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पदार्थ - विकिपीडिया

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cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>खोजें</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" aria-label="विकिपीडिया में खोजें" autocapitalize="sentences" title="इस विकि में खोजें [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="विशेष:खोज"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">खोजें</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="पृष्ठ के फ़ॉन्ट का आकार, चौड़ाई और रंग बदलें" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="दिखावट" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">दिखावट</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=hi" class=""><span>दान करें</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है" class=""><span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="अन्य विकल्प" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="व्यक्तिगत उपकरण" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">व्यक्तिगत उपकरण</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_hi.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=hi"><span>दान करें</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="हमारा सुझाव है की आप खाता बनाएँ और लॉगिन करें, परन्तु यह अनिवार्य नहीं है"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>खाता बनाएँ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8&amp;returnto=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="आपको सत्रारम्भ करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया जाता है; लेकिन यह अनिवार्य नहीं है [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>लॉग-इन करें</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> लॉग-आउट किए गए संपादकों के लिए पृष्ठ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF" aria-label="संपादन के बारे में अधिक जानें"><span>अधिक जानें</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इस आईपी पते से संपादन की सूची [y]" accesskey="y"><span>योगदान</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="इस आईपी एड्रेससे हुए बदलावों के बारे में वार्ता [n]" accesskey="n"><span>वार्ता</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="साइट"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="सामग्री" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">सामग्री</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">छुपाएँ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">शुरुआत</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-परिभाषा" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#परिभाषा"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>परिभाषा</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-परिभाषा-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-विशेषताएँ_तथा_गुणधर्म" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#विशेषताएँ_तथा_गुणधर्म"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>विशेषताएँ तथा गुणधर्म</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-विशेषताएँ_तथा_गुणधर्म-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>विशेषताएँ तथा गुणधर्म उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-विशेषताएँ_तथा_गुणधर्म-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-भौतिक_तथा_रासायनिक_गुणधर्म" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भौतिक_तथा_रासायनिक_गुणधर्म"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>भौतिक तथा रासायनिक गुणधर्म</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भौतिक_तथा_रासायनिक_गुणधर्म-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-पदार्थ_की_अवस्थाएं" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#पदार्थ_की_अवस्थाएं"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>पदार्थ की अवस्थाएं</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-पदार्थ_की_अवस्थाएं-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>पदार्थ की अवस्थाएं उप-अनुभाग को टॉगल करें</span> </button> <ul id="toc-पदार्थ_की_अवस्थाएं-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-द्रव" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#द्रव"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>द्रव</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-द्रव-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-गैस" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#गैस"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>गैस</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-गैस-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-पदार्थ_की_अवस्था_में_परिवर्तन" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#पदार्थ_की_अवस्था_में_परिवर्तन"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>पदार्थ की अवस्था में परिवर्तन</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-पदार्थ_की_अवस्था_में_परिवर्तन-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-भारतीय_दर्शन_में_पदार्थ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#भारतीय_दर्शन_में_पदार्थ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>भारतीय दर्शन में पदार्थ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-भारतीय_दर्शन_में_पदार्थ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-सन्दर्भ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#सन्दर्भ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>सन्दर्भ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-सन्दर्भ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखें" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#इन्हें_भी_देखें"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>इन्हें भी देखें</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-इन्हें_भी_देखें-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>बाहरी कड़ियाँ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-बाहरी_कड़ियाँ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="सामग्री" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="विषयसूची को टॉगल करें" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">विषयसूची को टॉगल करें</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">पदार्थ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="दूसरे भाषा में लेख पर जाएँ। 139 भाषाओं में उपलब्ध" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 भाषाएँ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – अफ़्रीकी" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="अफ़्रीकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%81%E1%88%B5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D" title="ቁስ አካል – अम्हेरी" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቁስ አካል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="अम्हेरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – अंगिका" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="अंगिका" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مادة – अरबी" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مادة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="अरबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مادة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مادة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – अस्तुरियन" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="अस्तुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiya_(fizika)" title="Materiya (fizika) – अज़रबैजानी" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Materiya (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="अज़रबैजानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ماده (فیزیک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماده (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Матэрыя (фізіка) – बेलारूसी" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэрыя (фізіка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="बेलारूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Материя (физика) – बुल्गारियाई" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Материя (физика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="बुल्गारियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ် – Pa&#039;O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒြပ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa&#039;O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="পদার্থ – बंगाली" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পদার্থ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="बंगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="དངོས་པོ། – तिब्बती" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དངོས་པོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="तिब्बती" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – बोस्नियाई" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="बोस्नियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria – कातालान" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="कातालान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%ACk-c%C3%A9k" title="Ŭk-cék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ŭk-cék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butang" title="Butang – सिबुआनो" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Butang" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="सिबुआनो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%8A" title="ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ – चेरोकी" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏳᏍᏗᏊ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="चेरोकी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AF%DB%95" title="ماددە – सोरानी कुर्दिश" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماددە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="सोरानी कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmota" title="Hmota – चेक" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hmota" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="चेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Йăмлăх (физика) – चूवाश" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йăмлăх (физика)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="चूवाश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater" title="Mater – वेल्श" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mater" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="वेल्श" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stof_(fysik)" title="Stof (fysik) – डेनिश" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stof (fysik)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="डेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie_(Physik)" title="Materie (Physik) – जर्मन" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Materie (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Ύλη – यूनानी" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="यूनानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter – अंग्रेज़ी" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Matter" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="अंग्रेज़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materio" title="Materio – एस्पेरेंतो" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Materio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="एस्पेरेंतो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – स्पेनिश" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="स्पेनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aine_(f%C3%BC%C3%BCsika)" title="Aine (füüsika) – एस्टोनियाई" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aine (füüsika)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="एस्टोनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – बास्क" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="बास्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_(%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ماده (فیزیک) – फ़ारसी" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماده (فیزیک)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="फ़ारसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aine" title="Aine – फ़िनिश" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Aine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="फ़िनिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateeri%C3%A4" title="Mateeriä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mateeriä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mati%C3%A8re" title="Matière – फ़्रेंच" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="फ़्रेंच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matearje" title="Matearje – पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Matearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="पश्चिमी फ़्रिसियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damhna" title="Damhna – आयरिश" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Damhna" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="आयरिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maty%C3%A8r" title="Matyèr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matyèr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – गैलिशियन" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="गैलिशियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27e" title="Mba&#039;e – गुआरानी" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba&#039;e" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="गुआरानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu%CC%8Dt-ch%E1%B9%B3t" title="Vu̍t-chṳt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vu̍t-chṳt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="חומר – हिब्रू" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="हिब्रू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – क्रोएशियाई" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyag_(fizika)" title="Anyag (fizika) – हंगेरियाई" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anyag (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="हंगेरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_(%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1)" title="Մատերիա (ֆիզիկա) – आर्मेनियाई" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մատերիա (ֆիզիկա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="आर्मेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – इंटरलिंगुआ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="इंटरलिंगुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – इंडोनेशियाई" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="इंडोनेशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materio" title="Materio – इडौ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Materio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="इडौ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_(fisica)" title="Materia (fisica) – इतालवी" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Materia (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="इतालवी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – जापानी" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="जापानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" title="Mata – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mata" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/marji" title="marji – लोज्बान" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="marji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="लोज्बान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ri" title="Matèri – जावानीज़" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="जावानीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მატერია – जॉर्जियाई" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მატერია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="जॉर्जियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanga" title="Tanga – कबाइल" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tanga" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="कबाइल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Зат – कज़ाख़" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="कज़ाख़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB" title="រូបធាតុ – खमेर" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបធាតុ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="खमेर" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ – कन्नड़" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರವ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="कन्नड़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88" title="물질 – कोरियाई" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="कोरियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="پَدارتھ – कश्मीरी" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَدارتھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="कश्मीरी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_(k%C3%AEmya)" title="Made (kîmya) – कुर्दिश" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Made (kîmya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="कुर्दिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Материя (физика) – किर्गीज़" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Материя (физика)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="किर्गीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_(physica)" title="Materia (physica) – लैटिन" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Materia (physica)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="लैटिन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabuzimbe" title="Nabuzimbe – गांडा" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Nabuzimbe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="गांडा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateia" title="Mateia – लिगुरियन" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mateia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="लिगुरियन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija_(fizika)" title="Materija (fizika) – लिथुआनियाई" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Materija (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="लिथुआनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C4%93rija" title="Matērija – लातवियाई" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="लातवियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaka" title="Zaka – मालागासी" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="मालागासी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materi" title="Materi – मिनांग्काबाउ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Materi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="मिनांग्काबाउ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Материја – मकदूनियाई" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Материја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="मकदूनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ദ്രവ്യം – मलयालम" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദ്രവ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="मलयालम" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бодис – मंगोलियाई" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бодис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="मंगोलियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – मराठी" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="मराठी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirim" title="Jirim – मलय" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jirim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="मलय" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Matéria – मिरांडी" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matéria" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="मिरांडी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%BC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဒြပ် – बर्मीज़" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒြပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="बर्मीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Аваулемкс – एर्ज़या" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Аваулемкс" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="एर्ज़या" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – निचला जर्मन" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="निचला जर्मन" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – नेपाली" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="नेपाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="पदार्थ – नेवाड़ी" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="नेवाड़ी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – डच" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="डच" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई नॉयनॉर्स्क" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="नॉर्वेजियाई बोकमाल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria – ओसीटान" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matèria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ओसीटान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watana" title="Watana – ओरोमो" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Watana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ओरोमो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5" title="ପଦାର୍ଥ – ओड़िया" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଦାର୍ଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ओड़िया" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5" title="ਪਦਾਰਥ – पंजाबी" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਦਾਰਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="पंजाबी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – पापियामेन्टो" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="पापियामेन्टो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substancja_(fizyka)" title="Substancja (fizyka) – पोलिश" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Substancja (fizyka)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="पोलिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81" title="مادہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مادہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="ماده – पश्तो" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="पश्तो" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ria" title="Matéria – पुर्तगाली" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="पुर्तगाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imayay" title="Imayay – क्वेचुआ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Imayay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="क्वेचुआ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – रोमानियाई" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="रोमानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вещество – रूसी" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вещество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="रूसी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D)" title="द्रव्यम् (भौतविज्ञानम्) – संस्कृत" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्रव्यम् (भौतविज्ञानम्)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="संस्कृत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Материя – याकूत" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Материя" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="याकूत" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiter" title="Maiter – स्कॉट्स" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maiter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="स्कॉट्स" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="مادو – सिंधी" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مادو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="सिंधी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materija" title="Materija – सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Materija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="सेर्बो-क्रोएशियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B6%BA" title="පදාර්ථය – सिंहली" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදාර්ථය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="सिंहली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter" title="Matter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Matter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmota_(fyzika)" title="Hmota (fyzika) – स्लोवाक" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmota (fyzika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवाक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D9%82%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="میٹر تے ایندیاں قسماں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="میٹر تے ایندیاں قسماں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snov" title="Snov – स्लोवेनियाई" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Snov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="स्लोवेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhakatwa" title="Mhakatwa – शोणा" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhakatwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="शोणा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maatar" title="Maatar – सोमाली" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Maatar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="सोमाली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABnda" title="Lënda – अल्बानियाई" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lënda" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="अल्बानियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Материја – सर्बियाई" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Материја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="सर्बियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9ri" title="Matéri – सुंडानी" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="सुंडानी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – स्वीडिश" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="स्वीडिश" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maada" title="Maada – स्वाहिली" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maada" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="स्वाहिली" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பருப்பொருள் – तमिल" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பருப்பொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="तमिल" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పదార్థము – तेलुगू" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పదార్థము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="तेलुगू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Модда (физика) – ताजिक" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модда (физика)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="ताजिक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="สสาร – थाई" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สสาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="थाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – टैगलॉग" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="टैगलॉग" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madde" title="Madde – तुर्की" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Madde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="तुर्की" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaka-Swilo" title="Xiaka-Swilo – सोंगा" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Xiaka-Swilo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="सोंगा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Матерія (фізика) – यूक्रेनियाई" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матерія (фізика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="यूक्रेनियाई" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%81" title="مادہ – उर्दू" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مادہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="उर्दू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materiya" title="Materiya – उज़्बेक" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Materiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="उज़्बेक" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia" title="Materia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Materia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%ADt_ch%E1%BA%A5t" title="Vật chất – वियतनामी" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vật chất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="वियतनामी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materie" title="Materie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Materie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materya" title="Materya – वारै" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Materya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="वारै" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne-ne" title="Ne-ne – वोलोफ़" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ne-ne" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="वोलोफ़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – वू चीनी" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="वू चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מאטריאל – यहूदी" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטריאל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="यहूदी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88l%C3%B2" title="Èlò – योरूबा" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èlò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="योरूबा" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="物质 – चीनी" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="物质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="चीनी" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%CC%8Dt-chit" title="Bu̍t-chit – मिन नान" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bu̍t-chit" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="मिन नान" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="物質 – कैंटोनीज़" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="物質" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="कैंटोनीज़" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTho" title="UTho – ज़ुलू" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UTho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="ज़ुलू" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35758#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="अंतरभाषा कड़ियाँ संपादित करें" class="wbc-editpage">कड़ियाँ संपादित करें</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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<div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="पृष्ठ उपकरण"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="दिखावट"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">दिखावट</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">साइडबार पर जाएँ</button> <button 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title="पदार्थ (भारतीय दर्शन)">पदार्थ (भारतीय दर्शन)</a> देखें।