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data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> Unicode 16.0.0 </a> </span> <span class="etc" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <a href="https://www.unicode.org/main.html" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Tech Site</a> • <a href="https://www.unicode.org/sitemap/" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Site Map</a> • <a href="https://www.unicode.org/search/" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Search</a> </span> </div> </nav> <nav class="secondary" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="center split" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="split-side" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Core Spec</a> / <a href="." aria-current data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> Chapter 19 </a> </div> <div class="split-main" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <span class="double-column svelte-uu1q0n" data-svelte-h="svelte-18blkoq">‹</span> <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-18/" class="previous button svelte-uu1q0n"><span class="double-column svelte-uu1q0n" data-svelte-h="svelte-dxijau">Previous</span></a> <span class="double-column svelte-uu1q0n" data-svelte-h="svelte-xbhcl">•</span> <a href="/versions/Unicode16.0.0/core-spec/chapter-20/" class="next button svelte-uu1q0n"><span class="double-column svelte-uu1q0n" data-svelte-h="svelte-f609xm">Next</span></a> <span class="double-column svelte-uu1q0n" data-svelte-h="svelte-1wkqfb1">›</span> <label for="show-toc" class="single-column" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Contents</label> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <main data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="center split" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <input type="checkbox" id="show-toc" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="split-side" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <nav class="sidebar" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <ul class="root" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G14116" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 1 Ethiopic </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G14117" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Ethiopic: U+1200–U+137F</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18764" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Ethiopic Extensions</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G16914" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 2 Osmanya </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G16915" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Osmanya: U+10480–U+104AF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G43184" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 3 Tifinagh </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18607" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Tifinagh: U+2D30–U+2D7F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18603" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 4 N’Ko </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18723" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 N’Ko: U+07C0–U+07FF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18604" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 5 Vai </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G44663" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Vai: U+A500–U+A63F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G45398" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 6 Bamum </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G45399" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Bamum: U+A6A0–U+A6FF</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G49038" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Bamum Supplement: U+16800–U+16A3F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G54402" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 7 Bassa Vah </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G54600" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Bassa Vah: U+16AD0–U+16AFF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G54425" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 8 Mende Kikakui </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G54687" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Mende Kikakui: U+1E800–U+1E8DF</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G56860" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 9 Adlam </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G56882" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Adlam: U+1E900–U+1E95F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G58353" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 10 Medefaidrin </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G58527" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Medefaidrin: U+16E40–U+16E9F</a> </li> </ul> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G746355" class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> 11 Garay </a> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G746356" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Garay: U+10D40–U+10D8F</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <hr data-astro-cid-og2xway5><ul class="root" data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <span class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>Figures</span> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G52333" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Tifinagh Contextual Shaping</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G52423" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Tifinagh Consonant Joiner and Bi-consonants</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G23928" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 Examples of N’Ko Ordinals</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G746380" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>4 Representing /ɛ/ and /e/ in Garay</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <span class="primary" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>Tables</span> <ul data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G56166" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>1 Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WAA</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G18412" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>2 Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WE</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G56653" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>3 N’Ko Diacritic Usage</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G19947" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>4 N’Ko Tone Diacritics on Vowels</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G43878" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>5 N’Ko Letter Shaping</a> </li><li data-astro-cid-og2xway5> <a href="#G56092" data-astro-cid-og2xway5>6 Number Formation in Mende Kikakui</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="split-main" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="margin-wrapper" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <hgroup class="svelte-gmxeh4"><span id="G12178" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12178" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><p class="number svelte-gmxeh4">Chapter 19</p> <h1 data-number="19" class="svelte-gmxeh4">Africa</h1> </span> </hgroup> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-wbf5tz">Ethiopic and Tifinagh are scripts with long histories. Although their roots can be traced back to the original Semitic and North African writing systems, they would not be classified as Middle Eastern scripts today.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1afjpls">The remaining scripts in this chapter have been developed relatively recently. Some of them show roots in Latin and other letterforms. They are all original creative contributions intended specifically to serve the linguistic communities that use them.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1wec4ph">Osmanya is an alphabetic script developed in the early 20th century to write the Somali language. N’Ko is a right-to-left alphabetic script devised in 1949 as a writing system for Manden languages in West Africa. Vai is a syllabic script used for the Vai language in Liberia and Sierra Leone; it was developed in the 1830s, but the standard syllabary was published in 1962. Bamum is a syllabary developed between 1896 and 1910, used for writing the Bamum language in western Cameroon. Modern Bassa Vah is an alphabetic script developed early in the 20th century. Mende Kikakui is a right-to-left script used for writing Mende. It was also created in the early 20th century.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ormwbn">Adlam is an alphabetic script used to write Fulani and other African languages. The Fulani are a widespread ethnic group in Africa, and the Fulani language is spoken by more than 40 million people. The script was developed in the late 1980s, and was subsequently widely adopted among Fulani communities, where it is taught in schools.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1e5ezq9">The Medefaidrin script is used to write the liturgical language Medefaidrin by members of an indigenous Christian church in Nigeria. According to community tradition, the language was revealed to one of the founders of the community in 1927 by divine inspiration. It is presently used for Sunday school lessons and prayers or meditation.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-e8p8g7">Garay is a right-to-left alphabetic script used to write Wolof in Senegal. It was created by Assane Faye and first published in 1961. It has a small user community in Senegal. The script is designed to be easy to learn and use by people familiar with the Arabic script.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G14116" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G14116" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.1 Ethiopic</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G14117" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G14117" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.1.1 Ethiopic: U+1200–U+137F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-14v6kw4">The Ethiopic syllabary originally evolved for writing the Semitic language Ge’ez. Indeed, the English noun “Ethiopic” simply means “the Ge’ez language.” Ge’ez itself is now limited to liturgical usage, but its script has been adopted for modern use in writing several languages of central east Africa, including Amharic, Tigre, and Oromo.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12805" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12805" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Basic and Extended Ethiopic.</span></span> The Ethiopic characters encoded here include the basic set that has become established in common usage for writing major languages. As with other productive scripts, the basic Ethiopic forms are sometimes modified to produce an extended range of characters for writing additional languages.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12455" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12455" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Principles.</span></span> The syllables of the Ethiopic script are traditionally presented as a two-dimensional matrix of consonant-vowel combinations. The encoding follows this structure; in particular, the codespace range U+1200..U+1357 is interpreted as a matrix of 43 consonants crossed with 8 vowels, making 344 conceptual syllables. Most of these consonant-vowel syllables are represented by characters in the script, but some of them happen to be unused, accounting for the blank cells in the matrix.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12463" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12463" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Variant Glyph Forms.</span></span> A given Ethiopic syllable may be represented by different glyph forms, analogous to the glyph variants of Latin lowercase “a” or “g”, which do not coexist in the same font. Thus the particular glyph shown in the code chart for each position in the matrix is merely one representation of that conceptual syllable, and the glyph itself is not the object that is encoded.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12470" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12470" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Labialized Subseries.