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arutelu</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Viimased_muudatused" title="Vikis tehtud viimaste muudatuste loend [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Viimased muudatused</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Juhuslik_artikkel" title="Mine juhuslikule leheküljele [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Juhuslik lehekülg</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sisukord" title="Kuidas redigeerida"><span>Juhend</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Kontakteeru_meiega"><span>Kontakt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Trüki või ekspordi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Raamat&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Hapnik"><span>Koosta raamat</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hapnik&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laadi alla PDF-failina</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&printable=yes" title="Selle lehe trükiversioon [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Prinditav versioon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Esileht" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Vikipeedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-et.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-et.svg" width="120" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sisselogimine&returnto=Hapnik" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub sisse logida. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Logi sisse</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Veel valikuid" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Isiklikud lehed" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Isiklikud lehed</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Kasutajamenüü" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_et.wikipedia.org&uselang=et"><span>Annetused</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Konto_loomine&returnto=Hapnik" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub konto luua ja sisse logida."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Loo konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sisselogimine&returnto=Hapnik" title="See pole küll kohustuslik, aga sul tasub sisse logida. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logi sisse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Sisselogimata kasutaja leheküljed <a href="/wiki/Juhend:Sissejuhatus" aria-label="Lisateave redigeerimise kohta"><span>lisateave</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_kaast%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste loend [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kaastöö</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Minu_aruteluleht" title="Arutelu sellelt IP-aadressilt tehtud muudatuste kohta [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Ajalugu"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varajased_katsed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varajased_katsed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Varajased katsed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varajased_katsed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flogistoniteooria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flogistoniteooria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Flogistoniteooria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flogistoniteooria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapniku_avastamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapniku_avastamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hapniku avastamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapniku_avastamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scheele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scheele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Scheele</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scheele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priestley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priestley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Priestley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priestley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lavoisier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lavoisier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Lavoisier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lavoisier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuhni_kommentaar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuhni_kommentaar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Kuhni kommentaar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuhni_kommentaar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aatomiteooria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aatomiteooria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Aatomiteooria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aatomiteooria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapnikuringe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapnikuringe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hapnikuringe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapnikuringe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oksiidid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oksiidid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Oksiidid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oksiidid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hapniku_ohtlikkus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapniku_ohtlikkus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hapniku ohtlikkus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hapniku_ohtlikkus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa "Hapniku ohtlikkus"</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hapniku_ohtlikkus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hapniku_toksilisus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hapniku_toksilisus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hapniku toksilisus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hapniku_toksilisus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuleohtlikkus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuleohtlikkus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tuleohtlikkus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuleohtlikkus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaata_ka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaata_ka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vaata ka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaata_ka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirjandus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirjandus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kirjandus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirjandus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Välislingid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Välislingid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Välislingid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Välislingid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hapnik</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 209 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-209" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">209 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof – afrikaani" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suurstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B2%E1%8C%85%E1%8A%95" title="ኦክሲጅን – amhara" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦክሲጅን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happi" title="Happi – Inari saami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Happi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari saami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%C3%B0mlyft" title="Æðmlyft – vanainglise" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Æðmlyft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="vanainglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أكسجين – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxicheno" title="Oxicheno – aragoni" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Oxicheno" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թթուածին – läänearmeenia" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թթուածին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="läänearmeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigenu" title="Oxigenu – aromuuni" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Oxigenu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromuuni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অম্লজান – assami" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অম্লজান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADxenu" title="Oxíxenu – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Oxíxenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – avadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatarapo" title="Tatarapo – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatarapo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="اوکسیژن – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکسیژن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A9n" title="Oksigén – bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Oksigén" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="অক্সিজেন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্সিজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sng-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Sng-sò͘ – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sng-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – baškiiri" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кісларод – valgevene" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кісларод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valgevene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Тлен – valgevene (taraškievitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тлен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="valgevene (taraškievitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – bihaari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiheno" title="Oksiheno – keskbikoli" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oksiheno" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="keskbikoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauastoff" title="Sauastoff – baieri" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sauastoff" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="baieri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="གསོ་རླུང་། – tiibeti" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསོ་རླུང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tiibeti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – bretooni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Хүшэлтүрэгшэ – burjaadi" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хүшэлтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="burjaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksihena" title="Oksihena – sebu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oksihena" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%B3%C3%A7%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Йӳçамăш – tšuvaši" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йӳçамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tšuvaši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kyslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigenu" title="Ossigenu – korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ossigenu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsigen" title="Ocsigen – kõmri" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ocsigen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="kõmri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilt" title="Ilt – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ilt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ؤكسيجين – Maroko araabia" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤكسيجين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Maroko araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AD%C5%82ch%CA%BCi_y%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1t%CA%BC%C3%A9ehii" title="Níłchʼi yáʼátʼéehii – navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Níłchʼi yáʼátʼéehii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BE%CF%85%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Οξυγόνο – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οξυγόνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Чапамо чачтый – ersa" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чапамо чачтый" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="ersa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ox%C3%ADgeno" title="Oxígeno – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oxígeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigeno" title="Oksigeno – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oksigeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ADgenu" title="Ossígenu – estremenju" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ossígenu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estremenju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oxigeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%86" title="اکسیژن – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اکسیژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – Fidži hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidži hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – fääri" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fääri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oxygène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soerstof" title="Soerstof – läänefriisi" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soerstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="läänefriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigjen" title="Ossigjen – friuuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ossigjen" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsaigin" title="Ocsaigin – iiri" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ocsaigin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsygien" title="Ocsygien – mänksi" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ocsygien" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mänksi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogsaidean" title="Ogsaidean – gaeli" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ogsaidean" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaeli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ADxeno" title="Osíxeno – galeegi" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Osíxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galeegi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – kani" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="kani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – kikuju" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81_(%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%A8)" title="પ્રાણવાયુ (ઑક્સીજન) – gudžarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્રાણવાયુ (ઑક્સીજન)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सिजन – Goa konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ऑक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B4ng" title="Yông – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиҗен – kalmõki" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Оксиҗен" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmõki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%86%8C" title="산소 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOkikene" title="ʻOkikene – havai" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻOkikene" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="havai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A9%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թթվածին – armeenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թթվածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सीजन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑक्सीजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislik" title="Kislik – ülemsorbi" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kislik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="ülemsorbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – horvaadi" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxo" title="Oxo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiheno" title="Oksiheno – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Oksiheno" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygeno" title="Oxygeno – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Oxygeno" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Туаггуыр – osseedi" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Туаггуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseedi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-oxygen" title="I-oxygen – koosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-oxygen" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="koosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsOhwe" title="IsOhwe – suulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsOhwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="suulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BArefni" title="Súrefni – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súrefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossigeno" title="Ossigeno – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ossigeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="חמצן – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמצן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A8n" title="Oksigèn – jaava" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Oksigèn" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="jaava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86k%C9%A9s%C9%A9z%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ – kabije" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ɔkɩsɩzɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabije" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%ADhenu" title="Oksíhenu – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Oksíhenu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგბადი – gruusia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟანგბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%8E%D9%86" title="آکسیجَن – kašmiiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="آکسیجَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Оттегі – kasahhi" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оттегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasahhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksyjen" title="Oksyjen – korni" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oksyjen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кычкылтек – kirgiisi" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кычкылтек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – mäemari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mäemari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksijeni" title="Oksijeni – suahiili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oksijeni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомвачужысь – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомвачужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C3%A8n" title="Oksijèn – haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Oksijèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C3%A8n" title="Oksijèn – Guajaana kreoolkeel" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Oksijèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guajaana kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oks%C3%AEjen" title="Oksîjen – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oksîjen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgen" title="Ossìgen – ladiini" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ossìgen" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%99" title="ອົກຊີແຊນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອົກຊີແຊນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenium" title="Oxygenium – ladina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oxygenium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ladina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C4%81beklis" title="Skābeklis – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Skābeklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – letseburgi" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="letseburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – lesgi" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deguonis" title="Deguonis – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deguonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscigeno" title="Oscigeno – liguuri" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Oscigeno" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstof" title="Zuurstof – limburgi" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuurstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksij%C9%9B%CC%81n%C3%AD" title="Oksijɛ́ní – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Oksijɛ́ní" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osijen" title="Osijen – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Osijen" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happamehsuadu" title="Happamehsuadu – livviko" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Happamehsuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livviko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kijno" title="kijno – ložban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kijno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ACgeno" title="Osìgeno – lombardi" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Osìgeno" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9n" title="Oxigén – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Oxigén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ksizenina" title="Ôksizenina – malagassi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôksizenina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ഓക്സിജൻ – malajalami" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓക്സിജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossi%C4%A1enu" title="Ossiġenu – malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ossiġenu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C4%81ora" title="Hāora – maoori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hāora" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="ऑक्सिजन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჟანგბადი – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჟანგბადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اوكسيجين – Egiptuse araabia" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكسيجين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egiptuse araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="اوکسیجن – mazandaraani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوکسیجن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandaraani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯣꯛꯁꯤꯖꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%8Dng" title="Iōng – idamini" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="idamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шапафни – mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шапафни" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Хүчилтөрөгч – mongoli" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүчилтөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="အောက်ဆီဂျင် – birma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အောက်ဆီဂျင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehecayoh" title="Ehecayoh – nahua" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Ehecayoh" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="nahua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okosijeni" title="Okosijeni – fidži" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Okosijeni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidži" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstof_(element)" title="Zuurstof (element) – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuurstof (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="प्राणवायु – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणवायु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्सिजन – nevari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="酸素 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="酸素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Мустлург – tšetšeeni" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мустлург" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tšetšeeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCrstoof" title="Sürstoof – põhjafriisi" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sürstoof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="põhjafriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oksygen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oksygen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A8n" title="Oxigèn – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oxigèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Шопештыш – niidumari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шопештыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="niidumari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ – oria" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅମ୍ଳଜାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooksijiinii" title="Ooksijiinii – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ooksijiinii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kislorod" title="Kislorod – usbeki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kislorod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8" title="ਆਕਸੀਜਨ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਕਸੀਜਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्सिजन – paali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अक्सिजन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="paali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – lahnda" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="lahnda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%B2%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="အောက်သီစဲန် – paoo" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အောက်သီစဲန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="paoo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrst%C3%B2f" title="Zürstòf – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Zürstòf" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86" title="اکسيجن – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اکسيجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axijen" title="Axijen – Jamaica kreoolkeel" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Axijen" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaica kreoolkeel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шӧмувтыр – permikomi" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шӧмувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="permikomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgen" title="Ossìgen – piemonte" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ossìgen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemonte" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suerstoff" title="Suerstoff – alamsaksa" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Suerstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="alamsaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlen" title="Tlen – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxig%C3%A9nio" title="Oxigénio – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Oxigénio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauerstoff" title="Sauerstoff – kölni" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Sauerstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="hea artikkel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxigen" title="Oxigen – romanši" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Oxigen" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muksichaq" title="Muksichaq – ketšua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muksichaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ketšua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиген – russiini" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оксиген" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="russiini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Абалык – jakuudi" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Абалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakuudi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱠᱥᱤᱡᱟᱹᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – seraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="seraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oss%C3%ACgenu" title="Ossìgenu – sardi" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ossìgenu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – šoti" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="šoti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof – saterfriisi" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Suurstof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfriisi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigjeni" title="Oksigjeni – albaania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Oksigjeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uss%C3%ACgginu" title="Ussìgginu – sitsiilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ussìgginu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sitsiilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ඔක්සිජන් – singali" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔක්සිජන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oxygen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AA%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آڪسيجن – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آڪسيجن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kysl%C3%ADk" title="Kyslík – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kyslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="eeskujulik artikkel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisik" title="Kisik – sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kisik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogsajiin" title="Ogsajiin – somaali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ogsajiin" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئۆکسجین – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆکسجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Кисеоник – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кисеоник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiseonik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksig%C3%A9n" title="Oksigén – sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Oksigén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happi" title="Happi – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Happi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syre" title="Syre – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksihino" title="Oksihino – tagalogi" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Oksihino" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒட்சிசன் – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்சிசன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uksijin" title="Uksijin – kabiili" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Uksijin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabiili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Кислород – tatari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кислород" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఆక్సిజన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆక్సిజన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99" title="ออกซิเจน – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออกซิเจน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxy" title="Oxy – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oxy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Оксиген – tadžiki" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оксиген" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AC%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ – tšerokii" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏬᎳᏕᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="tšerokii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ – tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಆಮ್ಲಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksijen" title="Oksijen – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oksijen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Кисень – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кисень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86" title="آکسیجن – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آکسیجن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%DA%AF%DB%90%D9%86" title="ئوكسىگېن – uiguuri" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئوكسىگېن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangj" title="Yangj – tšuangi" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="tšuangi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Os%C3%ACzeno" title="Osìzeno – veneti" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Osìzeno" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="veneti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapanik" title="Hapanik – vepsa" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hapanik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxin" title="Loxin – volapüki" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Loxin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapüki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocsidjinne" title="Ocsidjinne – vallooni" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ocsidjinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallooni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – klassikaline hiina" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassikaline hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuurstof" title="Zuurstof – lääneflaami" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuurstof" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="lääneflaami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksiheno" title="Oksiheno – varai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oksiheno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="זויערשטאף – jidiši" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זויערשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiši" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8C%CC%81ks%C3%ADj%C3%ACn" title="Ọ́ksíjìn – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọ́ksíjìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksicen" title="Oksicen – dõmli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Oksicen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dõmli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degounis" title="Degounis – žemaidi" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Degounis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="žemaidi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧 – hiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="hiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksigen" title="Oksigen – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Oksigen" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ – tamasikti (Maroko)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴽⵙⵉⵊⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamasikti (Maroko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q629#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Muuda keelelinke" class="wbc-editpage">Muuda linke</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nimeruumid"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hapnik" title="Vaata sisulehekülge [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arutelu:Hapnik" rel="discussion" title="Arutelu selle lehekülje sisu kohta [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Arutelu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Muuda keelevarianti" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">eesti</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="vaatamisi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hapnik"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=history" title="Selle lehekülje varasemad redaktsioonid [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tööriistad" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tööriistad</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tööriistad</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">peida</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Veel võimalusi" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Toimingud </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hapnik"><span>Vaata</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit" title="Muuda seda lehekülge [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Muuda</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit" title="Redigeeri selle lehekülje lähteteksti [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Muuda lähteteksti</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=history"><span>Näita ajalugu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Üldine </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Lingid_siia/Hapnik" title="Kõik viki leheküljed, mis siia viitavad [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lingid siia</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Seotud_muudatused/Hapnik" rel="nofollow" title="Viimased muudatused lehekülgedel, millele on siit viidatud [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seotud muudatused</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eri:Erilehek%C3%BCljed" title="Erilehekülgede loend [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Erileheküljed</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&oldid=6443291" title="Püsilink lehekülje sellele redaktsioonile"><span>Püsilink</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=info" title="Lisateave selle lehekülje kohta"><span>Lehekülje teave</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:Sellele_lehek%C3%BCljele_viitamine&page=Hapnik&id=6443291&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Teave sellele leheküljele viitamise kohta"><span>Viita leheküljele</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHapnik"><span>Hangi lühendatud URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eri:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fet.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHapnik"><span>Laadi alla QR-kood</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Teistes projektides </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hapnik" hreflang="et"><span>Vikitsitaadid</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q629" title="Link andmehoidla seonduva üksuse juurde [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Andmeüksus</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lehekülje tööriistad"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Ilme"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div style="float:right;clear:right;margin-bottom:10px;margin-left:0px;width:130px;background-color:#ffffff;"> <table style="background-color:Khaki;border:1px solid #999999;padding:0px;font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;height:120px;width:120px;float:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="100" style="font-size:0.9em;line-height:1;font-weight:bold;vertical-align:top;">8</td> <td width="20" rowspan="3" style="text-align:right;vertical-align:bottom;"> <div style="font-family:monospace;font-size:0.9em;line-height:1;text-align:right;"> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />6<br />2</div> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle"><span style="margin-left:10px;font-size:2.8em;line-height:1.2;font-family:'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif">O</span><br /> <span style="margin-left:10px;font-size:0.8em;line-height:1.1;">15,9994</span></td> </tr> <tr style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"> <td><span style="font-size:0.9em;line-height:1;font-weight:bold;">Hapnik</span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p><b>Hapnik</b> (<a href="/wiki/Keemiline_s%C3%BCmbol" title="Keemiline sümbol">keemiline sümbol</a> <b>O</b>, <a href="/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel">ladina</a> Oxygenium) on <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">keemiline element</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rjenumber" class="mw-redirect" title="Järjenumber">järjenumbriga</a> 8. See on <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_aktiivsus" title="Keemiline aktiivsus">keemiliselt aktiivne</a> <a href="/wiki/Mittemetall" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittemetall">mittemetall</a>, millel on kaks levinud <a href="/wiki/Allotroopia" title="Allotroopia">allotroopset</a> vormi: <b><a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">dihapnik</a></b> ehk lihtsalt <b>hapnik</b> (<b>O<sub>2</sub></b>) ja trihapnik ehk <a href="/wiki/Osoon" title="Osoon">osoon</a> (O<sub>3</sub>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stabiilne_isotoop" title="Stabiilne isotoop">Stabiilseid</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">isotoope</a> on kolm, nende <a href="/wiki/Massiarv" title="Massiarv">massiarvud</a> 16, 17 ja 18. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">Dihapnik</a> on iseenesest stabiilne <a href="/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas">gaas</a>, mis on omapärane selle poolest, et kuigi <a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul">molekulis</a> on <a href="/wiki/Paarisarv" title="Paarisarv">paarisarv</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a>, on ta <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetiline</a>, sest kaks väliskihi elektroni pole paardunud, olles samasuunalise <a href="/wiki/Spinn" title="Spinn">spinniga</a>. Sellepärast on dihapnik tavaolekus stabiilne oma tripletses olekus. <a href="/wiki/Keemistemperatuur" title="Keemistemperatuur">Temperatuuril</a> −183 <a href="/wiki/Celsiuse_skaala" title="Celsiuse skaala">°C</a> kondenseerub see siniseks vedelikuks. Hapnik moodustab 21% (<a href="/wiki/Ruumala" title="Ruumala">mahu</a> poolest) <a href="/wiki/Maa_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maa (planeet)">Maa</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfäär">atmosfäärist</a>. (Täpsem number on 20,95%.) <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">Õhu</a> koostises sisalduvat molekulaarset hapnikku nimetatakse ka <b>õhuhapnikuks</b>. </p><p>Kui dihapniku molekul on näiteks temperatuuri tõusuga läinud singletsesse olekusse, siis on molekul keemiliselt väga aktiivne. Paljud <a href="/wiki/Lihtaine" title="Lihtaine">liht-</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Liitaine" title="Liitaine">liitained</a> <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_reaktsioon" title="Keemiline reaktsioon">reageerivad</a> sellega kuumutamisel, tihti kaasneb sellega leegiga <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lemine" title="Põlemine">põlemine</a>. Ka tavalisel temperatuuril reageerib hapnik aeglaselt paljude ainetega. </p><p>Hapnik on <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">fluori</a> järel <a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiivsus" title="Elektronegatiivsus">elektronegatiivseim</a> element, seetõttu on ta <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsiooniaste" title="Oksüdatsiooniaste">oksüdatsiooniaste</a> negatiivne kõigis ühendites peale <a href="/wiki/Fluoriid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoriid">fluoriidide</a>. Valdavalt on hapniku oksüdatsiooniaste −2: suurema oksüdatsiooniastmega <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_%C3%BChend" title="Keemiline ühend">ühendid</a> on vähestabiilsed ja tugevad <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdeerija" title="Oksüdeerija">oksüdeerijad</a>. Neist stabiilseimad on <a href="/wiki/Peroksiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Peroksiid">peroksiidid</a>; esinevad ka <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCperoksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüperoksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">hüperoksiidid</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osoniid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osoniid (pole veel kirjutatud)">osoniidid</a>. </p><p>Tähtsaim hapniku <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_%C3%BChend" title="Keemiline ühend">ühend</a> on tema ühend <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesinikuga</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vesi</a>. Hapnikku on keemilistest elementidest kõige rohkem (65–75%) kõigi <a href="/wiki/Elusorganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Elusorganism">elusorganismide</a> <a href="/wiki/Rakk" title="Rakk">rakkudes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=1" title="Muuda alaosa "Ajalugu" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varajased_katsed">Varajased katsed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Varajased katsed"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=2" title="Muuda alaosa "Varajased katsed" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Philos_experiment_of_the_burning_candle.