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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natural physical features</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Natural_physical_features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Natural physical features subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Natural_physical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gorges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gorges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_and_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_and_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Navigation and channels</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_and_Roman_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistoric and Roman era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_and_Roman_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ada_Kaleh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ada_Kaleh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ada Kaleh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ada_Kaleh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century's_Hungarian_initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century's_Hungarian_initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>19th century's Hungarian initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century's_Hungarian_initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references_to_the_Iron_Gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references_to_the_Iron_Gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural references to the Iron Gates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references_to_the_Iron_Gates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references to the Iron Gates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references_to_the_Iron_Gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iron Gates</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99mirqap%C4%B1_(Dunay)" title="Dəmirqapı (Dunay) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dəmirqapı (Dunay)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Тимер ҡапҡалар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тимер ҡапҡалар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Жалезныя Вароты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезныя Вароты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Жалезная брама – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезная брама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Железни врата – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Железни врата" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portes_de_Ferro" title="Portes de Ferro – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portes de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDelezn%C3%A1_vrata" title="Železná vrata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Železná vrata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernporten" title="Jernporten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jernporten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisernes_Tor" title="Eisernes Tor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisernes Tor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudv%C3%A4rav" title="Raudvärav – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raudvärav" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82_(%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Σιδηρές Πύλες (Δούναβης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιδηρές Πύλες (Δούναβης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puertas_de_Hierro" title="Puertas de Hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Puertas de Hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fera_Pordo" title="Fera Pordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fera Pordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burdinazko_Ateak" title="Burdinazko Ateak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burdinazko Ateak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="گردنه جرداپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گردنه جرداپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portes_de_Fer_(Danube)" title="Portes de Fer (Danube) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portes de Fer (Danube)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izeren_Poarte" title="Izeren Poarte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Izeren Poarte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EB%AC%B8_(%EB%8B%A4%EB%89%B4%EB%B8%8C%EA%B0%95)" title="철문 (다뉴브강) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철문 (다뉴브강)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկաթե դարպասներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթե դարպասներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90erdapska_klisura" title="Đerdapska klisura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Đerdapska klisura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porte_di_ferro" title="Porte di ferro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Porte di ferro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="שערי הברזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שערי הברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რკინის ჭიშკარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინის ჭიშკარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzelzs_v%C4%81rti" title="Dzelzs vārti – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzelzs vārti" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gele%C5%BEiniai_Vartai" title="Geležiniai Vartai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geležiniai Vartai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaskapu-szoros" title="Vaskapu-szoros – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vaskapu-szoros" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%83%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ѓердапска Клисура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѓердапска Клисура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzeren_Poort" title="IJzeren Poort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzeren Poort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E9%96%80_(%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A6%E5%B7%9D)" title="鉄門 (ドナウ川) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄門 (ドナウ川)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernporten" title="Jernporten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernporten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernporten" title="Jernporten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jernporten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temir_darvozalar" title="Temir darvozalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Temir darvozalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazna_Brama" title="Żelazna Brama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazna Brama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portas_de_Ferro" title="Portas de Ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portas de Ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iron_Gates&params=44_40_16_N_22_31_47_E_region:RO-MH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°40′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">22°31′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.67111°N 22.52972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.67111; 22.52972</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gorge on the river Danube between Serbia and Romania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Danube gorge. For the pass in the Bibans mountains in Algeria, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_(Algeria)" title="Iron Gates (Algeria)">Iron Gates (Algeria)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Iron Gates (disambiguation)">Iron Gates (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG/260px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG/390px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG/520px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Iron Gates of the Danube</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IronGates_Locator_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IronGates_Locator_map.png/220px-IronGates_Locator_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IronGates_Locator_map.png/330px-IronGates_Locator_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/IronGates_Locator_map.png/440px-IronGates_Locator_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1029" /></a><figcaption>Location of the Iron Gates</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Iron Gates</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Железни врата</span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Porțile de Fier</i>; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: <span lang="sr"><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Ђердапска клисура</span></span> / <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Đerdapska klisura</i></span> or <span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Гвоздена капија</span></span> / <span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Gvozdena kapija</i></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i>Vaskapu-szoros</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorge</a> on the river <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. It forms part of the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (to the south) and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (north). In the broad sense it encompasses a route of 134 km (83 mi); in the narrow sense it only encompasses the last barrier on this route, just beyond the Romanian city of <a href="/wiki/Or%C8%99ova" title="Orșova">Orșova</a>, that contains two <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, with two power stations, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_II_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station</a>. </p><p>At this point in the Danube, the river separates the southern <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> from the northwestern foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>. The Romanian side of the gorge constitutes the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Natural_Park" title="Iron Gates Natural Park">Iron Gates Natural Park</a>, whereas the Serbian part constitutes the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90erdap_National_Park" title="Đerdap National Park">Đerdap National Park</a>. A wider protected area on the Serbian side was declared the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Global_Geoparks" title="UNESCO Global Geoparks">UNESCO global geopark</a> in July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">Archaeologists</a> have named the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_mesolithic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gates mesolithic culture">Iron Gates mesolithic culture</a> (dated circa 13,000 to 5,000 years ago) after the gorge. One of the most important archaeological sites in Serbia and Europe is <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a>, the oldest planned settlement in Europe, located on the banks of the Danube in the Iron Gate gorge.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iron_Gates##" title="Talk:Iron Gates">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Iron+Gates%22">"Iron Gates"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Iron+Gates%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Iron+Gates%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Iron+Gates%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Iron+Gates%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Iron+Gates%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG/250px-Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG/375px-Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG/500px-Danube_Iron_Gorge_La_Cazane.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Kazan gorge at its narrowest point</figcaption></figure> <p>In English, the gorge is known as Iron Gates or Iron Gate. An 1853 article about the Danube in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times (London)">The Times</a></i> of London referred to it as "the Iron Gate, or the Gate of Trajan."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In languages of the region including Romanian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, German, and Bulgarian, names literally meaning "Iron Gates" are used to name the entire range of gorges. These names are <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Porțile de Fier</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[ˈport͡sile<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfjer]</a></span>), <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Vaskapu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: <i lang="sk">Železné vráta</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Żelazne Wrota</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Eisernes Tor</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Железни врата</span> <i>Železni vrata</i>. An alternative Romanian name for the last part of the route is <i>Defileul Dunării</i>, literally "Danube Gorge". </p><p>In Serbian, the gorge is known as <i>Đerdap</i> (Ђердап; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[d͡ʑě̞rdaːp]</a></span>), with the last part named <i>Đerdapska klisura</i> (Ђердапска клисура; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sh-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[d͡ʑě̞rdaːpskaː<span class="wrap"> </span>klǐsura]</a></span>, meaning Đerdap Gorge) from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> <i>Κλεισούρα (kleisoura)</i>, standing for "enclosure" or "pass." </p><p>Both Đerdap and the former Serbian name, Demir-kapija, are Turkish in origin. Demir-kapija means "iron gate" (<i>demirkapı</i>) and a translation of it entered most of the other languages as the name of the gorge, while <i>đerdap</i> comes from <i>girdap</i> which means <a href="/wiki/Whirlpool" title="Whirlpool">whirlpool</a>, vortex.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_physical_features">Natural physical features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural physical features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorges">Gorges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gorges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/250px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/375px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG/500px-RC174-Tabula_Traiana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Roman plaque "<a href="/wiki/Tabula_Traiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabula Traiana">Tabula Traiana</a>", <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first narrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> lies beyond the Romanian isle of <a href="/wiki/Moldova_Veche" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldova Veche">Moldova Veche</a> and is known as the <i>Golubac gorge</i>. It is 14.5 km long and 230 m (755 ft) wide at the narrowest point. At its head, there is a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> fort at <a href="/wiki/Golubac" title="Golubac">Golubac</a>, on the Serbian bank. Through the valley of <i>Ljupovska</i> lies the second gorge, <i>Gospodjin Vir</i>, which is 15 km long and narrows to 220 m (722 ft). The cliffs scale to 500 m and are the most difficult to reach here from land. The broader <i>Donji Milanovac</i> forms the connection with the <i>Great</i> and the <i>Small Kazan gorge</i>, which