</span></span> A few Ethiopic consonants have labialized (“W”) forms that are traditionally allotted their own consonant series in the syllable matrix, although only a subset of the possible vowel forms are realized. Each of these derivative series is encoded immediately after the corresponding main consonant series. Because the standard vowel series includes both “AA” and “WAA”, two different cells of the syllable matrix might represent the “consonant + W + AA” syllable. For example:</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1yvqlhz">U+1257 = QH + WAA: potential but unused version of QHWAA</p> <p>U+125B = QHW + AA: <span title="U+125B ቛ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA</span></span></p> <p>In these cases, where the two conceptual syllables are equivalent, the entry in the labialized subseries is encoded and not the “consonant + WAA” entry in the main syllable series. The six specific cases are enumerated in <a href="#G56166" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-1</a>. In three of these cases, the -WAA position in the syllable matrix has been reanalyzed and used for encoding a syllable in -OA for extended Ethiopic.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G56166" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56166" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-1.</span> Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WAA</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-8zrd82"><th>-WAA Form</th> <th>Encoded as</th> <th>Not Used</th> <th>Contrast</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-19q018c">QWAA</td> <td>U+124B <span title="U+124B ቋ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWAA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 604 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M571,453Q571,392 515,349Q452,300 347,304Q340,260 332,190Q426,186 452,173Q474,162 474,123Q474,111 472.5,88.5Q471,66 471,57Q471,19 490,12L490,0Q401,-17 386,-17Q348,-17 348,43Q348,57 350.5,88.5Q353,120 353,135Q353,160 344,168Q330,180 282,180Q285,180 204,173Q204,116 168,83Q128,47 53,48L53,58Q63,73 67,111Q71,144 68,170Q134,174 210,189Q211,203 229,316Q184,295 138,295Q91,295 62,324Q33,353 33,396Q33,460 77,501Q136,556 264,558Q269,600 269,601Q269,627 265,638Q258,652 239,660L239,669Q303,681 356,681Q394,681 394,630Q394,605 385,555Q437,571 466,571Q516,571 545,534Q571,501 571,453ZM446,458Q446,507 429,526Q415,542 383,542L350,319Q401,324 426,372Q446,409 446,458ZM261,542Q202,533 186,511Q158,472 158,397Q158,326 199,326Q212,326 231,332L261,542Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ቋ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-p2cdbk">1247</td> <td>U+1247 <span title="U+1247 ቇ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QOA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 787 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M737,363Q737,270 639,225Q566,191 461,191Q454,142 454,87Q454,51 456,43Q462,20 486,18L486,6Q410,-14 354,-14Q324,-14 313,-2L243,-2Q245,-14 245,-24Q245,-88 161,-106Q111,-117 54,-105L52,-93Q85,-51 74,0Q68,27 50,45L53,57Q83,63 112,63Q197,63 238,16L304,16Q302,27 302,40Q302,71 315,178Q229,157 173,157Q62,157 62,256Q62,347 199,400Q235,414 341,445Q277,530 277,589Q277,666 354,708Q416,742 500,742Q554,742 590,722Q635,697 635,647Q635,595 579,542Q534,499 476,474L491,446Q522,452 544,455Q596,463 630,463Q737,463 737,363ZM502,636Q502,721 454,721Q429,721 414,697.5Q399,674 399,648Q399,595 454,513Q502,572 502,636ZM591,339Q591,426 510,426Q500,426 494,425L466,209Q591,209 591,339ZM347,422Q211,388 211,265Q211,189 282,189Q302,189 317,194L347,422Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ቇ</span></span></span> QOA</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1jwwqmy">QHWAA</td> <td>U+125B <span title="U+125B ቛ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWAA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 656 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M619,578Q566,560 529,560Q470,560 451,606L400,600Q411,573 411,546Q411,522 404,481Q499,492 519,492Q609,492 609,408Q609,337 537,298Q475,266 375,263L365,194Q465,186 486.5,174Q508,162 508,118Q508,117 506,75Q505,49 508,35Q511,17 522,12L522,2Q451,-13 424,-13Q400,-13 392.5,-2.5Q385,8 385,38Q385,46 386,80.5Q387,115 387,141Q387,163 374,172Q361,181 326,181Q297,181 239,175Q240,104 182,71Q142,48 88,48L88,58Q109,93 104,170Q184,178 243,192L251,250Q183,231 130,231Q37,231 37,315Q37,372 93,411Q158,457 280,462Q288,498 288,527Q288,557 279,584L219,578Q214,503 54,503L54,514Q77,546 77,577Q77,609 54,633L54,640Q93,654 130,654Q208,654 219,593L448,623Q447,667 487.5,689.5Q528,712 608,709L608,699Q592,675 592,650Q592,617 619,587L619,578ZM484,389Q484,467 426,467Q414,467 402,462L378,279Q432,276 461,313Q484,344 484,389ZM278,447Q162,443 162,326Q162,260 223,260Q237,260 252,265L278,447Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ቛ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h2iosp">1257</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-19n2myp">XWAA</td> <td>U+128B <span title="U+128B ኋ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWAA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 604 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M586,0Q500,-15 482,-15Q447,-15 447,15Q447,33 452,69Q457,105 457,127Q457,167 443,178Q426,191 357,191Q264,191 206,171Q206,41 53,31L53,40Q72,64 72,102Q72,127 63,151Q104,158 196,184Q264,203 306,204L336,333Q356,417 356,438Q356,464 334,460L263,448Q247,445 238.5,451.5Q230,458 232,473L236,512L182,507Q184,440 131,403Q90,375 41,375Q26,375 18,378L18,386Q56,417 56,478Q56,491 55,508L237,529Q241,560 241,581Q241,623 216,630L216,640Q285,653 325,653Q354,653 363,641.5Q372,630 372,600Q372,567 364.5,527Q357,487 357,482Q357,466 373,467L457,474Q489,477 489,448Q489,436 485,417L443,234Q440,223 440,214Q440,183 482,183Q488,183 500,184Q512,184 517,184Q545,184 555,174Q571,158 571,114Q571,103 570,82Q569,61 569,51Q569,15 585,11L586,0Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኋ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1q0i044">1287</td> <td>U+1287 <span title="U+1287 ኇ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XOA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1035 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M985,611Q985,553 941,523Q903,497 842,497Q791,497 672,472Q591,472 591,555Q591,600 618,640Q606,644 592,644Q533,644 496,568Q466,507 466,441Q466,329 523,329Q543,329 583.5,335Q624,341 644,341Q694,341 694,287L694,276Q692,267 692,263L669,106Q665,79 665,63Q665,17 690,15L690,0Q596,-18 552,-18Q527,-18 516,2L446,2Q448,-10 448,-20Q448,-84 364,-102Q314,-113 257,-100L255,-89Q288,-47 277,4Q271,31 253,49L255,61Q285,67 315,67Q400,67 441,20L509,20Q507,30 507,43Q507,63 513,111L531,254Q533,270 533,276Q533,316 492,316Q472,316 431,310Q390,304 369,304Q339,304 323,345Q311,376 311,411Q311,459 333,509L243,498Q243,427 201.5,388Q160,349 89,349Q82,349 69,351Q56,353 50,353L50,365Q79,404 79,460Q79,478 74,501L341,527Q428,663 595,663L621,663Q632,661 637,661Q705,702 813,702Q888,702 924,690Q985,670 985,611ZM844,640Q844,684 802,684Q767,684 750,635Q738,600 738,556Q738,512 778,512Q812,512 830,562Q844,601 844,640Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኇ</span></span></span> XOA</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-19d5wvi">KWAA</td> <td>U+12B3 <span title="U+12B3 ኳ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWAA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 656 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M633,-23Q593,-33 531,-43Q506,-43 498,-29Q492,-18 492,12Q492,28 496,62Q500,105 501,113Q504,150 479,159Q470,162 407,165Q389,166 324,157Q310,88 254,56Q212,32 157,32L157,40Q176,61 176,112Q176,131 173,153Q202,151 259,162Q322,173 342,174L345,177Q357,278 357,332Q357,392 341.5,419.5Q326,447 287,447Q236,447 215,384Q198,336 200,262L201,228Q202,218 187,217L96,214Q85,214 79,217.5Q73,221 73,231Q77,370 173,426Q176,428 167,431Q158,434 154,434L62,424Q48,422 46,449Q49,485 51,540Q49,585 23,590L23,601Q127,627 139,627Q163,627 171.5,620.5Q180,614 180,589Q180,580 175.5,531.5Q171,483 171,473Q171,440 188,435Q241,466 322,466Q424,466 458,406Q477,373 477,299Q477,259 473,175Q561,172 584,165Q617,155 617,119L617,18Q617,-10 633,-13L633,-23Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኳ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-10lhfza">12AF</td> <td>U+12AF <span title="U+12AF ኯ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KOA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 875 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M825,205L822,194Q727,171 691,173Q669,174 658,182Q642,194 642,228Q642,294 647,452Q648,492 629,519Q608,550 569,550Q523,550 491,509Q461,472 461,424Q450,356 450,195L450,153Q450,26 486,12L486,-4Q394,-21 362,-21Q326,-21 313,27Q305,57 305,126L305,172Q305,188 304,194Q304,260 311,315L243,315Q245,303 245,293Q245,228 161,210Q111,200 54,212L52,224Q85,265 74,316Q68,344 50,361L53,373Q83,380 112,380Q197,380 238,333L313,333Q331,456 393,499Q374,500 276,487Q262,487 262,496Q263,504 263,513L267,700Q268,735 238,735L243,742Q324,767 388,767Q426,767 425,746L416,513Q505,571 616,571Q791,571 789,385L788,273Q788,205 825,205Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኯ</span></span></span> KOA</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1rmww60">KXWAA</td> <td>U+12C3 <span title="U+13C3 Ꮓ CHEROKEE LETTER NO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 802 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M798,-82Q786,-87 752,-87Q700,-87 674,-56Q653,-31 653,8L437,-19Q436,-98 384,-125Q355,-141 292,-142L292,-131Q318,-108 318,-64Q318,-47 312,-32L312,-19L481,2Q485,94 498,234Q509,361 509,375Q509,447 461,445Q411,443 390,344Q377,283 377,204Q377,164 398,160L398,149Q314,130 301,130Q252,132 252,220Q252,276 278,333Q306,394 347,419Q316,416 280,409Q251,403 244,403Q225,403 224,439Q222,495 232,586L172,578Q160,504 4,504L5,510Q28,537 28,572Q28,605 4,632L4,636Q51,654 89,654Q162,654 169,592L414,626Q421,716 574,708L574,698Q559,675 559,650Q559,611 587,590L587,582Q525,564 493,564Q437,564 420,613L360,604Q359,554 353,502.5Q347,451 347,444Q347,429 355,427Q352,427 397.5,445.5Q443,464 495,464Q546,464 580,438Q622,405 622,338Q622,284 603,18L776,39Q773,28 773,14Q773,-40 798,-72L798,-82Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">Ꮓ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-mv563p">12BF</td> <td></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-19hsz4q">GWAA</td> <td>U+1313 <span title="U+1313 ጓ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWAA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 552 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M513,260Q513,232 481.5,143.5Q450,55 450,44Q450,12 471,12L471,2Q428,-8 362,-15Q342,-17 326.5,-4Q311,9 314,27Q319,65 347.5,142.5Q376,220 385,266Q383,303 356.5,324Q330,345 296,345Q254,345 194,315Q194,252 155,216.5Q116,181 59,181L40,181L40,189Q57,210 57,247Q57,273 48,294L48,304Q315,337 315,481Q315,568 248,568Q226,568 199,557L199,546Q199,497 158,463.5Q117,430 61,430L51,430L51,440Q67,465 67,493Q67,515 58,541L59,549Q62,549 176,571Q283,592 338,592Q384,592 414,567Q444,542 444,497Q444,443 383,325Q443,331 441,331Q472,331 491,314Q513,294 513,260Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ጓ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-qlfkmk">130F</td> <td></td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-11ln5sy">Also, <i>within</i> the labialized subseries, the sixth vowel (“-E”) forms are sometimes considered to be second vowel (“-U”) forms. For example:</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1yydup">U+1249 = QW + U: unused version of QWE</p> <p>U+124D = QW + E: <span title="U+124D ቍ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE</span></span></p> <p>In these cases, where the two syllables are nearly equivalent, the “-E” entry is encoded and not the “-U” entry. The six specific cases are enumerated in <a href="#G18412" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-2</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G18412" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18412" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-2.