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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Social activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_early_Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_early_Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence on early Pentecostalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_early_Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandita Ramabai</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%88" title="পণ্ডিতা ৰমাবাঈ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পণ্ডিতা ৰমাবাঈ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%88" title="পণ্ডিতা রমাবাঈ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পণ্ডিতা রমাবাঈ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramabai_Medhavi" title="Ramabai Medhavi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ramabai Medhavi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramabai_Dongre_Medhavi" title="Ramabai Dongre Medhavi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ramabai Dongre Medhavi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramabai_Medhavi" title="Ramabai Medhavi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ramabai Medhavi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%88" title="પંડિતા રમાબાઈ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંડિતા રમાબાઈ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EB%94%94%ED%83%80_%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4" title="판디타 라마바이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판디타 라마바이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="पंडिता रमाबाई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंडिता रमाबाई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಂಡಿತಾ ರಮಾಬಾಯಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಡಿತಾ ರಮಾಬಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="პანდიტა რამაბაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანდიტა რამაბაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Пандита Рамабай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пандита Рамабай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C4%81b%C4%81%C4%AB" title="Ramābāī – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ramābāī" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D" title="പണ്ഡിത രമാബായ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പണ്ഡിത രമാബായ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80" title="रमा बिपिन मेधावी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रमा बिपिन मेधावी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%89" title="پانديتا راماباى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="پانديتا راماباى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਪੰਡਿਤ ਰਮਾਬਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਡਿਤ ਰਮਾਬਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پنڈتا رما بائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنڈتا رما بائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="पण्डिता रमाबाई – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पण्डिता रमाबाई" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱚᱸᱰᱤᱛᱟ ᱨᱚᱢᱟᱵᱟᱭᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pandita Ramabai" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="ரமாபாய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரமாபாய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF" title="పండిత రమాబాయి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పండిత రమాబాయి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಂಡಿತ ರಮಾಬಾಯಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಂಡಿತ ರಮಾಬಾಯಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%88%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پنڈتا رما بائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian feminist historian and social reformer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pandita Ramabai</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/220px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/330px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg/440px-Pandita_Ramabai_Sarasvati_1858-1922_front-page-portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1545" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rama Dongre</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-04-23</span>)</span>23 April 1858<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, British India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">5 April 1922<span style="display:none">(1922-04-05)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Kedgaon,_Pune_district" title="Kedgaon, Pune district">Kedgaon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a>, British India</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Social reformer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1885–1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization(s)</th><td class="infobox-data org">Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, Kedgaon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Ministry among destitute and orphan girls</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The High Caste Hindu Woman</i> (1887)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Bipin Behari Medhvi</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1880; died 1882)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati</b> (23 April 1858 – 5 April 1922) was an Indian social reformer and Christian missionary. She was the first woman to be awarded the titles of <i><a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandita</a></i> as a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar and <i><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a></i> after being examined by the faculty of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the ten women delegates of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Congress</a> session of 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her stay in England in early 1880s she converted to Christianity. After that she toured extensively in the United States to collect funds for destitute Indian women. With the funds raised she started Sharada Sadan for child widows. In the late 1890s, she founded Mukti Mission, a Christian charity at <a href="/wiki/Kedgaon,_Pune_district" title="Kedgaon, Pune district">Kedgaon</a> village, forty miles east of the city of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-(Pandita)Ramabai2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(Pandita)Ramabai2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feldhaus1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldhaus1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was later named Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was born as Ramabai<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dongre on 23 April 1858 into a Marathi-speaking <a href="/wiki/Chitpavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitpavan">Chitpavan</a> Brahmin family.