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Philos_experiment_of_the_burning_candle.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philon_Byzantionist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philon Byzantionist (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philoni</a> katse inspireeris hilisemaid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Detektiiv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detektiiv (pole veel kirjutatud)">detektiive</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ühe esimestest teadaolevatest katsetest <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B5lemine" title="Põlemine">põlemise</a> ja õhu seose kohta tegi 2. sajandil eKr <a href="/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka">Vana-Kreeka</a> mehaanik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philon_Byzantionist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philon Byzantionist (pole veel kirjutatud)">Philon Byzantionist</a>. Teoses "Pneumatika" täheldas Philon, et kui hoida ümberpööratud anumat põleva <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BC%C3%BCnal" title="Küünal">küünla</a> kohal ja ümbritseda anuma kael veega, siis tõuseb kaela sisse vett.<sup id="cite_ref-Wmgin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wmgin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philon arvas, et osa anumas olevast <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%95hk_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Õhk (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">õhust</a> muutub <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuli_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuli (element) (pole veel kirjutatud)">tuleks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> jätkas Philoni katset, täheldades, et põlemine ja <a href="/wiki/Hingamine" title="Hingamine">hingamine</a> kulutavad osa õhust.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE499_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>17. sajandi lõpus tõestas <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, et õhk on põlemiseks vajalik. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mayow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mayow (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Mayow</a> täpsustas, et tuli nõuab ainult seda õhu osa, mida ta nimetas <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiritus_nitroaereus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiritus nitroaereus (pole veel kirjutatud)">spiritus nitroaereus</a></i> ehk lihtsalt <i>nitroaereus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ühes katses ta leidis, et kui asetada hiir või süüdatud küünal kinnisesse anumasse vee kohale, siis vesi tõuseb ja enne katsealuste kustumist asendab 1/14 õhu ruumalast.<sup id="cite_ref-WoC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta oletas, et nii põlemine kui ka hingamine kulutavad <i>nitroaereus</i>'t. </p><p>Mayow täheldas, et kuumutamisel <a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">antimoni</a> kaal suureneb, ning tegi järelduse, et <i>nitroaereus</i> ühineb sellega.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta arvas ka, et <a href="/wiki/Kopsud" title="Kopsud">kopsud</a> eraldavad <i>nitroaereus</i>'t õhust ning annavad selle edasi verre ning et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Animaalne_soojus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animaalne soojus (pole veel kirjutatud)">animaalne soojus</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Lihas" title="Lihas">lihaste</a> liikumine tulevad <i>nitroaereus</i>'e reageerimiseks teatud ainetega veres.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nende ja teiste katsete ja ideede kirjeldused avaldati <a href="/wiki/1668" title="1668">1668</a> tema raamatus "Tractatus duo" (traktaat "De respiratione").<sup id="cite_ref-WoC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png/220px-Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png/330px-Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png/440px-Georg_Ernst_Stahl.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="1059" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ernst_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ernst Stahl (pole veel kirjutatud)">Georg Ernst Stahl</a> aitas luua ja populariseerida flogistoniteooriat</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flogistoniteooria">Flogistoniteooria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Flogistoniteooria"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=3" title="Muuda alaosa "Flogistoniteooria" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Flogistoniteooria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogistoniteooria">Flogistoniteooria</a></i></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Borch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ole Borch (pole veel kirjutatud)">Ole Borch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mihhail_Lomonossov" title="Mihhail Lomonossov">Mihhail Lomonossov</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bayen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Bayen (pole veel kirjutatud)">Pierre Bayen</a> said kõik 17. ja 18. sajandil katsetes hapnikku, kuid <a href="/wiki/Flogistoniteooria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogistoniteooria">flogistoniteooria</a> valitsemise tõttu ei näinud keegi selles <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">keemilist elementi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBB299_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBB299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Flogistoniteooria rajas <a href="/wiki/1667" title="1667">1667</a> saksa <a href="/wiki/Alkeemik" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkeemik">alkeemik</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Joachim_Becher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Joachim Becher (pole veel kirjutatud)">Johann Joachim Becher</a> ning seda modifitseeris <a href="/wiki/1731" title="1731">1731</a>. aastaks saksa keemik <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Ernst_Stahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Ernst Stahl (pole veel kirjutatud)">Georg Ernst Stahl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-morris_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morris-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See teooria väitis, et kõik põlevad materjalid koosnevad kahest osast. Üks osa, mida nimetatakse <a href="/wiki/Flogiston" title="Flogiston">flogistoniks</a>, eraldub seda sisaldava aine põlemisel, deflogisteeritud osa aga on selle aine tõeline kuju ehk <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calx (pole veel kirjutatud)">calx</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE499_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arvati, et väga põlevad materjalid, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Puit" title="Puit">puit</a> ja <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCsi" title="Süsi">süsi</a>, koosnevad peamiselt flogistonist, mittepõlevad materjalid, mis <a href="/wiki/Roostetamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roostetamine">roostetavad</a>, sisaldavad väga vähe flogistoni. Õhk ei etendanud flogistoniteoorias mingit osa. Teooria kontrollimiseks ei tehtud ka mingeid katseid. See põhines vaatlustel, mis juhtub millegi põlemisel: kõige tavalisemad objektid tunduvad põlemisel kergemaks muutuvat ja midagi kaotavat.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE499_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asjaolu, et näiteks puit läheb kokkuvõttes tegelikult raskemaks, varjab gaasilise põlemissaaduste lendumine. Ühe esimese vihje selle kohta, et flogistoniteooria pole õige, andis see, et metallid muutuvad roostetamisel raskemaks, kuigi nad teooria järgi kaotavad flogistoni. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hapniku_avastamine">Hapniku avastamine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku avastamine"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=4" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku avastamine" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scheele">Scheele</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Scheele"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=5" title="Muuda alaosa "Scheele" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/220px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/330px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/440px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> avastas hapniku enne <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestleyt</a>, kuid tema publikatsioon oli hilisem</figcaption></figure> <p>Hapniku avastas esimesena <a href="/wiki/Rootsi" title="Rootsi">Rootsi</a> <a href="/wiki/Farmatseut" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmatseut">farmatseut</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, kes oli 1772. aastaks saanud <a href="/wiki/Dihapnik" title="Dihapnik">dihapnikku</a>, kuumutades <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elavh%C3%B5be(II)oksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elavhõbe(II)oksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">elavhõbe(II)oksiidi</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Nitraadid" title="Nitraadid">nitraate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ECE499_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scheele nimetas selle gaasi <b>tuleõhuks</b>, sest see oli ainus teadaolev põlemise toetaja, ning kirjutas aruande sellest avastusest käsikirjas "Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer" ("Traktaat õhust ja tulest") mille ta saatis kirjastajale <a href="/wiki/1775" title="1775">1775</a> ja mis avaldati alles 1777.