have a combined length of 19 km (12 mi). The <i>Orșova valley</i> is the last broad section before the river reaches the plains of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> at the last gorge, the <i>Sip gorge</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG/220px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG/330px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG/440px-Danube_near_Iron_Gate_2006_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Kazan (<i>kazan</i> meaning "cauldron" or "reservoir") is the most famous and the most narrow gorge of the whole route: the river here narrows to 150 m and reaches a depth of up to 53 m (174 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_and_channels">Navigation and channels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Navigation and channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg/250px-AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg/375px-AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg/500px-AldunaVaskapu2006.09.01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The riverbed rocks and the associated rapids made the gorge valley an infamous passage for <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">shipping</a>, even for the most seasoned boatmen. During the period of the Ottoman rule, the ships were guided through by the local navigators, familiar with the routes, called <i>kalauz</i> (from Turkish <i>kalavuz</i>, meaning guide, travel leader). During the rule of prince <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obrenovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Miloš Obrenović">Miloš Obrenović</a>, local Serbs gradually took over from the Ottomans, being officially appointed by the prince. In order not to aggravate the Ottomans further, the prince named Serbian navigators by a Turkish name, <i>dumendžibaša</i>, from <i>dümen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a>) and <i>baş</i> (head, chief, master). The navigation fee was divided among <i>dumendžibaša</i>, <i>loc</i> (river pilots) and regional municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, the passage is still known as the <i>Kataraktenstrecke</i>, even though the <a href="/wiki/Waterfall#Types" title="Waterfall">cataracts</a> are gone. Near the actual "Iron Gates" strait the <i>Prigrada</i> rock was the most important obstacle (until 1896): the river widened considerably here and the water level was consequently low. Upstream, the <i>Greben</i> rock near the "Kazan" gorge was notorious.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of the channels created included:<sup id="cite_ref-kanal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Stenka, 1,900 m (6,200 ft) long, with 10 navigational signals (originally, the balloons were used)</li> <li>Izlaz-Tahatlija, 2,351 m (7,713 ft), with 7 signals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svini%C8%9Ba" title="Svinița">Svinița</a>, 1,200 m (3,900 ft), with 4 signals</li> <li>Juc, 1,260 m (4,130 ft), with 5 signals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Canal" title="Sip Canal">Sip</a>, 4,375 m (14,354 ft)</li> <li>Mali Đerdap, 1,050 m (3,440 ft), as an extension of Sip Channel</li></ul> <p>In total, 15,465 m (50,738 ft) of navigable channels was created.<sup id="cite_ref-kanal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were flooded when the artificial Lake Đerdap was created (early 1970s). The results of these efforts were slightly disappointing. The currents in the Sip Channel were so strong at 15kts (8 m/s) that until 1973, ships had to be dragged upstream along the canal by <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>. The Iron Gates thus remained an obstacle of note.<sup id="cite_ref-kanal_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kladovo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kladovo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magazin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dams">Dams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG/250px-IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG/375px-IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG/500px-IJzeren_Poort_Stuwdam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Iron Gate I dam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg/250px-Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg/375px-Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg/500px-Portile_de_Fier_40636X3X5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Hydropower site Iron Gates (1970)</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of the joint Romanian-Yugoslavian mega project commenced in 1964. In 1972 the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_I_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gate I Dam</a> was opened, followed by <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gate_II_Hydroelectric_Power_Station" title="Iron Gate II Hydroelectric Power Station">Iron Gate II Dam</a>, in 1984, along with two <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power stations</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Sluice" title="Sluice">sluices</a> and navigation <a href="/wiki/Lock_(water_transport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock (water transport)">locks</a> for shipping. </p><p>The construction of these dams gave the valley of the Danube below <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> the nature of a <a href="/wiki/Reservoir_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoir (water)">reservoir</a>, and additionally caused a 35 m rise in the water level of the river near the dam. The old Orșova, the Danube island of Ada Kaleh (below) and at least five other villages, totaling a population of 17,000, had to make way. People were relocated and the settlements have been lost forever to the Danube. </p><p>When designed and built without adequate attention to the natural functioning of a river, dams have the effect of cutting a river into ecologically isolated compartments, which do not allow free movement and migration of species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migratory fish are particularly badly hit, being rendered unable to move upstream or downstream between their spawning grounds and areas used at other times in their life cycle. The construction of the Iron Gates had a major impact on the local fauna and flora as well—for example, the <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> routes of several species of <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> were permanently interrupted. <a href="/wiki/Beluga_(sturgeon)" title="Beluga (sturgeon)">Beluga</a> sturgeon was the largest, and the largest specimen was recorded in 1793, at 500 kg (1,100 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have also been significant regional economic impacts – notably on the productivity of Danube fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of the Danube's migratory fish species is a strong indicator of the ecological health of the entire Danube River Basin, which in turn has wider economic and strategic consequences. </p><p>The flora and fauna, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphological</a>, archaeological and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural historical</a> artifacts of the Iron Gates have been under the protection of both nations since the construction of the dam. In Serbia this was done with the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90erdap_national_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Đerdap national park">Đerdap National Park</a> (since 1974, 636.08 km<sup>2</sup> (245.59 sq mi)) and in Romania by the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_natural_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Gates natural park">Porțile de Fier National Park</a> (since 2001, 1,156.55 km<sup>2</sup> (446.55 sq mi)). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_and_Roman_era">Prehistoric and Roman era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prehistoric and Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a> statues dated to the early <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic era">Neolithic era</a> indicate that the area has been inhabited for a very long time. Even more significant are the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates Mesolithic</a> (c. 13,000 to 5,000 BP) sites – in particular, the gorge of <i>Gospodjin Vir</i>, which contains the major <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological site</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lepenski_Vir" title="Lepenski Vir">Lepenski Vir</a> (unearthed in the 1960s). Lepenski Vir is often regarded as the most important Mesolithic site in <a href="/wiki/South-east_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="South-east Europe">south-east Europe</a>. </p><p>East of the Great Kazan the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> built <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">the legendary bridge</a> erected by <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Damascus" title="Apollodorus of Damascus">Apollodorus of Damascus</a>. Construction of the bridge ran from 103 through 105, preceding Trajan's final conquest of <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>. (On the right (Serbian) bank a Roman <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">plaque</a> commemorates him. On the Romanian bank, at the <i>Small Kazan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Decebalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Decebalus">a likeness of Decebalus</a>, Trajan's Dacian opponent, was carved in rock in 1994–2004.) </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a> and his 15,000 men defeated the 80,000-strong army of <i><a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Had%C4%B1m_%C5%9Eehabeddin" title="Hadım Şehabeddin">Şehabeddin</a> at Zajkány (today's <a href="/wiki/Sarmizegetusa,_Hunedoara" title="Sarmizegetusa, Hunedoara">Zeicani</a>), near the Iron Gate of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> river in 1442.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ada_Kaleh">Ada Kaleh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ada Kaleh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ada_Kaleh" title="Ada Kaleh">Ada Kaleh</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada-Kaleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ada-Kaleh.jpg/250px-Ada-Kaleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ada-Kaleh.jpg/375px-Ada-Kaleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ada-Kaleh.jpg/500px-Ada-Kaleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="985" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Ada Kaleh in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most evocative consequence of the Đerdap dam's construction was the flooding of an islet named Ada Kaleh. A former <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> exclave, it had a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> and a thousand twisting alleys, and was known as a <a href="/wiki/Free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Free port">free port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smuggler" class="mw-redirect" title="Smuggler">smuggler</a>'s nest. Many other ethnic groups lived there beside Turks. </p><p>The island was about 3 km (1.9 mi) downstream from Orșova and measured 1.7 by 0.4–0.5 km. It was walled; the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrians</a> built a fort there in 1669 to defend it from the Turks, and that fort would remain a bone of contention for the two empires. In 1699 the island came under Turkish control, from 1716 to 1718 it was Austrian, after a four-month siege in 1738 it was Turkish again, followed by the Austrians reconquering it in 1789, only to have to yield it to the Turks in the following <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG/230px-Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG/345px-Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG/460px-Ada_Kaleh_baz%C3%A1rja_1912.JPG 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>Ada Kaleh in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Thereafter, the island lost its military importance. The 1878 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> forced the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> to retreat far into the south, but the island remained the property of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, allegedly because the treaty neglected to mention it. The inhabitants enjoyed exemption from <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">taxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a> and were not <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscripted</a>. In 1923, when the Ottoman monarchy had disappeared, the island was given to Romania in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. </p><p>The Ada Kaleh <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> dated from 1903 and was built on the site of an earlier <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>. The mosque's carpet, a gift from the Turkish sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdülhamid II</a>, has been located in the <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> mosque since 1965. </p><p>Most Ada Kaleh inhabitants emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> after the evacuation of the island. A smaller part went to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>, another Romanian territory with a Turkish minority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century's_Hungarian_initiatives"><span id="19th_century.27s_Hungarian_initiatives"></span>19th century's Hungarian initiatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th century's Hungarian initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the early 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_Danube_River" title="Internationalization of the Danube River">freedom of navigation on the Danube</a> was regarded as important by many different states in the region and beyond. Allowing passage through the Iron Gates by larger vessels had become a priority. By 1831 a plan had been drafted to make the passage navigable, at the initiative of Hungarian politician <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi" title="István Széchenyi">István Széchenyi</a>. Not being satisfied with the solutions compiled by the Austrio-Hungarian government and the Austro-Turkish commission, the government of Hungary formed its own commission for the organization of the navigation through the Iron Gates. The project was finished in 1883.