</span> Labialized Forms in Ethiopic -WE</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-fx4po7"><th>“-WE” Form</th> <th>Encoded as</th> <th>Not Used</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-11ghdkn">QWE</td> <td>U+124D <span title="U+124D ቍ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 958 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M928,247Q914,245 890,245Q834,245 800.5,271.5Q767,298 765,348Q764,364 748,368Q744,369 717,369Q644,369 569,362Q559,308 514,271Q460,229 375,229Q360,229 344,230Q329,133 329,71Q329,42 332,33Q337,15 356,13L356,1Q289,-16 243,-16Q218,-16 209,-6Q200,4 200,30Q200,36 224,232Q166,215 135,215Q84,215 56,247Q31,275 31,318Q31,381 75,421Q132,473 259,478Q265,528 265,542Q265,569 260,579Q254,594 234,601L234,610Q295,623 352,623Q390,623 390,572Q390,554 379,477Q441,497 470,497Q511,497 541,460Q571,423 570,378L634,382Q647,438 647,458Q647,483 630,488L630,498Q709,509 750,509Q765,509 769,504Q773,499 773,482Q773,461 767.5,431Q762,401 762,394Q762,370 791,370Q825,370 905,376L905,366Q898,347 898,328Q898,286 928,257L928,247ZM438,405Q438,463 394,463Q385,463 378,460L349,247Q438,242 438,405ZM256,461Q200,461 176,420Q156,384 156,307Q156,243 201,243Q213,243 227,248L256,461Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ቍ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1275a3i">1249</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-zq7cjr">QHWE</td> <td>U+125D <span title="U+125D ቝ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE QHWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 958 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M932,250Q906,246 885,246Q829,246 795,279Q776,298 770,340Q766,371 747,370L596,364Q579,302 525,274Q471,246 364,242Q358,216 351,155Q344,94 344,69Q344,40 347,31Q352,13 371,11L371,-1Q302,-17 258,-17Q233,-17 224,-7.5Q215,2 215,28Q215,29 239,225Q165,206 119,206Q26,206 26,290Q26,347 82,386Q147,432 269,437Q288,530 271,582L211,575Q207,501 46,501L46,512Q69,543 69,575Q69,607 46,630L46,638Q84,652 121,652Q200,652 212,591L441,621Q439,665 479.5,687Q520,709 601,707L601,696Q584,673 584,647Q584,615 611,585L611,575Q557,558 522,558Q462,558 444,604L393,598Q401,577 401,543Q401,509 393,456Q478,469 510,469Q598,469 598,381L645,381Q652,458 652,455Q652,477 635,488L635,496Q716,508 744,508Q776,508 776,492Q776,464 771,430Q766,396 766,390Q766,367 793,367Q859,367 910,376Q901,352 901,329Q901,284 932,257L932,250ZM473,364Q473,442 415,442Q403,442 390,437L366,254Q421,251 450,288Q473,319 473,364ZM266,423Q210,421 180.5,388Q151,355 151,301Q151,236 211,236Q225,236 241,241L266,423Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ቝ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1qf8sw7">1259</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-11loc56">XWE</td> <td>U+128D <span title="U+128D ኍ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 854 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M839,139Q819,136 801,136Q740,136 706,166Q675,193 675,236Q675,256 661,260Q659,260 628,260Q560,260 462,253L435,148Q419,85 419,55Q419,18 443,12L443,2Q358,-14 342,-14Q311,-14 298.5,-4.5Q286,5 286,31Q286,55 298,108L339,292Q353,357 353,378Q353,403 331,400L258,390Q242,388 235,392.5Q228,397 229,411L233,450L180,445Q181,378 128,341Q87,313 37,313Q23,313 15,316L15,325Q54,357 54,415Q54,429 52,447L236,467Q242,506 242,526Q242,561 213,569L213,578Q287,592 322,592Q351,592 361.5,580Q372,568 372,538Q372,509 365,469Q358,429 358,421Q358,405 371,406L456,414Q490,417 490,386Q490,365 467,268L554,276Q575,349 575,360Q575,371 568,373L568,381Q659,393 677,393Q702,393 702,377Q702,373 696,349Q689,320 685.5,300Q682,280 682,273Q682,263 686,261.5Q690,260 707,260Q778,260 816,266Q809,243 809,220Q809,172 839,149L839,139Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኍ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-18znm2">1289</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-11vp4h9">KWE</td> <td>U+12B5 <span title="U+12B5 ኵ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 760 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M736,286Q717,283 698,283Q647,283 614,304Q573,332 573,388Q522,386 422,373Q461,333 461,241Q461,218 458,170Q455,122 455,100Q455,11 494,11L494,2Q406,-14 378,-14Q350,-14 342,9Q335,28 335,85Q335,101 337,186Q340,266 340,284Q338,392 280,392Q232,392 216,323Q205,277 205,173Q205,77 209,51Q214,15 237,11L237,2Q138,-16 125,-16Q78,-16 79,149Q79,293 159,357Q119,351 55,343Q46,343 42.5,350.5Q39,358 40,368L43,452Q44,485 25,495L25,503Q108,530 146,530Q168,530 170,501L164,412Q164,393 171,365Q167,365 191.5,377.5Q216,390 246,399Q288,411 329,411Q352,411 372.5,402.5Q393,394 414,385Q424,383 427,428Q428,463 430,498Q429,517 428,535Q424,561 402,569L402,578Q443,586 527,602Q547,606 553,588Q557,579 557,555Q554,472 547,405Q567,405 630,408Q660,411 712,415Q707,397 707,376Q707,314 736,298L736,286Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ኵ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-90mh0g">12B1</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-s2jhhp">KXWE</td> <td>U+12C5 <span title="U+12C5 ዅ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE KXWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 950 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M948,286Q929,284 912,284Q788,284 787,389Q724,386 604,373Q633,338 640,293Q643,279 643,236Q643,211 640.5,162Q638,113 638,77Q638,11 676,11L676,1Q563,-16 556,-16Q529,-16 521,18Q518,33 518,73Q518,68 520.5,151Q523,234 523,272Q522,332 512,357Q498,390 461,390Q387,390 387,186Q387,78 390,52Q395,14 418,11L418,2Q363,-15 312,-15Q286,-15 276,5Q262,37 262,144Q262,297 346,358Q315,355 280,348Q250,343 243,343Q224,343 223,379Q219,481 231,586L171,578Q159,504 3,504L4,510Q27,537 27,572Q27,605 3,632L3,636Q50,654 87,654Q160,654 168,592L413,626Q419,716 573,708L573,698Q557,675 557,650Q557,611 586,590L586,582Q523,564 492,564Q435,564 419,613L359,604Q357,560 352,487Q347,420 347,400Q347,367 356,365Q421,413 498,413Q546,413 588,387L633,391L673,550Q668,571 648,569L651,582Q682,588 713,595Q750,602 775,602Q802,602 802,577L762,403L924,415Q918,394 918,374Q918,326 948,298L948,286Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ዅ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-qj6mrd">12C1</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-11oo3j5">GWE</td> <td>U+1315 <span title="U+1315 ጕ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE GWE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 760 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M729,202Q709,199 692,199Q637,199 605.5,224.5Q574,250 574,296Q574,312 579,330Q574,341 561,343Q557,344 518,344Q444,344 395,330Q377,273 353.5,172Q330,71 330,48Q330,14 354,9L354,-1Q269,-16 240,-16Q201,-16 201,29Q201,77 245,258.5Q289,440 289,462Q289,505 269,529Q252,550 229,550Q206,550 179,540Q181,525 181,511Q181,453 141,420Q106,390 55,390Q43,390 32,392L32,401Q54,420 54,460Q54,486 44,515L44,523Q106,532 205,564Q292,591 315,591Q352,591 383,554Q418,513 418,453Q418,410 400,348L467,359Q486,432 486,448Q486,474 459,479L459,491Q573,503 586,503Q613,503 613,480Q613,462 600.5,410Q588,358 588,350Q587,342 595,339Q599,338 608,338L725,340L725,333Q710,301 710,269Q710,227 729,212L729,202Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ጕ</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-y1l6z4">1311</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G13526" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G13526" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Keyboard Input.</span></span> Because the Ethiopic script includes more than 300 characters, the units of keyboard input must constitute some smaller set of entities, typically 43+8 codes interpreted as the coordinates of the syllable matrix. Because these keyboard input codes are expected to be transient entities that are resolved into syllabic characters before they enter stored text, keyboard input codes are not specified in this standard.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12523" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12523" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Syllable Names.</span></span> The Ethiopic script often has multiple syllables corresponding to the same Latin letter, making it difficult to assign unique Latin names. Therefore the names list makes use of certain devices (such as doubling a Latin letter in the name) merely to create uniqueness; this device has no relation to the phonetics of these syllables in any particular language.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12529" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12529" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Encoding Order and Sorting.</span></span> The order of the consonants in the encoding is based on the traditional alphabetical order. It may differ from the sort order used for one or another language, if only because in many languages various pairs or triplets of syllables are treated as equivalent in the first sorting pass. For example, an Amharic dictionary may start out with a section headed by <i data-svelte-h="svelte-iepmwa">three</i> H-like syllables:</p> <p><span title="U+1200 ሀ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA" class="svelte-wim892">U+1200 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HA</span></span></p> <p><span title="U+1210 ሐ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA" class="svelte-wim892">U+1210 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE HHA</span></span></p> <p><span title="U+1280 ኀ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA" class="svelte-wim892">U+1280 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE XA</span></span></p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-mhtngd">Thus the encoding order cannot and does not implement a collation procedure for any particular language using this script.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G14747" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G14747" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Diacritical Marks.</span></span> The Ethiopic script generally makes no use of diacritical marks, but they are sometimes employed for scholarly or didactic purposes. In particular, <span title="U+135F ◌፟ ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+135F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC COMBINING GEMINATION MARK</span></span> and <span title="U+030E ◌̎ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ABOVE" class="svelte-wim892">U+030E <span class="svelte-qd2acw">COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE ABOVE</span></span> are sometimes used to indicate emphasis or gemination (consonant doubling).</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12553" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12553" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Numbers.</span></span> Ethiopic digit glyphs are derived from the Greek alphabet, possibly borrowed from Coptic letterforms. In modern use, European digits are often used. The Ethiopic number system does not use a zero, nor is it based on digital-positional notation. A number is denoted as a sequence of powers of 100, each preceded by a coefficient (2 through 99). In each term of the series, the power 100^n is indicated by n HUNDRED characters (merged to a digraph when n = 2). The coefficient is indicated by a <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1mf5zjs">tens</i> digit and a <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1l0uup3">ones</i> digit, either of which is absent if its value is zero.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-l1ai4r">For example, the number 2,345 is represented by</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1fx1zv9">2,345 = (20 + 3)*100^1 + (40 + 5)*100^0</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-8hnsys">= 20 3 100 40 5</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1jticos">= TWENTY THREE HUNDRED FORTY FIVE</p> <p>= 1373 136B 137B 1375 136D <span title="U+1373 ፳ ETHIOPIC NUMBER TWENTY U+136B ፫ ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE U+137B ፻ ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED U+1375 ፵ ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY U+136D ፭ ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 2676 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M480,511Q444,503 423,503Q358,503 354,566L238,557Q240,481 143,481Q132,481 120,482L120,492Q135,501 129,562L464,590Q462,553 463,550Q465,529 480,521L480,511ZM576,360Q552,356 529,356Q437,356 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61,414L414,445L414,433Q404,410 404,387Q404,347 428,330L428,317ZM378,-143Q366,-147 335,-147Q258,-147 257,-79L151,-91Q156,-166 59,-166Q46,-166 31,-164L31,-154Q44,-149 45,-129Q46,-126 45,-84L359,-55Q354,-118 378,-131L378,-143Z" /><path transform="translate(1062)" d="M418,511Q382,503 361,503Q296,503 292,566L176,557Q178,481 81,481Q70,481 58,482L58,492Q74,501 67,562L402,590Q400,553 401,550Q403,529 418,521L418,511ZM385,377Q385,315 335.5,277.5Q286,240 215,240Q246,203 246,151L246,73Q246,12 283,12L283,1Q199,-13 160,-13Q124,-13 124,32L124,85Q124,153 97,216.5Q70,280 70,319Q70,395 137,439Q193,475 270,475Q328,475 359,444Q385,417 385,377ZM389,-137Q375,-141 345,-141Q268,-141 267,-73L161,-85Q166,-160 69,-160Q56,-160 41,-158L41,-148Q54,-143 55,-123Q56,-120 55,-78L369,-49Q364,-112 389,-126L389,-137ZM264,368Q264,455 224,455Q208,455 197,437Q183,414 183,371Q183,341 191,308Q198,281 205,255Q264,247 264,368Z" /><path transform="translate(1520)" d="M498,511Q462,503 440,503Q375,503 372,566L255,557Q258,481 161,481Q150,481 138,482L138,492Q153,501 147,562L482,590Q479,558 480,552Q482,530 498,521L498,511ZM573,410Q573,390 538.5,219Q504,48 504,38Q504,20 519,9L519,0Q447,-16 409,-16Q378,-16 379,20Q379,41 398,141Q412,210 426,280Q388,309 361,317Q349,263 332,245Q299,212 214,192Q149,176 112,176Q33,176 33,255Q33,283 40.5,322.5Q48,362 48,371Q48,384 32,389L32,400Q131,421 151,421Q174,421 174,395Q174,391 160,320Q146,249 146,234Q146,201 176,201Q191,201 205,214.5Q219,228 235,304Q249,369 249,386Q249,408 231,410L231,419Q313,437 344,437Q361,437 368.5,432Q376,427 376,410Q376,415 368,355Q398,311 430,302Q446,370 446,399Q446,418 431,421L431,432Q500,445 539,445Q573,445 573,410ZM439,-143Q427,-147 396,-147Q320,-147 317,-79L211,-91Q217,-166 120,-166Q107,-166 92,-164L92,-154Q105,-149 106,-129Q107,-126 106,-84L420,-55Q415,-118 439,-131L439,-143Z" /><path transform="translate(2124)" d="M429,508Q393,500 