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, Anant Shastri Dongre, a Sanskrit scholar, taught her Sanskrit at home. Dongre's extraordinary piety led him to travel extensively across India with his family in tow. Her mother, Lakshmi was married to much older Anant Shastri at the age of nine. Anant Shastri was in favour of female education and started teaching Sanskrit to Lakshmi. This was in stark contrast to the prevalent customs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramabai gained exposure to public speaking by participating in the family's public recitation of the Purana at pilgrimage sites around India, which is how they earned a meager living.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakshmi became so adept at Sanskrit that she also would even teach young boys, but this was opposed severely by the orthodox Brahmins. These were the circumstances that compelled Anant Shastri to move with his family to a rather desolate place.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orphaned at the age of 16 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Famine of 1876–78">Great Famine of 1876–78</a>, Ramabai and her brother Srinivas continued the family tradition of traveling the country reciting Sanskrit scriptures. Ramabai was comfortable in addressing all genders but women in those times would not come out in public spaces. Sometimes, she would go inside the female quarters to convince the women to get educated. Ramabai's fame as a woman adept in Sanskrit reached <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, where the pandits invited her to speak.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A British officer, W. W. Hunter, was acquainted with her through news of her address in an Indian newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her address in the senate hall of Calcutta University was well-received and won her great acclaim. In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta University">Calcutta University</a> conferred on her the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati in recognition of her knowledge of various Sanskrit works.<sup id="cite_ref-icwhp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icwhp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was her first exposure to the Bengali gentry and Christianity. Rama and Shrinivas were meeting a number of Sanskrit scholars but she was quite astonished to attend a meeting of Christians. She admitred to being impressed by the Christian mode of worshipping.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theistic reformer <a href="/wiki/Keshab_Chandra_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshab Chandra Sen">Keshab Chandra Sen</a> gave her a copy of the Vedas, the most sacred of all Hindu literature, and encouraged her to read them. This was the time Ramabai encountered new influences and began to question her old beliefs. </p><p>She met Bipin Chandra Madhvi at the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_District" title="Sylhet District">Sylhet District</a> school who was part of the committee organised to welcome her.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Srinivas in 1880, Ramabai married Bipin Behari Medhvi, a Bengali lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groom was a Bengali <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a>, and so the marriage was inter-caste and inter-regional and therefore considered inappropriate for that age. They were married in a civil ceremony on 13 November 1880. The couple had a daughter on 16 April 1881 whom they named Manorama (english translation:heart's joy).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around this time Ramabai wrote a poem on the deplorable condition of Sanskrit and sent it to the forthcoming Oriental Congress to be held in Berlin. Its transalation was read with her introduction and deep appreciation by Indologist <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, Bipin Bihari Medhvi succumbed to cholera on 4 February 1882. This was a time that Rama recalls that due to her unorthodox ways, no one thought of her except her cousin Anandibai but in her depression, she could not respond to her kind offer of support.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Medhvi's death, Ramabai, who was only 23, moved to Pune and founded Arya Mahila Samaj (Arya Women's Society). Influenced by the ideals of Jesus Christ, the <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a>, and Hindu reformers, the purpose of the society was to promote the cause of women's education and deliverance from the oppression of child marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_activism">Social activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Social activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When in 1882 the <a href="/wiki/William_Wilson_Hunter" title="William Wilson Hunter">Hunter Commission</a> was appointed by the colonial Government of India to look into education, Ramabai gave evidence before it. In an address before the Hunter Commission, she declared, "In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the educated men of this country are opposed to female education and the proper position of women. If they observe the slightest fault, they magnify the grain of mustard-seed into a mountain, and try to ruin the character of a woman." She suggested that teachers be trained and women school inspectors be appointed. Further, she said that as the situation in India was that women's conditions were such that women could only medically treat them, Indian women should be admitted to medical colleges. Ramabai's evidence created a great sensation and reached <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. It bore fruit later in starting of the Women's Medical Movement by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood,_1st_Marquess_of_Dufferin_and_Ava" title="Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava">Lord Dufferin</a>. In Maharashtra, Ramabai made contact with Christian organizations also involved in women's education and medical missionary work, in particular a community of Anglican nuns, the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="Community of St Mary the Virgin">Community of St. Mary the Virgin</a> (CSMV).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With earnings from the sale of her first book, <i>Stri Dharma Niti</i> ("Morals for Women", 1882) and contacts with the CSMV, Ramabai went to Britain in 1883 to start medical training; she was rejected from medical programs because of progressive deafness.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her stay she converted to Christianity. Among the reasons Ramabai gave for her conversion was her growing disillusionment with orthodox Hinduism and particularly what she saw as its ill regard of women. In an autobiographical account of her conversion written years later, Ramabai wrote that there were, "only two things on which all those books, the Dharma Shastras, the sacred epics, the Puranas and modern poets, the popular preachers of the present day and orthodox high-caste men, were agreed, that women of high and low caste, as a class were bad, very bad, worse than demons, as unholy as untruth; and that they could not get Moksha. as men."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ramabai had a contentious relationship with her Anglican "mentors" in England, particularly Sister Geraldine, and asserted her independence in a variety of ways: she maintained her vegetarian diet, rejected aspects of Anglican doctrine that she regarded as irrational, including the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and questioned whether the crucifix she was asked to wear had to have a Latin inscription instead of the Sanskrit inscription she wished for.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1886, she traveled from Britain to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> at the invitation of Dr. Rachel Bodley, Dean of the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania, to attend the graduation of her relative<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first female Indian doctor, <a href="/wiki/Anandibai_Joshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandibai Joshi">Anandibai Joshi</a>, staying for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time she also translated textbooks and gave lectures throughout the United States and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also published one of her most important books, <i>The High-Caste Hindu Woman</i>. Her first book written in English, Ramabai dedicated it to her cousin, Dr. Joshi. <i>The High-Caste Hindu Woman</i> showed the darkest aspects of the life of Hindu women, including child brides and child widows, and sought to expose the oppression of women in Hindu-dominated British India. Through speaking engagements and the development of a wide network of supporters, Ramabai raised the equivalent of 60,000 rupees to launch a school in India for the child widows whose difficult lives her book exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While giving presentations in the U.S. to seek support for her work in India, Ramabai met American <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a> and Women's rights activist, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a> in July 1887. Willard invited Ramabai to speak at the national <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a> convention in November 1887 where she gained the support of this large women's organization. She returned to India in June 1888 as a National Lecturer for the WCTU. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Greenleaf_Clement_Leavitt" title="Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt">Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt</a>, the first World Missionary of the WCTU, was already there when Ramabai returned, but they did not meet. Ramabai worked however with the WCTU of India once it was officially organized in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>in 1889, she returned to India, and founded a school for child widows in Pune called Sharada Sadan, which had the support of many Hindu reformers, including <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">M.G. Ranade</a>. Although Ramabai did not engage in overt evangelism, she did not hide her Christian faith either, and when several students converted to Christianity, she lost the backing of Pune's Hindu reform circles. She moved the school 60 kilometers east to the much quieter village of Kedgaon, and changed its name to the Mukti Mission. In 1896, during a severe famine, Ramabai toured the villages of Maharashtra with a caravan of bullock carts and rescued thousands of outcast children, child widows, orphans, and other destitute women and brought them to the shelter of the Mukti Mission. By 1900 there were 1,500 residents and over a hundred cattle in the Mukti mission. A learned woman knowing seven languages, she also translated the Bible into her mother tongue—Marathi—from the original Hebrew and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission is still active today, providing housing, education, vocational training, etc. for many needy groups including widows, orphans, and the blind.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_early_Pentecostalism">Influence on early Pentecostalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influence on early Pentecostalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars of Pentecostalism have begun to explore the possibility that rather than having originated in a singular event at the famous <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Church</a> in Los Angeles in 1906, the origins of <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> can be traced to religious revivals around the world, which were interpreted by participants as signs of a new era in Christian history. The extraordinary psycho-physical states that accompanied the emotionally intense revivals took different shape in different places. Minnie Abrams, Ramabai's American assistant and a veteran missionary with close associations with the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>, reported that in June 1905, ten months before the <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street revival</a>, a matron came upon a dormitory of girls weeping, praying, and confessing their sins. Then, one girl testified that she had been startled from sleep by the sensation of being bathed in fire.