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Works</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-1 children" data-level="3"><li class="page_item page-item-17875 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/coastal-science/">Coastal Science</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-17876 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/coastal-science/changing-shorelines-erosion/">Changing Shorelines & Erosion</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17884 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/coastal-science/groundwater/">Groundwater</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17888 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/coastal-science/rivers-estuaries-deltas/">Rivers, Estuaries, & Deltas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537292 menu-item has_children"><a 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menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/frozen-ocean/glaciers-ice-sheets/">Glaciers & Ice Sheets</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18054 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/frozen-ocean/sea-ice/">Sea Ice</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-17927 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-chemistry/">Ocean Chemistry</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-17928 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-chemistry/biogeochemistry/">Biogeochemistry</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17937 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-chemistry/ocean-acidification/">Ocean Acidification</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-561831 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-chemistry/oxygen-dead-zones-2-hypoxia/">Oxygen Dead Zones</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-17949 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-circulation/">Ocean Circulation</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-17960 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-circulation/amoc/">AMOC—The Atlantic Ocean’s conveyor belt</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18039 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-circulation/arctic-ocean-circulation/">Arctic Ocean Circulation</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17950 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-circulation/currents-gyres-eddies/">Currents, Gyres, & Eddies</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17956 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-circulation/el-nio-other-oscillations/">El Niño & Other Oscillations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537390 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/">Ocean Zones</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-537400 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/sunlit-zone/">Sunlit Zone</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17988 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/twilight-zone/">Twilight Zone</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537402 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/midnight-zone/">Midnight Zone</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537398 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/abyssal-zone/">Abyssal Zone</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537404 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-zones/hadal-zone/">Hadal Zone</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537406 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/ocean-atmosphere-connection/">Ocean-Atmosphere Connection</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18089 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/">Seafloor & Below</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-18090 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/hydrothermal-vents/">Hydrothermal Vents</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18095 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/mid-ocean-ridges/">Mid-ocean Ridges</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18101 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/natural-oil-seeps/">Natural Oil Seeps</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18105 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/seamounts/">Seamounts</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17920 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/volcanoes/">Underwater Volcanoes</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18111 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/how-the-ocean-works/seafloor-below/ocean-trenches/">Ocean Trenches</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537262 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/">Ocean & Human Lives</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-1 children" data-level="3"><li class="page_item page-item-17908 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/harmful-algae-red-tides/">Harmful Algae & Red Tides</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537301 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/natural-disasters/">Natural Disasters</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-17894 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/natural-disasters/earthquakes/">Earthquakes</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17898 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/natural-disasters/hurricanes/">Hurricanes</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537412 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/natural-disasters/storms-floods-droughts/">Storms, Floods & Droughts</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17915 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/natural-disasters/tsunamis/">Tsunamis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537410 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/ocean-culture-history/">Ocean Culture & History</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18062 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/pollution/">Pollution</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-18063 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/pollution/beach-closures/">Beach