372,500Q307,500 304,563L187,554Q189,478 93,478Q82,478 69,479L69,489Q82,496 82,521Q82,525 78,559L414,587Q412,553 412,549Q414,527 429,518L429,508ZM520,230Q487,215 448,215Q372,215 341,304L261,292Q226,234 191,175Q163,122 163,83Q163,57 179,37.5Q195,18 220,18Q230,18 256,25Q289,33 313,37Q313,118 450,113L450,100Q439,39 462,5L462,-6Q404,-18 389,-18Q331,-18 318,22Q290,17 216,-1Q162,-15 132,-15Q83,-15 57.5,12Q32,39 32,80Q32,133 110.5,248.5Q189,364 189,404Q189,445 160,444L160,455Q221,474 271,474Q316,474 316,424Q316,383 273,310L466,340Q466,264 520,240L520,230ZM434,-142Q416,-146 391,-146Q315,-146 312,-77L206,-90Q213,-164 113,-164Q101,-164 87,-163L87,-152Q100,-147 102,-127Q102,-124 101,-83L415,-54Q411,-117 434,-130L434,-142Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፳፫፻፵፭</span></span></span></p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1wlrmil">A language using the Ethiopic script may have a <i>word</i> for “thousand,” such as Amharic “SHI” (U+123A), and a quantity such as 2,345 may also be written as it is spoken in that language, which in the case of Amharic happens to parallel English:</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1b2gwun">2,345 = TWO thousand THREE HUNDRED FORTY FIVE</p> <p>= 136A 123A 136B 137B 1375 136D <span title="U+136A ፪ ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO U+123A ሺ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE SHI U+136B ፫ ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE U+137B ፻ ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED U+1375 ፵ ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY U+136D ፭ ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 3290 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M413,512Q377,504 356,504Q291,504 288,567L171,558Q173,482 77,482Q66,482 54,483L54,493Q66,500 66,526Q66,525 63,563L398,591Q396,557 396,553Q398,531 413,522L413,512ZM394,376Q394,316 348.5,268.5Q303,221 241,221Q214,221 166,234Q166,175 170,140Q277,154 303,154Q375,154 375,90Q375,41 324,12Q279,-14 216,-14Q45,-14 45,246Q45,370 96,421Q152,477 286,477Q336,477 365,450.5Q394,424 394,376ZM419,-141Q401,-145 376,-145Q300,-145 297,-77L159,-89Q165,-163 65,-163Q53,-163 39,-162L39,-152Q52,-146 54,-127Q54,-123 53,-82L400,-53Q396,-116 419,-129L419,-141ZM278,415Q278,457 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d="M409,511Q373,503 352,503Q287,503 284,566L167,557Q169,481 72,481Q61,481 49,482L49,492Q62,499 61,524Q61,528 58,562L394,590Q391,556 391,552Q393,530 409,521L409,511ZM428,317Q396,309 371,309Q276,309 274,416L183,409Q182,287 174.5,161.5Q167,36 167,38Q167,16 185,12L185,2Q113,-15 84,-15Q60,-15 53,-4Q46,7 46,34Q46,43 52,152Q59,267 61,414L414,445L414,433Q404,410 404,387Q404,347 428,330L428,317ZM378,-143Q366,-147 335,-147Q258,-147 257,-79L151,-91Q156,-166 59,-166Q46,-166 31,-164L31,-154Q44,-149 45,-129Q46,-126 45,-84L359,-55Q354,-118 378,-131L378,-143Z" /><path transform="translate(1676)" d="M418,511Q382,503 361,503Q296,503 292,566L176,557Q178,481 81,481Q70,481 58,482L58,492Q74,501 67,562L402,590Q400,553 401,550Q403,529 418,521L418,511ZM385,377Q385,315 335.5,277.5Q286,240 215,240Q246,203 246,151L246,73Q246,12 283,12L283,1Q199,-13 160,-13Q124,-13 124,32L124,85Q124,153 97,216.5Q70,280 70,319Q70,395 137,439Q193,475 270,475Q328,475 359,444Q385,417 385,377ZM389,-137Q375,-141 345,-141Q268,-141 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573,410ZM439,-143Q427,-147 396,-147Q320,-147 317,-79L211,-91Q217,-166 120,-166Q107,-166 92,-164L92,-154Q105,-149 106,-129Q107,-126 106,-84L420,-55Q415,-118 439,-131L439,-143Z" /><path transform="translate(2738)" d="M429,508Q393,500 372,500Q307,500 304,563L187,554Q189,478 93,478Q82,478 69,479L69,489Q82,496 82,521Q82,525 78,559L414,587Q412,553 412,549Q414,527 429,518L429,508ZM520,230Q487,215 448,215Q372,215 341,304L261,292Q226,234 191,175Q163,122 163,83Q163,57 179,37.5Q195,18 220,18Q230,18 256,25Q289,33 313,37Q313,118 450,113L450,100Q439,39 462,5L462,-6Q404,-18 389,-18Q331,-18 318,22Q290,17 216,-1Q162,-15 132,-15Q83,-15 57.5,12Q32,39 32,80Q32,133 110.5,248.5Q189,364 189,404Q189,445 160,444L160,455Q221,474 271,474Q316,474 316,424Q316,383 273,310L466,340Q466,264 520,240L520,230ZM434,-142Q416,-146 391,-146Q315,-146 312,-77L206,-90Q213,-164 113,-164Q101,-164 87,-163L87,-152Q100,-147 102,-127Q102,-124 101,-83L415,-54Q411,-117 434,-130L434,-142Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፪ሺ፫፻፵፭</span></span></span></p> <p>In Ge’ez language manuscripts the conjunction “<span title="U+12C8 ወ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 702 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M651,331Q651,88 470,88Q404,88 321,75Q298,71 172,46Q74,46 73,164Q73,166 73,168Q73,331 150,407Q194,451 248,466Q321,487 434,488Q453,488 453,477L453,464Q457,464 511,483Q537,492 555,492Q609,492 633,435Q651,393 651,331ZM331,449Q331,457 323,457Q321,457 318,456Q259,456 223,343Q195,254 195,172Q196,77 248,77Q275,77 290,140Q292,147 302,224Q322,385 331,449ZM536,342Q536,344 536,347Q536,456 491,456Q463,456 448,447Q448,429 438,358Q434,328 420,232Q410,158 410,150Q410,104 449,103Q475,103 489,116Q512,139 525,219Q536,282 536,342Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ወ</span></span></span>” is frequently used to write numbers as they would be spoken.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-xzxuyu">For example, the number 2,345 would then be written in a Ge’ez language document as</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1yhuk0m">2,345 = TWENTY and THREE HUNDRED with FORTY and FIVE</p> <p>= 136A 12C8 136B 137B 12C8 1375 12C8 136D <span title="U+136A ፪ ETHIOPIC DIGIT TWO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 458 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M413,512Q377,504 356,504Q291,504 288,567L171,558Q173,482 77,482Q66,482 54,483L54,493Q66,500 66,526Q66,525 63,563L398,591Q396,557 396,553Q398,531 413,522L413,512ZM394,376Q394,316 348.5,268.5Q303,221 241,221Q214,221 166,234Q166,175 170,140Q277,154 303,154Q375,154 375,90Q375,41 324,12Q279,-14 216,-14Q45,-14 45,246Q45,370 96,421Q152,477 286,477Q336,477 365,450.5Q394,424 394,376ZM419,-141Q401,-145 376,-145Q300,-145 297,-77L159,-89Q165,-163 65,-163Q53,-163 39,-162L39,-152Q52,-146 54,-127Q54,-123 53,-82L400,-53Q396,-116 419,-129L419,-141ZM278,415Q278,457 244,457Q204,457 185,386Q174,343 167,251Q173,249 183,249Q216,249 248,313Q278,371 278,415ZM259,56Q259,126 202,126Q189,126 173,122Q192,2 227,2Q242,2 251,22Q259,38 259,56Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፪</span></span></span><span title="U+12C8 ወ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 702 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M651,331Q651,88 470,88Q404,88 321,75Q298,71 172,46Q74,46 73,164Q73,166 73,168Q73,331 150,407Q194,451 248,466Q321,487 434,488Q453,488 453,477L453,464Q457,464 511,483Q537,492 555,492Q609,492 633,435Q651,393 651,331ZM331,449Q331,457 323,457Q321,457 318,456Q259,456 223,343Q195,254 195,172Q196,77 248,77Q275,77 290,140Q292,147 302,224Q322,385 331,449ZM536,342Q536,344 536,347Q536,456 491,456Q463,456 448,447Q448,429 438,358Q434,328 420,232Q410,158 410,150Q410,104 449,103Q475,103 489,116Q512,139 525,219Q536,282 536,342Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ወ</span></span></span><span title="U+136B ፫ ETHIOPIC DIGIT THREE U+137B ፻ ETHIOPIC NUMBER HUNDRED"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 916 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M409,511Q373,503 352,503Q287,503 284,566L167,557Q169,481 72,481Q61,481 49,482L49,492Q62,499 61,524Q61,528 58,562L394,590Q391,556 391,552Q393,530 409,521L409,511ZM428,317Q396,309 371,309Q276,309 274,416L183,409Q182,287 174.5,161.5Q167,36 167,38Q167,16 185,12L185,2Q113,-15 84,-15Q60,-15 53,-4Q46,7 46,34Q46,43 52,152Q59,267 61,414L414,445L414,433Q404,410 404,387Q404,347 428,330L428,317ZM378,-143Q366,-147 335,-147Q258,-147 257,-79L151,-91Q156,-166 59,-166Q46,-166 31,-164L31,-154Q44,-149 45,-129Q46,-126 45,-84L359,-55Q354,-118 378,-131L378,-143Z" /><path transform="translate(458)" d="M418,511Q382,503 361,503Q296,503 292,566L176,557Q178,481 81,481Q70,481 58,482L58,492Q74,501 67,562L402,590Q400,553 401,550Q403,529 418,521L418,511ZM385,377Q385,315 335.5,277.5Q286,240 215,240Q246,203 246,151L246,73Q246,12 283,12L283,1Q199,-13 160,-13Q124,-13 124,32L124,85Q124,153 97,216.5Q70,280 70,319Q70,395 137,439Q193,475 270,475Q328,475 359,444Q385,417 385,377ZM389,-137Q375,-141 345,-141Q268,-141 267,-73L161,-85Q166,-160 69,-160Q56,-160 41,-158L41,-148Q54,-143 55,-123Q56,-120 55,-78L369,-49Q364,-112 389,-126L389,-137ZM264,368Q264,455 224,455Q208,455 197,437Q183,414 183,371Q183,341 191,308Q198,281 205,255Q264,247 264,368Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፫፻</span></span></span><span title="U+12C8 ወ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 702 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M651,331Q651,88 470,88Q404,88 321,75Q298,71 172,46Q74,46 73,164Q73,166 73,168Q73,331 150,407Q194,451 248,466Q321,487 434,488Q453,488 453,477L453,464Q457,464 511,483Q537,492 555,492Q609,492 633,435Q651,393 651,331ZM331,449Q331,457 323,457Q321,457 318,456Q259,456 223,343Q195,254 195,172Q196,77 248,77Q275,77 290,140Q292,147 302,224Q322,385 331,449ZM536,342Q536,344 536,347Q536,456 491,456Q463,456 448,447Q448,429 438,358Q434,328 420,232Q410,158 410,150Q410,104 449,103Q475,103 489,116Q512,139 525,219Q536,282 536,342Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ወ</span></span></span><span title="U+1375 ፵ ETHIOPIC NUMBER FORTY"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 604 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M498,511Q462,503 440,503Q375,503 372,566L255,557Q258,481 161,481Q150,481 138,482L138,492Q153,501 147,562L482,590Q479,558 480,552Q482,530 498,521L498,511ZM573,410Q573,390 538.5,219Q504,48 504,38Q504,20 519,9L519,0Q447,-16 409,-16Q378,-16 379,20Q379,41 398,141Q412,210 426,280Q388,309 361,317Q349,263 332,245Q299,212 214,192Q149,176 112,176Q33,176 33,255Q33,283 40.5,322.5Q48,362 48,371Q48,384 32,389L32,400Q131,421 151,421Q174,421 174,395Q174,391 160,320Q146,249 146,234Q146,201 176,201Q191,201 205,214.5Q219,228 235,304Q249,369 249,386Q249,408 231,410L231,419Q313,437 344,437Q361,437 368.5,432Q376,427 376,410Q376,415 368,355Q398,311 430,302Q446,370 446,399Q446,418 431,421L431,432Q500,445 539,445Q573,445 573,410ZM439,-143Q427,-147 396,-147Q320,-147 317,-79L211,-91Q217,-166 120,-166Q107,-166 92,-164L92,-154Q105,-149 106,-129Q107,-126 106,-84L420,-55Q415,-118 439,-131L439,-143Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፵</span></span></span><span title="U+12C8 ወ ETHIOPIC SYLLABLE WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 702 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M651,331Q651,88 470,88Q404,88 321,75Q298,71 172,46Q74,46 73,164Q73,166 73,168Q73,331 150,407Q194,451 248,466Q321,487 434,488Q453,488 453,477L453,464Q457,464 511,483Q537,492 555,492Q609,492 633,435Q651,393 651,331ZM331,449Q331,457 323,457Q321,457 318,456Q259,456 223,343Q195,254 195,172Q196,77 248,77Q275,77 290,140Q292,147 302,224Q322,385 331,449ZM536,342Q536,344 536,347Q536,456 491,456Q463,456 448,447Q448,429 438,358Q434,328 420,232Q410,158 410,150Q410,104 449,103Q475,103 489,116Q512,139 525,219Q536,282 536,342Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ወ</span></span></span><span title="U+136D ፭ ETHIOPIC DIGIT FIVE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 552 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,508Q393,500 372,500Q307,500 304,563L187,554Q189,478 93,478Q82,478 69,479L69,489Q82,496 82,521Q82,525 78,559L414,587Q412,553 412,549Q414,527 429,518L429,508ZM520,230Q487,215 448,215Q372,215 341,304L261,292Q226,234 191,175Q163,122 163,83Q163,57 179,37.5Q195,18 220,18Q230,18 256,25Q289,33 313,37Q313,118 450,113L450,100Q439,39 462,5L462,-6Q404,-18 389,-18Q331,-18 318,22Q290,17 216,-1Q162,-15 132,-15Q83,-15 57.5,12Q32,39 32,80Q32,133 110.5,248.5Q189,364 189,404Q189,445 160,444L160,455Q221,474 271,474Q316,474 316,424Q316,383 273,310L466,340Q466,264 520,240L520,230ZM434,-142Q416,-146 391,-146Q315,-146 312,-77L206,-90Q213,-164 113,-164Q101,-164 87,-163L87,-152Q100,-147 102,-127Q102,-124 101,-83L415,-54Q411,-117 434,-130L434,-142Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">፭</span></span></span></p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G12543" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G12543" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Word Separators.</span></span> The traditional word separator is <span title="U+1361 ፡ ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE" class="svelte-wim892">U+1361 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ETHIOPIC WORDSPACE</span></span> ( : ). In modern usage, a plain white wordspace (<span title="U+0020 SPACE" class="svelte-wim892">U+0020 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">SPACE</span></span>) is becoming common.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G18739" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18739" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Section Mark.