CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSIzMiIgaGVpZ2h0PSIzMiIgZmlsbD0ibm9uZSI+PHBhdGggZmlsbD0iI0IyMEYwMyIgZD0iTTE2IDNhMTMgMTMgMCAxIDAgMTMgMTNBMTMuMDE1IDEzLjAxNSAwIDAgMCAxNiAzbTAgMjRhMTEgMTEgMCAxIDEgMTEtMTEgMTEuMDEgMTEuMDEgMCAwIDEtMTEgMTEiLz48cGF0aCBmaWxsPSIjQjIwRjAzIiBkPSJNMTcuMDM4IDE4LjYxNUgxNC44N0wxNC41NjMgOS41aDIuNzgzem0tMS4wODQgMS40MjdxLjY2IDAgMS4wNTcuMzg4LjQwNy4zODkuNDA3Ljk5NCAwIC41OTYtLjQwNy45ODQtLjM5Ny4zOS0xLjA1Ny4zODktLjY1IDAtMS4wNTYtLjM4OS0uMzk4LS4zODktLjM5OC0uOTg0IDAtLjU5Ny4zOTgtLjk4NS40MDYtLjM5NyAxLjA1Ni0uMzk3Ii8+PC9zdmc+);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91356aa3baa2fdc2',cH: 'N_Z0ppjZthon6DSy8VAvSno4CrK2PyVcjkvqC8Es4vk-1739791524-1.2.1.1-qjTMX2QRsT2qGqkQlGVk8B.By3D0nBv4rROmxWWdaiypjbXznPCeCrS0ub0NP8D4',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength%20%28USC%29&__cf_chl_tk=PvlMkosh.jmDIIjdfwjM_5RYI05IclK9E8oXfc6XhUg-1739791524-1.0.1.1-m7VoZuXx1gRhUFdHbdQRioEQ7JVNL_TOErnfArni7oQ",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791524',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength%20%28USC%29&__cf_chl_f_tk=PvlMkosh.jmDIIjdfwjM_5RYI05IclK9E8oXfc6XhUg-1739791524-1.0.1.1-m7VoZuXx1gRhUFdHbdQRioEQ7JVNL_TOErnfArni7oQ",md: "NS_Ud7bXBgSmGVzx1TM.kNQhmpoTdHKXIv2nr3FmPM4-1739791524-1.2.1.1-Wu9U063Nfd4XqcXbv4.3NxazbEqHzcGHEzwa_hlin1ckWzhAyJ95mHHz6aBNfaz9ixsgT.nl0uk8IiXRUK3FfSD6byTNAbHeysA083OdFyk5VxWS70kpktinJqM.MWDqF6z43lUM0qmDkOoIi10cMTckWBJZ4Nxmbjbjl4PHC4n0LMxnSTrluSE4dJzL_2.n6lwgeaD6pgn8SM.JT2DxuX.SUQlAVCn.3LShCpDLJeSSlqfGndJIkJr5BFgykJn6BEwLv5UW03IyRL.7L_fy4UfwQ8bEjTo3z9Myy4jFHhn85VvSDe8Zb9v8p9rJTtTnw6LSbrzBjuzwAeVd7kXl3OjSmIvri23PT0oierT8xXlDLGj7lmBTNZx2UUJZOjh3TVnglsK3V1OrMhRCNSwjHzX8aLOKzOKSWaB0i_f9waQyRBl2THAnXmK3wF0QR0mNZYeB8PLB0LntUZNtlzKfDMXrhSENrxsK1sPRtLZu4TDKgjAmaJkFbY0sIuZVRaqr_CuaCwmpAh1YazqVSnrKi7iC.nw1gimMRdk8gHbUj_7qb6KXbpbbqw2XA_be27V47h8Do0uENrV.AE1dZCjauUQr6rLQUD_sNqdqCKrWDg4gkRDlTTcxZBjc55Qqlzq2ia3CZ033M_VKDFFUZUp0RQ0JG.50uUSBheLwBepNMdcrI..TyFUx4nLWQBdDw0_eLbiau5roeWsdbP7Az2d4wQy5NogVTHAunufpdM.DvwdRVzpNKLVy8HutYlxv.Aa6or8O1kJH_kve2GG6uU6.uvkHoXdLtCZ8Qrocf6O1d_0AMDG4FE04d3pula9Z9cwuhC7xqY5PWZ3XpHkPnYxefmiVXH8qOjiS.H5SJsss4yBja9R1UlBjMdZg0.6.0aO4D2z1Z_SL4DlnGXgSjXSK3zAPkaPyRsTJK.I619E_qcSvIo70IerD.JnTYxX7X.l_weI.4n2xVNRF2c6BIICHPZBc4P3PWqXpoRavo0BvJd4MohfklpG2cikAaTnpNQg2jVAdmRpcOMiC6OBWRb9O1L3YD6sDtlzI6_ewEZD7jewCkvMWyoPFFehP_sg4uE0jAViKAyUxT9aNDSDHxGiX_uksBnMxTba0tO4MzwuABKBide.s0JoGq5fMXjmO2kde7nvCTz8R6m3LQy5t9jt2SsP9JCIX7O1YPADHM8j4DFbuUePMiVVYR2zGPmFFO1JUe5XeO52Vk1VdsVPP0Rc1k4ZEfUQ_jrk__HizkGX8yOJN7NkLFdHvkwSj1Y8ZoT5h9vCXzJayIJYzApqMyoct8abPSP39F00vyeAVlemHVVR5lwGakPGb7041tnzuSKGOeehmrY4MWPYg4ID6aXiSOQD9eq_4aGHxMUnMwnZMqPAuZnlS67jZVoe5VpRpECyBXD_nIudTy7stcsL2KAYhQLw3DN9b3EYp_HD0UucYbHesFGoumNsYN6l_MWTP69opttgg6bpFZYBlV13uVYUu80nnedAFsHGiDcL6Z_Sr6UZFO3OW8SHMMqFiDeArBzOrq4hscdm3fom.YD9N1Zkcfjk_ngrZyfUgXZn6Dl87vgNXbdfUiLl_27B1OJvps1R50PBCzZ2fj3lHCPzJsggy.1tzQ6iPWjQofmIUZfIZjTUO.NtHRGSR48u9mg61FORTrMLjFP97kN2VhV6DaZh16B5Xvgji5Vn5VStI48JHWFmt69iMy8FKfaryTFUs5zZuR_N3y8VcFEv_0TzuCuptWlmCHtPcsFMoFPOCE2m6dwEm6xwHf_MzcgL2asNCYqZRruq8d95Zhj0irzDfJhuZPGxodgDojbnXQbQaWY2kFsh8rS594lgVWABk7g87.DmoMYeVugrsYkBpahr1sLtFM4dA3SPAkvXuhWnuTGRYmev_x1S7OYGU2fhmvEx7EhwhaneNPrlJzEY10VxgvcGgJz5jfdgd.VBr9hc.Icvg3P8rUVSEblbPTVi.cBxRcXUURzgXlUFyPYIzj_332SLNN3tr8HVcfNO3UDenVKP4CL3xjNZAQPOUsAQy1yz9tpA2",mdrd: "ubGeyDnR7FlI5sYsrMLsERql_emsghikIBd6rPEg5XQ-1739791524-1.2.1.1-4.0i6pix7olR1ifxot4H4Gg9xdvqh9.7mMJJUF9bNG1cMt6x_bKG8_g_8w4ysM6mfuhnRA7q4f4OIwlhSwNpZS8xN5KTCz2iExa7_4QA0Qx03wsLb84wI1pNreBKqljo3pPP5uHUcBoF280faFvhhYEGs1ABjPaeQyKKQJDmUc7o00tMXiedoiqD5YLWxcsPk1_8JatGGEj7sHm682bvmB3JZ45PwqO7wWee_C3mfk1OmncmIJtXFhjnsjKpFOvfOf3HqARVkevX7xvO4LPkNoSsrWvQ54KeeBk4Ue5.gzB4G5Jhv4QU3qj9pcYNQCK0J82LDJp._Kvk0AnKfZnq9ImNZ3yyrU8l0GMxBppK4VUQUrKuRj.T6738cQtq73gvbYe_GR1GbaAamcAruVqAdD9VKYBd2SmDUW329lHkSM4l1dRE6mJClStOomLO7QKHdLTKnmijrm.Wz8QJ7SJzM2xi.XHrt7.HvBVbUftCuZiRk7Zliz6GORqpNUDoA9SxhwYYkwFcWNxW5UJPIr2wUv8FcbccXjxwd_NQ128tprk3od3kZACGYsxeDEb74zcjTr.GDnBQ7KN7HsMKEGEFhKb8R082N0BZoQbpPU791sWhzDYTa3xqDgM.3T8xaP0mcqpql1DKidsVX1rinE2BjIwbsDEWvH507uEKbX2BDI1JPLno2KZ98hCbmNDmMV3IoWV1qfiVOv4VFEadGSKxGpCJyy78Mm3rvRWRTW1XiOi4zP6L8MBT4CZ9GxvQsX3004LIb7vx23OqjoCCbI7cpNqc8Lv.J8DBmVFTGCuN80SdepKjwfVqgapnT41VH_MRFWwqeteD2lpKIpsojFqzBOILHbc43Ukx.eayz_1lb4n1O0hLEDdxL7knH93HGIsUfdOtN2aelt_ViF2BwAObOYr5V4bqfD7ratnsXpoMxagTEwyeJBC6b9U5ofmCu2UnswobOcvGy5FSgVab2CnTcPH0FHDYhUJqp8bh2PyZknjsH7ckHGxmzNxtJUp.BwHyvuDX57ZYas7dSeElYOyIQsLrq6zATJkU04oAqKZhfy_wwI2VxJbmVjLYVjtEJMMiyUgQBL4wGEupsoe5zUEpLmDPXmR.lbDyD11tkDm3kfj.jkEMyVyGL.XH6sD5BS2x6tXDf922IeARuBBE5JiURgZ9Gum_yZ5DoKl2FtOi9sEUyTufnWfXP3BvqIle1B5BYUmPf.vYV.V3s9dzlAF1CHOFzq1norss8vL3trePXPuwbtgPkJRRNUvMP9K3C_nyehm_r.79vXlqC_kXZ1jyWXCfYPp4ZnmlpkF.4LGS5UG83D_tiA.aEuzysGFosrQKc4tm6CLtuZ_3YKXJUuOms3P5wHWGXDoz4tEMkSYlcTk_skCrouVcNXE0ST35XHuqArP2z_hqXX2v4YASIDR4VMQFXWSYJlDNQCwoBkvYY4rTJDpLxJCzAnYMoNt0q8RNSbE1qHc3oEqlLw7RShlHWrLj6pcj0OM5xgvSkAxbO_wTdnqR8NjKsKGwfNAA4hS.ZROKMeFRgTo3DghpCrll6MAtiQp_OAGV5K63QUVyzZC00tZFB_50a4KIc8NvayfQNOg09GwS.zF8WDXxAa5D3Q9Pti0Kz5ru9RBbjIM3mfe7o0OYwZQY8as2qho5UjlXedHd4MdAmskExuIw4Md.w0sgF0u8h2by4f4zidHs9lH8rDBrreTM7o__rZNLbsS8UBU4LOtW5H7ZblG7H4K8xgt4zC_4lnRn2ez6l20ps3aYo54B9K_FXbckC2mDIWBJYgp3tFWPGjCYSRSxDFbRcY3QQykFdaOZr9FVwIPwk28jUsXEtw3SAbUX8TaC84leuQrzGQReQs_OisiWSMoVt2NG4Z7VOdxooWsbBGR_UvKlPgkk23I5qSn2qpSCA8LTvJXO3AwvzzgsBJ4kXbp6BoqWWsPUysCsOJECgz.tenm.6Z3nIUTODv.3EW4vgRbs"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91356aa3baa2fdc2';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=unconfined%20compressive%20strength%20%28USC%29&__cf_chl_rt_tk=PvlMkosh.jmDIIjdfwjM_5RYI05IclK9E8oXfc6XhUg-1739791524-1.0.1.1-m7VoZuXx1gRhUFdHbdQRioEQ7JVNL_TOErnfArni7oQ" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>