Closures</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18077 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/pollution/oil-spills/">Oil Spills</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18083 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/pollution/marine-microplastics/">Marine Microplastics</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537408 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/pollution/radiation/">Radiation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-18165 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/">Underwater Archaeology</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-18166 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/air-france-flight-447/">Air France Flight 447</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18174 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/antikythera-shipwreck/">Antikythera Shipwreck</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18183 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/rms-titanic/">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537414 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-human-lives/underwater-archaeology/stellwagen-bank/">Stellwagen Bank</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-17966 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/">Ocean Life</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-1 children" data-level="3"><li class="page_item page-item-17967 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/coral/">Corals</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-537356 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/coral/coral-stressors/">Coral Stressors</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537416 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/coral/reef-ecosystems/">Reef Ecosystems</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537316 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/coral/reef-fish/">Reef Fish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537290 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ecosystems/">Ecosystems</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-537418 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ecosystems/benthic-life/">Benthic Life</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17880 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ecosystems/coastal-ecosystems/">Coastal Ecosystems</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17976 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ecosystems/life-at-vents-seeps/">Life at Vents & Seeps</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18048 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ecosystems/polar-life/">Polar Life</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-570283 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/enviromental-dna/">Environmental DNA (eDNA)</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17972 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/jellyfish-other-zooplankton/">Jellyfish & Other Zooplankton</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17980 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/marine-mammals/">Marine Mammals</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-17004 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/marine-mammals/seals/">Seal Facts</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-532451 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/marine-mammals/we-are-all-whalers/">We are all Whalers</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-117495 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/marine-mammals/right-whales/">Right Whales</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-17984 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/microbial-life/">Marine Microbes</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537420 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ocean-plants/">Ocean Plants</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-537426 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ocean-plants/algae/">Algae</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17999 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ocean-plants/phytoplankton/">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-572855 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/ocean-plants/seagrass-meadows/">Seagrass Meadows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-537428 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/sea-birds/">Sea Birds</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-2 children" data-level="4"><li class="page_item page-item-528703 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/sea-birds/emperor-penguins/">Emperor Penguins</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-18011 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/sharks-other-fish/">Sharks & Other Fish</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18007 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-life/shellfish/">Shellfish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-18019 current_page_ancestor current_page_parent menu-item has_children current-menu-parent current-menu-ancestor"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/">Sustainable Ocean</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-1 children" data-level="3"><li class="page_item page-item-18020 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/aquaculture/">Aquaculture</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537436 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/fisheries/">Fisheries</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18028 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/marine-protected-areas/">Marine Protected Areas</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537438 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/offshore-wind/">Offshore Wind</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18032 current_page_item menu-item current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/" aria-current="page">Seafloor Mining</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-18120 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/">Ocean Tech</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-1 