</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:Drop_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Drop_closeup.jpg/220px-Drop_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Drop_closeup.jpg/330px-Drop_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Drop_closeup.jpg/440px-Drop_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="जल">जल</a>: वह पदार्थ जो <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="पृथ्वी">पृथ्वी</a> पर प्राचुर्य में पाया जाता है </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="चिरसम्मत भौतिकी">चिरसम्मत भौतिकी</a> और सामान्य <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="रासायनिकी">रासायनिकी</a> में, <b>पदार्थ</b> कोई भी वस्तु है जिसमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="द्रव्यमान">द्रव्यमान</a> होता है और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="आयतन">आयतन</a> होने के कारण स्थान लेता है।<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcgrawhill_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgrawhill-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> दैनन्दिन जिन वस्तुओंको छुआ जा सकता है, वे अन्ततः परमाणुओं से बनी होती हैं, जो अन्तःक्रियात्मक <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="उपपरमाणविक कण">उपपारमाण्विक कणों</a> से बनी होती हैं, और वैज्ञानिक उपयोग में, "पदार्थ" में साधारणतः परमाणु और उनसे बनी कोई भी वस्तु, और कोई भी कण (या <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80#सम्मिश्र_कण" title="कणों की सूची">संयोजन</a>) जो इस तरह कार्य करते हैं जैसे कि उनके पास द्रव्यमान और आयतन दोनों हैं। यद्यपि इसमें <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="द्रव्यमानरहित कण (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">द्रव्यमानरहित कण</a> जैसे <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8" title="फोटॉन">फोटॉन</a>, या अन्य ऊर्जा परिघटनाएँ या तरंगें जैसे <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6" title="प्रकाश">प्रकाश</a> या <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मा">ऊष्मा</a> शामिल नहीं हैं। पदार्थ विभिन्न <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ">अवस्थाओं</a> में उपस्थित है। इनमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस">ठोस</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="तरल">तरल</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस">गैस</a> जैसे चिरसम्मत अवस्थाएँ शामिल हैं - उदाहरणार्थ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="जल">जल</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE" title="हिम">हिम</a>, तरल <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" class="mw-redirect" title="पानी">पानी</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="वाष्प">वाष्प</a> के रूप में मौजूद है - परन्तु अन्य अवस्थाएँ सम्भव हैं, जिनमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="प्लाज्मा">प्लास्मा</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="बोस-आइंस्टाइन संघनन">बोस-आइंस्टाइन संघनन</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="फर्मीओनिक संघनन (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">फर्मीओनिक संघनन</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="क्वार्क-ग्लूऑन प्लाज्मा">क्वार्क-ग्लूऑन प्लास्मा</a> शामिल हैं। </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="परिभाषा"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.BE"></span>परिभाषा</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: परिभाषा"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>पदार्थ की एक सामान्य या पारम्परिक परिभाषा है "कुछ भी जिसमें <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="द्रव्यमान">द्रव्यमान</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="आयतन">आयतन</a> होता है (स्थान घेरता है)"। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="विशेषताएँ_तथा_गुणधर्म"><span id=".E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.B7.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.81_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE"></span>विशेषताएँ तथा गुणधर्म</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: विशेषताएँ तथा गुणधर्म"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>पदार्थ के कणों की विशेषताएँ निम्नलिखित हैं। </p> <ul><li>पदार्थ कणों से मिलकर बना होता है।</li> <li>पदार्थ के कण अत्यधिक क्षुद्र होते हैं।</li> <li>पदार्थ के कणों के बीच रिक्त स्थान होता है।</li> <li>पदार्थ के कण निरन्तर गतिशील होते हैं।</li> <li>पदार्थ के कण एक दूसरे को आकर्षित करते हैं।</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="भौतिक_तथा_रासायनिक_गुणधर्म"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.8C.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.A8.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.95_.E0.A4.97.E0.A5.81.E0.A4.A3.E0.A4.A7.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AE"></span>भौतिक तथा रासायनिक गुणधर्म</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: भौतिक तथा रासायनिक गुणधर्म"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>प्रत्येक पदार्थ के विशिष्ट या अभिलाक्षणिक गुणधर्म होते हैं। इन धर्मों को दो वर्गों में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है- भौतिक गुणधर्म उदाहरणार्थ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="रंग">रंग</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गन्ध">गन्ध</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="गलनांक">गलनांक</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="क्वथनांक">क्वथनांक</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="घनत्व">घनत्व</a> आदि और रासायनिक गुणधर्म जैसे संगठन, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="ज्वलनशीलता">ज्वलनशीलता</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="अम्ल">अम्ल</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="क्षार">क्षार</a> इत्यादि के साथ अभिक्रियाशीलता। </p><p>भौतिक गुणधर्मो को पदार्थ की पहचान या संगठन को परिवर्तित किए बिना <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8" title="मापन">मापा</a> या देखा जा सकता है। रासायनिक गुणधर्मों को मापने या देखने हेतु रासायनिक परिवर्तन का होना आवश्यक होता है। भौतिक गुणों को मापने हेतु रासायनिक परिवर्तन का होना आवश्यक नहीं होता। विभिन्न पदार्थों की अभिलाक्षणिक अभिक्रियाएँ (जैसे आम्ल्य, क्षार्य, दाह्यता आदि) रासायनिक गुणधर्मों के उदाहरण हैं। रसायनज्ञ भौतिक एवं रासायनिक गुणों के आधार पर पदार्थ के व्यवहार का पूर्वानुमान तथा व्याख्या करते हैं। यह सब सावधानी पूर्वक परीक्षण एवं मापन से निर्धारित होता है। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="पदार्थ_की_अवस्थाएं"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.8F.E0.A4.82"></span>पदार्थ की अवस्थाएं</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: पदार्थ की अवस्थाएं"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>पदार्थ तीन अवस्थाओं- <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="ठोस">ठोस</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5" title="द्रव">द्रव</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8" title="गैस">गैस</a> में पाये जाते हैं। ताप और दाब की दी गई निश्चित परिस्थितियों में, कोई पदार्थ किस अवस्था में रहेगा यह पदार्थ के कणों के मध्य के दो विरोधी कारकों <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="अंतराआण्विक बल">अंतराआण्विक बल</a> और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="ऊष्मीय ऊर्जा">उष्मीय ऊर्जा</a> के सम्मिलित प्रभाव पर निर्भर करता है। अंतराआण्विक बलों की प्रवृत्ति अणुओं (अथवा परमाणुओं अथवा आयनों) को समीप रखने की होती है, जबकि उष्मीय ऊर्जा की प्रवृत्ति उन कणों को तीव्रगामी बनाकर पृथक रखने की होती है।<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>ठोस |पदार्थ की ठोस अवस्था]] </pre> <p>ठोस में, कण बारीकी से भरे होते हैं। ठोस के कणों में आकर्षण बल (Force of attaraction) आधिक होने के कारण इनका निश्चित आकार और आयतन होता है। ठोस के कुछ आम उद्हरण - ex,-, ईट, बॉल, कार, बस आदि। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="द्रव"><span id=".E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.B5"></span>द्रव</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: द्रव"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>द्रव में कणों के मध्य बन्धन ठोस की तुलना में कम होती है अतः कण गतिमान होते हैं। इसका निश्चित आकर नहीं होता मतलब इसे जिस आकार में ढाल दो उसी में ढल जाता है लेकिन इसका आयतन निश्चित होता है। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="गैस"><span id=".E0.A4.97.E0.A5.88.E0.A4.B8"></span>गैस</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: गैस"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>गैस में कणों के मध्य बन्धन ठोस और द्रव की तुलना में कम होती है अतः कण बहुत गतिमान होते हैं। इनका न तो निश्चित आकार (Shape) और न ही निश्चित आयतन (Volume) होता है। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="पदार्थ_की_अवस्था_में_परिवर्तन"><span id=".E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5_.E0.A4.95.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.85.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5.E0.A4.BE_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.B5.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A4.E0.A4.A8"></span>पदार्थ की अवस्था में परिवर्तन</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: पदार्थ की अवस्था में परिवर्तन"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG/220px-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG/330px-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F.PNG 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>पदार्थ की बदलती अवस्थाए</figcaption></figure> <p>पदार्थ तीन भौतिक अवस्था में रह सकते है&#160;:- ठोस अवस्था, द्रव अवस्था और गैस अवस्था। उदाहरण के तौर पर, पानी बर्फ के रूप में ठोस अवस्था में रह सकता है, पानी के रूप में द्रव अवस्था में रह सकता है और भाप के रूप में गैस अवस्था में रह सकता है। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="भारतीय_दर्शन_में_पदार्थ"><span id=".E0.A4.AD.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A4.A4.E0.A5.80.E0.A4.AF_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B6.E0.A4.A8_.E0.A4.AE.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AA.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A5"></span>भारतीय दर्शन में पदार्थ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: भारतीय दर्शन में पदार्थ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>भारत के विभिन्न दर्शनकारों ने पदार्थों की भिन्न-भिन्न संख्या मानी है। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE" title="अक्षपाद गौतम">गौतम</a> ने 16 पदार्थ माने, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="वेदान्त दर्शन">वेदान्तियों</a> ने चित् और अचित् दो पदार्थ माने, <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C" title="रामानुज">रामानुज</a> ने उनमें एक 'ईश्वर' और जोड़ दिया। <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="सांख्य दर्शन">सांख्यदर्शन</a> में 25 तत्त्व हैं और <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="मीमांसा दर्शन">मीमांसकों</a> ने 8 तत्त्व माने हैं। वस्तुतः इन सभी दर्शनों में ‘पदार्थ’ शब्द का प्रयोग किसी एक विशिष्ट अर्थ में नहीं किया गया, प्रत्युत उन सभी विषयों का, जिनका विवेचन उन-उन दर्शनों में है, पदार्थ नाम दे दिया गया। </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="सन्दर्भ"><span id=".E0.A4.B8.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.A6.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.AD"></span>सन्दर्भ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: सन्दर्भ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Penrose-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">R. Penrose (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1LL4IbDKcC&amp;pg=PA21">"The mass of the classical vacuum"</a>. प्रकाशित S. Saunders; H.R. Brown (संपा॰). <i>The Philosophy of Vacuum</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxford_University_Press&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxford University Press (पृष्ठ मौजूद नहीं है)">Oxford University Press</a>. पपृ॰&#160;21–26. <a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%B0%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰">आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A4/978-0-19-824449-3" title="विशेष:पुस्तक स्रोत/978-0-19-824449-3"><bdi>978-0-19-824449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=The+mass+of+the+classical+vacuum&amp;rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Vacuum&amp;rft.pages=21-26&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-824449-3&amp;rft.au=R.+Penrose&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU1LL4IbDKcC%26pg%3DPA21&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fhi.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5547232">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgrawhill-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-mcgrawhill_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite style="font-style:normal">&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=410600&amp;referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fid%3d410600">"Matter (physics)".</a>&#32;<i>McGraw-Hill's Access Science: Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Online</i>।</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">रसायनशास्त्र, भाग-१, (कक्षा १२), एनसीईआरटी, नई दिल्ली, पृष्ठ-२</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="इन्हें_भी_देखें"><span id=".E0.A4.87.E0.A4.A8.E0.A5.8D.E0.A4.B9.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82_.E0.A4.AD.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.A6.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.96.E0.A5.87.E0.A4.82"></span>इन्हें भी देखें</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: इन्हें भी देखें"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ">पदार्थ की अवस्थाएँ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="द्रव्य की अविनाशिता का नियम">पदार्थ की अविनाशिता का नियम</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पदार्थ विज्ञान">पदार्थ विज्ञान</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="पदार्थवाद">पदार्थवाद</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8)" title="पदार्थ (भारतीय दर्शन)">पदार्थ (भारतीय दर्शन)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="बाहरी_कड़ियाँ"><span id=".E0.A4.AC.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.B9.E0.A4.B0.E0.A5.80_.E0.A4.95.E0.A4.A1.E0.A4.BC.E0.A4.BF.E0.A4.AF.E0.A4.BE.E0.A4.81"></span>बाहरी&#160;कड़ियाँ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="अनुभाग सम्पादित करें: बाहरी कड़ियाँ"><span>संपादित करें</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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