<sup id="cite_ref-NBB300_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBB300-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:PriestleyFuseli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/220px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/330px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PriestleyFuseli.jpg/440px-PriestleyFuseli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption>Hapniku esmaavastajaks peetakse tavaliselt <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestleyt</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priestley">Priestley</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Priestley"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=6" title="Muuda alaosa "Priestley" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. augustil 1774 fokuseeris Briti vaimulik <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katseklaas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katseklaas (pole veel kirjutatud)">katseklaasis</a> olevale <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elavh%C3%B5be(II)oksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elavhõbe(II)oksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">elavhõbe(II)oksiidile</a> (HgO) päikesevalgust, mille tagajärjel vabanes gaas, mille ta hiljem nimetas <b>deflogisteeritud õhuks</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta pani tähele, et selles gaasis põlevad küünlad heledamalt ja hiir on seda hingates aktiivsem ja elab kauem. Olles gaasi ise hinganud, kirjutas ta: "Selle tunne minu kopsudes polnud tuntavalt erinev tavalise õhu tundest, kuid tundus, et mõnda aega pärast seda oli rinnal eriti kerge tunne."<sup id="cite_ref-NBB299_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBB299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Priestley avaldas oma leiud 1775 artiklis pealkirjaga "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air", mis oli osa tema raamatust "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiments_and_Observations_on_Different_Kinds_of_Air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (pole veel kirjutatud)">Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ECE499_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79lYm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79lYm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et Priestley avaldas oma leiud esimesena, siis peetakse teda tavaliselt esmaavastajaks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lavoisier">Lavoisier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Lavoisier"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=7" title="Muuda alaosa "Lavoisier" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prantsuse keemik <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> väitis hiljem, et ta avastas uue aine sõltumatult. Ent Priestley külastas oktoobris 1774 Lavoisier'd ning rääkis talle oma katsest ja sellest, kuidas ta uue gaasi avastas. Ka Scheele postitas 30. septembril 1774 Lavoisier'le kirja, milles ta kirjeldas, kuidas ta oli avastanud seni aine, kuid Lavoisier ei tunnistanud, et on selle kirja saanud (kirja koopia leiti pärast Scheele surma tema asjade hulgast).<sup id="cite_ref-NBB300_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBB300-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vaieldamatult (kuigi tema kaasaegsed seda vaidlustasid) tegi Lavoisier esimesed adekvaatsed kvantitatiivsed katsed <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdatsioon" title="Oksüdatsioon">oksüdatsiooniga</a> ja andis põlemise esimese korrektse <a href="/wiki/Seletus" title="Seletus">seletuse</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B5lemise_hapnikuteooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Põlemise hapnikuteooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">põlemise hapnikuteooria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta kasutas seda katset ja sarnaseid katseid, mida kõiki ta alustas <a href="/wiki/1774" title="1774">1774</a>. aastal, et <a href="/wiki/Flogistoniteooria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogistoniteooria">flogistoniteooriat</a> diskrediteerida ning tõestada, et Priestley ja Scheele avastatud aine on <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_element" title="Keemiline element">keemiline element</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/220px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a> diskrediteeris flogistoniteooria</figcaption></figure> <p>Ühes katses täheldas Lavoisier, et kui kuumutada <a href="/wiki/Tina" title="Tina">tina</a> ja õhku kinnises anumas, siis kogukaal ei suurene.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ta pani tähele, et anuma avamisel tungib õhk sinna ägedalt sisse, mis annab tunnistust sellest, et osa õhku on ära kulutatud. Samuti pani ta tähele, et tina kaal on suurenenud anumasse juurde tunginud õhu kaalu võrra. Seda ja teisi katseid põlemisega kirjeldab tema raamat "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sur_la_combustion_en_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sur la combustion en général (pole veel kirjutatud)">Sur la combustion en général</a>", mis ilmus <a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selles ta tõestas, et õhk on kahe gaasi segu: üks on "eluõhk", mis on põlemiseks ja hingamiseks vajalik, teine on <i>azote</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vanakreeka_keel" title="Vanakreeka keel">vanakreeka</a> sõnast ἄζωτον 'elutu'), mis ei toeta kumbagi. <i>Azote</i> kannab eesti keeles nime "<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">lämmastik</a>" (õigemini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dil%C3%A4mmastik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dilämmastik (pole veel kirjutatud)">dilämmastik</a>) ja <a href="/wiki/Ladina_keel" title="Ladina keel">ladina keeles</a> <i>nitrogenium</i>, kuid Lavoisier antud nimetus on säilinud <a href="/wiki/Prantsuse_keel" title="Prantsuse keel">prantsuse keeles</a> ja mõnes teises keeles, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Vene_keel" title="Vene keel">vene keeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ECE500_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Vene keeles on lämmastik <i>азот</i>.) </p><p>Lavoisier pani "eluõhule" <a href="/wiki/1777" title="1777">1777</a>. aastal nimetuse <i>oxygène, mis tuli</i> vanakreeka sõnast ὀξύς (<i>oxys</i>) ('terav', keemia mõistes '<a href="/wiki/Hape" title="Hape">hape</a>' hapete maitse järgi) ja järelliitest -γενή (<i>-genēs</i>) ('sigitaja', keemias 'tekitaja'), sest ta arvas, et hapnik on kõigi hapete koostisosa.<sup id="cite_ref-mellor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mellor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keemikud (eriti Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> <a href="/wiki/1812" title="1812">1812</a>) tegid hiljem kindlaks, et Lavoisier eksis selles (tegelikult on hapete keemia aluseks <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesinik</a>), kuid see enam hapniku nimetust ei mõjutanud. </p><p>Lavoisier' sõna laenati ka inglise keelde (<i>oxygen</i>), hoolimata inglise teadlaste vastuseisust ning asjaolu, et inglane Priestley oli gaasi esimesena isoleerinud ja esimesena sellest kirjutanud. Sellele aitas kaasa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Darwin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Darwin (pole veel kirjutatud)">Erasmus Darwini</a> populaarses raamatus "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Botanic_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Botanic Garden (pole veel kirjutatud)">The Botanic Garden</a>" (<a href="/wiki/1791" title="1791">1791</a>) avaldatud hapnikku ülistav luuletus "Oxygen".<sup id="cite_ref-NBB300_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBB300-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kuhni_kommentaar">Kuhni kommentaar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kuhni kommentaar"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=8" title="Muuda alaosa "Kuhni kommentaar" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> kasutab <a href="/wiki/Teadusrevolutsioonide_struktuur#VI._Anomaalia_ja_teaduslike_avastuste_ilmumine" title="Teadusrevolutsioonide struktuur">"Teadusrevolutsioonide struktuuri" VI peatükis</a> hapniku avastamislugu selle kohta, et uudsete nähtuste avastamine ja teoreetiliste uuenduste leiutamine on lahutamatult seotud ning teaduslikku avastust ei saa täpselt dateerida ja sageli ka mitte atribueerida, sest avastus on protsess, mis hõlmab uut laadi nähtuse olemasolu ja olemuse kindlakstegemist ja see nõuab aega. Avastus ei ole võrreldav tavalise nägemisega; küsimusel, millal täpselt see tehti, puudub tähendus. Hapniku avastamise prioriteedi küsimus oli nii terav osalt sellepärast, et see avastus oli paradigmamuutuse lahutamatu osa. Lavoisier hülgas <a href="/wiki/Flogistoniteooria" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogistoniteooria">flogistoniteooria</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B5lemise_hapnikuteooria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Põlemise hapnikuteooria (pole veel kirjutatud)">põlemise hapnikuteooria</a> kasuks ja pani sellega alguse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keemiarevolutsioon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keemiarevolutsioon (pole veel kirjutatud)">keemiarevolutsioonile</a>. Hapniku avastamine andis lihtsalt konkreetse kuju tema aimdusele, et põlemisel neeldub mingi õhu koostisosa. Priestley küll isoleeris hapniku, kuid samastas selle algul teise gaasiga, mille ta oli varem avastanud, seejärel aga pidas deflogisteeritud õhuks, millel on suurem võime flogistoni vastu võtta; seega ei väljunud ta flogistoniteooria raamest. Ka Lavoisier ei mõistnud hapnikku nii, nagu seda tänapäeval mõistetakse: algul oli see tema meelest õhk ise, hiljem pidas ta gaasilist hapnikku hapniku kui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Happelisuse_printsiip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Happelisuse printsiip (pole veel kirjutatud)">happelisuse printsiibi</a> ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soojusaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soojusaine (pole veel kirjutatud)">soojusaine</a> ühendiks. Mõiste happelisuse alge tõrjuti keemiast välja alles pärast 1810. aastat ja soojusaine määratlusest loobuti 1860. aastate paiku. Hapniku kui keemilise elemendi avastamise saab Kuhni järgi dateerida ajavahemikku 1774–1777. Kuhn jääb oma dateeringus siiski ebamääraseks (1777 või varsti pärast seda). Ta osutab uue murrangulise käsitluse (flogistoniteooriast – uutmoodi põlemise tõlgendamisele) tekkimise asjaolu pikaajalisele ja mitmekihilisele olemusele, kritiseerides lihtsustatud kujutlust õpikutes, kus näidatakse pöördelisi sündmusi ennatlikult ja lõplikult – varju jäävad mõistete kujunemise sisemised vastuolud, mis alles hiljem täpsustuvad. Õpikute maht ei võimalda tihti sellist mitmekihilist analüüsi, millest sugenevad väärad lihtsustatud kujutlused tegelike pöördeliste sündmuste kohta teaduse ajaloos. Avastusfaktide tõlgendused, uued definitsioonid kujunevad selgeks, selliseks nagu õpikutest loeme, palju pikema järkjärgulise arengu tagajärjel. Kuhn on arvamusel, teadus on iseäranis palju kollektiivne looming. Üksikute teadlaste, nende avastuste taga on laiem teadlaste kogukond, võrgustik ja pikem ajaloo periood, suurem kontekst. Tema raamat "Teadusrevolutsioonide struktuur" lõpeb tõdemusega: "Teaduslik teadmine on nagu <a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">keelgi</a> tõeliselt rühma (teadlaste kogukonna) ühisomand." (Peatükk Postskriptum 1969 lk 257) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aatomiteooria">Aatomiteooria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Aatomiteooria"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=9" title="Muuda alaosa "Aatomiteooria" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Daltoni</a> algne aatomihüpotees oletas, et kõik elemendid on üheaatomilised ning ühendites on aatomite arvud on tavaliselt omavahel kõige lihtsamates proportsioonides. Näiteks oletas Dalton, et vee valem on HO, nii et hapniku <a href="/wiki/Aatommass" title="Aatommass">aatommass</a> on vesiniku omast 8 korda suurem (tänapäeva teadmiste järgi 16 korda).