children" data-level="3"><li class="page_item page-item-18121 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/acoustics/">Acoustics</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18126 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/imaging/">Imaging</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18130 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/moorings-buoys/">Moorings & Buoys</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537443 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/ocean-modeling/">Ocean Modeling</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18140 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/ocean-observatories/">Ocean Observatories</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18144 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/ships/">Ships</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18151 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/ocean-tech/underwater-vehicles/">Underwater Vehicles</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-235261 menu-item has_children"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/">Did You Know?</a><ul class="grandchild-sidebar-menu level-0 children" data-level="2"><li class="page_item page-item-549499 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/why-is-glacier-ice-blue/">Why is glacier ice blue?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-586697 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-do-fish-swim-in-schools/">How do fish swim in schools?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-585272 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-do-wrecks-impact-marine-life/">How do wrecks impact marine life?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-580329 menu-item"><a 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href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/what-is-a-rogue-wave/">What is a rogue wave?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-550573 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/sea-level-rises-when-land-sinks/">Sea level rises when land sinks</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-481923 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-does-bioluminescence-work/">How does bioluminescence work?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537092 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/is-glacier-ice-actually-rock/">Is glacier ice actually rock?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-535527 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-do-corals-form-colonies/">How do corals form colonies?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-534087 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-do-glaciers-affect-sea-level-rise/">How do glaciers affect sea level rise?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-531888 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/what-makes-the-ocean-salty/">What makes the ocean salty?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-531667 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/how-does-the-ocean-affect-storms/">How does the ocean affect storms?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-530784 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/are-corals-plants-animals-or-rocks/">Are corals plants, animals, or rocks?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-528514 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/why-do-corals-bleach/">Why do corals bleach?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-482195 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/did-you-know/why-is-the-ocean-blue/">Why is the ocean blue?</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-482176 menu-item"><a 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class="page_item page-item-90297 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/2018-2/">2018</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17570 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2017/">2017</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17574 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2016/">2016</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17582 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2015/">2015</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17589 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2014/">2014</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17602 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2013/">2013</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17615 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2012/">2012</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17626 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2011/">2011</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17637 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/2010-2/">2010</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17649 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2009/">2009</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17732 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/blogs-expeditions-2008-2001/">2008-2001</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-17747 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/blogs-expeditions/other-expeditions-highlighting-whoi-research/">Other Expeditions Highlighting WHOI Research</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul></li></ul></div></aside> </div> <div class="fl-content col-md-6"> <div class="mobile-page-section-submenu"> <div class="dropdown"> <button class="btn btn-primary btn-blue-theme dropdown-toggle" type="button" data-toggle="dropdown">In this section <span class="caret"></span></button> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="page_item page-item-18020 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/aquaculture/">Aquaculture</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537436 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/fisheries/">Fisheries</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-18028 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/marine-protected-areas/">Marine Protected Areas</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-537438 page_item_has_children menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/offshore-wind/">Offshore Wind</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-566608 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/offshore-wind/faqs/">FAQs about offshore wind and whales</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="page_item page-item-18032 page_item_has_children current_page_item menu-item current-menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/" aria-current="page">Seafloor Mining</a> <ul class='children'> <li class="page_item page-item-19668 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/faq/">FAQs</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-19663 menu-item"><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/who-regulates-seafloor-mining/">Who Regulates Seafloor Mining?