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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinu%C3%AFtat_de_Gutenberg" title="Discontinuïtat de Gutenberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Discontinuïtat de Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenbergova_diskontinuita" title="Gutenbergova diskontinuita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gutenbergova diskontinuita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kern-Mantel-Grenze" title="Kern-Mantel-Grenze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kern-Mantel-Grenze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADmite_n%C3%BAcleo-manto" title="Límite núcleo-manto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Límite núcleo-manto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%93%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87" title="مرز هسته–گوشته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرز هسته–گوشته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuit%C3%A9_de_Gutenberg" title="Discontinuité de Gutenberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Discontinuité de Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descontinuidade_de_Gutenberg" title="Descontinuidade de Gutenberg – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Descontinuidade de Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%ED%85%90%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EB%B6%88%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D%EB%A9%B4" title="구텐베르크 불연속면 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구텐베르크 불연속면" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskontinuitas_Gutenberg" title="Diskontinuitas Gutenberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diskontinuitas Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discontinuit%C3%A0_di_Gutenberg" title="Discontinuità di Gutenberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Discontinuità di Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%98-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92" title="תחום אי-רציפות וייכרט-גוטנברג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחום אי-רציפות וייכרט-גוטנברג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiechert-Gutenbergdiscontinu%C3%AFteit" title="Wiechert-Gutenbergdiscontinuïteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiechert-Gutenbergdiscontinuïteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%A3%E7%B6%9A%E9%9D%A2" title="グーテンベルク不連続面 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グーテンベルク不連続面" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieci%C4%85g%C5%82o%C5%9B%C4%87_Gutenberga" title="Nieciągłość Gutenberga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nieciągłość Gutenberga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descontinuidade_de_Gutenberg" title="Descontinuidade de Gutenberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Descontinuidade de Gutenberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Граница Гутенберга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Граница Гутенберга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenbergova_diskontinuita" title="Gutenbergova diskontinuita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gutenbergova diskontinuita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenbergova_nezveznost" title="Gutenbergova nezveznost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gutenbergova nezveznost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiechert-Gutenberg_s%C3%BCreksizli%C4%9Fi" title="Wiechert-Gutenberg süreksizliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wiechert-Gutenberg süreksizliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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planet's mantle meets the outer layer of the core</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slice_earth.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Slice_earth.svg/220px-Slice_earth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Slice_earth.svg/330px-Slice_earth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Slice_earth.svg/440px-Slice_earth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Schematic view of the interior of Earth. <div><ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd8714; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b8d2fe; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81ff7a; color:black;"> </span> upper <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2dcf20; color:black;"> </span> lower mantle</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f4a828; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">outer core</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f72b2e; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">inner core</a></div></li></ol></div><div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovicic_discontinuity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohorovicic discontinuity">Mohorovicic discontinuity</a></li><li><b>core–mantle boundary</b></li><li>outer core–inner core boundary</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>core–mantle boundary</b> (<b>CMB</b>) of Earth lies between the planet's <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a> and its liquid <a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93nickel_alloy" title="Iron–nickel alloy">iron–nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">outer core</a>, at a depth of 2,891 km (1,796 mi) below Earth's surface. The boundary is observed via the discontinuity in <a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">seismic wave</a> velocities at that depth due to the differences between the <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_impedance" title="Acoustic impedance">acoustic impedances</a> of the solid mantle and the molten outer core. <a href="/wiki/P-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="P-wave">P-wave</a> velocities are much slower in the outer core than in the deep mantle while <a href="/wiki/S-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="S-wave">S-waves</a> do not exist at all in the liquid portion of the core. Recent evidence suggests a distinct boundary layer directly above the CMB possibly made of a novel phase of the basic <a href="/wiki/Silicate_perovskite" title="Silicate perovskite">perovskite</a> mineralogy of the deep mantle named <a href="/wiki/Post-perovskite" title="Post-perovskite">post-perovskite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seismic_tomography" title="Seismic tomography">Seismic tomography</a> studies have shown significant irregularities within the boundary zone and appear to be dominated by the African and Pacific <a href="/wiki/Large_low-shear-velocity_provinces" title="Large low-shear-velocity provinces">Large low-shear-velocity provinces</a> (LLSVP).