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Michael Bergunder has argued, the Mukti Mission was part of a network of Protestant missionary institutions that by the early twentieth century spanned the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This network was constituted by a vast system of newsletters, pamphlets, books and other kinds of print media, along with conferences that brought missionaries into conversation with each other, and travel that took missionaries and supporters from one mission station to the next. Thus, news about the "holy fire" at the Mukti Mission, along with revivals happening with apparent simultaneity around the world led many to believe a global "outpouring of the Holy Spirit" was underway. Many missionaries came personally to Kedgaon to visit and volunteer, in response to the news of the outbreak of the Holy Spirit among the students.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandita_Ramabai,_Manoramabai,_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg/220px-Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg/330px-Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg/440px-Pandita_Ramabai%2C_Manoramabai%2C_and_European_workers_and_friends.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Pandita Ramabai, Manorama, European and American Missionary supporters</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many ways, Pandita Ramabai's family life departed from the norms expected of women in her day. Her childhood was full of hardships and she lost her parents early. Her marriage to Bipin Bihari Medhvi crossed caste lines. Moreover, when her husband died after just two years of marriage, she was left a widow. Under ordinary circumstances, such a tragedy put nineteenth-century Indian women in a vulnerable condition, dependent upon their deceased husband's family for support. Pandita Ramabai, however, persevered as an independent woman, and a single mother to Manorama Bai. She ensured that Manorama Bai was educated, both in <a href="/wiki/Wantage" title="Wantage">Wantage</a> by the sisters of the CSMV, and later at Bombay University, where Manorama earned her BA. After going to the United States for higher studies, she returned to India where she worked side-by-side with Ramabai. Serving first as Principal of Sharada Sadan, she also assisted her mother in establishing Christian High School at Gulbarga (now in Karnataka), a backward district of south India, during 1912. In 1920 Ramabai's health began to flag and she designated her daughter as the one who would take over the ministry of Mukti Mission. However, Manorama died in 1921. Her death was a shock to Ramabai. Nine months later, on 5 April 1922, Ramabai herself died from septic bronchitis, at age 63.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Pandita_Ramabai_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Ramabai on a 1989 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>"Pandita" and "Sarasvati" at Bengal (before going to Britain), recognizing her skills in Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-WHN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisar-i-Hind_Medal" title="Kaisar-i-Hind Medal"><i>Kaisari-i-Hind</i> Medal</a> for community service in 1919, awarded by the British Colonial Government of India.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>She is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(observance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemoration (observance)">commemoration</a> on 30 April.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 26 October 1989, in recognition of her contribution to the advancement of Indian women, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">Kartini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources state Rama</span> </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Aisha (14 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html">"Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overlooked+No+More%3A+Pandita+Ramabai%2C+Indian+Scholar%2C+Feminist+and+Educator&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Aisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fpandita-ramabai-overlooked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://womenshistorynetwork.org/womens-history-month-pandita-ramabai/">"Women's History Month: Pandita Ramabai"</a>. <i>Women's History Network</i>. 11 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Network&rft.atitle=Women%27s+History+Month%3A+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistorynetwork.org%2Fwomens-history-month-pandita-ramabai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollanoor" class="citation journal cs1">Kollanoor, Greger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4481937">"Indian Christianity and National Movements"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indian+Christianity+and+National+Movements&rft.aulast=Kollanoor&rft.aufirst=Greger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4481937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181207235117/https://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/">"Short Biography of Ramabai"</a>. 