</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <article class="fl-post post-18032 page type-page status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry page_type-topic-page topics-seafloor-mining" id="fl-post-18032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork">  <?//php endif; ?> <div class="fl-post-content clearfix" itemprop="text"> <header class="kyo-header"> <h1 class="fl-post-title" itemprop="headline">Seafloor Mining</h1> </header> <div class="content-splash-img"><img width="1280" height="720" src="https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010.jpg 1280w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-768x432.jpg 768w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-900x506.jpg 900w, https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2006_08_09_17_12_47.0010-811x456.jpg 811w" sizes="(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px" /></div> <p class='kyo-hero-caption'> Hot, buoyant, mineral-laden fluids rise from deep within ocean crust and mix with cold seawater. That triggers the precipitation of minerals that form deposits near and on the seafloor. Precipitating minerals also form seafloor “chimneys,” and mineral particles in the fluids venting at the seafloor make the fluids look like smoke. These chimneys are at a vent site that scientists called “Roman Ruins,” in the eastern Manus Basin in the Bismarck Sea south of the island of New Ireland in Papua New Guinea. (Photo courtesy of Maurice Tivey and WHOI Deep Submergence Lab, Cruise Manus 2006 with ROV Jason, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution) </p> <div class="fl-builder-content fl-builder-content-18032 fl-builder-content-primary fl-builder-global-templates-locked" data-post-id="18032"><div class="fl-row fl-row-fixed-width fl-row-bg-none fl-node-5c647e85c2f42 fl-row-default-height fl-row-align-center" data-node="5c647e85c2f42"> <div class="fl-row-content-wrap"> <div class="fl-row-content fl-row-fixed-width fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-col-group fl-node-5c647e85c3f50" data-node="5c647e85c3f50"> <div class="fl-col fl-node-5c647e85c3ff2 fl-col-bg-color" data-node="5c647e85c3ff2"> <div class="fl-col-content fl-node-content"><div class="fl-module fl-module-rich-text fl-node-5c647e85c8a38" data-node="5c647e85c8a38"> <div class="fl-module-content fl-node-content"> <div class="fl-rich-text"> <h2>What is Seafloor Mining?</h2> <p>The ocean contains a complex combination of physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes that sometimes result in commercially viable forms of a wide range of minerals. This is particularly true in the deep ocean at areas around hydrothermal vents where hot, chemical-rich fluids pouring up from beneath the seafloor produce potentially valuable deposits. A few efforts to mine deposits on the seafloor have succeeded, but to date, not many have overcome the technical challenges involved in retrieving large amounts of material from the deep ocean.</p> <p>Some successful mining has already occurred in relatively shallow waters less than 200 meters. In the 1960s, Marine Diamond Corp. recovered nearly 1 million carats from the coast of Namibia. Today, de Beers obtains a significant portion of its total diamond production from the continental shelf of southern Africa. Mining operations in deeper waters have led to a very different results: When investors tried about 40 years ago to retrieve potato-sized manganese nodules scattered on the ocean floor, almost half a billion dollars worth of prospecting couldn’t make their efforts profitable.</p> <p>Since then, the mining industry has been hard at work developing specialized dredgers, pumps, crawlers, drills, platforms, cutters and corers, many of them robotic and all designed to work in the harsh conditions of the deep ocean. In addition, increases in the price of many materials such as copper, plus increasing demand from emerging economies is making such ventures more economically feasible. Recent discoveries of rich deposits on the seafloor and advances in technology are generating renewed interest in seafloor mining, including more diamonds, iron sands, cobalt-rich manganese crusts, phosphorite nodules and even those problematic manganese nodules. The rising importance and increasing scarcity of rare <a href="http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v4/n8/full/ngeo1185.html">earth elements</a> is also making some take a new look at the possibility of refining these materials from seafloor sources.</p> <p>Most attractive of all for the mining industry are the potential riches at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Known for nourishing lush communities of exotic life, the vents also can be treasure troves of high-grade minerals. When the very hot, chemical-rich fluids that spout or seep from the vents meet the cold water of the ocean, dissolved minerals solidify from the fluids and billow into the water or fall onto the seafloor or build up into massive chimney-like structures. These chimneys appear to billow black or white “smoke” depending on the chemical makeup of the fluids. Many sulfide deposits on land likely were formed the same way and were later were raised above sea level during the formation of islands and continents over millions of years. The island of Cyprus, for example, holds 30 massive sulfide deposits, which were a main source of copper for ancient Rome.