<sup id="cite_ref-k8bEp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k8bEp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aastal <a href="/wiki/1805" title="1805">1805</a> näitasid <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac" title="Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac">Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vesi</a> moodustub kahest mahuosast vesinikust ja ühest mahuosast hapnikust. Ja <a href="/wiki/1811" title="1811">1811</a>. aastaks oli <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> oma <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_seadus" title="Avogadro seadus">Avogadro seaduse</a> põhjal jõudnud vee <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keemiline_koostis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keemiline koostis (pole veel kirjutatud)">keemilise koostise</a> tänapäevase tõlgendusele, võttes eelduseks, et vesiniku ja hapniku molekulid on kaheaatomilised.<sup id="cite_ref-ouS06_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ouS06-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuni 1860. aastani neid tulemusi enamasti ignoreeriti, osalt sellepärast, et usuti, et aatomitel ei ole sama elemendi aatomite suhtes <a href="/wiki/Keemiline_afiinsus" title="Keemiline afiinsus">keemilist afiinsust</a>, ja osalt Avogadro seaduse näiliste rikkumiste tõttu, mida alles hiljem seletati dissotsieerivate molekulidega. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hapnikuringe">Hapnikuringe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapnikuringe"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=10" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapnikuringe" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hapnikuringe" title="Hapnikuringe">Hapnikuringe</a> on hapniku liikumine <a href="/wiki/Anorgaanilised_ained" class="mw-redirect" title="Anorgaanilised ained">anorgaanilistest ühenditest</a> elusorganismide <a href="/wiki/Orgaanilised_ained" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgaanilised ained">orgaanilistesse ühenditesse</a> ja tagasi, samuti elusorganismide poolt vahendatud hapniku konversioonid anorgaaniliste ühendite vahel. </p><p>Vaba hapnik <a href="/wiki/Maa_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maa (planeet)">Maa</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Atmosfäär">atmosfääris</a> on <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCtoplankton" title="Fütoplankton">fütoplanktoni</a>, taimede ja teiste <a href="/wiki/Fotos%C3%BCntees" title="Fotosüntees">fotosünteesi</a> teostavate organismide elutegevuse tulemus: <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vee</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fotol%C3%BC%C3%BCs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fotolüüs (pole veel kirjutatud)">fotolüütilisel</a> lagunemisel eraldub <a href="/wiki/Vesinik" title="Vesinik">vesinik</a>, mis seondub <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik">süsinikuga</a>, ja hapnik, mis eraldub reaktsiooni jääkproduktina ümbritsevasse keskkonda, atmosfääri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oksiidid">Oksiidid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Oksiidid"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=11" title="Muuda alaosa "Oksiidid" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oksiidid" title="Oksiidid">Oksiidid</a> on hapniku ühendid mõne teise keemilise elemendiga. Oksiidid tekivad kahe lihtaine vahelise <a href="/wiki/Redoksreaktsioon" title="Redoksreaktsioon">redoksreaktsiooni</a> käigus, milles hapnik käitub <a href="/wiki/Oks%C3%BCdeerija" title="Oksüdeerija">oksüdeerijana</a>. </p><p>Tuntumate oksiidide sekka kuuluvad näiteks divesinikmonooksiid ehk <a href="/wiki/Vesi" title="Vesi">vesi</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O), süsinikdioksiid ehk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCsihappegaas" title="Süsihappegaas">süsihappegaas</a> (CO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Dil%C3%A4mmastikoksiid" title="Dilämmastikoksiid">dilämmastikoksiid</a> (N<sub>2</sub>O), <a href="/wiki/Alumiiniumoksiid" title="Alumiiniumoksiid">alumiiniumoksiid</a> (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Raudoksiidid" title="Raudoksiidid">raudoksiidid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Raud(II)oksiid" title="Raud(II)oksiid">FeO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raud(III)oksiid" title="Raud(III)oksiid">Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raud(II,_III)oksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raud(II, III)oksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a>), <a href="/wiki/Kaltsiumoksiid" title="Kaltsiumoksiid">kaltsiumoksiid</a> (CaO), <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4%C3%A4veldioksiid" title="Vääveldioksiid">vääveldioksiid</a> (SO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4nidioksiid" title="Ränidioksiid">ränidioksiid</a> (SiO<sub>2</sub>) ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsinkoksiid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsinkoksiid (pole veel kirjutatud)">tsinkoksiid</a> (ZnO). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hapniku_ohtlikkus">Hapniku ohtlikkus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku ohtlikkus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=12" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku ohtlikkus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hapniku_toksilisus">Hapniku toksilisus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku toksilisus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=13" title="Muuda alaosa "Hapniku toksilisus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/12px-Next.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/18px-Next.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Next.svg/24px-Next.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span> <i>Pikemalt artiklis <a href="/wiki/Hapniku_toksilisus" title="Hapniku toksilisus">Hapniku toksilisus</a></i></dd></dl> <p>Et hapnik reageerib paljude <a href="/wiki/Orgaaniline_%C3%BChend" class="mw-redirect" title="Orgaaniline ühend">orgaaniliste ühenditega</a>, on see paljudele <a href="/wiki/Anaeroobne_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeroobne organism">anaeroobsetele organismidele</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCrgisus" title="Mürgisus">mürgine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeroobne_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeroobne organism">Aeroobsed organismid</a> on hapnikuga <a href="/wiki/Kohastumine" title="Kohastumine">kohastunud</a> ja vajavad seda oma elutegevuseks. Nad vajavad hapniku talumiseks paljusid <a href="/wiki/Antioks%C3%BCdant" title="Antioksüdant">antioksüdante</a>. Kuid liiga suured hapniku <a href="/wiki/Kontsentratsioon" title="Kontsentratsioon">kontsentratsioonid</a> on ka neile mürgised. </p><p>Kui <a href="/wiki/Inimene" title="Inimene">inimene</a> <a href="/wiki/Hingamine" title="Hingamine">hingab</a> hapnikku <a href="/wiki/Osar%C3%B5hk" title="Osarõhk">osarõhuga</a> 0,75–1 <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r_(%C3%BChik)" title="Atmosfäär (ühik)">atmosfääri</a>, hakkab ta umbes 10–20 <a href="/wiki/Tund" title="Tund">tunni</a> pärast kannatama <a href="/wiki/Kopsud" title="Kopsud">kopsu</a><a href="/wiki/%C3%84rritus" title="Ärritus">ärrituse</a> käes. Kui hapniku mõju jätkub, järgneb <a href="/wiki/Surm" title="Surm">surm</a>. 0,5-atmosfäärist osarõhku on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inimkatse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inimkatse (pole veel kirjutatud)">inimkatsetes</a> talutud <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4dal" title="Nädal">nädala</a> jooksul ilma kahjustusteta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuleohtlikkus">Tuleohtlikkus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Tuleohtlikkus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=14" title="Muuda alaosa "Tuleohtlikkus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hapnikurikkas keskkonnas on suur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuleohtlikkus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuleohtlikkus (pole veel kirjutatud)">tuleoht</a>, sest põlemist kiirendab peale hapniku suurema kontsentratsiooni ka asjaolu, et vähem põlemis<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soojust&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soojust (pole veel kirjutatud)">soojust</a> kulub <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4mmastik" title="Lämmastik">lämmastiku</a> soojendamisele, mistõttu <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a> on kuumem. Kui hapnik on enne süttimist <a href="/wiki/Segu" title="Segu">segatud</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaas" title="Gaas">gaasiliste</a> või <a href="/wiki/Suspensioon" title="Suspensioon">suspendeeritud</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B5levaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Põlevaine (pole veel kirjutatud)">põlevainetega</a>, tekib <a href="/wiki/Plahvatus" title="Plahvatus">plahvatus</a>, millega võib kaasneda <a href="/wiki/Detonatsioon" title="Detonatsioon">detonatsioon</a>. Eriti ohtlik on selles suhtes vedel hapnik. Vedela hapnikuga immutatud põlevaineid nimetatakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oks%C3%BClikviidid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oksülikviidid (pole veel kirjutatud)">oksülikviitideks</a> ja neid kasutatakse <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B5hkeaine" title="Lõhkeaine">lõhkeainetena</a>: nende eeliseks on see, et kui nad ei lõhke, siis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Auramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auramine (pole veel kirjutatud)">aurab</a> hapnik aja jooksul ära ja <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plahvatusohtlikkus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plahvatusohtlikkus (pole veel kirjutatud)">plahvatusoht</a> kaob. Oksülikviite moodustab ka <a href="/wiki/Asfalt" title="Asfalt">asfalt</a> kui <a href="/wiki/Poorsus" title="Poorsus">poorne</a> orgaaniline aine. Need on mehaaniliselt tundlikud, nii et vedela hapnikuga märjaks saanud asfalt võib detoneeruda