25 May 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/">the original</a> on 7 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+Biography+of+Ramabai&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.importantindia.com%2F15397%2Fshort-biography-of-pandita-ramabai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(Pandita)Ramabai2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-(Pandita)Ramabai2003_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamabai_Sarasvati_(Pandita)Pandita_Ramabai2003" class="citation book cs1">Ramabai Sarasvati (Pandita); Pandita Ramabai (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJGKf0efsRMC&pg=PP1"><i>Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889)</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-21571-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-21571-4"><bdi>0-253-21571-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandita+Ramabai%27s+American+Encounter%3A+The+Peoples+of+the+United+States+%281889%29&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-253-21571-4&rft.au=Ramabai+Sarasvati+%28Pandita%29&rft.au=Pandita+Ramabai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJGKf0efsRMC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feldhaus1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feldhaus1998_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne_Feldhaus1998" class="citation book cs1">Anne Feldhaus (29 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&pg=PA192"><i>Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3660-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3660-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-3660-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Women+in+Maharashtrian+Society&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1998-01-29&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3660-8&rft.au=Anne+Feldhaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0FobxiflfVQC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation news cs1">Khan, Aisha (14 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyti.ms/2DnDI6P">"Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overlooked+No+More%3A+Pandita+Ramabai%2C+Indian+Scholar%2C+Feminist+and+Educator&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Aisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyti.ms%2F2DnDI6P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSujata2023" class="citation book cs1">Sujata (2023). <i>Vikal Vidrohini Pandita Ramabai</i> (1st ed.). New Delhi: Rajkamal. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-19028-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-19028-04-7"><bdi>978-81-19028-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikal+Vidrohini+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=11-12&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rajkamal&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-81-19028-04-7&rft.au=Sujata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosambi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Kosambi, Meera (24–31 October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059">"Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: The Case of Pandita Ramabai"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>27</b> (43/44): WS-62. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059">4399059</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Indian+Response+to+Christianity%2C+Church+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Case+of+Pandita+Ramabai&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=43%2F44&rft.pages=WS-62&rft.date=1992-10-24%2F1992-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4399059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kosambi&rft.aufirst=Meera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4399059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Pandita-Ramabai-Life-and-landmark-writings/Kosambi/p/book/9781138488588">"Pandita Ramabai: Life and landmark writings"</a>. <i>Routledge & CRC Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge+%26+CRC+Press&rft.atitle=Pandita+Ramabai%3A+Life+and+landmark+writings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FPandita-Ramabai-Life-and-landmark-writings%2FKosambi%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138488588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>My Story</i> by Pandita Ramabai. Pub: Christian Institute for Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icwhp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icwhp_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icwhp.org/cameo-pandita-ramabai-story.html">"Intl' Christian Women's History Project & Hall of Fame"</a>. Icwhp.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intl%27+Christian+Women%27s+History+Project+%26+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=Icwhp.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icwhp.org%2Fcameo-pandita-ramabai-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarasvati_(Pandita)1946" class="citation book cs1">Sarasvati (Pandita), Ramabai (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmLGQAAACAAJ"><i>A Testimony: The Life Story of Pandita Ramabai, Founder of the Mukti Mission to the Child-widows and Orphans of India, Kedgaon, Poona District</i></a>. Franklin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Testimony%3A+The+Life+Story+of+Pandita+Ramabai%2C+Founder+of+the+Mukti+Mission+to+the+Child-widows+and+Orphans+of+India%2C+Kedgaon%2C+Poona+District&rft.pub=Franklin+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Sarasvati+%28Pandita%29&rft.aufirst=Ramabai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmLGQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta1970" class="citation book cs1">Sengupta, Padmini (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9IAQAAIAAJ"><i>Pandita Ramabai Saraswati: Her Life and Work</i></a>. Asia Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-210-22611-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-210-22611-7"><bdi>978-0-210-22611-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandita+Ramabai+Saraswati%3A+Her+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-210-22611-7&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Padmini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTD9IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosambi2016" class="citation book cs1">Kosambi, Meera (2016). <i>Pandita Ramabai: Life and Landmark Writings</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138962453" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138962453"><bdi>978-1138962453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandita+Ramabai%3A+Life+and+Landmark+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1138962453&rft.aulast=Kosambi&rft.aufirst=Meera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/ramabai/woman/woman.html">"The High-Caste Hindu Woman"</a>. <i>digital.library.upenn.