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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Obsah" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tort</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 38 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliktereg" title="Deliktereg – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Deliktereg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%B1%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="الضرر في القانون – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الضرر في القانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="টর্ট – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টর্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort_(acci%C3%B3_incorrecta)" title="Tort (acció incorrecta) – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tort (acció incorrecta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstatningsret" title="Erstatningsret – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Erstatningsret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliktsrecht_(Deutschland)" title="Deliktsrecht (Deutschland) – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deliktsrecht (Deutschland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αδικοπραξία – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αδικοπραξία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85" title="شبه‌جرم – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahingonkorvausoikeus" title="Vahingonkorvausoikeus – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vahingonkorvausoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsabilit%C3%A9_d%C3%A9lictuelle_en_common_law" title="Responsabilité délictuelle en common law – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Responsabilité délictuelle en common law" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="דיני נזיקין – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיני נזיקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अपकृत्य – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपकृत्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perbuatan_melawan_hukum" title="Perbuatan melawan hukum – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perbuatan melawan hukum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danno_ingiusto" title="Danno ingiusto – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Danno ingiusto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA" title="不法行為 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="不法行為" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಪಕೃತ್ಯ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಪಕೃತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EB%B2%95%ED%96%89%EC%9C%84" title="불법행위 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불법행위" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikt%C5%B3_teis%C4%97" title="Deliktų teisė – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deliktų teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अपकृत्य – nepálština" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अपकृत्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstatningsrett" title="Erstatningsrett – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Erstatningsrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F" title="ਟੋਰਟ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਟੋਰਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delikt" title="Delikt – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Delikt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ответственность за причинение вреда – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ответственность за причинение вреда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD" title="තෝරත – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝරත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ers%C3%A4ttningsr%C3%A4tt" title="Ersättningsrätt – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ersättningsrätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="பொல்லாக்கு – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொல்லாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Шабеҳи ҷурм – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шабеҳи ҷурм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamiminsalang_sinadya" title="Pamiminsalang sinadya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamiminsalang sinadya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haks%C4%B1z_fiil" title="Haksız fiil – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Haksız fiil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tort" title="Tort – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tort" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E6%9D%83%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA" title="侵权行为 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="侵权行为" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhim-kho%C3%A2n_h%C3%AAng-%C3%BBi" title="Chhim-khoân hêng-ûi – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhim-khoân hêng-ûi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q158970#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:Tort&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/A_Treatise_on_the_Law_of_Torts.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="300" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Thomas M. Cooley: Pojednání o právu tortů (A Treatise on the Law of Torts)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tort</b> (z lat. <i>tortum</i>, <i>pokřivený</i>, <i>zkroucený</i>) je termín <a href="/wiki/Angloamerick%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Angloamerické právo">angloamerického práva</a>, který lze přeložit jako <i>spáchané bezpráví</i> nebo <i>křivda</i>, podobně jako termín <i>wrong</i>. Obvykle se však používá v užším významu pro tzv. civilní křivdy (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">civil wrong</span></i>), která nevyplývají z porušení smlouvy a nezahrnuje trestné činy. </p><p>Toho, kdo má za čin odpovědnost (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">liability</span></i>), tedy <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ajma" title="Újma">škůdce</a> neboli <i>pachatele tortu</i> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">tortfeasor</span></i>), lze žalovat v <a href="/wiki/Civiln%C3%AD_proces" title="Civilní proces">civilním procesu</a> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">action in tort</span></i>). </p><p>Torty tvoří jedno ze základních <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A1vn%C3%AD_odv%C4%9Btv%C3%AD" title="Právní odvětví">odvětví</a> angloamerického práva, <i>law of torts</i>, které se zabývá převážně nápravou (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">remedy</span></i>), nahrazením <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ajma" title="Újma">škody</a> způsobené torty. </p><p>Historicky se toto odvětví v Anglii zformovalo okolo roku 1860,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a to pro případy nepřímého zavinění a <a href="/wiki/Nedbalost" title="Nedbalost">nedbalosti</a> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">negligence</span></i>), kde chyběl zlý úmysl (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="latinsky">lat.