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Appointed in 1883 and again in 1886, Minister of Trade and Transportation <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Baross" title="Gábor Baross">Gábor Baross</a>, Hungary's "Iron Minister", presided over modernization projects at Hungary's sea port in <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Fiume</a> (Rijeka), and regulation of the Upper Danube and Iron Gate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Works on the gorge section were done by the Hungarian Technical Administration over 11 years from 1889. The works were divided in two sectors, the upper and the lower Iron Gates. The channels in the upper section, at the town of <a href="/wiki/Or%C8%99ova" title="Orșova">Orșova</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Tripoint" title="Tripoint">tripoint</a> between Austria-Hungary, Romania and Serbia at the time) were up to 60 m (197 ft) wide and 2 m (7 ft) deep, at the zero water level in Orșova. In the southern section, the channels were 60 m (197 ft) wide and 3 m (10 ft) deep, except for the Sip Channel, which was 73 m (240 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-kanal_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, near Orșova, the last border town of Hungary, rocks were cleared by explosion over a 2 km (1.2 mi) stretch in order to create channels. A spur of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greben_Ridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greben Ridge (page does not exist)">Greben Ridge</a> was removed across a length of over 2 km (1.2 mi). Here, a depth of 2 m (7 ft) sufficed. On 17 September 1896, the <a href="/wiki/Sip_Canal" title="Sip Canal">Sip Canal</a> thus created (named after the Serbian <a href="/wiki/Novi_Sip" title="Novi Sip">Sip</a> village on the right bank) was inaugurated by the Austro-Hungarian emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph of Austria">Franz Joseph</a>, the Romanian king <a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a>, and the Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Obrenovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Obrenovich">Alexander Obrenovich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kanal_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kladovo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kladovo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-magazin_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magazin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references_to_the_Iron_Gates">Cultural references to the Iron Gates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural references to the Iron Gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A plan to blow up the Iron Gates gorge and thereby block the Danube <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> is included in the proposed acts of sabotage in the <i>Balkan Trilogy</i> section of the <a href="/wiki/Fortunes_of_War_(novel_series)" title="Fortunes of War (novel series)">Fortunes of War</a> novels (1960–1980) by <a href="/wiki/Olivia_Manning" title="Olivia Manning">Olivia Manning</a>. A similar plot device, to prevent oil barges reaching Nazi Germany, is used by <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Wheatley" title="Dennis Wheatley">Dennis Wheatley</a> in his 1946 <a href="/wiki/Duke_de_Richleau" title="Duke de Richleau">Duke de Richleau</a> novel, <i>Codeword: Golden Fleece</i>.</li> <li>Two novels – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Valley_of_Horses" title="The Valley of Horses">The Valley of Horses</a></i> (1982) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plains_of_Passage" title="The Plains of Passage">The Plains of Passage</a></i> (1990) – in <a href="/wiki/Jean_M._Auel" title="Jean M. Auel">Jean M. Auel</a>'s series <i><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Children" title="Earth's Children">Earth's Children</a></i> focus on the difficulties of prehistoric people traveling through or around the Iron Gates in both during scene sequences detailing travel adventures whilst the protagonists navigate between the upper and lower Danube valleys.</li> <li>The 1986 book <i>Between the Woods and the Water</i>, by travel writer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a>, describes a night on the now submerged island Ada Kaleh and a trip by ferry through the Iron Gates, in August, 1934.</li> <li>The 2016 book <i>Threads, The Fabric of Family Lives Pulled Apart By War</i>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=D._W._Hoffman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D. W. Hoffman (page does not exist)">D. W. Hoffman</a> (2016) describes a daring escape attempt by Czech refugees hoping to reach Palestine in August of 1940 aboard a derelict paddlewheel steamer. They were detained at Donji by the Serbs and later the Bulgarians and Romanians, all of whom were afraid to allow the craft to pass, fearing it would sink in the Iron Gates and block critical wartime traffic.</li> <li>Mór Jókai's 1872 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Touch" title="The Man with the Golden Touch">The Man with the Golden Touch</a></i> starts with a lengthy description of the gorge. Many of the main characters are introduced during a voyage through the Iron Gates on a merchant vessel towed up the river.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The 2003 film <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donau,_Duna,_Dunaj,_Dunav,_Dunarea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donau, Duna, Dunaj, Dunav, Dunarea (page does not exist)">Donau, Duna, Dunaj, Dunav, Dunarea</a></i> contains several minutes of film of the Iron Gates.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Iron Gates are mentioned in the second verse of the <a href="/wiki/Zvonko_Bogdan" title="Zvonko Bogdan">Zvonko Bogdan</a> song <i><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">Rastao sam pored Dunava</i></span></i>.</li> <li>The folk song <i><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh"><a href="/wiki/Jugoslavijo" title="Jugoslavijo">Jugoslavijo</a></i></span></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Popovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milutin Popović (page does not exist)">Milutin Popović</a>, commonly called <i><span title="Serbo-Croatian-language text"><i lang="sh">Od Vardara pa do Triglava</i></span></i>, includes a mention of the Iron Gates in the beginning.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg/240px-RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg/360px-RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg/480px-RO_MH_Dubova_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CazaneleDunarii.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CazaneleDunarii.JPG/240px-CazaneleDunarii.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CazaneleDunarii.JPG/360px-CazaneleDunarii.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/CazaneleDunarii.JPG/480px-CazaneleDunarii.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ponicova cave"><img alt="Ponicova cave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg/120px-Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg/180px-Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg/240px-Entrance_ponicova_cave_danube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ponicova cave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mraconia_Monastery.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mraconia Monastery"><img alt="Mraconia Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mraconia_Monastery.JPG/240px-Mraconia_Monastery.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mraconia_Monastery.JPG/360px-Mraconia_Monastery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mraconia_Monastery.JPG/480px-Mraconia_Monastery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mraconia Monastery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Gates_02_(2478552430).