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digital.library.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=The+High-Caste+Hindu+Woman.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Framabai%2Fwoman%2Fwoman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Radical+spirits+patwardhan">"Radical spirits patwardhan – Google Search"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Radical+spirits+patwardhan+%E2%80%93+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3DRadical%2Bspirits%2Bpatwardhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosambi, Meera. “Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai.” <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i> 27, no. 43/44 (1992): WS61–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html">"Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 14 November 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overlooked+No+More%3A+Pandita+Ramabai%2C+Indian+Scholar%2C+Feminist+and+Educator&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F11%2F14%2Fobituaries%2Fpandita-ramabai-overlooked.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kosambi, M., 1988. Women, emancipation and equality: Pandita Ramabai's contribution to women's cause. Economic and political weekly, pp.WS38-WS49.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4393987">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamabai1977" class="citation book cs1">Ramabai, Pandita (1977) [1907]. <i>A Testimony</i>. Kedgaon: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramabai_Mukti_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramabai Mukti Mission (page does not exist)">Ramabai Mukti Mission</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Testimony&rft.place=Kedgaon&rft.pub=Ramabai+Mukti+Mission&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Ramabai&rft.aufirst=Pandita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViswanathan1998" class="citation book cs1">Viswanathan, Gowri (1998). <i>Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691058993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691058993"><bdi>978-0691058993</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outside+the+Fold%3A+Conversion%2C+Modernity%2C+and+Belief&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0691058993&rft.aulast=Viswanathan&rft.aufirst=Gowri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2021" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Eliza (2021). "Gender and the Social Boundaries between 'Hindus' and 'Christians'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Bauman, Chad M (ed.). <i>The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 250–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781003139843" title="Special:BookSources/9781003139843"><bdi>9781003139843</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+and+the+Social+Boundaries+between+%27Hindus%27+and+%27Christians%27&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Hindu-Christian+Relations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=250-251&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781003139843&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Eliza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayawardena1995" class="citation book cs1">Jayawardena, Kumari (1995). <i>The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-91104-7"><bdi>978-0-415-91104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+white+woman%27s+other+burden%3A+Western+women+and+South+Asia+during+British+colonial+rule&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-91104-7&rft.aulast=Jayawardena&rft.aufirst=Kumari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1977" class="citation book cs1">Shah, A.B. (1977). <i>The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai. Compiled by Sister Geraldine</i>. Bombay: Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture. pp. xxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+and+Correspondence+of+Pandita+Ramabai.+Compiled+by+Sister+Geraldine&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=xxi&rft.pub=Maharashtra+State+Board+for+Literature+and+Culture&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne, Lori (2017). Waldschmidt-Nelson, Britta; Schuler, Anja (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legacy.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_13/129.pdf">"The World Woman's Christian Temperance Union: An Early Transnational Women's Organization and its Work in India, 1883–1900"</a> [Forging Bonds Across Borders: Transatlantic Collaborations for Women's Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington, Supplement</i>. <b>13</b>: 129–142<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+German+Historical+Institute+Washington%2C+Supplement&rft.atitle=The+World+Woman%27s+Christian+Temperance+Union%3A+An+Early+Transnational+Women%27s+Organization+and+its+Work+in+India%2C+1883%E2%80%931900&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=129-142&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegacy.ghi-dc.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FGHI_Washington%2FPublications%2FSupplements%2FSupplement_13%2F129.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, R.B., 2008. The Biblical Theological Contribution of Pandita Ramabai: A Neglected Pioneer Indian Christian Feminist Theologian. Ex Auditu-Volume 23: An International Journal for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture, 23, p.111.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zU77DwAAQBAJ&dq=ramabai+bible+greek+marathi&pg=PA111">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracevalley.org/teaching/2010/Untold_Tale_Revival_Pandita_Ramabai.html">"Untold Tale of Revival: Pandita Ramabai | Grace Valley Christian Center"</a>. Gracevalley.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Untold+Tale+of+Revival%3A+Pandita+Ramabai+%26%23124%3B+Grace+Valley+Christian+Center&rft.pub=Gracevalley.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracevalley.org%2Fteaching%2F2010%2FUntold_Tale_Revival_Pandita_Ramabai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1999" class="citation journal cs1">McGee, Gary B. (1999). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Latter Rain" Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues". <i>Church History</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 648–665. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170042">10.2307/3170042</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170042">3170042</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162798722">162798722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=%22Latter+Rain%22+Falling+in+the+East%3A+Early-Twentieth-Century+Pentecostalism+in+India+and+the+Debate+over+Speaking+in+Tongues&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=648-665&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162798722%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170042&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Gary+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergunder2008" class="citation book cs1">Bergunder, Michael (2008). <i>The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century</i>. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+Indian+Pentecostal+Movement+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bergunder&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Panditha Ramabai Sarasvathi</i> – Book in Kannada (1962) Pub by Christ Sahitya Sangha, Bangalore</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butler (1922), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panditaramabais00butlgoog/page/n98">p. 83</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx">"Indian Postage Stamps 1947–2000"</a>. Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Postage+Stamps+1947%E2%80%932000&rft.pub=Department+of+Posts%2C+Ministry+of+Communications%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpostagestamps.gov.in%2FStamps_List.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Pandita Ramabai</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=50029736&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=50029736">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=50029736&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Pandita Ramabai</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=50029736&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=50029736">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=50029736&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Burton" title="Antoinette Burton">Burton, Antoinette</a>. "Colonial encounters in late-Victorian England: Pandita Ramabai at Cheltenham and Wantage 1883–6." <i>Feminist Review</i> 49.1 (1995): 29–49.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler,_Clementina1922" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Clementina (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/panditaramabaisa00butluoft#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati: Pioneer in the movement for the education of the child-widow of India</i></a>. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pandita+Ramabai+Sarasvati%3A+Pioneer+in+the+movement+for+the+education+of+the+child-widow+of+India&rft.pub=Fleming+H.+Revell+Company%2C+New+York&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Butler%2C+Clementina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fpanditaramabaisa00butluoft%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APandita+Ramabai" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Case, Jay Riley. <i>An Unpredictable Gospel</i> (Oxford University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Chakravarti, Uma. <i>Rewriting history: The life and times of Pandita Ramabai</i> (Zubaan, 2014).</li> <li>Dyer, Helen S. <i>Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life</i> (1900) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panditaramabais00dyergoog">online</a></li> <li>Khatua, Suchismito. "A Classroom of One's Own: Ramabai, Reform, and the 19th Century Woman Question," <i>Women's Voices : Representation And Resistance</i> (Anirban Bhattacharjee & Suranjana Choudhury eds., New Delhi and Kolkata: Worldview Publications, 2023).</li> <li>Kosambi, Meera. "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai." <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i> (1992): WS61-WS71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2015_50/11/indian_response_to_christianity_church_and_colonialism.pdf">online</a></li> <li>White, Keith J. "Insights into child theology through the life and work of Pandita Ramabai." <i>Transformation</i> (2007): 95–102. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43052697">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ramabai, Pandita. <i>Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States</i> (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJGKf0efsRMC&dq=%22Pandita+Ramabai%22&pg=PP1">online</a></li> <li>Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita. <i>The High-Caste Hindu woman</i> (1888) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highcastehinduw00saragoog/page/n11">online</a></li> <li>Kosambi, Meera, ed. <i>Pandita Ramabai through her own words: Selected works</i> (Oxford University Press, 2000).</li> <li>Shah, A.B., ed.; Sister Geraldine, ed. <i>The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai</i> (Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1977)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandita_Ramabai&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pandita_Ramabai" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624004608/http://www.jeevanmarg.com/testimonies/pandita-ramabai-founder-of-mukti-mission/">Life Testimony of Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/pandita-ramabai">Pandita Ramabai materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305200017/http://www.knoxpcea.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72%3Athe-story-of-ramabai&catid=40%3Achurch-history&Itemid=93%2F">The Story of Ramabai</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mukti-mission.org/mukti/History.htm">A Short History of Mukti Mission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021141312/http://mukti-mission.org/mukti/History.htm">Archived</a> 21 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64n0f2w">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. 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O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of 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