</span></span> One or more <i data-svelte-h="svelte-hrpxd3">section marks</i> are typically used on a separate line to mark the separation of sections. Commonly, an odd number is used and they are separated by spaces.</p> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G18764" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18764" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.1.2 Ethiopic Extensions</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-rgrla8">The Ethiopic script is used for a large number of languages and dialects in Ethiopia and in some instances has been extended significantly beyond the set of characters used for major languages such as Amharic and Tigre. There are four blocks of extensions to the Ethiopic script: Ethiopic Supplement U+1380..U+139F, Ethiopic Extended U+2D80..U+2DDF, Ethiopic Extended-A U+AB00..U+AB2F, and Ethiopic Extended-B U+1E7E0..U+1E7FF. Those extensions cover such languages as Me’en, Blin, and the Gurage languages, which use many additional characters. The Ethiopic Extended-A block, in particular, includes characters for the Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo, and Gumuz languages. Several other characters for Ethiopic script extensions can be found in the main Ethiopic script block in the range U+1200..U+137F, including combining diacritical marks used for Basketo.</p> <p>The Ethiopic Extended-B block contains characters for the modern Gurage orthography, which covers the Inor, Mesqan, Sebatbeit, and Soddo languages. Additional characters for this orthography can be found in the Ethiopic Supplement and Ethiopic Extended blocks. Some of the character names in these blocks include the word “<span class="svelte-qd2acw">SEBATBEIT</span>” because they were originally encoded for the older Sebatbeit orthography. The modern Gurage orthography uses some of these characters for all Gurage languages, including Sebatbeit.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ramxdt">The Ethiopic Supplement block also contains a set of tonal marks. They are used in multiline scored layout. Like other musical (an)notational systems of this type, these tonal marks require a higher-level protocol to enable proper rendering.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G16914" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G16914" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.2 Osmanya</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G16915" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G16915" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.2.1 Osmanya: U+10480–U+104AF</span> </h3> <p>The Osmanya script, which in Somali is called <span title="U+1048D 𐒍 OSMANYA LETTER FA U+10496 𐒖 OSMANYA LETTER A U+10487 𐒇 OSMANYA LETTER RA U+0020 SPACE U+10488 𐒈 OSMANYA LETTER SA U+1049D 𐒝 OSMANYA LETTER OO U+10491 𐒑 OSMANYA LETTER MIIN U+1049B 𐒛 OSMANYA LETTER AA U+10490 𐒐 OSMANYA LETTER LAAN U+10498 𐒘 OSMANYA LETTER I"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 5508 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M590,333Q580,283 571,254Q534,135 500,82Q442,-8 351,-8Q275,-8 229.5,34.5Q184,77 184,152Q184,182 204,258L233,368Q168,331 128,331Q44,331 13,403Q3,426 3,470Q3,516 22,582Q33,619 55,692L163,692Q146,652 126,583Q103,504 103,473Q103,399 155,399Q212,399 253,453L310,692L411,692L290,169Q290,138 314.5,116.5Q339,95 371,95Q420,95 451,159Q462,181 485,266Q498,314 506,354L590,333Z" /><path transform="translate(594)" d="M504,594L436,538Q388,608 336,608Q300,608 289,589Q285,582 276,540Q273,525 273,516Q273,476 335,413Q382,370 430,327Q485,264 485,188Q485,96 398,40Q323,-8 225,-8Q91,-8 11,93L77,145Q128,74 211,74Q273,74 320,100Q378,132 378,189Q378,238 321,290Q283,325 216,383Q159,443 159,509Q159,584 213,642.5Q267,701 341,701Q458,701 504,594Z" /><path transform="translate(1109)" d="M547,692L252,0L148,0L397,579Q367,571 336,571Q309,571 286,574Q269,576 228,591Q192,604 165,604Q104,604 46,567L1,645Q74,703 163,703Q183,703 273,682Q279,681 315,668Q340,659 358,659Q408,659 446,692L547,692Z" /><path transform="translate(1657)" /><path transform="translate(1882)" d="M475,244Q475,202 435,112Q413,63 361,28Q309,-7 256,-7Q134,-7 81,87Q54,135 54,174Q54,228 58,248Q76,340 204,453Q220,466 251,494Q268,515 268,554Q268,609 214,609Q126,609 82,536Q69,514 55,496L9,532Q13,551 71,612Q95,638 130,658Q170,682 199,682Q268,682 317,654Q378,620 378,556Q378,544 368.5,518Q359,492 351,480Q327,445 282,399Q340,385 365,385Q380,385 406,367.5Q432,350 441,336Q447,327 461,289Q475,251 475,244ZM375,236Q375,281 347,316Q317,355 274,355Q260,355 241,357Q142,254 142,159Q142,116 173,88.5Q204,61 247,61Q300,61 339,124Q375,180 375,236Z" /><path transform="translate(2366)" d="M1057,333Q990,-8 818,-8Q743,-8 697,37Q651,82 651,157Q651,184 664.5,237Q678,290 678,317Q678,341 657,359.5Q636,378 612,378Q581,378 544,329Q545,321 545,304Q545,254 473,0L365,0Q379,31 411,149Q445,273 445,301Q445,376 394,376Q358,376 332,358Q312,345 287,311L214,0L113,0L197,354Q209,406 234,519Q237,533 237,546Q237,589 200,611Q188,618 176,618Q151,618 122,594Q96,574 81,549L1,570Q68,700 173,700Q248,700 289,655.5Q330,611 330,535Q330,490 309,403Q329,415 365.5,429Q402,443 421,443Q488,443 524,391Q546,401 562,414Q609,443 648,443Q700,443 741.5,406.5Q783,370 783,318Q783,293 770,245.5Q757,198 757,174Q757,143 782,119Q807,95 838,95Q887,95 918,159Q932,188 952,266Q967,325 973,354L1057,333Z" /><path transform="translate(3424)" d="M429,289Q429,193 372,101Q307,-3 217,-3L168,-3Q127,-3 83,27Q8,79 8,159Q8,176 20,192Q32,208 48,208Q81,208 91,186Q94,180 99,140Q103,109 119,97Q155,69 188,69Q213,69 245,89Q274,108 290,130Q325,180 325,271Q325,414 231,414Q199,414 175,393.5Q151,373 145,341L41,341L124,692L225,692L169,448Q183,458 210.5,468.5Q238,479 253,479Q325,479 377,420.5Q429,362 429,289Z" /><path transform="translate(3861)" d="M426,533Q426,516 414,500Q402,484 386,484Q353,484 343,505Q340,511 335,551Q331,581 315,594Q280,622 246,622Q221,622 190.5,603.5Q160,585 144,562Q109,512 109,421Q109,277 203,277Q235,277 258.5,298Q282,319 289,351L393,351L309,0L208,0L265,244Q220,213 181,213Q109,213 56,273Q5,330 5,403Q5,499 62,591Q127,695 217,695L266,695Q306,695 351,665Q383,643 404.5,607Q426,571 426,533Z" /><path transform="translate(4292)" d="M734,333Q667,-8 495,-8Q419,-8 373,36.5Q327,81 327,157Q327,219 365.5,336.5Q404,454 404,516Q404,547 379.5,568.5Q355,590 324,590Q251,590 219,448Q213,418 199,359L103,0L2,0L87,346Q128,511 160,571Q225,692 344,692Q420,692 465.5,649.5Q511,607 511,532Q511,470 472.5,351.5Q434,233 434,174Q434,143 458.5,119Q483,95 514,95Q564,95 595,159Q609,189 629,266Q631,273 650,354L734,333Z" /><path transform="translate(5028)" d="M456,498Q456,355 414,212Q403,174 383,125Q343,50 302,23.5Q261,-3 178,-3Q134,-3 134,26Q134,59 178,59Q269,59 321,252Q280,240 224,240Q135,240 78,303Q24,363 24,454Q24,549 93.5,625Q163,701 257,701Q348,701 402,645.5Q456,590 456,498ZM364,499Q364,562 344,589Q320,621 259,621Q199,621 161,564Q127,514 127,451Q127,399 149,359Q176,311 224,311Q263,311 302.5,337.5Q342,364 356,400Q364,420 364,499Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘</span></span></span> <i data-svelte-h="svelte-9hqybg">far Soomaali</i> “Somali writing” or <span title="U+10480 𐒀 OSMANYA LETTER ALEF U+10498 𐒘 OSMANYA LETTER I U+10488 𐒈 OSMANYA LETTER SA U+10491 𐒑 OSMANYA LETTER MIIN U+1049B 𐒛 OSMANYA LETTER AA U+10492 𐒒 OSMANYA LETTER NUUN U+10495 𐒕 OSMANYA LETTER YA U+10496 𐒖 OSMANYA LETTER A"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 3938 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M508,620Q450,585 394,545Q487,388 487,245Q487,144 413.5,68Q340,-8 239,-8Q157,-8 88,49Q15,110 15,190Q15,378 251,565Q220,609 191,644L282,699Q312,664 338,629Q395,667 457,701L508,620ZM391,245Q391,334 307,478Q121,322 121,202Q121,154 154.5,118.5Q188,83 236,83Q304,83 347.5,130Q391,177 391,245Z" /><path transform="translate(523)" d="M456,498Q456,355 414,212Q403,174 383,125Q343,50 302,23.5Q261,-3 178,-3Q134,-3 134,26Q134,59 178,59Q269,59 321,252Q280,240 224,240Q135,240 78,303Q24,363 24,454Q24,549 93.5,625Q163,701 257,701Q348,701 402,645.5Q456,590 456,498ZM364,499Q364,562 344,589Q320,621 259,621Q199,621 161,564Q127,514 127,451Q127,399 149,359Q176,311 224,311Q263,311 302.5,337.5Q342,364 356,400Q364,420 364,499Z" /><path transform="translate(1003)" d="M475,244Q475,202 435,112Q413,63 361,28Q309,-7 256,-7Q134,-7 81,87Q54,135 54,174Q54,228 58,248Q76,340 204,453Q220,466 251,494Q268,515 268,554Q268,609 214,609Q126,609 82,536Q69,514 55,496L9,532Q13,551 71,612Q95,638 130,658Q170,682 199,682Q268,682 317,654Q378,620 378,556Q378,544 368.5,518Q359,492 351,480Q327,445 282,399Q340,385 365,385Q380,385 406,367.5Q432,350 441,336Q447,327 461,289Q475,251 475,244ZM375,236Q375,281 347,316Q317,355 274,355Q260,355 241,357Q142,254 142,159Q142,116 173,88.5Q204,61 247,61Q300,61 339,124Q375,180 375,236Z" /><path transform="translate(1487)" d="M429,289Q429,193 372,101Q307,-3 217,-3L168,-3Q127,-3 83,27Q8,79 8,159Q8,176 20,192Q32,208 48,208Q81,208 91,186Q94,180 99,140Q103,109 119,97Q155,69 188,69Q213,69 245,89Q274,108 290,130Q325,180 325,271Q325,414 231,414Q199,414 175,393.5Q151,373 145,341L41,341L124,692L225,692L169,448Q183,458 210.5,468.5Q238,479 253,479Q325,479 377,420.5Q429,362 429,289Z" /><path transform="translate(1924)" d="M426,533Q426,516 414,500Q402,484 386,484Q353,484 343,505Q340,511 335,551Q331,581 315,594Q280,622 246,622Q221,622 190.5,603.5Q160,585 144,562Q109,512 109,421Q109,277 203,277Q235,277 258.5,298Q282,319 289,351L393,351L309,0L208,0L265,244Q220,213 181,213Q109,213 56,273Q5,330 5,403Q5,499 62,591Q127,695 217,695L266,695Q306,695 351,665Q383,643 404.5,607Q426,571 426,533Z" /><path transform="translate(2355)" d="M548,505Q548,483 525,442Q505,408 485,386Q437,334 358,317Q310,309 215,289Q111,263 111,189Q111,133 147.5,99Q184,65 240,65Q371,65 396,184L496,164Q446,-8 281,-8Q68,-8 18,120Q4,156 4,188Q4,337 220,377Q253,382 317,393Q370,404 401,442Q439,489 439,540Q439,625 329,625Q227,625 198,523L101,558Q117,611 140.5,639.5Q164,668 211,686.5Q258,705 303,705Q403,705 471,656Q548,601 548,505Z" /><path transform="translate(2907)" d="M512,333Q488,216 419,116Q333,-8 227,-8Q145,-8 83,34Q14,80 4,157Q-1,195 17,255Q31,302 48,324Q70,352 114,408Q129,427 149,445Q108,467 92,490Q73,517 73,560Q73,613 106.5,650.5Q140,688 193,688Q275,688 306,667Q345,640 345,560Q345,533 320,501Q320,501 276,449Q336,408 368,363L302,317Q302,345 225,398Q209,377 170,330Q159,320 136,294Q104,247 104,210Q104,143 171,112Q208,95 247,95Q298,95 350,159Q384,201 402,252Q413,282 428,354L512,333ZM264,568Q264,591 250.5,610Q237,629 215,629Q193,629 178,611Q163,593 163,571Q163,525 201,490L209,500Q221,510 244,531Q264,550 264,568Z" /><path transform="translate(3423)" d="M504,594L436,538Q388,608 336,608Q300,608 289,589Q285,582 276,540Q273,525 273,516Q273,476 335,413Q382,370 430,327Q485,264 485,188Q485,96 398,40Q323,-8 225,-8Q91,-8 11,93L77,145Q128,74 211,74Q273,74 320,100Q378,132 378,189Q378,238 321,290Q283,325 216,383Q159,443 159,509Q159,584 213,642.5Q267,701 341,701Q458,701 504,594Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒀𐒘𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒒𐒕𐒖</span></span></span> <i data-svelte-h="svelte-19vc5xs">Cismaanya</i>, was devised in 1920–1922 by <span title="U+10480 𐒀 OSMANYA LETTER ALEF U+10498 𐒘 OSMANYA LETTER I U+10488 𐒈 OSMANYA LETTER SA U+10491 𐒑 OSMANYA LETTER MIIN U+1049B 𐒛 OSMANYA LETTER AA U+10492 𐒒 OSMANYA LETTER NUUN U+0020 SPACE U+10495 𐒕 OSMANYA LETTER YA U+10493 𐒓 OSMANYA LETTER WAW U+10488 𐒈 OSMANYA LETTER SA U+1049A 𐒚 OSMANYA LETTER U U+1048D 𐒍 OSMANYA LETTER FA U+0020 SPACE U+1048F 𐒏 OSMANYA LETTER KAAF U+1049C 𐒜 OSMANYA LETTER EE U+10492 𐒒 OSMANYA LETTER NUUN U+10496 𐒖 OSMANYA LETTER A U+10486 𐒆 OSMANYA LETTER DEEL U+10495 𐒕 OSMANYA LETTER YA U+10486 𐒆 OSMANYA LETTER DEEL U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 10625 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M508,620Q450,585 394,545Q487,388 487,245Q487,144 413.5,68Q340,-8 239,-8Q157,-8 88,49Q15,110 15,190Q15,378 251,565Q220,609 191,644L282,699Q312,664 338,629Q395,667 457,701L508,620ZM391,245Q391,334 307,478Q121,322 121,202Q121,154 154.5,118.5Q188,83 236,83Q304,83 347.5,130Q391,177 391,245Z" /><path transform="translate(523)" d="M456,498Q456,355 414,212Q403,174 383,125Q343,50 302,23.5Q261,-3 178,-3Q134,-3 134,26Q134,59 178,59Q269,59 321,252Q280,240 224,240Q135,240 78,303Q24,363 24,454Q24,549 93.5,625Q163,701 257,701Q348,701 402,645.5Q456,590 456,498ZM364,499Q364,562 344,589Q320,621 259,621Q199,621 161,564Q127,514 127,451Q127,399 149,359Q176,311 224,311Q263,311 302.5,337.5Q342,364 356,400Q364,420 364,499Z" /><path transform="translate(1003)" d="M475,244Q475,202 435,112Q413,63 361,28Q309,-7 256,-7Q134,-7 81,87Q54,135 54,174Q54,228 58,248Q76,340 204,453Q220,466 251,494Q268,515 268,554Q268,609 214,609Q126,609 82,536Q69,514 55,496L9,532Q13,551 71,612Q95,638 130,658Q170,682 199,682Q268,682 317,654Q378,620 378,556Q378,544 368.5,518Q359,492 351,480Q327,445 282,399Q340,385 365,385Q380,385 406,367.5Q432,350 441,336Q447,327 461,289Q475,251 475,244ZM375,236Q375,281 347,316Q317,355 274,355Q260,355 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368,363L302,317Q302,345 225,398Q209,377 170,330Q159,320 136,294Q104,247 104,210Q104,143 171,112Q208,95 247,95Q298,95 350,159Q384,201 402,252Q413,282 428,354L512,333ZM264,568Q264,591 250.5,610Q237,629 215,629Q193,629 178,611Q163,593 163,571Q163,525 201,490L209,500Q221,510 244,531Q264,550 264,568Z" /><path transform="translate(9779)" d="M595,411Q595,239 497,120Q392,-7 223,-7Q128,-7 75,64Q27,127 27,225Q27,386 104,530Q196,703 341,703Q595,703 595,411ZM495,422Q495,496 465,544Q429,601 359,601Q260,601 192,459Q135,340 135,230Q135,170 155,130Q181,78 235,78Q350,78 427,196Q495,300 495,422Z" /><path transform="translate(10400)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒀𐒘𐒈𐒑𐒛𐒒 𐒕𐒓𐒈𐒚𐒍 𐒏𐒜𐒒𐒖𐒆𐒕𐒆 </span></span></span>(Cismaan Yuusuf Keenadiid) to represent the Somali language. It replaced an attempt by Sheikh Uweys of the Confraternity Qadiriyyah (died 1909) to devise an Arabic-based orthography for Somali. It has, in turn, been replaced by the Latin orthography of Muuse Xaaji Ismaaciil Galaal (1914–1980). In 1961, both the Latin and the Osmanya scripts were adopted for use in Somalia, but in 1969 there was a coup, with one of its stated aims being the resolution of the debate over the country’s writing system. A Latin orthography was finally adopted in 1973. Gregersen (1977) states that some 20,000 or more people use Osmanya in private correspondence and bookkeeping, and that several books and a biweekly journal <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1gkkeo6">Horseed</i> (“<i data-svelte-h="svelte-1a61xye">Vanguard</i>”) were published in cyclostyled format.