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg/240px-Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg/360px-Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg/480px-Iron_Gates_02_%282478552430%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron Gates Museum"><img alt="Iron Gates Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg/270px-Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg/406px-Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg/541px-Iron_Gates_Region_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1385" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Region_Museum" title="Iron Gates Region Museum">Iron Gates Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iron Gate on the Danube (painting by László Mednyánszky in 1890's)"><img alt="Iron Gate on the Danube (painting by László Mednyánszky in 1890's)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg/283px-At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg/424px-At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg/565px-At_the_Iron_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1770" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iron Gate on the Danube (painting by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Medny%C3%A1nszky" title="László Mednyánszky">László Mednyánszky</a> in 1890's)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges" title="Three Gorges">Three Gorges</a> – similar gorges on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> also affected by large dams</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Romania" title="Tourism in Romania">Tourism in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_Romania" title="Seven Wonders of Romania">Seven Wonders of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissions_of_the_Danube_River" title="Commissions of the Danube River">Commissions of the Danube River</a> – International river management bodies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_River_Conference_of_1948" title="Danube River Conference of 1948">Danube River Conference of 1948</a> – International diplomatic meeting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">Defile (geography)</a> – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Energy in Romania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>The overall architecture at Lepenski Vir is of a specific shape with all the houses built according to a plan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Lepenski+Vir&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Sormaz&rft.aufirst=Andela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FLepenski_Vir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1853-12-29-08">"The Seat of War on the Danube," <i>The Times,</i> December 29, page 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrije_Bukvić2017" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dimitrije Bukvić (3 July 2017), "Mitovi i legende iza gvozdenih vrata" [Myths and legends from behind the iron doors], <i>Politika</i> (in Serbian), p. 08</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=Mitovi+i+legende+iza+gvozdenih+vrata&rft.pages=08&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.au=Dimitrije+Bukvi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Да ли знате: Како су некада звали спроводнике лађа на Ђердапу?" [Do you know: how the Đerdap navigators were used to be called?]. <i>Politika</i> (in Serbian). 31 January 2018. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%3A+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%3F&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2018-01-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kanal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kanal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanal_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanal_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kanal_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Da li znate? – Kada je regulisana plovidba kroz đerdapski sektor?" 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Preliminary assessment of the feasibility for providing free passage to migratory fish species"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAO+Scoping+mission+at+Iron+Gates+I+and+II+dams+%28Romania+and+Serbia%29.+Preliminary+assessment+of+the+feasibility+for+providing+free+passage+to+migratory+fish+species&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Claudio+Comoglio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawsassets.panda.org%2Fdownloads%2F34_2011_fao_mission_report_fish_migration_iron_gates_int.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroslav_Stefanović2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miroslav Stefanović (22 April 2018). "Мегдани аласа и риба грдосија" [Fights between the fishermen and the giant fishes]. <i>Politika-Magazin, No. 1073</i> (in Serbian). pp. 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politika-Magazin%2C+No.+1073&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=2018-04-22&rft.au=Miroslav+Stefanovi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolcik1989" class="citation book cs1">Holcik, Juraj (1989). <i>The freshwater fishes of Europe Vol.I Part II General introduction to fishes</i>. Wiesbaden: Aula Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+freshwater+fishes+of+Europe+Vol.I+Part+II+General+introduction+to+fishes&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Aula+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Holcik&rft.aufirst=Juraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBánlaky" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bánlaky, József. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/09400/09477/html/0010/747.html">"A vaskapui diadal 1442 július havában"</a> [The Triumph of the Iron Gate in July 1442]. <i>A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme</i> [<i>The Military History of the Hungarian Nation</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+vaskapui+diadal+1442+j%C3%BAlius+hav%C3%A1ban&rft.btitle=A+magyar+nemzet+hadt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme&rft.place=Budapest&rft.aulast=B%C3%A1nlaky&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F09400%2F09477%2Fhtml%2F0010%2F747.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mahartpassnave.hu/en/mahart/about-us/history/#">"THE HISTORY OF PASSENGER NAVIGATION IN HUNGARY MFTR (1895) – MAHART (1955) – MAHART PassNave (1994)"</a>. <i>MAHART PassNave</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAHART+PassNave&rft.atitle=THE+HISTORY+OF+PASSENGER+NAVIGATION+IN+HUNGARY+MFTR+%281895%29+%E2%80%93+MAHART+%281955%29+%E2%80%93+MAHART+PassNave+%281994%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahartpassnave.hu%2Fen%2Fmahart%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonsallLennonMcSweeneyStewart1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bonsall, Clive; Lennon, Rosemary; McSweeney, Kathleen; Stewart, Catriona; Harkness, Douglas; Boronean, Vasile; Bartosiewicz, László; Payton, Robert; Chapman, John (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130126230515/http://openurl.ingenta.com/content?genre=article&issn=0965-7665&volume=5&issue=1&spage=50&epage=92">"Mesolithic and Early Neolithic in the Iron Gates: A Paiaeodietary Perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of European Archaeology</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 50–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F096576697800703575">10.1179/096576697800703575</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openurl.ingenta.com/content?genre=article&issn=0965-7665&volume=5&issue=1&spage=50&epage=92">the original</a> on 2013-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Mesolithic+and+Early+Neolithic+in+the+Iron+Gates%3A+A+Paiaeodietary+Perspective&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=50-92&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F096576697800703575&rft.aulast=Bonsall&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft.au=Lennon%2C+Rosemary&rft.au=McSweeney%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Catriona&rft.au=Harkness%2C+Douglas&rft.au=Boronean%2C+Vasile&rft.au=Bartosiewicz%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=Payton%2C+Robert&rft.au=Chapman%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenurl.ingenta.com%2Fcontent%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26issn%3D0965-7665%26volume%3D5%26issue%3D1%26spage%3D50%26epage%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonsallCookHedgesHigham2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bonsall, C; Cook, G T; Hedges, R E M; Higham, T F G; Pickard, C; Radovanović, I (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/view/4269">"Radiocarbon and