“Limb Sparing Trials and Canine Osteosarcoma”</a>. 《Genes, Dogs and Cancer: 3rd Annual Canine Cancer Conference, 2003》. 2005년 3월 15일에 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivis.org/proceedings/Keystone/2003/withrow/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1">원본 문서</a>에서 보존된 문서<span class="reference-accessdate">. 2006년 6월 16일에 확인함</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Genes%2C+Dogs+and+Cancer%3A+3rd+Annual+Canine+Cancer+Conference%2C+2003&rft.atitle=Limb+Sparing+Trials+and+Canine+Osteosarcoma&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Withrow%2C+S.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivis.org%2Fproceedings%2FKeystone%2F2003%2Fwithrow%2Fchapter_frm.asp%3FLA%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bech-Nielsen-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Bech-Nielsen_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bech-Nielsen; S.; Haskins; M. E.; 외. (1978). “Frequency of osteosarcoma among first-degree relatives of St. Bernard dogs”. 《J Natl Cancer Inst》 <b>60</b> (2): 349–53. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjnci%2F60.2.349">10.1093/jnci/60.2.349</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/271748">271748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Natl+Cancer+Inst&rft.atitle=Frequency+of+osteosarcoma+among+first-degree+relatives+of+St.+Bernard+dogs&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=349-53&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjnci%2F60.2.349&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F271748&rft.au=Bech-Nielsen&rft.au=S.&rft.au=Haskins&rft.au=M.+E.&rft.au=Patterson%2C+DF&rft.au=Spielman%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">지원되지 않는 변수 무시됨: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|name-list-style=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%9D%B8%EC%9A%A9_%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%98_%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90#parameter_ignored" title="위키백과:인용 오류 도움말">도움말</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ru-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ru_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ru, B.; Terracini, G.; 외. (1998). “Host related risk factors for canine osteosarcoma”. 《Vet J》 <b>156</b> (1): 31–9. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1090-0233%2898%2980059-2">10.1016/S1090-0233(98)80059-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9691849">9691849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vet+J&rft.atitle=Host+related+risk+factors+for+canine+osteosarcoma&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-9&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1090-0233%2898%2980059-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9691849&rft.aulast=Ru&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Terracini%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ranen-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ranen_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ranen E, Lavy E, Aizenberg I, Perl S, Harrus S (2004). “Spirocercosis-associated esophageal sarcomas in dogs. A retrospective study of 17 cases (1997-2003)”. 《Veterinary Parasitology》 <b>119</b> (2–3): 209–221. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2003.10.023">10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14746980">14746980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Parasitology&rft.atitle=Spirocercosis-associated+esophageal+sarcomas+in+dogs.+A+retrospective+study+of+17+cases+%281997-2003%29&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=209-221&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vetpar.2003.10.023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14746980&rft.aulast=Ranen&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Lavy%2C+E&rft.au=Aizenberg%2C+I&rft.au=Perl%2C+S&rft.au=Harrus%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison_1998-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-0">가</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-1">나</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_1998_37-2">다</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Morrison, Wallace B. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancerindogscats0000morr">《Cancer in Dogs and Cats》</a> 1판. Williams and Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 도서 번호">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EC%B1%85%EC%B0%BE%EA%B8%B0/978-0-683-06105-5" title="특수:책찾기/978-0-683-06105-5"><bdi>978-0-683-06105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cancer+in+Dogs+and+Cats&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Williams+and+Wilkins&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-683-06105-5&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Wallace+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcancerindogscats0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Loukopoulos P, Thornton JR, Robinson WF (May 2003). “Clinical and pathologic relevance of p53 index in canine osseous tumors”. 《Veterinary Pathology》 <b>40</b> (3): 237–48. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1354%2Fvp.40-3-237">10.1354/vp.40-3-237</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12724563">12724563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Pathology&rft.atitle=Clinical+and+pathologic+relevance+of+p53+index+in+canine+osseous+tumors&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=237-48&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1354%2Fvp.40-3-237&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12724563&rft.aulast=Loukopoulos&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Thornton%2C+JR&rft.au=Robinson%2C+WF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Psychas, V; Loukopoulos, P; Polizopoulou, ZS; Sofianidis, G (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801101">“Multilobular tumour of the caudal cranium causing severe cerebral and cerebellar compression in a dog.”</a>. 《Journal of Veterinary Science》 <b>10</b> (1): 81–3. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4142%2Fjvs.2009.10.1.81">10.4142/jvs.2009.10.1.81</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%ED%8A%B8%EB%9F%B4" title="펍메드 센트럴">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2801101">2801101</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255529">19255529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Veterinary+Science&rft.atitle=Multilobular+tumour+of+the+caudal+cranium+causing+severe+cerebral+and+cerebellar+compression+in+a+dog.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-3&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2801101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19255529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4142%2Fjvs.2009.10.1.81&rft.aulast=Psychas&rft.aufirst=V&rft.au=Loukopoulos%2C+P&rft.au=Polizopoulou%2C+ZS&rft.au=Sofianidis%2C+G&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2801101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomlin-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomlin_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Tomlin JL, Sturgeon C, Pead MJ, Muir P (2000년 7월 29일). “Use of the bisphosphonate drug alendronate for palliative management of osteosarcoma in two dogs”. 《The Veterinary Record》 <b>147</b> (5): 129–32. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1136%2Fvr.147.5.129">10.1136/vr.147.5.129</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958534">10958534</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EB%A7%A8%ED%8B%B1_%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC" title="시맨틱 스칼라">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35757270">35757270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Veterinary+Record&rft.atitle=Use+of+the+bisphosphonate+drug+alendronate+for+palliative+management+of+osteosarcoma+in+two+dogs&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=129-32&rft.date=2000-07-29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10958534&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35757270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fvr.147.5.129&rft.aulast=Tomlin&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Sturgeon%2C+C&rft.au=Pead%2C+MJ&rft.au=Muir%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fenger, Joelle M.; London, Cheryl A.; Kisseberth, William C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24936031">“Canine osteosarcoma: a naturally occurring disease to inform pediatric oncology”</a>. 《ILAR Journal》 <b>55</b> (1): 69–85. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Filar%2Filu009">10.1093/ilar/ilu009</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-6180">1930-6180</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24936031">24936031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ILAR+Journal&rft.atitle=Canine+osteosarcoma%3A+a+naturally+occurring+disease+to+inform+pediatric+oncology&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-85&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24936031&rft.issn=1930-6180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Filar%2Filu009&rft.aulast=Fenger&rft.aufirst=Joelle+M.&rft.au=London%2C+Cheryl+A.&rft.au=Kisseberth%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24936031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sakthikumar, Sharadha; Elvers, Ingegerd; Kim, Jaegil; Arendt, Maja L.; Thomas, Rachael; Turner-Maier, Jason; Swofford, Ross; Johnson, Jeremy; Schumacher, Steven E.; Alföldi, Jessica; Axelsson, Erik; Couto, C. Guillermo; Kisseberth, William C.; Pettersson, Mats E.; Getz, Gad (2018년 7월 1일). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3558">“<i>SETD2</i> Is Recurrently Mutated in Whole-Exome Sequenced Canine Osteosarcoma”</a>. 《Cancer Research》 <b>78</b> (13): 3421–3431. <a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EA%B0%9D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%8B%9D%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90" title="디지털 객체 식별자">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.can-17-3558">10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3558</a>. <a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80_%EC%9D%BC%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B2%88%ED%98%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="국제 표준 일련 번호">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-5472">0008-5472</a>. <a href="/wiki/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" title="펍메드">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29724721">29724721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Research&rft.atitle=SETD2+Is+Recurrently+Mutated+in+Whole-Exome+Sequenced+Canine+Osteosarcoma&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=3421-3431&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29724721&rft.issn=0008-5472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.can-17-3558&rft.aulast=Sakthikumar&rft.aufirst=Sharadha&rft.au=Elvers%2C+Ingegerd&rft.au=Kim%2C+Jaegil&rft.au=Arendt%2C+Maja+L.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Rachael&rft.au=Turner-Maier%2C+Jason&rft.au=Swofford%2C+Ross&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Jeremy&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+Steven+E.&rft.au=Alf%C3%B6ldi%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Axelsson%2C+Erik&rft.au=Couto%2C+C.+Guillermo&rft.au=Kisseberth%2C+William+C.&rft.au=Pettersson%2C+Mats+E.&rft.au=Getz%2C+Gad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-17-3558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fko.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seper Ekhtiari et al. "First Case of Osteosarcoma in a Dinosaur: A Multimodal Diagnosis" <i>The Lancet Oncology, 21</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A8%EC%9C%A1%EC%A2%85&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36429174">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li:after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li:after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li:after{content:", ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-slash li:after{content:" / ";font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;">분류</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q549534" class="extiw" title="d:Q549534">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="국제질병분류">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/C40">C40</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en#/C41">C41</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98" title="국제질병분류">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9_%EC%BD%94%EB%93%9C%EC%9D%98_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ICD-9 코드의 목록">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=170">170</a></li><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EC%A2%85%EC%96%91%ED%95%99%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="국제종양학질병분류 (없는 문서)">ICD-O</a></b>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ICD-O&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ICD-O (없는 문서)">M</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progenetix.net/progenetix/I91803/">9180/3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/OMIM" title="OMIM">OMIM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/259500">259500</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C%ED%91%9C%EB%AA%A9" title="의학주제표목">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2015/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D012516">D012516</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%B3%91_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="질병 데이터베이스">질병DB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb9392.htm">9392</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/21708004">21708004</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;">외부 자원</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8%ED%94%8C%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="메드라인플러스">메드라인플러스</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001650.htm">001650</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">EMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/ped/1684-overview">ped/1684</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/orthoped/topic531.htm#">orthoped/531</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic504.htm#">radio/504</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emedicine.com/radio/topic505.htm#">radio/505</a></li><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphanet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orphanet (없는 문서)">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=668">668</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><b><span style="font-size: smaller;" title="언어: 영어">(영어)</span></b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Cancer/Musculoskeletal/Bone/Osteosarcoma">골육종</a> - Curlie</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36429174"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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