<sup id="cite_ref-LLSVP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LLSVP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The uppermost section of the outer core is thought to be about 500–1,800 K hotter than the overlying mantle, creating a thermal boundary layer.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boundary is thought to harbor topography, much like Earth's surface, that is supported by solid-state convection within the overlying mantle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Variations in the thermal properties of the CMB may affect how the outer core's iron-rich fluids flow, which are ultimately responsible for <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D″_region"><span id="D.E2.80.B3_region"></span>D″ region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: D″ region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An approximately 200 km thick layer of the lower mantle directly above the CMB is referred to as the <i>D″ region</i> ("D double-prime" or "D prime prime") and is sometimes included in discussions regarding the core–mantle boundary zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Peltier_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peltier-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The D″ name originates from geophysicist <a href="/wiki/Keith_Edward_Bullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keith Edward Bullen">Keith Bullen</a>'s designations for the Earth's layers. His system was to label each layer alphabetically, A through G, with the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">crust</a> as 'A' and the inner <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth#Core" title="Internal structure of Earth">core</a> as 'G'. In his 1942 publication of his model, the entire lower mantle was the D layer. In 1949, Bullen found his 'D' layer to actually be two different layers. The upper part of the D layer, about 1,800 km thick, was renamed D′ (D prime) and the lower part (the bottom 200 km) was named D″.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later it was found that D" is non-spherical.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Czechowski found that inhomogeneities in D" form structures analogous to continents (i.e. core-continents). They move in time and determine some properties of <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantle_convection" title="Mantle convection">mantle convection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later research supported this hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismic_discontinuity">Seismic discontinuity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seismic discontinuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A seismic discontinuity occurs within Earth's interior at a depth of about 2,900 km (1,800 mi) below the surface, where there is an abrupt change in the speed of seismic waves (generated by earthquakes or explosions) that travel through Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this depth, primary seismic waves (P waves) decrease in velocity while secondary seismic waves (S waves) disappear completely. S waves shear material and cannot transmit through liquids, so it is thought that the unit above the discontinuity is solid, while the unit below is in a liquid or molten form. </p><p>The discontinuity was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Beno_Gutenberg" title="Beno Gutenberg">Beno Gutenberg</a>, a seismologist who made several important contributions to the study and understanding of the Earth's interior. The CMB has also been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_discontinuity" title="Gutenberg discontinuity">Gutenberg discontinuity</a>, the Oldham-Gutenberg discontinuity, or the Wiechert-Gutenberg discontinuity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In modern times, however, the term <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%93asthenosphere_boundary" title="Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary">Gutenberg discontinuity or the "G"</a> is most commonly used in reference to a decrease in seismic velocity with depth that is sometimes observed at about 100 km below the Earth's oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_differentiation" title="Core–mantle differentiation">Core–mantle differentiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_low_velocity_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra low velocity zone">Ultra low velocity zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LLSVP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LLSVP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLekic,_V.Cottaar,_S.Dziewonski,_A.Romanowicz,_B.2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lekic, V.; Cottaar, S.; Dziewonski, A. & Romanowicz, B. (2012). "Cluster analysis of global lower mantle". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. 357–358 (1–3): 68–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012E&PSL.357...68L">2012E&PSL.357...68L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.09.014">10.1016/j.epsl.2012.09.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Cluster+analysis+of+global+lower+mantle&rft.volume=357-358&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=68-77&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2012.09.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012E%26PSL.357...68L&rft.au=Lekic%2C+V.&rft.au=Cottaar%2C+S.&rft.au=Dziewonski%2C+A.&rft.au=Romanowicz%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayHernlundBuffett2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lay, Thorne; Hernlund, John; Buffett, Bruce A. (2008). "Core–mantle boundary heat flow". <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Geoscience" title="Nature Geoscience">Nature Geoscience</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 25–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NatGe...1...25L">2008NatGe...1...25L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fngeo.2007.44">10.1038/ngeo.2007.44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-0894">1752-0894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Geoscience&rft.atitle=Core%E2%80%93mantle+boundary+heat+flow&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-32&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1752-0894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fngeo.2007.44&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008NatGe...1...25L&rft.aulast=Lay&rft.aufirst=Thorne&rft.au=Hernlund%2C+John&rft.au=Buffett%2C+Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peltier-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peltier_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWR_Peltier2007" class="citation book cs1">WR Peltier (2007). "Mantle Dynamics and the D" Layer: Impacts of the Post Perovskite Phase". In Kei Hirose; John Brodholt; Thome Lay; David Yuen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca/~peltier/pubs_books/W.R.