stable isotope evidence of dietary change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the iron gates: New results from Lepenski Vir"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 293–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200039606">10.1017/S0033822200039606</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F16275">1808/16275</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Radiocarbon+and+stable+isotope+evidence+of+dietary+change+from+the+Mesolithic+to+the+Middle+Ages+in+the+iron+gates%3A+New+results+from+Lepenski+Vir&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293-300&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F16275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200039606&rft.aulast=Bonsall&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Cook%2C+G+T&rft.au=Hedges%2C+R+E+M&rft.au=Higham%2C+T+F+G&rft.au=Pickard%2C+C&rft.au=Radovanovi%C4%87%2C+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeodoruWehrli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Teodoru, Cristian; Wehrli, Bernhard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A5107">"Retention of Sediments and Nutrients in the Iron Gate I Reservoir on the Danube River"</a>. <i>Biogeochemistry</i>. <b>76</b> (3): 539–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10533-005-0230-6">10.1007/s10533-005-0230-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F57912">20.500.11850/57912</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biogeochemistry&rft.atitle=Retention+of+Sediments+and+Nutrients+in+the+Iron+Gate+I+Reservoir+on+the+Danube+River&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-65&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F57912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10533-005-0230-6&rft.aulast=Teodoru&rft.aufirst=Cristian&rft.au=Wehrli%2C+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dora.lib4ri.ch%2Feawag%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Feawag%253A5107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicićKrugeKörnerBujalski2010" class="citation journal cs1">Micić, Vesna; Kruge, Michael; Körner, Petra; Bujalski, Nicole; Hofmann, Thilo (2010). "Organic geochemistry of Danube River sediments from Pančevo (Serbia) to the Iron Gate dam (Serbia–Romania)". <i>Organic Geochemistry</i>. <b>41</b> (9): 971–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2010.05.008">10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.05.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organic+Geochemistry&rft.atitle=Organic+geochemistry+of+Danube+River+sediments+from+Pan%C4%8Devo+%28Serbia%29+to+the+Iron+Gate+dam+%28Serbia%E2%80%93Romania%29&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=971-4&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.orggeochem.2010.05.008&rft.aulast=Mici%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rft.au=Kruge%2C+Michael&rft.au=K%C3%B6rner%2C+Petra&rft.au=Bujalski%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+Thilo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoksandicDjurićRakočevićSeguin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Roksandic, Mirjana; Djurić, Marija; Rakočević, Zoran; Seguin, Kimberly (2006). "Interpersonal violence at Lepenski Vir Mesolithic/Neolithic complex of the Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia-Romania)". <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i>. <b>129</b> (3): 339–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajpa.20286">10.1002/ajpa.20286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16323188">16323188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Interpersonal+violence+at+Lepenski+Vir+Mesolithic%2FNeolithic+complex+of+the+Iron+Gates+Gorge+%28Serbia-Romania%29&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=339-48&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajpa.20286&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16323188&rft.aulast=Roksandic&rft.aufirst=Mirjana&rft.au=Djuri%C4%87%2C+Marija&rft.au=Rako%C4%8Devi%C4%87%2C+Zoran&rft.au=Seguin%2C+Kimberly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoricMiracle2004" class="citation journal cs1">Boric, Dusan; Miracle, Preston (2004). "Mesolithic and Neolithic (Dis)Continuities in the Danube Gorges: New Ams Dates from Padina and Hajducka Vodenica (Serbia)". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 341–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2004.00215.x">10.1111/j.1468-0092.2004.00215.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Mesolithic+and+Neolithic+%28Dis%29Continuities+in+the+Danube+Gorges%3A+New+Ams+Dates+from+Padina+and+Hajducka+Vodenica+%28Serbia%29&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=341-71&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0092.2004.00215.x&rft.aulast=Boric&rft.aufirst=Dusan&rft.au=Miracle%2C+Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonsall2008" class="citation book cs1">Bonsall, Clive (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dsDwpU0L0BwC&pg=PA238">"The Mesolithic of the Iron Gates"</a>. In Bailey, Geoff; Spikins, Penny (eds.). <i>Mesolithic Europe</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 238–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85503-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85503-7"><bdi>978-0-521-85503-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mesolithic+of+the+Iron+Gates&rft.btitle=Mesolithic+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=238-79&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85503-7&rft.aulast=Bonsall&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdsDwpU0L0BwC%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron+Gates" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_Gates&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iron_Gate_(Danube)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iron Gate (Danube)">Iron Gate (Danube)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portiledefier.ro/">Porțile de Fier National Park</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CUkJCAIS6oU">Iron Gates in 1965</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yurope.com/people/nena/Vir/">Lepenski Vir</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Serbian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311165100/http://www.banater-aktualitaet.de/banburg04.htm"><i>Ada Kaleh, die Inselfestung</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span>, also the source of the Ada Kaleh section in this article</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_Serbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#66CC66;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_Serbia" title="Template:National parks of Serbia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_Serbia" title="Template talk:National parks of Serbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_Serbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of Serbia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_Serbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_natural_resources_in_Serbia" title="List of protected natural resources in Serbia">National parks of Serbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90erdap_National_Park" title="Đerdap National Park">Đerdap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora" title="Fruška Gora">Fruška Gora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopaonik" title="Kopaonik">Kopaonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharr_Mountains_National_Park_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharr Mountains National Park (Kosovo)">Šar Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara National Park">Tara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_Romania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Template:Protected areas of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Template talk:Protected areas of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_Romania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Romania" title="Protected areas of Romania">Protected areas of Romania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Biosphere reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retezat_National_Park" title="Retezat National Park">Retezat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodna_Mountains" title="Rodna Mountains">Rodna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietrosu_Mare.