</p> <p>For a number of reasons, the mining industry’s interest in seafloor massive sulfides is focusing mostly on vent fields in the western South Pacific. Many of the vent fields are located within the exclusive economic zones of small island nations, eliminating the potential complications of mining the seabed that lies under international waters. Many hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the region’s seafloor have been leased for exploration and mining could begin as early as 2019 off the coast of Papua New Guinea.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Why is it important?</h2> <p>Seafloor mining has the potential to help meet demand for many minerals used worldwide and could help bolster the economies of developing nations in one of two ways. The mining could take place in a nation’s own exclusive economic zone, or it could take place on the seafloor under international waters, where the International Seabed Authority dictates that a portion of all mining profits benefit developing nations.</p> <p>However, seafloor mining also has the potential to take a toll on the life in the sea. Anytime the seafloor is disturbed, so too are its fragile ecosystems—though the mining industry maintains that it is using and developing environmentally sensitive techniques, and many ocean habitats often appear to recover from damage. At the same time, the interest in mining is helping scientists study both the oceans’ chemistry and clues about how the planet formed.</p> <p>Biologists are particularly concerned about the potential for mining to disrupt or destroy unique communities of exotic life forms, such as those at hydrothermal vents and seamounts. The result could be the subsea equivalent of replacing an old-growth forest with a field of dandelions. On the other hand, animals similar to those that originally inhabited the vent site could eventually return. Too little research has been conducted to know for sure.</p> <p>The argument for protecting species is the same as that on land—diversity is at the heart of functioning ecosystems; it helps life adapt to changing conditions.</p> <p>No two vents discharge exactly the same mixes of fluids, so no two vents are colonized by exactly the same life forms. Researchers continue to find new vent species just about every time they look for more. What each deep-sea vent ecosystem has in common are conditions that would be incredibly hostile to most other life: extremes of temperature, intense ocean pressure, hot acidic fluids. Yet they foster rich communities, including extraordinary microbes that harness energy from chemicals rather than from sunlight as plants do. These strange life forms may hold clues to how life started on Earth. So little is known about them that if vents are mined, we may never know what species have been lost.</p> <p>Environmental advocates are also concerned about the safety of whole systems planned for recovering the minerals--including boats, barges, and heavy equipment that could accidentally pollute local waters and shorelines with fuels, other industrial chemicals and oxidizing ores. One effort to combat this possibility was led by the industry-led International Marine Minerals Society, which in 2010 implemented a <a href="https://www.immsoc.org/">voluntary code for environmental management</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article>     <span class="topic-all-link"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/news-release/?fwp_archive_search=Seafloor+Mining">[ ALL ]</a>  </span> <h2>News Releases</h2>  <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">February 17, 2017</span> <h3><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/news-release/panel-to-discuss-deep-sea-mining-at-aaas-meeting/">Panel to Discuss Deep-Sea Mining at AAAS Meeting</a></h3> </div> <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">March 26, 2009</span> <h3><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/news-release/deep-sea-floor-mining-is-subject-of-international-colloquium-at-whoi/">Deep Sea Floor Mining Is Subject of International Colloquium at WHOI</a></h3> </div>   <hr> <span class="topic-all-link"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/whoi-in-the-news/?fwp_archive_search=Seafloor+Mining">[ ALL ]</a>  </span> <h2>WHOI in the News</h2>  <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">November 22, 2020</span> <h3><a href="http://fullmeasure.news/news/shows/the-battle-below" target="_blank">The Battle Below</a></h3> </div> <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">August 20, 2019</span> <h3><a href="https://earther.gizmodo.com/the-lawless-high-seas-may-soon-gain-protections-under-a-1837382675" target="_blank">The Lawless High Seas May Soon Gain Protections Under a Groundbreaking Ocean Treaty</a></h3> </div> <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">March 7, 2017</span> <h3><a href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/countries-poised-to-roll-out-deep-sea-mining-in-new-gold-rush/2500509.article" target="_blank">Countries poised to roll out deep sea mining in new ‘gold rush’</a></h3> </div> <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">February 28, 2017</span> <h3><a href="http://www.nbcnews.com/mach/innovation/these-fearsome-robots-will-bring-mining-deep-ocean-n724901" target="_blank">These Fearsome Robots Will Bring Mining to the Deep Ocean</a></h3> </div> <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">February 25, 2017</span> <h3><a href="http://www.capecod.com/newscenter/panel-discusses-deep-sea-mining-at-aaas-meeting-in-boston/" target="_blank">Panel Discusses Deep Sea Mining at AAAS Meeting in Boston</a></h3> </div>   <hr> <span class="topic-all-link"> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/topics/ocean-resources/seafloor-mining/?fwp_page_types=oceanus_article">[ ALL ]</a> </span> <h2>From <em>Oceanus</em> Magazine</h2>  <div class="after-content-item"> <span class="after-content-date">November 20, 2009</span> <h3><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/the-promise-and-perils-of-seafloor-mining/">The Promise and Perils of Seafloor Mining</a></h3> <p>A year ago, the Canadian mining company Nautilus Minerals was poised to launch a new industry: mining the deep ocean floor. All Nautilus had to do was finish building special…</p> </div>  </div> <div class="fl-sidebar fl-sidebar-right col-md-3"> <div class="sidebar-box"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.whoi.edu/newsletter-sign-up/"> <img width="548" height="520" src="https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/themes/whoi-bb-blue-main/images/top-right-CTA.png" alt="Sign Up for Email" /> </a> </div>  <div class="sidebar-blue-box sidebar-blue-box-topics"> <span class="topic-all-link"> <a target="_blank" href="https://www.whoi.edu/search/#stq=Seafloor+Mining">[ ALL ]</a> </span> <h2><div class="sidebarTerm">Sustainable Ocean</div> Features</h2> <div class="sidebar-item"> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/faq/"><img width="400" height="190" src="https://www.whoi.