CINXE.COM

Just a moment...

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "www.carbonbrief.org",cType: 'managed',cRay: '917c8b85386c5e3d',cH: '5iOrQ7PFMTh6c0_VOSp9UQjHQ3JsLY9t5GXEatTrNsw-1740537360-1.2.1.1-uuXQNIyEyDTed4P9RCOkgoBMIwYr_WQz.s_4yhFPPBQcPPvXnG1EaDKEkhqFFpDF',cUPMDTk: "\/cookies\/?__cf_chl_tk=DywKcFpAoGvGtaILNbfH_Y31zOeiSdvnBcF96GZVLDk-1740537360-1.0.1.1-Ubv571wj66wVi4xYjIIbvPvAeakO9P4UgkHAhcvACmw",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740537360',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/cookies\/?__cf_chl_f_tk=DywKcFpAoGvGtaILNbfH_Y31zOeiSdvnBcF96GZVLDk-1740537360-1.0.1.1-Ubv571wj66wVi4xYjIIbvPvAeakO9P4UgkHAhcvACmw",md: "_hbG26U0mQKE5WxjHPfTRreFqPUuz21RuLDle_MEOYo-1740537360-1.2.1.1-xTCrny9XQ4LQFEWGKMNH0nn1zKn_0DOoKX1NLhJ4GmHtP8MhM3aIpHwOpNZ1xSVijXeMFygX6zgTPiQqekTUjriWSS6TRKKHNj4mr4DOiF.972_nl6JInlA9SV1j5GKGVMLvSnVlAeEFtijH7Wq4eHYQVtJHEzFrk9fH.004V9BiHG2CyCUpoFbpHG9_ioXyog0VSkgANr0Sr7K95OIokG2zCo0OSWBOSdyPIE1FoJgyOM2VNoEo.9HieaQEkLIp8kwSH179IaFk7maZgj3bmBM407UDVeEVNIxIcv3MK98j70cwsbJ3XrqdBnln7JB7xvnIDFBhXV7AYgTHxKogc7z2.LiszQ3GL0OKRVws46yiD0H5nZBPQO_FDgQinnkCqDRzNuG0tYtuBTV7im1ej8gOTxfHhjUK4jDP6d4Nyqesuk2v_WZVxUv2KTos.k_jjivHbD2msCjZ2bz8LdkNKbYYednNGazq40dk7ZCY9yHUMh2LRDNwdIVRan4S8yPBtJqZHMdpPczYP4qe.aYIlQnllzlAoKqcHxaWxUVaCmF7BvnuWsKAfxJTJ.IZhRRfW8hoYlQpLpcJlqMFNK2aka_kjDc_aH7eYq7_4nMjNlMYNJSKeAd7sNIPkZ69Z08VVkGc8v0lw6EtOxnDXR9CMaAtNXRiNzetf_waSbMaguuxTUqzqq9fyzZkS.UNxX6_ftcBZ.lW_23hZlNVIZEHJmbpo60_.kt5embvne.Q69tXVqLc3j5boA8fCISj9jqHc_urEBiWs8GlzVHU1OOxyDik9hldAZbCmCRYLlrxdxBjyY0U7nePyk8bGnJR4IxFrCYi5MLekNbcWTzM3j_ceKaKehHfWPMYC0Wj9PYGLNuVlV7cO9pmQcyEG1YSQJmmG4OIJRi0T4cK5owYqJkD7VfZQVbaQODXsRe9138qMcz0cmzYpyvBHsXS65hjQufoMUa11ZVQemknxW6SnyoMDxejBePbRib_8DcHjtxCdLMB50W3EgyPauBXvIytQBvvio_.1TdcxO5ejQwsuWwIY24iqRt5IYzwOfg15asIcUB8hrftV45nPsdBDtA5_UTBxag8P9VSWExMbv_Np2MWrT_pS8FfkwzbjASpSv.gT3i9hRhDibUzcipZeujI1D2j7X8LZrsAzJ_Xy.xXmtT56RNT4Jh2Rzum5qMrhkaKkGB9fwp1N6HvV.bPXk2vo5Mt.OCK86TcSvATyH1rRYhaHvCYOFAsQPBc5IRyzJWL8LIvayjRzWM82tO8J7XFfSnoIh.3iUhrrueComdxtje23xtNkHLa97.7.Z6opLlLxfK8cp_P1vARAZhUtDEXFWxOpfSx8WtDTiRNAeSK3Z48D5xLh0FqCK8cYsYwrhaRlPKX7M5FnodggY4PZfzF.Sc4.KgJQxZR_pPVoteuLl6FmE__P4DuzcQelL3..T_8mYcZw1D8RrYWyTuNUXYg2TJG8LjdTfLi76pU2L5fUo4AZ4omQS4.YU28EOLyo_qF6OID2c7MM_HuSiaFPJJLl.Xff_wS00Yocoqlgx0_mnai55SGPLLdc4cmiqYutXA9Bin5C_VnNprJ2Or9O5VgcJGE3ZO.oKltw.Th7d1tjR.oWQV6Z.MDYdUXhV7KAvbIgGw7W9V3sP.QRio50QHmtlYuRWAohrpjw_EFghdo4D082bTzhj8DOL_4lelMsGHsYOf4UjbheyKstQwK8ZRYlML4zBEQDtFvTS_ldBTkAgfwZPpqwyiP2lakcySdG34O2vEO5oLlQ4S0i_xbHCvRRSoiQEOtFnFh_0q2f2qhUZ3xVMnvQYfbk1lSv5Q49l3kHBLVKbUqypJ.yqzPyiKQ1G0c9APrJEt9q5896cSG0UkaFax6Paz_S_lrVa4xy46Kyj9p8aQWiog_bIqDa8BK2bq8ylA2Tl0Lvv28QWxoMTKeUwfVhcUAxdXOIoIlF0s.XHXV1DyQN3dRz3m.GgrI2lK_XD0jsk5Y7C7hDecPHWeMIFyrn2LxnruTykzWthpih8IZhGjvccxTQ5vqAV28A25fNM8hagpY_md2ZGbFVbbTrW_z7coobL8qsvTIkaxrBdWKwVXies7Gdh5uc9MeUNBdHm9o_IJPsTjp0JVFgx5juP2xxUo1i686LgZOR.t6OPScNXrafw1QPlj.uIJDNwjTVa5w1y7nWBoigqYm0jxGXO6Vw6i3qr66RGNP4r3ACpw5bgdEhmaYyAxvysQZfs2wRcTbFL75yOem.Nnxf.pBcccAhc3aAolLs7co1e_qzhDHeYoNI7YpltvgEi5Bk7UddD3H_PzkQmMcRnOWc51_4ymb6MbOjfS0mIv4xusVupRLAeyMvno1q6asuuadzv89nOaVdnLDSE6tujcl4BS5OQoAO7wtRrvSNTz3JuA9pBOIXUOZxuDQXCCf.cMcWB8isa_JBaklgk9bAHK0ONCkJQ2ZopSHpxmt0oraQmYrP29fmORFGM0I8CQV4a1Z6R9IsS43Pgb5QmQrXKqRPvk0STWQqhdGlt_mt439x5Xa.8RZFzB9ppxODWr6YyRX8oSt",mdrd: ".0UzIhn4C0KBOpv6FpuWU.9uhvRffXUjDGDcKoSPbG8-1740537360-1.2.1.1-3zOVDgjqBZdmO2CWxz6oOoRKk714meB7StYSmjIoZk08S5V0Q258KvANwlhb3Fykk2tIwLvWZfG5_mAGQu74M3mDHFDl8g382.gX4NERluhzA2DViuIdCghaRQnVvFeZAUn24taHjCG8S5sacnrNrhmoy7W6Jg7SpEnP4Kim6GzvEks1z6FBxj7hIboweedbWHoSfiLW6nHw8uruLZYrLA1wszanvj7AjtJ5R4NLScvxDqj6YZ2vkwr6eAVT5yA4AXzH4g7xKF5ynfMZvxeaE4a.pNDzCmWpGKoj3bGEoV_yKxHGm2kRSjpL2MLjUHveHRVX.YjaID4hci0YZrkpmpEZg76Uda81oNORSwEneEwitkBkGc0uOTBg.EcBSPjt7Epi4Y2A2if_wi1oehhR_qmfsbAJUwUvGg8r2D0c.MgMryudAXr5bzle0eGKLfry74P9RWynMBmQ1WWzVbI2AtM4lZl5eqFIOZJka4OVxvwcl11jD9J8ZnOYlkEKSTN5LYNBhFPHdShn6_bXSnvJTowLy22RMS7XrYG6RwNKRBOiQ5sTvzravSWZ1N8AW66rUWVW6nc4XaLgahWGmhTEdjKqAvI_a6hCxP99Wrb6aeIwi5Sm6pJsA0H14r5KEqsLq22AonbgqH4Upts08CIxcetxqeVcNzAZIlv3G1aZKzmE67ixQCYzLwsy.GJmYtlIt11rYyBUEy7SDCK8WirjWgTZvJW3x3bbYFagbL6qlLJZbyQ3edz0NNKAqeOdFasu3dDcEG4ltCfYVyJ6iUm7lFNkgkSm1ZuzxMp32XR46FYdwRmiMRMbMMjsIVUSZtoa0fzK76A9w8_d7ySCyLk8uHWLk7G8uJAWBmCjk9lPONsZzIGlGXMjiNgeHG..07oVPNjScPfkDwdcqCA4G7yQEJ5qeoY12zR9j0zoL7bFAASPuL5Ka.p21PfF3CAiQZ4obkZgui4cyF_a1jO9xjQfi.h_iVNU3GOkdilw9WCzGJUuf.hp7e6P9YafReEfTw_O4zgNHA5DaooCSMoxdWwCxJ2OG2vCBQ687HJzvt8PbZxOehbPMw5I.6mvT2qPZUgDmE0vftMSs5TQoWpzWB3RPqV5T9NyfKMh7qb8Ccgb7E7bYzsKao3Jy_ohCM.BIWefgd.N4037k67uJbF77RNI.6b9.QOgQtQ.xO7G_4d.YqjDW8Lqe0sVenmuRJsXlrO6oAKmQAKxZ3jr3CvQaZEMwsSHGp.5k..dUNuCwv4iecc6EDqhEoenfMqYTESnDX80YY8OCrWwzLWrH7BM20trKt9p_k.kg828n8MpWxm3W1yFyVHUXV.6uQwFNsNLEwadB_qDFWONLxv1dbRadTpXYBK.60WeCAy5iHVzzu44D5S7KFJO01I5JuFjNW4Khc7EC4LwR4ysyn.rzqP_Ne2..PhFS272YlQ6LwNMefB.WkMCLt_koewmmqXOL4mtIMfViPnrt2CcXsVA0Gu8MotzIVuPa38OkeF_AMOKaGcO9aKS7VrM.7JYPuiuGEu5Sd_VFquTxpCbSx2S9Jh1AgC2mdejGuAHxG_6R8Jb.ms5935Vm6kNL0YBZECXHkrzRcgij9LTdHjVR_kaYgIPbtxu6byHwit33Xfykd2CpRSP2QDW8Ial5DUVDS7HhjbL1qyt3D_wBCVtXe6yByuNMRfUB8qL0c9qcE1jeq3CHly5XGzj5tXjjCmr0wacmSpvu93uakZaCwcM_vRRF_zyPALBRwCE.oMIQ4gM.caRfarcw5KfKto3sUCDp0sES4wBCIsfpgYRTqBHs4bjieqLmyfP_vQ2SptRfzXTXM6IiKYmbUJ5HbW85Mcp7NWbltDeSd5uvPq4wjdnWz1NAN4aF4jUa9chaztUvIa_bA7vFV3SLlMIAnPwn9qIOynz_i5T3rVFhDOHaf8L1Z1ZpopGI0GoY9foEeKfqvIlnAbNvYKm9lt1_DvVyzLlN0UrgNIPUH76w53cNac7Q4fjKefoWIIb7yw1wBzYBSgjmfNwWwxIwB8eiD9r11r5xgpcYWh7xrE8w8AbsLYe6mmDUGFxOu4nVk2aAX4ryPGD1iGHYzIkeAggJm_mFS2R7WEn3L9eUeidFE0xFROEJDRTWbFcFmBm8SI17JIDYGSUfCSEkJu06onwc3hrc3uGJerN_abxw7L137je9YIZGdIgMn.PHhoOrzXi06IBuhLx5RgZH4eWjH.WaBq8j3N4.L7mufj2s6rec26gpvIioVlFKSluzxNZt_NvEbR7TMVVzHAdJQjGMA_Z14ilIgUAtRdkO._8ckOvVSuL0BXnlHMuKqREl64ykCer42v2g43ik8bGDFdq6Do9FLoEovBM.S.5ix3oTtjB"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=917c8b85386c5e3d';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/cookies\/?__cf_chl_rt_tk=DywKcFpAoGvGtaILNbfH_Y31zOeiSdvnBcF96GZVLDk-1740537360-1.0.1.1-Ubv571wj66wVi4xYjIIbvPvAeakO9P4UgkHAhcvACmw" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>