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G16919" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G16919" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> Osmanya is an alphabetic script, read from left to right in horizontal lines running from top to bottom. It has 22 consonants and 8 vowels. Unique long vowels are written for U+1049B <span title="U+1049B 𐒛 OSMANYA LETTER AA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 431 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M426,533Q426,516 414,500Q402,484 386,484Q353,484 343,505Q340,511 335,551Q331,581 315,594Q280,622 246,622Q221,622 190.5,603.5Q160,585 144,562Q109,512 109,421Q109,277 203,277Q235,277 258.5,298Q282,319 289,351L393,351L309,0L208,0L265,244Q220,213 181,213Q109,213 56,273Q5,330 5,403Q5,499 62,591Q127,695 217,695L266,695Q306,695 351,665Q383,643 404.5,607Q426,571 426,533Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒛</span></span></span> <span title="U+1049B 𐒛 OSMANYA LETTER AA" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OSMANYA LETTER AA</span></span>, U+1049C <span title="U+1049C 𐒜 OSMANYA LETTER EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 693 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M690,333Q622,-8 451,-8Q348,-8 305,64Q248,-8 170,-8Q94,-8 48.5,34.5Q3,77 3,152Q3,212 33,326L129,692L230,692L146,338Q139,309 124,252Q109,192 109,169Q109,138 133.5,116.5Q158,95 190,95Q262,95 287,204Q294,239 314,326L410,692L511,692L427,338Q420,309 405,252Q390,192 390,169Q390,138 414.5,116.5Q439,95 470,95Q519,95 551,159Q565,187 585,266Q599,320 606,354L690,333Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒜</span></span></span> <span title="U+1049C 𐒜 OSMANYA LETTER EE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OSMANYA LETTER EE</span></span>, and U+1049D <span title="U+1049D 𐒝 OSMANYA LETTER OO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1058 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1057,333Q990,-8 818,-8Q743,-8 697,37Q651,82 651,157Q651,184 664.5,237Q678,290 678,317Q678,341 657,359.5Q636,378 612,378Q581,378 544,329Q545,321 545,304Q545,254 473,0L365,0Q379,31 411,149Q445,273 445,301Q445,376 394,376Q358,376 332,358Q312,345 287,311L214,0L113,0L197,354Q209,406 234,519Q237,533 237,546Q237,589 200,611Q188,618 176,618Q151,618 122,594Q96,574 81,549L1,570Q68,700 173,700Q248,700 289,655.5Q330,611 330,535Q330,490 309,403Q329,415 365.5,429Q402,443 421,443Q488,443 524,391Q546,401 562,414Q609,443 648,443Q700,443 741.5,406.5Q783,370 783,318Q783,293 770,245.5Q757,198 757,174Q757,143 782,119Q807,95 838,95Q887,95 918,159Q932,188 952,266Q967,325 973,354L1057,333Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒝</span></span></span> <span title="U+1049D 𐒝 OSMANYA LETTER OO" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OSMANYA LETTER OO</span></span>; long <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1ei8sey">uu</i> and <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1eowj82">ii</i> are written with the consonants U+10493 <span title="U+10493 𐒓 OSMANYA LETTER WAW"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 836 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M832,333Q764,-8 593,-8Q517,-8 471,36.5Q425,81 425,157Q425,184 439,237.5Q453,291 453,317Q453,341 432,359.5Q411,378 387,378Q355,378 316,325L240,0L136,0L241,441Q222,428 185,414Q148,400 128,400Q90,400 58.5,419Q27,438 13,472Q4,494 4,539Q4,581 46,692L154,692Q104,579 104,542Q104,467 155,467Q192,467 218,485Q238,499 263,534L301,692L402,692L337,414Q384,443 423,443Q475,443 516.5,406.5Q558,370 558,318Q558,293 545,245.5Q532,198 532,174Q532,143 557,119Q582,95 613,95Q662,95 693,159Q706,186 727,266Q743,327 748,354L832,333Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒓</span></span></span> <span title="U+10493 𐒓 OSMANYA LETTER WAW" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OSMANYA LETTER WAW</span></span> and U+10495 <span title="U+10495 𐒕 OSMANYA LETTER YA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 516 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M512,333Q488,216 419,116Q333,-8 227,-8Q145,-8 83,34Q14,80 4,157Q-1,195 17,255Q31,302 48,324Q70,352 114,408Q129,427 149,445Q108,467 92,490Q73,517 73,560Q73,613 106.5,650.5Q140,688 193,688Q275,688 306,667Q345,640 345,560Q345,533 320,501Q320,501 276,449Q336,408 368,363L302,317Q302,345 225,398Q209,377 170,330Q159,320 136,294Q104,247 104,210Q104,143 171,112Q208,95 247,95Q298,95 350,159Q384,201 402,252Q413,282 428,354L512,333ZM264,568Q264,591 250.5,610Q237,629 215,629Q193,629 178,611Q163,593 163,571Q163,525 201,490L209,500Q221,510 244,531Q264,550 264,568Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐒕</span></span></span> <span title="U+10495 𐒕 OSMANYA LETTER YA" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OSMANYA LETTER YA</span></span>, respectively.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G16922" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G16922" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering.</span></span> Alphabetical ordering is based on the order of the Arabic alphabet, as specified by Osman Abdihalim Yuusuf Osman Keenadiid. This ordering is similar to the ordering given in Diringer (1996).</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G17297" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G17297" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Character Names and Glyphs.</span></span> The character names used in the Unicode Standard are as given by Osman. The glyphs shown in the code charts are taken from <i data-svelte-h="svelte-bktz68">Afkeenna iyo fartysa</i> (“Our language and its handwriting”) 1971.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G43184" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G43184" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.3 Tifinagh</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G18607" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18607" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.3.1 Tifinagh: U+2D30–U+2D7F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-5uqdtv">The Tifinagh script is used by approximately 20 million people who speak varieties of languages commonly called Berber or Amazigh. The three main varieties in Morocco are known as Tarifite, Tamazighe, and Tachelhite. In Morocco, more than 40% of the population speaks Berber. The Berber language, written in the Tifinagh script, is currently taught to approximately 300,000 pupils in 10,000 schools—mostly primary schools—in Morocco. Three Moroccan universities offer Berber courses in the Tifinagh script leading to a Master’s degree.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-10qrx7u">Tifinagh is an alphabetic writing system. It uses spaces to separate words and makes use of Western punctuation.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G43043" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G43043" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>History.</span></span> The earliest variety of the Berber alphabet is Libyan. Two forms exist: a Western form and an Eastern form. The Western variety was used along the Mediterranean coast from Kabylia to Morocco and most probably to the Canary Islands. The Eastern variety, Old Tifinagh, is also called Libyan-Berber or Old Tuareg. It contains signs not found in the Libyan variety and was used to transcribe Old Tuareg. The word <i data-svelte-h="svelte-d1woqw">tifinagh</i> is a feminine plural noun whose singular would be <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1juh3ch">tafniqt</i>; it means “the Phoenician (letters).”</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1jcgb40">Neo-Tifinagh refers to the writing systems that were developed to represent the Maghreb Berber dialects. A number of variants of Neo-Tifinagh exist, the first of which was proposed in the 1960s by the Académie Berbère. That variant has spread in Morocco and Algeria, especially in Kabylia. Other Neo-Tifinagh systems are nearly identical to the Académie Berbère system. The encoding in the Tifinagh block is based on the Neo-Tifinagh systems.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G48651" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G48651" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Source Standards.</span></span> The encoding consists of four Tifinagh character subsets: the basic set of the Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe (IRCAM), the extended IRCAM set, other Neo-Tifinagh letters in use, and modern Tuareg letters. The first subset represents the set of characters chosen by IRCAM to unify the orthography of the different Moroccan modern-day Berber dialects while using the historical Tifinagh script.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G43048" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G43048" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering.</span></span> The letters are arranged according to the order specified by IRCAM. Other Neo-Tifinagh and Tuareg letters are interspersed according to their pronunciation.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G43050" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G43050" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Directionality.</span></span> Historically, Berber texts did not have a fixed direction. Early inscriptions were written horizontally from left to right, from right to left, vertically (bottom to top, top to bottom); boustrophedon directionality was also known. Modern-day Berber script is most frequently written in horizontal lines from left to right; therefore the bidirectional class for Tifinagh letters is specified as strong left-to-right. Displaying Berber texts in other directions can be accomplished by the use of directional overrides or by the use of higher-level protocols.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44343" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44343" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Diacritical Marks.</span></span> Modern Tifinagh variants tend to use combining diacritical marks to complement the Tifinagh block. The Hawad notation, for example, uses diacritical marks from the Combining Diacritical Marks block (U+0300–U+036F). These marks are used to represent vowels and foreign consonants. In this notation, <U+2D35, U+0307> represents “a”, <U+2D49, U+0309> represents a long “i” /iː/, and <U+2D31, U+0302> represents a “p”. Some long vowels are represented using two diacritical marks above. A long “e” /eː/ is thus written <U+2D49, U+0307, U+0304>. These marks are displayed side by side above their base letter in the order in which they are encoded, instead of being stacked.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G62847" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G62847" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Yal and Yan.