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/expl0068-n-400x190.jpg" class="attachment-topic-feature-sidebar size-topic-feature-sidebar wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" /></a> <div> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/faq/">FAQs</a><br> What is deep-sea mining? Deep-sea mining is the proposed extraction of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources from the ocean floor… </div> </div> <div class="sidebar-item"> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/who-regulates-seafloor-mining/"></a> <div> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/seafloor-mining/who-regulates-seafloor-mining/">Who Regulates Seafloor Mining?</a><br> The rules that govern mining on most of the world’s seabed are no ordinary rules. They got their start back… </div> </div>  </div>    <div class="sidebar-blue-box sidebar-blue-box-topics"> <h2><div class="sidebarTerm">Sustainable Ocean</div> Related Links</h2> <h3><a href="https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/visit-whoi/events-happenings/morsscolloquium/past-colloquia/precious-metals-from-deep-sea-vents/">Precious Metals from Deep-sea Vents</a></h3> <p><strong><span class="subhead">Deep-Sea Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulfides: A Reality for Science and Society in the 21st Century</span></strong><br />2009 Morss Colloquium and Workshop</p> </div>  <div class="sidebar-blue-box sidebar-blue-box-topics"> <h2><div class="sidebarTerm">Sustainable Ocean</div> Related Topics</h2> <div class="sidebar-item related-topic"> <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/sustainable-ocean/aquaculture/"> <img width="150" height="150" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20150%20150'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="alignleft 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not requested by the subscriber or user.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-statistics" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Statistics</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-statistics-optin" data-category="cmplz_statistics" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-statistics" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-statistics-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Statistics</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.</span> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics-anonymous">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-marketing" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Marketing</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-marketing-optin" data-category="cmplz_marketing" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-marketing" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-marketing-optin" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Marketing</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-marketing">The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.</span> </div> </details> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information"> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookies-overview">Manage services</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/">Read more about these purposes</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-footer"></div> <div class="cmplz-buttons"> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-accept">Accept all cookies</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-deny">Necessary cookies only</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-view-preferences">Customize settings</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-save-preferences">Save preferences</button> <a class="cmplz-btn cmplz-manage-options tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Customize settings</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-documents"> <a class="cmplz-link cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-cookiebanner cmplz-hidden banner-3 optout cmplz-bottom-right cmplz-categories-type-view-preferences" aria-modal="true" data-nosnippet="true" role="dialog" aria-live="polite" aria-labelledby="cmplz-header-3-optout" aria-describedby="cmplz-message-3-optout"> <div class="cmplz-header"> <div class="cmplz-logo"></div> <div class="cmplz-title" id="cmplz-header-3-optout">Cookies Policy</div> <div class="cmplz-close" tabindex="0" role="button" aria-label="close-dialog"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="times" class="svg-inline--fa fa-times fa-w-11" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 352 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M242.72 256l100.07-100.07c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48l-22.24-22.24c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L176 189.28 75.93 89.21c-12.28-12.28-32.19-12.28-44.48 0L9.21 111.45c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48L109.28 256 9.21 356.07c-12.28 12.28-12.28 32.19 0 44.48l22.24 22.24c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0L176 322.72l100.07 100.07c12.28 12.28 32.2 12.28 44.48 0l22.24-22.24c12.28-12.28 12.28-32.19 0-44.48L242.72 256z"></path></svg> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-divider-header"></div> <div class="cmplz-body"> <div class="cmplz-message" id="cmplz-message-3-optout"><div class="cmplz-webtext">To provide the best experience possible, we use <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/cookie-policy-eu/">cookies</a> and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution sites reliable and secure, providing social media features and to analyze how our sites are used.