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="la" title="latina">mens rea</span></i>); dnes do něj patří i některé vymezené případy striktní právní <a href="/wiki/Odpov%C4%9Bdnost" title="Odpovědnost">odpovědnosti</a> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">strict liability</span></i>). V centru tedy stojí koncept zavinění (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">fault</span></i>) – někdo má <i>povinnost starat se</i> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">duty of care</span></i>) v širokém smyslu slova (například řídit auto opatrně, vyrábět výrobky, které nejsou nebezpečné) a jejím porušením způsobí škodu. Soud obvykle rozhoduje na základě toho, co se dalo nebo nedalo rozumně předpokládat. </p><p>Kromě způsobení škody z nedbalosti patří mezi torty i třeba <a href="/wiki/Pomluva" title="Pomluva">pomluva</a> nebo <a href="/wiki/Libel_(pr%C3%A1vo)" title="Libel (právo)">urážka na cti</a>, rušení pořádku, ale i v záměrné činy jako je napadení, použití násilí a nezákonné uvěznění; důležitá je celá řada opatření na <a href="/wiki/Ochrana_spot%C5%99ebitele" title="Ochrana spotřebitele">ochranu spotřebitele</a> (tzv. odpovědnost za výrobky, <span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">product liability</span></i>) a zaměstnanců. </p><p>I když jsou torty zaměřeny na nedbalost a rozhodnutí soudu proto obecně řečeno nemají mít odstrašující účinek, někdy soud nejen odškodní hmotnou, fyzickou, či jinou újmu, ale může také stanovit exemplární pokuty (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">exemplary damages</span></i>). </p><p>Zvláštní a rozsáhlou kapitolou je <i>odpovědnost za jiného</i> (<span class="zkratkajazyka" title="anglicky">angl.</span> <i><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina"> vicarious liability</span></i>), často zaměstnavatele za své zaměstnance. (Soud například rozhodne, že odškodné zaplatí firma zaměstnávající řidiče, který někoho zranil, i když je to jinak dobrý řidič, takže firma nehodu rozumně předvídat nemohla a vůbec žádné své zodpovědnosti nezanedbala.) </p><p>Některé jednání může být jak tortem, tak porušením smlouvy – to například když řidič nedbale řídí a nabourá, poruší tím smlouvu o tom, že vás bezpečně doveze do cíle, a zároveň spáchá tort. Za řízení v opilosti zase bude pachatel potrestán, protože jde o trestný čin, ale náhradu škody, kterou způsobil, lze požadovat tortovou žalobou. </p><p>V mnoha případech nakonec odškodné zaplatí <a href="/wiki/Poji%C5%A1%C5%A5ovna" title="Pojišťovna">pojišťovna</a> na základě <a href="/wiki/Poji%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_odpov%C4%9Bdnosti_za_%C5%A1kodu" title="Pojištění odpovědnosti za škodu">pojištění odpovědnosti za škodu</a>. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Kontinent%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_evropsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Kontinentální evropské právo">kontinentálním právu</a> angloamerickému tortu zhruba odpovídá <a href="/wiki/Delikt" title="Delikt">občanský delikt</a>. Zvlášť v souvislostí s tlakem na synchronizaci evropského práva Evropskou unií se slova <i>delikt</i> a <i>tort</i> někdy používají jako vzájemný překlad.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">POTASCH, Peter. <i>Teoreticko-praktické rozmery deliktuálneho práva alebo vnímanie priestupkov v niektorých krajinách Európy</i> [online]. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epi.sk/Main/Default.aspx?Template=~/Main/TArticles.ascx&phContent=~/EDL/ShowArticle.ascx&ArticleID=37049">Dostupné online</a>. (slovensky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Teoreticko-praktick%C3%A9+rozmery+deliktu%C3%A1lneho+pr%C3%A1va+alebo+vn%C3%ADmanie+priestupkov+v+niektor%C3%BDch+krajin%C3%A1ch+Eur%C3%B3py&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epi.sk%2FMain%2FDefault.aspx%3FTemplate%3D~%2FMain%2FTArticles.ascx%26phContent%3D~%2FEDL%2FShowArticle.ascx%26ArticleID%3D37049&rft.aulast=Potasch&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2012"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Viz např. <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Rohan-2009">ROHAN, Jiří. <i>Evropské deliktní právo</i>. Brno, 2009. diplomová práce. <a href="/wiki/Filozofick%C3%A1_fakulta_Masarykovy_univerzity" title="Filozofická fakulta Masarykovy univerzity">FF MU</a>. Vedoucí práce Jiří Valdhans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://is.muni.cz/th/163031/pravf_m/">Dostupné online.</a> </cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tort&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">RAYMOND, Wacks. <i>Law: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawveryshortintr0000wack">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-0-19-921496-9" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-0-19-921496-9"><span class="ISBN">978-0-19-921496-9</span></a></span>. (angl.)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&rft.btitle=Law%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawveryshortintr0000wack&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921496-9&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Wacks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">MARTIN, Elizabeth A. <i>A Dictionary of Law</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0-19-860756-3" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0-19-860756-3"><span class="ISBN">0-19-860756-3</span></a></span>. 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