</span></span> While the neo-Tifinagh glyph for <span title="U+2D4D ⵍ TIFINAGH LETTER YAL" class="svelte-wim892">U+2D4D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH LETTER YAL</span></span> in Morocco is typically rendered with two bars linked by a small slanted stroke <span title="U+2D4D ⵍ TIFINAGH LETTER YAL"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 860 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M150,0L150,1434L318,1434L318,535L542,1241L542,1434L710,1434L710,0L542,0L542,896L318,190L318,0L150,0Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ⵍ</span></span></span>, traditional texts from all areas, and modern-day materials from areas outside Morocco often represent <i data-svelte-h="svelte-6hvltk">yal</i> with two vertical strokes <span title="U+2D4F ⵏ TIFINAGH LETTER YAN U+2D4F ⵏ TIFINAGH LETTER YAN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1056 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,0L180,1434L348,1434L348,0L180,0Z" /><path transform="translate(528)" d="M180,0L180,1434L348,1434L348,0L180,0Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ⵏⵏ</span></span></span>. However, the two vertical bar shape can cause visual ambiguity in words with consonant clusters, because <i data-svelte-h="svelte-6hvltk">yal</i> may be mistaken for two instances of <span title="U+2D4F ⵏ TIFINAGH LETTER YAN" class="svelte-wim892">U+2D4F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH LETTER YAN</span></span>, whose glyph is a single vertical stroke <span title="U+2D4F ⵏ TIFINAGH LETTER YAN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 528 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M180,0L180,1434L348,1434L348,0L180,0Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ⵏ</span></span></span>. Individual font designers, local traditions, and national preferences employ various means to prevent confusion, including varying the spacing between the bars, and slanting or lowering the bars. <a href="#G52333" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 19-1</a> shows examples that illustrate contextual shaping by slanting the bars of <i data-svelte-h="svelte-6hvltk">yal</i> and <i data-svelte-h="svelte-9ecliy">yan</i>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G52333" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G52333" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Figure 19-1.</span> Tifinagh Contextual Shaping</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><img src="../figures/Figure-Tifinagh-ContextShp.svg" alt="" style="width: 10.88em;"></div> </figure> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G52358" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G52358" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Bi-Consonants.</span></span> Bi-consonants are additional letterforms used in the Tifinagh script, particularly for Tuareg, to represent a consonant cluster—a sequence of two consonants without an intervening vowel. These bi-consonants, sometimes also referred to as bigraphs, are not directly encoded as single characters in the Unicode Standard. Instead, they are represented as a sequence of the two consonant letters, separated either by <span title="U+200D ‍ ZERO WIDTH JOINER" class="svelte-wim892">U+200D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ZERO WIDTH JOINER</span></span> or by <span title="U+2D7F ◌⵿ TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER" class="svelte-wim892">U+2D7F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER</span></span>.</p> <p>When a bi-consonant is considered obligatory in text, it is represented by the two consonant letters, with <span title="U+2D7F ◌⵿ TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER" class="svelte-wim892">U+2D7F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER</span></span> inserted between them. This use of U+2D7F is comparable in function to the use of <span title="U+0652 ◌ْ ARABIC SUKUN" class="svelte-wim892">U+0652 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC SUKUN</span></span> to indicate the absence of a vowel after a consonant, when Tuareg is written in the Arabic script. However, instead of appearing as a visible mark in the text, <span title="U+2D7F ◌⵿ TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER" class="svelte-wim892">U+2D7F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER</span></span> indicates the presence of a bi-consonant, which should then be rendered with a preformed glyph for the sequence. Examples of common Tifinagh bi-consonants and their representation are shown in <a href="#G52423" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 19-2</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G52423" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G52423" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Figure 19-2.</span> Tifinagh Consonant Joiner and Bi-consonants</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><img src="../figures/Figure-Tifinagh-ConsJoiner_production.svg" alt="" style="width: 13.95em;"></div> </figure> <p>If a rendering system cannot display obligatory bi-consonants with the correct, fully-formed bi-consonant glyphs, a fallback rendering should be used which displays the <span title="U+2D7F ◌⵿ TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">TIFINAGH CONSONANT JOINER</span></span> visibly, so that the correct textual distinctions are maintained, even if they cannot be properly displayed.</p> <p>When a bi-consonant is considered merely an optional, ligated form of two consonant letters, the bi-consonant can be represented by the two consonant letters, with <span title="U+200D ‍ ZERO WIDTH JOINER" class="svelte-wim892">U+200D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ZERO WIDTH JOINER</span></span> inserted between them, as a hint that the ligated form is preferred. If a rendering system cannot display the optional, ligated form, the fallback display should simply be the sequence of consonants, with no visible display of the ZWJ.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-tk9dlr">Bi-consonants often have regional glyph variants, so fonts may need to be designed differently for different regional uses of the Tifinagh script.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G18603" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18603" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.4 N’Ko</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G18723" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18723" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.4.1 N’Ko: U+07C0–U+07FF</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1595uxi">N’Ko is a literary dialect used by the Manden (or Manding) people, who live primarily in West Africa. The script was devised by Solomana Kante in 1949 as a writing system for the Manden languages. The Manden language group is known as <i>Mandenkan</i>, where the suffix -<i>kan</i> means “language of.” In addition to the substantial number of Mandens, some non-Mandens speak <i>Mandenkan</i> as a second language. There are an estimated 20 million Mandenkan speakers.</p> <p>The major dialects of the Manden language are Bamanan, Jula, Maninka, and Mandinka. There are a number of other related dialects. When Mandens from different subgroups talk to each other, it is common practice for them to switch—consciously or subconsciously—from their own dialect to the conventional, literary dialect commonly known as <i data-svelte-h="svelte-11fet32">Kangbe</i>, “the clear language,” also known as N’Ko. This dialect switching can occur in conversations between the Bamanan of Mali, the Maninka of Guinea, the Jula of the Ivory Coast, and the Mandinka of Gambia or Senegal, for example. Although there are great similarities between their dialects, speakers sometimes find it necessary to switch to <i data-svelte-h="svelte-11fet32">Kangbe</i> (N’Ko) by using a common word or phrase, similar to the accommodations Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians sometimes make when speaking to one another. For example, the word for “name” in Bamanan is <i data-svelte-h="svelte-160hxhp">togo</i>, while it is <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1687l5a">tooh</i> in Maninka. Speakers of both dialects will write it as <span title="U+07D0 ߐ NKO LETTER O U+07EE ◌߮ NKO COMBINING LONG DESCENDING TONE U+07D5 ߕ NKO LETTER TA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1284 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M507,799Q507,772 478,744L354,867L230,744Q201,772 201,799Q201,822 217,838L306,927Q321,942 351,942Q387,942 402,927L491,838Q507,822 507,799Z" /><path d="M734,-1L458,-1Q406,-1 378,29Q351,-1 299,-1L299,301Q215,313 160,358Q98,410 98,491Q98,581 182,638Q256,689 351,689Q445,689 519,638Q602,581 602,491Q602,410 540,358Q485,312 400,301L400,100L734,100L734,-1ZM502,496Q502,549 449,576Q408,598 349,598Q292,598 250,576Q197,548 197,496Q197,445 251,419Q292,398 349,398Q407,398 449,418Q502,444 502,496Z" /><path transform="translate(700)" d="M487,217Q487,132 437,68Q384,-1 301,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,436L326,436Q403,436 448,362Q487,299 487,217ZM425,245Q425,296 399,336Q369,382 320,382L199,382L199,100L306,100Q350,100 375,123Q395,140 414,186Q425,213 425,245Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߐ߮ߕ</span></span></span> , although each may pronounce it differently.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56584" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56584" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Character Names and Block Name.</span></span> Although the traditional name of the N’Ko language and script includes an apostrophe, apostrophes are disallowed in Unicode character and block names. Because of this, the formal block name is “NKo” and the script portion of the Unicode character names is “<span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO</span>”.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G18859" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18859" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> The N’Ko script is written from right to left. It is phonetic in nature (one symbol, one sound). N’Ko has seven vowels, each of which can bear one of seven diacritical marks that modify the tone of the vowel as well as an optional diacritical mark that indicates nasalization. N’Ko has 19 consonants and two “abstract” consonants, <span title="U+07E0 ߠ NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO" class="svelte-wim892">U+07E0 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO</span></span> and <span title="U+07E7 ߧ NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO" class="svelte-wim892">U+07E7 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO</span></span>, which indicate original consonants mutated by a preceding nasal, either word-internally or across word boundaries. Some consonants can bear one of three diacritical marks to transcribe foreign sounds or to transliterate foreign letters.</p> <p><span title="U+07D2 ߒ NKO LETTER N" class="svelte-wim892">U+07D2 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER N</span></span> is considered neither a vowel nor a consonant; it indicates a syllabic alveolar or velar nasal. It can bear a diacritical mark, but cannot bear the nasal diacritic. The letter <span title="U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07D1 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA</span></span> has a special function in N’Ko orthography. The standard spelling rule is that when two successive syllables have the same vowel, the vowel is written only after the second of the two syllables. For example, <span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1691 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M624,-1L549,-1Q496,-1 469,29Q444,-1 391,-1L98,-1Q97,47 124.5,73.5Q152,100 200,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,100L624,100L624,-1Z" /><path transform="translate(590)" d="M679,-1L491,-1Q439,-1 412,29Q387,-1 333,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L333,100L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433Q547,357 435,357L435,100L679,100L679,-1ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /><path transform="translate(1235)" d="M358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,101Q199,53 172.5,26Q146,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏߟߓ</span></span></span> <ba, la, oo> is pronounced [bolo], but in a foreign syllable to be pronounced [blo], the <i data-svelte-h="svelte-8y9yhk">dagbasinna</i> is inserted for <span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 2187 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M624,-1L549,-1Q496,-1 469,29Q444,-1 391,-1L98,-1Q97,47 124.5,73.5Q152,100 200,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,100L624,100L624,-1Z" /><path transform="translate(590)" d="M679,-1L491,-1Q439,-1 412,29Q387,-1 333,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L333,100L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433Q547,357 435,357L435,100L679,100L679,-1ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /><path transform="translate(1235)" d="M326,411Q326,384 306.5,367.5Q287,351 259,351Q219,351 194,382Q169,413 169,454Q169,570 302,618L302,596Q217,543 217,489Q217,458 237,458Q243,458 255,462Q267,466 273,466Q296,466 311,450Q326,434 326,411ZM530,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L530,100L530,-1Z" /><path transform="translate(1731)" d="M358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,101Q199,53 172.5,26Q146,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏߟߑߓ</span></span></span> <ba, dagbasinna, la, oo> to show that a consonant cluster is intended.