%20Peltier,%20Mantle%20Dynamics%20and%20the%20D%20doubleprime%20Layer.Implications%20of%20the%20Post-perovskite%20Phase,%20AGU%20Geodynamics%20Series%20Monograph,%20AGU%20Books,%20pages%20217-227,%202007.pdf"><i>Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Geophysical_Union" title="American Geophysical Union">American Geophysical Union</a>. pp. 217–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-439-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87590-439-9"><bdi>978-0-87590-439-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mantle+Dynamics+and+the+D%22+Layer%3A+Impacts+of+the+Post+Perovskite+Phase&rft.btitle=Post-Perovskite%3A+The+Last+Mantle+Phase+Transition&rft.pages=217-227&rft.pub=American+Geophysical+Union&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87590-439-9&rft.au=WR+Peltier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca%2F~peltier%2Fpubs_books%2FW.R.%2520Peltier%2C%2520Mantle%2520Dynamics%2520and%2520the%2520D%2520doubleprime%2520Layer.Implications%2520of%2520the%2520Post-perovskite%2520Phase%2C%2520AGU%2520Geodynamics%2520Series%2520Monograph%2C%2520AGU%2520Books%2C%2520pages%2520217-227%2C%25202007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bullen K., Compressibility-pressure hypothesis and the Earth’s interior. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Geophysical Supplements, 5, 355–368., 1949 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Creager, K.C. and Jordan, T.H. (1986). Asperical structure of the core-mantle boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett. 13, 1497-1500</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Czechowski L. (1993) Geodesy and Physics of the Earth pp 392-395, The Origin of Hotspots and The D” Layer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Torsvik, Trond H.; Smethurst, Mark A.; Burke, Kevin; Steinberger, Bernhard (2006). "Large igneous provinces generated from the margins of the large low-velocity provinces in the deep mantle". Geophysical Journal International. 167 (3): 1447–1460. Bibcode:2006GeoJI.167.1447T. doi:10.1111/j.1365-</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewonskiAnderson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dziewonski, Adam M.; Anderson, Don L. (1981-06-01). "Preliminary reference Earth model". <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_the_Earth_and_Planetary_Interiors" title="Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors">Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 297–356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981PEPI...25..297D">1981PEPI...25..297D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7">10.1016/0031-9201(81)90046-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9201">0031-9201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+the+Earth+and+Planetary+Interiors&rft.atitle=Preliminary+reference+Earth+model&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-356&rft.date=1981-06-01&rft.issn=0031-9201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0031-9201%2881%2990046-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981PEPI...25..297D&rft.aulast=Dziewonski&rft.aufirst=Adam+M.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Don+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmerr2012" class="citation journal cs1">Schmerr, N. (2012-03-22). "The Gutenberg Discontinuity: Melt at the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary". <i>Science</i>. <b>335</b> (6075): 1480–1483. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...335.1480S">2012Sci...335.1480S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1215433">10.1126/science.1215433</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22442480">22442480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206538202">206538202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Gutenberg+Discontinuity%3A+Melt+at+the+Lithosphere-Asthenosphere+Boundary&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=6075&rft.pages=1480-1483&rft.date=2012-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206538202%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Sci...335.1480S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1215433&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22442480&rft.aulast=Schmerr&rft.aufirst=N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unisci.com/stories/20014/1130014.htm">Earth's Core–Mantle Boundary Has Core-Rigidity Zone</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAudrey_Slesinger2001" class="citation cs2">Audrey Slesinger (January 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geotimes.org/jan01/earthsinterior.html">"Earth's interior: Redefining the Core–Mantle Boundary"</a>, <i>Geotimes</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Geological_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Geological Institute">The American Geological Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geotimes&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+interior%3A+Redefining+the+Core%E2%80%93Mantle+Boundary&rft.date=2001-01&rft.au=Audrey+Slesinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geotimes.org%2Fjan01%2Fearthsinterior.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACore%E2%80%93mantle+boundary" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050705074959/http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/679-1.html">Mineral phase change at the boundary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seismo.berkeley.edu/annual_report/ar01_02/node37.html">Superplumes at the boundary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060213053142/http://seismo.berkeley.edu/annual_report/ar01_02/node37.html">Archived</a> 2006-02-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geology.about.com/library/weekly/aa021300a.htm">About.com article on the name of D″</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006223111/http://geology.about.com/library/weekly/aa021300a.htm">Archived</a> 2008-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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mantle)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Core–mantle boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_core#Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">Inner-core boundary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_discontinuity" title="Conrad discontinuity">Conrad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%93asthenosphere_boundary" title="Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary">Gutenberg (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann_discontinuity" title="Lehmann discontinuity">Lehmann (upper mantle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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