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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Recent discoveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%86%DB%8C" title="کئونگ چی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کئونگ چی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zi_Si" title="Zi Si – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zi Si" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%82%AC" title="자사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%A1%D7%94" title="דזה-סה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דזה-סה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Ѕесе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕесе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D" title="子思 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="子思" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisi" title="Zisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%95ng_C%E1%BA%A5p" title="Khổng Cấp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khổng Cấp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D" title="子思 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="子思" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D" title="子思 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="子思" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B" title="孔伋 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孔伋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the disciple of Confucius, see <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Xian" title="Yuan Xian">Yuan Xian</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Zisi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_(%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg/220px-Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg/330px-Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg/440px-Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Kong_Ji_Zisi_%28%E5%AD%94%E4%BC%8B_%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1595" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Zisi depicted in <i>Half Portraits of the Great Sage and Virtuous Men of Old</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">至聖先賢半身像</span></span>) – housed in the National Palace Museum in Taipei</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Kong Ji</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 481 BCE</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 402 BCE</span> (aged 78-79)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a>, Lu</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Courtesy name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:子">子</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%80%9D" class="extiw" title="wikt:思">思</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zǐsī</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zǐsī</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄗˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄙ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Tzŭ<sup>3</sup>-ssŭ<sup>1</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Džsz̄</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tsɹ̩̀.sɹ̩́]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstructions_of_Old_Chinese#Baxter–Sagart_(2014)" title="Reconstructions of Old Chinese">Baxter–Sagart (2014)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Old Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="och-Latn">*<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]əʔ<span class="wrap"> </span>[s]ə</span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Personal name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:孔">孔</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:伋">伋</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kǒng Jí</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kǒng Jí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄎㄨㄥˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄐㄧˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Kʻung<sup>3</sup> Chi<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kǔng Jí</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[kʰʊ̀ŋ tɕǐ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG/220px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG/330px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG/440px-Kong_Lin_-_Tomb_of_Kong_Ji_-_P1060060.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Kong Ji in the <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_of_Confucius" title="Cemetery of Confucius">Cemetery of Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qufu" title="Qufu">Qufu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Zisi</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 481</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 402 BCE</span>), born <b>Kong Ji</b>, was a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese philosopher">Chinese philosopher</a> and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intellectual_genealogy,_teaching,_criticism"><span id="Intellectual_genealogy.2C_teaching.2C_criticism"></span>Intellectual genealogy, teaching, criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Intellectual genealogy, teaching, criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zisi was the son of <a href="/wiki/Kong_Li" title="Kong Li">Kong Li</a> (孔鯉) (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%B2%A4" class="extiw" title="zh:孔鲤">Boyu</a> (伯鱼)) and the only grandson of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>. He is traditionally accredited with transmitting Confucian teaching to <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and writing the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_Mean" title="Doctrine of the Mean">Doctrine of the Mean</a></i>, <i>Biaoji</i> 表記, "<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites#Contents" title="Book of Rites">Ziyi</a>" (The Black Robes") 緇衣, and "Fangji" (The Record of the Dikes) 坊記, presently chapters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Liji" class="mw-redirect" title="Liji">Liji</a></i>. (Since Zisi's dates of life do not overlap with those of Mengzi, it has been suggested that the intermediary role in the transmission was played by Shi Shuo 世碩.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Where his grandfather began to distinguish between true and supposed knowledge, Zisi proceeded upon <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditations</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativity</a> in human knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a>. He attempted to analyse as many types of action as possible, and believed that wise people who are conscious of their moral and intellectual duties can copy the <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a> of the universe into themselves. </p><p>On par with Mencius, Zisi is attacked by <a href="/wiki/Xun_Kuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Xun Kuang">Xunzi</a> in his famous "Against Twelve Masters" chapter. The target of Xunzi's attack is the <a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(text)" title="Wuxing (text)">Wuxing</a> teaching. According to <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Binglin" title="Zhang Binglin">Zhang Binglin</a> (1868-1936), Zisi attempted combining Confucian teaching with the principles of numerology. <a href="/wiki/Li_Xueqin" title="Li Xueqin">Li Xueqin</a> suggests that it was done under influence of the text presently constituting the "Great Plan" (Hongfan) chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shangshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangshu">Shangshu</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extant version of the book of the same name is ascribed to Zisi. It was compiled by Wang Zhuo (汪晫 Wāng Zhuó) of the Song dynasty, but not recognized as authentic. The more reliable edition was made by <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E4%BB%A5%E5%91%A8" class="extiw" title="zh:黃以周">Huang Yizhou</a> (1828-1899), drawing the references from <a href="/wiki/Shen_Yue" title="Shen Yue">Shen Yue</a> (441-513). According to Huang Yizhou, some aspects of Zisi's thinking are paralleled by the <i><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_discoveries">Recent discoveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recent discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(text)" title="Wuxing (text)">Wuxing (text)</a>, a recent archeological discovery providing new insight into Zisi's teaching.</li> <li><i>Duke Mu of Lu Asks Zisi</i> 《魯穆公問子思》, a <a href="/wiki/Guodian_Chu_Slips" title="Guodian Chu Slips">Guodian</a> text relating about the concept of the "loyal minister" 忠臣 through the dialogue between Zisi and the young <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E7%A9%86%E5%85%AC" class="extiw" title="zh:魯穆公">Duke Mu</a> (d. 377 BCE).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zengzi" title="Zengzi">Zengzi</a>, the purported author of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Learning" title="Great Learning">Great Learning</a>. The <i>Great Learning</i> and Zisi's <i>Doctrine of the Mean</i>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics" title="Four Books and Five Classics">Four Books</a>, constituted the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian orthodoxy">Confucian orthodoxy</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmesHall2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Ames" title="Roger T. Ames">Ames, Roger T.</a>; Hall, David L. (2001). <i>Focusing the Familiar: A Translation and Philosophical Interpretation of the Zhongyong</i>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824824600" title="Special:BookSources/9780824824600"><bdi>9780824824600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focusing+the+Familiar%3A+A+Translation+and+Philosophical+Interpretation+of+the+Zhongyong&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824824600&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rft.au=Hall%2C+David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZisi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">曹峰, 思孟學派的建構與解構 ——評梁濤《郭店竹簡與思孟學派》.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213043828/http://www.bamboosilk.org/admin3/2010/caofeng004.htm">"思孟学派的建构与解构——评梁涛《郭店竹简与思孟学派》"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamboosilk.org/admin3/2010/caofeng004.htm">the original</a> on December 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%80%9D%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%8E%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%84%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E8%AF%84%E6%A2%81%E6%B6%9B%E3%80%8A%E9%83%AD%E5%BA%97%E7%AB%B9%E7%AE%80%E4%B8%8E%E6%80%9D%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bamboosilk.org%2Fadmin3%2F2010%2Fcaofeng004.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZisi" class="Z3988"></span>, n.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Li_Xueqin" title="Li Xueqin">Li Xueqin</a>, 帛书《五行》与《尚书·洪范》.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamboosilk.org/admin3/2010/caofeng004.htm">曹峰, 思孟學派的建構與解構 ——評梁濤《郭店竹簡與思孟學派》</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213043828/http://www.bamboosilk.org/admin3/2010/caofeng004.htm">Archived</a> December 13, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pan, Fuen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929095925/http://203.72.198.245/web/Content.asp?ID=58218&Query=1">"Zisi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China" title="Encyclopedia of China">Encyclopedia of China</a></i> (Philosophy Edition), 1st ed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zisi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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