ülesõitmise või pealeastumise tagajärjel. Et hapniku keemistemperatuur on kõrgem kui <a href="/wiki/%C3%95hk" title="Õhk">õhu</a> teisel põhikomponendil lämmastikul, <a href="/wiki/Kondensatsioon" title="Kondensatsioon">kondenseerub</a> ta õhu vedeldamisel kergemini: õhk hakkab kondenseeruma temperatuuril −191 °C, ja tekkiv vedelik on rikastatud hapnikuga, mida seal on 48%. Mis tahes koostisega vedela õhu auramisel aurab valdavalt lämmastik ja järelejääv vedelik rikastub hapnikuga; ka võib vedel lämmastik või õhk kokkupuutel õhuga õhust hapnikku juurde kondenseerida. Seetõttu on vedel õhk kokkupuutel põlevainetega ohtlik. </p><p>Tavatingimuste juures, normaalse hapniku kontsentratsiooni korral on hapnikumolekul siiski kineetiliselt stabiilne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaata_ka">Vaata ka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=15" title="Muuda alaosa "Vaata ka" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oksiidid" title="Oksiidid">Oksiidid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapnikutarve" title="Hapnikutarve">Hapnikutarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapnikusisaldus" title="Hapnikusisaldus">Hapnikusisaldus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ises%C3%BCttimine" title="Isesüttimine">Isesüttimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahustunud_hapnik" title="Lahustunud hapnik">Lahustunud hapnik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=16" title="Muuda alaosa "Viited" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wmgin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wmgin_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jastrow" title="Joseph Jastrow">Joseph Jastrow</a>. <i>Story of Human Error</i>, 1936, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0836905687" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8369-0568-7</a>, lk 171. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tRUO45YfCHwC&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171">Google'i raamat</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE499-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE499_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE499_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE499_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE499_2-3">2,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE499_2-4">2,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_A._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard A. Cook (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gerhard A. Cook</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_M._Lauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol M. Lauer (pole veel kirjutatud)">Carol M. Lauer</a>. Oxygen. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_A._Hampel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford A. Hampel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Clifford A. Hampel</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i>, New York: Reinhold Book Corporation 1968, lk 499–512, lk 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2">3,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, 11. trükk, 1911, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825011055/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/John_Mayow">sub John Mayow|edition=11th</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WoC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoC_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-WoC_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">John Mayow. –<i>World of Chemistry</i>, Thomson Gale 2005, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0669327271" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-669-32727-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBB299-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBB299_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBB299_5-1">5,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Emsley</a>. Oxygen. – <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0198503407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-850340-7</a>, lk 297–304, lk 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morris-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-morris_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Morris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Morris (pole veel kirjutatud)">Richard Morris</a>. <i>The last sorcerers: The path from alchemy to the periodic table</i>, Joseph Henry Press: Washington, D.C. 2003, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0309089050" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-309-08905-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECE500-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-2">7,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-3">7,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-4">7,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECE500_7-5">7,5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_A._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard A. Cook (pole veel kirjutatud)">Gerhard A. Cook</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carol_M._Lauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carol M. Lauer (pole veel kirjutatud)">Carol M. Lauer</a>. Oxygen. – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_A._Hampel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford A. Hampel (pole veel kirjutatud)">Clifford A. Hampel</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements</i>, New York: Reinhold Book Corporation 1968, lk 499–512, lk 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBB300-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBB300_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBB300_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NBB300_8-2">8,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Emsley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Emsley (pole veel kirjutatud)">John Emsley</a>. Oxygen. – <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/0198503407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-850340-7</a>, lk 297–304, lk 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79lYm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79lYm_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Priestley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/65/384">An Account of Further Discoveries in Air</a>. – <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical Transactions">Philosophical Transactions</a></i>, 1775, kd 65, lk 384–394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mellor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mellor_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. D. Parks, J. W. Mellor. <i>Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i>, 6. trükk, Longmans, Green and Co: London 1939.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k8bEp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-k8bEp_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dennis_DeTurck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dennis DeTurck (pole veel kirjutatud)">Dennis DeTurck</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Gladney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Gladney (pole veel kirjutatud)">Larry Gladney</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Pietrovito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Pietrovito (pole veel kirjutatud)">Anthony Pietrovito</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117230939/http://www.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsubsection1_1_3_2.html">Do We Take Atoms for Granted?</a> – <i>The Interactive Textbook of PFP96</i>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ouS06-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ouS06_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Enfield_Roscoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe (pole veel kirjutatud)">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schorlemmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Schorlemmer (pole veel kirjutatud)">Carl Schorlemmer</a>. <i>A Treatise on Chemistry</i>, Appleton and Co. 1883, lk 38.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kirjandus">Kirjandus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus"" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&action=edit&section=17" title="Muuda alaosa "Kirjandus" lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. N. Meldrum. <i>The Eighteenth Century Revolution in Science–The First Phase</i>, Calcutta <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a>, ptk V.</li> <li>H. Metzger. <i>La philosophie de la matière chez Lavoisier</i>, <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a>.</li> <li>J. B. Conant. <i>The Overthrow of the Phlogiston Theory: The Chemical Revolution of 1775–1789</i>, Cambridge, Mass. <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Daumas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurice Daumas (pole veel kirjutatud)">Maurice Daumas</a>. <i>Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur</i>, Paris <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uno_Bocklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uno Bocklund (pole veel kirjutatud)">Uno Bocklund</a>. A Lost Letter from Scheele to Lavoisier. – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lychnos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lychnos (pole veel kirjutatud)">Lychnos</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>–1958, lk 39–62.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Guerlac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Guerlac (pole veel kirjutatud)">Henry Guerlac</a>. <i>Lavoisier–the Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772</i>, Ithaca <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">T. S. Kuhn</a>. The Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery. – <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/1962" title="1962">1962</a>, CXXXVI, lk 760–764.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Lane" title="Nick Lane">N. Lane</a>. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. – Oxford University Press, 2004, <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9780198607830" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0198607830</a>.</li> <li>Elu energia. <a href="/wiki/Agu_Laisk" title="Agu Laisk">Agu Laisk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tartu_%C3%9Clikooli_Kirjastus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus">Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus</a> 2023. <a href="/wiki/Eri:Raamatuotsimine/9789916271445" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9789916271445</a> (Hapniku molekuli, tripletse ja singletse oleku kohta lk 163-166; Hapnikumolekuli singletsest seisundist, selle vältimisest fotosünteesi valgusreaktsioonides lk 334-339)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Välislingid"><span id="V.C3.A4lislingid"></span>Välislingid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hapnik&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Muuda alaosa "Välislingid"" 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