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rodnei Mountains"><img alt="Rodnei Mountains" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pietrosu_Mare.jpg/100px-Pietrosu_Mare.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pietrosu_Mare.jpg/150px-Pietrosu_Mare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pietrosu_Mare.jpg/200px-Pietrosu_Mare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4003" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buila-V%C3%A2nturari%C8%9Ba_National_Park" title="Buila-Vânturarița National Park">Buila-Vânturarița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83limani_National_Park" title="Călimani National Park">Călimani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceahl%C4%83u_Massif" title="Ceahlău Massif">Ceahlău</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheile_Bicazului-H%C4%83%C8%99ma%C8%99_National_Park" title="Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș National Park">Cheile Bicazului-Hășmaș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheile_Nerei-Beu%C8%99ni%C8%9Ba_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Nerei-Beușnița National Park">Cheile Nerei-Beușnița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozia_National_Park" title="Cozia National Park">Cozia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defileul_Jiului_National_Park" title="Defileul Jiului National Park">Defileul Jiului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domogled-Valea_Cernei_National_Park" title="Domogled-Valea Cernei National Park">Domogled-Valea Cernei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%83cin_Mountains" title="Măcin Mountains">Măcin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piatra_Craiului_Mountains" title="Piatra Craiului Mountains">Piatra Craiului Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodna_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodna National Park">Rodna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenic-Cheile_Cara%C8%99ului_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Semenic-Cheile Carașului National Park">Semenic-Cheile Carașului</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nature_park" title="Nature park">Nature parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Natural_Park" title="Apuseni Natural Park">Apuseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balta_Mic%C4%83_a_Br%C4%83ilei_Natural_Park" title="Balta Mică a Brăilei Natural Park">Balta Mică a Brăilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucegi_Natural_Park" title="Bucegi Natural Park">Bucegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cefa_Natural_Park" title="Cefa Natural Park">Cefa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cindrel_Natural_Park" title="Cindrel Natural Park">Cindrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comana_Natural_Park" title="Comana Natural Park">Comana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defileul_Mure%C8%99ului_Superior_Natural_Park" title="Defileul Mureșului Superior Natural Park">Defileul Mureșului Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbrava_Sibiului_Natural_Park" title="Dumbrava Sibiului Natural Park">Dumbrava Sibiului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%83di%C8%99tea_Muncelului-Cioclovina_Natural_Park" title="Grădiștea Muncelului-Cioclovina Natural Park">Grădiștea Muncelului-Cioclovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C8%9Beg_Country_Dinosaurs_Geopark" title="Hațeg Country Dinosaurs Geopark">Hațeg Country Dinosaurs Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Natural_Park" title="Iron Gates Natural Park">Iron Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunca_Joas%C4%83_a_Prutului_Inferior_Natural_Park" title="Lunca Joasă a Prutului Inferior Natural Park">Lunca Joasă a Prutului Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunca_Mure%C8%99ului_Natural_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunca Mureșului Natural Park">Lunca Mureșului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_Mountains_Natural_Park" title="Maramureș Mountains Natural Park">Maramureș Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehedin%C8%9Bi_Plateau_Geopark" title="Mehedinți Plateau Geopark">Mehedinți Plateau Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putna-Vrancea_Natural_Park" title="Putna-Vrancea Natural Park">Putna-Vrancea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2n%C4%83tori-Neam%C8%9B_Natural_Park" title="Vânători-Neamț Natural Park">Vânători-Neamț</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicaz_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicaz Canyon">Bicaz Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cehei_Pond" title="Cehei Pond">Cehei Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheile_Turzii" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheile Turzii">Cheile Turzii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izvorul_Big%C4%83r" title="Izvorul Bigăr">Izvorul Bigăr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapi%C8%99_Forest" title="Lapiș Forest">Lapiș Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letea_Forest" title="Letea Forest">Letea Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Stogu" title="Mount Stogu">Mount Stogu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrovul_Cioc%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostrovul Ciocănești">Ostrovul Ciocănești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repedea_Hill_Fossil_Site" title="Repedea Hill Fossil Site">Repedea Hill Fossil Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2mpa,_Bra%C8%99ov" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâmpa, Brașov">Mount Tâmpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bridges_of_the_Danube" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bridges_of_the_Danube" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bridges of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table width="100%"><tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><b>Upstream</b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smederevo_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smederevo Bridge (page does not exist)">Smederevo Bridge</a><br /> </td> <td width="34%" style="border-left:1px solid #aaaaaa;border-right:1px solid #aaaaaa;"><b>Iron Gates</b><br /> </td> <td width="33%"><b>Downstream</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Bridge" title="Trajan's Bridge">Trajan's Bridge</a><br /> </td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207376#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207376#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207376#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/243006181">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1310414/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Eisernes Tor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4092445-2">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068192">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119802978">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119802978">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560531305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027849562">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" 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