</div><br /> <div class="cmplz-mobiletext">To provide the best experience possible, we use <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/cookie-policy-eu/">cookies</a> and other data for a number of reasons, such as keeping the WHOI sites reliable and secure, providing social media features and to analyze how our sites are used.</div></div>  <div class="cmplz-categories"> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-functional" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Functional</span> <span class='cmplz-always-active'> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-functional-optout" data-category="cmplz_functional" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-functional" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-functional-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Functional</span></label> </span> Always active </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-functional">The technical storage or access is strictly necessary for the legitimate purpose of enabling the use of a specific service explicitly requested by the subscriber or user, or for the sole purpose of carrying out the transmission of a communication over an electronic communications network.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-preferences" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Preferences</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-preferences-optout" data-category="cmplz_preferences" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-preferences" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-preferences-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Preferences</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-preferences">The technical storage or access is necessary for the legitimate purpose of storing preferences that are not requested by the subscriber or user.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-statistics" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Statistics</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-statistics-optout" data-category="cmplz_statistics" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-statistics" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-statistics-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Statistics</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for statistical purposes.</span> <span class="cmplz-description-statistics-anonymous">The technical storage or access that is used exclusively for anonymous statistical purposes. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you.</span> </div> </details> <details class="cmplz-category cmplz-marketing" > <summary> <span class="cmplz-category-header"> <span class="cmplz-category-title">Marketing</span> <span class="cmplz-banner-checkbox"> <input type="checkbox" id="cmplz-marketing-optout" data-category="cmplz_marketing" class="cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-marketing" size="40" value="1"/> <label class="cmplz-label" for="cmplz-marketing-optout" tabindex="0"><span class="screen-reader-text">Marketing</span></label> </span> <span class="cmplz-icon cmplz-open"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" height="18" ><path d="M224 416c-8.188 0-16.38-3.125-22.62-9.375l-192-192c-12.5-12.5-12.5-32.75 0-45.25s32.75-12.5 45.25 0L224 338.8l169.4-169.4c12.5-12.5 32.75-12.5 45.25 0s12.5 32.75 0 45.25l-192 192C240.4 412.9 232.2 416 224 416z"/></svg> </span> </span> </summary> <div class="cmplz-description"> <span class="cmplz-description-marketing">The technical storage or access is required to create user profiles to send advertising, or to track the user on a website or across several websites for similar marketing purposes.</span> </div> </details> </div> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-information"> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-options cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Manage options</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-third-parties cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-cookies-overview">Manage services</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-manage-vendors tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-tcf-wrapper">Manage {vendor_count} vendors</a> <a class="cmplz-link cmplz-external cmplz-read-more-purposes tcf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" href="https://cookiedatabase.org/tcf/purposes/">Read more about these purposes</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-divider cmplz-footer"></div> <div class="cmplz-buttons"> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-accept">Accept All</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-deny">Necessary cookies only</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-view-preferences">Customize settings</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-save-preferences">Save preferences</button> <a class="cmplz-btn cmplz-manage-options tcf cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="#cmplz-manage-consent-container">Customize settings</a> </div> <div class="cmplz-links cmplz-documents"> <a class="cmplz-link cookie-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link privacy-statement" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> <a class="cmplz-link impressum" href="#" data-relative_url="">{title}</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cmplz-manage-consent" data-nosnippet="true"><button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-3">Manage consent</button> <button class="cmplz-btn cmplz-hidden cmplz-manage-consent manage-consent-3">Manage consent</button> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> var sbiajaxurl = "https://www.whoi.edu/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php"; </script> <script> /* <![CDATA[ */var tribe_l10n_datatables = {"aria":{"sort_ascending":": activate to sort column ascending","sort_descending":": activate to sort column descending"},"length_menu":"Show _MENU_ entries","empty_table":"No data available in table","info":"Showing _START_ to _END_ of _TOTAL_ entries","info_empty":"Showing 0 to 0 of 0 entries","info_filtered":"(filtered from _MAX_ total entries)","zero_records":"No matching records found","search":"Search:","all_selected_text":"All items on this page were selected. 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