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G40791" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G40791" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Diacritical Marks.</span></span> N’Ko diacritical marks are script-specific, despite superficial resemblances to other diacritical marks encoded for more general use. Some N’Ko diacritics have a wider range of glyph representation than the generic marks do, and are typically drawn rather higher and bolder than the generic marks.</p> <p>Two of the tone diacritics, when applied to consonants, indicate specific sounds from other languages—in particular, Arabic or French language sounds. <span title="U+07F3 ◌߳ NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F3 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE</span></span> is also used as a diacritic to represent sounds from other languages. The combinations used are as shown in <a href="#G56653" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-3</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G56653" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56653" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-3.</span> N’Ko Diacritic Usage</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1hjw3nv"><th>Character</th> <th>Applied To</th> <th>Represents</th></tr> <tr><td rowspan="3"><span title="U+07EB ◌߫ NKO COMBINING SHORT HIGH TONE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07EB <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT HIGH TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yav3dm">SA</td> <td>[ᵴ] or Arabic <span title="U+0635 ص ARABIC LETTER SAD"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 801 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M824,292Q824,152 635,88Q565,64 500,64Q451,64 416,80Q416,-95 326,-171Q263,-224 170,-229Q99,-233 48,-177Q0,-124 0,-52Q0,-35 14,27Q32,106 51,125Q68,122 68,109Q68,96 55.5,59Q43,22 43,1Q43,-58 81,-96Q119,-134 178,-134Q235,-134 296,-103Q367,-68 376,-17Q376,80 359,114Q350,132 319,162Q315,169 319,175Q338,202 349,252Q364,252 400,186Q422,170 452,170Q488,208 560,282Q650,372 704,372Q746,372 781,353Q824,330 824,292ZM762,233L749,257Q728,278 668,278Q634,278 583,234Q581,232 499,159Q543,158 560,159Q616,163 684,192Q740,215 762,233Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ص</span></span></span> SAD</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1m4q9hu">GBA</td> <td>[ɣ] or Arabic <span title="U+063A غ ARABIC LETTER GHAIN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 323 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M108,645Q108,630 83,582Q81,580 76,580Q65,580 40,589Q4,602 4,617Q4,613 25,665Q34,688 45,688Q48,688 52,685Q108,659 108,645ZM633,-421Q593,-453 501,-486Q398,-523 326,-523Q171,-523 91,-467Q-3,-401 -3,-253Q-3,-166 39,-49Q75,51 111,100Q45,119 21,139Q-22,176 -22,250Q-22,290 1,338Q26,392 58.5,407.5Q91,423 121,423Q163,423 184,412Q202,403 248,362Q256,351 256,344Q256,335 241,335Q236,335 215,345.5Q194,356 181,356Q155,356 95,336Q25,312 25,290Q25,265 57,232Q100,186 177,186Q189,186 203,187Q256,216 351,290Q359,298 364,298Q378,298 374,279Q371,265 345,201Q317,174 250,131Q180,85 150,59Q109,22 73,-76Q41,-163 41,-206Q41,-266 65,-313Q93,-367 146,-383Q280,-421 422,-421Q499,-421 633,-399Q639,-404 639,-410Q639,-415 633,-421Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">غ</span></span></span> GHAIN</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yfjn42">KA</td> <td>[q] or Arabic <span title="U+0642 ق ARABIC LETTER QAF"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 507 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M387,609Q387,603 377,577Q365,545 352,544Q339,545 319.5,562Q300,579 293,592Q313,652 329,658Q338,658 361.5,638.5Q385,619 387,609ZM282,570Q285,560 275.5,534Q266,508 257,508Q247,508 220,524.5Q193,541 192,549Q186,562 222,617Q248,607 282,570ZM507,210Q507,84 395,-8Q293,-90 185,-90Q101,-90 50.5,-36Q0,18 0,104Q0,181 29,234Q37,247 48,247Q57,242 57,233Q57,228 49.5,200Q42,172 41,157Q38,93 83,51Q128,9 193,9Q274,9 372,77Q448,131 474,173Q471,204 433,259Q420,189 365,189Q339,189 317,234Q299,274 299,303Q299,337 327,379.5Q355,422 387,422Q409,422 450,374Q507,308 507,210ZM390,295Q392,315 369,317Q360,317 360,291Q360,276 369,274Q388,269 390,295Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ق</span></span></span> QAF</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="15"><span title="U+07ED ◌߭ NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07ED <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1ylzjyn">BA</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-6a0ynt">[ɓ]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1ybg7h5">TA</td> <td>[ᵵ] or Arabic <span title="U+0637 ط ARABIC LETTER TAH"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 626 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M648,239Q649,178 594,93Q458,-31 87,-47Q79,-47 -69,20Q-72,21 -72,28Q-73,35 -69,35Q3,39 177,52Q189,63 218,93Q218,136 161,448Q148,520 148,568Q113,614 113,648Q121,665 138,716Q144,725 148,725Q152,725 158,711Q165,694 171,684Q187,672 206,648Q208,640 208,629Q208,600 191,568Q191,552 250,250Q257,210 257,184Q257,172 253.5,148.5Q250,125 250,113Q439,303 517,303Q546,303 593,285Q648,263 648,239ZM579,162Q533,204 482,204Q406,204 271,65Q424,78 532,131Q547,138 579,162Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ط</span></span></span> TAH</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yhazev">JA</td> <td>[z] or Arabic <span title="U+0632 ز ARABIC LETTER ZAIN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 349 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M241,436Q241,422 216,372Q214,370 209,370Q198,370 173,379Q137,391 137,406Q137,402 158,454Q167,477 178,477Q180,477 185,475Q185,475 224,458Q241,448 241,436ZM348,98Q355,-22 300,-110Q270,-157 204,-213Q182,-224 145,-224Q109,-224 -12,-202Q-16,-200 -23.5,-193Q-31,-186 -31,-182Q-31,-180 -28,-180Q-6,-176 44,-175Q87,-175 111,-166Q269,-105 312,31Q308,42 272,104Q244,152 244,174Q244,175 252,192Q260,209 262,217Q264,232 272,232Q291,232 320,175Q346,122 348,98Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ز</span></span></span> ZAIN</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1hc8218">CHA</td> <td>[ð] or Arabic <span title="U+0630 ذ ARABIC LETTER THAL"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 355 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M202,556Q202,541 177,493Q175,491 170,491Q159,491 134,500Q98,512 98,527Q98,523 119,575Q128,598 138,598Q141,598 146,596Q202,570 202,556ZM355,105Q356,64 331,26Q318,6 251,-15Q197,-32 159,-36Q112,-41 95,1Q82,31 90,68Q94,84 107,84Q110,84 112,83Q123,62 163,62Q196,62 254,77Q318,94 318,110Q318,130 275,189Q225,255 191,255Q187,255 178.5,250Q170,245 168,245Q159,245 156,267Q153,285 154,296Q160,360 210,360Q237,360 290,288Q355,200 355,105Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ذ</span></span></span> THAL and also French [ʒ]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yktbrd">DA</td> <td>[ᵭ] or Arabic <span title="U+0636 ض ARABIC LETTER DAD"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 801 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M548,602Q548,587 523,537Q521,536 516,536Q506,536 481,544Q445,557 445,572Q445,568 465,620Q474,643 485,643Q488,643 493,641Q493,641 532,623Q548,614 548,602ZM824,292Q824,152 635,88Q565,64 500,64Q451,64 416,80Q416,-95 326,-171Q263,-224 170,-229Q99,-233 48,-177Q0,-124 0,-52Q0,-35 14,27Q32,106 51,125Q68,122 68,109Q68,96 55.5,59Q43,22 43,1Q43,-58 81,-96Q119,-134 178,-134Q235,-134 296,-103Q367,-68 376,-17Q376,80 359,114Q350,132 319,162Q315,169 319,175Q338,202 349,252Q364,252 400,186Q422,170 452,170Q488,208 560,282Q650,372 704,372Q746,372 781,353Q824,330 824,292ZM762,233L749,257Q728,278 668,278Q634,278 583,234Q581,232 499,159Q543,158 560,159Q616,163 684,192Q740,215 762,233Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ض</span></span></span> DAD</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-u7fu8x"><td>RA</td> <td>French [ʀ]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yav3dm">SA</td> <td>[ʃ] or Arabic <span title="U+0634 ش ARABIC LETTER SHEEN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 692 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M526,591Q526,575 517,548Q507,517 495,517Q491,517 463,539.5Q435,562 436,567Q440,583 459,627Q459,636 467,636Q476,636 494,627Q526,609 526,591ZM598,483Q598,474 588,447Q577,414 566,414Q555,414 531.5,435.5Q508,457 508,468Q508,456 534,538Q598,510 598,483ZM487,468Q476,408 459,400Q450,396 399,438Q399,451 411,485Q425,524 436,518Q465,500 483,489Q487,486 487,468ZM705,260Q705,243 699,209Q690,166 680,151Q662,125 622,125Q572,125 556,148Q535,115 497,103Q473,95 421,93Q419,86 421,74Q423,53 423,45Q423,-21 385,-114Q320,-175 299,-189Q236,-229 160,-229Q87,-229 41,-169Q-2,-114 0,-39Q1,-9 17,51Q38,123 58,123L58,123Q71,123 60,96Q45,58 45,-1Q45,-129 177,-129Q243,-129 304,-95Q375,-57 387,2Q385,34 361,98.5Q337,163 337,171Q337,210 354,252Q359,263 372,252Q385,238 406,183L447,183Q518,183 542,228Q559,269 577,312Q591,314 598,290Q597,287 584,239Q609,219 647,219Q656,219 659,230Q659,230 649,250Q643,262 643,270Q643,262 668,337Q705,316 705,260Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ش</span></span></span> SHEEN</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1fs9ein"><td>GBA</td> <td>[ɡ]</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-145jj3l"><td>FA</td> <td>[v]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yfjn42">KA</td> <td>[x] or Arabic <span title="U+062E خ ARABIC LETTER KHAH"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 388 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M223,522Q223,508 198,458Q196,456 192,456Q181,456 156,465Q120,477 120,493Q120,488 141,541Q150,563 160,563Q163,563 168,561Q181,555 207,544Q223,534 223,522ZM696,-398Q696,-406 648,-427Q586,-455 553,-475Q440,-522 320,-522Q-6,-522 -3,-202Q-2,-69 41.5,25.5Q85,120 185,204Q171,206 89,199Q67,198 15,185Q-32,173 -60,173Q-68,200 -66,203Q-30,302 99,302Q122,302 167,296.5Q212,291 234,291Q259,291 306.5,299Q354,307 377,307Q415,308 428,300Q416,263 402,222Q380,211 288,177Q220,153 171,117Q92,59 57,-36Q33,-100 33,-163Q33,-418 372,-418Q437,-418 509,-409Q619,-394 690,-388L696,-398Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">خ</span></span></span> KHAH</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-u7bghz"><td>LA</td> <td>[l<sup>ʕ</sup>]</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1wvq3kr"><td>MA</td> <td>[ɱ]</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1xjd1w5"><td>NYA</td> <td>[ŋ]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yih7lx">HA</td> <td>[ħ] or Arabic <span title="U+062D ح ARABIC LETTER HAH"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 388 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M696,-398Q696,-406 648,-427Q586,-455 553,-475Q440,-522 320,-522Q-6,-522 -3,-202Q-2,-69 41.5,25.5Q85,120 185,204Q171,206 89,199Q67,198 15,185Q-32,173 -60,173Q-68,200 -66,203Q-30,302 99,302Q122,302 167,296.5Q212,291 234,291Q259,291 306.5,299Q354,307 377,307Q415,308 428,300Q416,263 402,222Q380,211 288,177Q220,153 171,117Q92,59 57,-36Q33,-100 33,-163Q33,-418 372,-418Q437,-418 509,-409Q619,-394 690,-388L696,-398Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ح</span></span></span> HAH</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-m4fywo"><td>YA</td> <td>[j̰]</td></tr> <tr><td rowspan="7"><span title="U+07F3 ◌߳ NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F3 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING DOUBLE DOT ABOVE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-17jytn7">A</td> <td>[ʕa] or Arabic <span title="U+0639 ع ARABIC LETTER AIN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 323 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M142,653Q142,641 126,620Q92,603 -24,544Q-26,543 -28,543Q-34,543 -34,551Q-34,572 -17,583Q25,612 121,657Q128,661 134,661Q142,661 142,653ZM633,-421Q593,-453 501,-486Q398,-523 326,-523Q171,-523 91,-467Q-3,-401 -3,-253Q-3,-166 39,-49Q75,51 111,100Q45,119 21,139Q-22,176 -22,250Q-22,290 1,338Q26,392 58.5,407.5Q91,423 121,423Q163,423 184,412Q202,403 248,362Q256,351 256,344Q256,335 241,335Q236,335 215,345.5Q194,356 181,356Q155,356 95,336Q25,312 25,290Q25,265 57,232Q100,186 177,186Q189,186 203,187Q256,216 351,290Q359,298 364,298Q378,298 374,279Q371,265 345,201Q317,174 250,131Q180,85 150,59Q109,22 73,-76Q41,-163 41,-206Q41,-266 65,-313Q93,-367 146,-383Q280,-421 422,-421Q499,-421 633,-399Q639,-404 639,-410Q639,-415 633,-421Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ع</span></span></span> AIN + A</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-5rgowv"><td>EE</td> <td>French [ə]</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-igimj4"><td>U</td> <td>French [y]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yhazev">JA</td> <td>[ᵶ] or Arabic <span title="U+0638 ظ ARABIC LETTER ZAH"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 626 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M470,554Q470,539 445,490Q443,489 438,489Q427,489 402,497Q366,510 366,525Q366,521 387,573Q396,596 406,596Q410,596 414,594Q470,568 470,554ZM648,239Q649,178 594,93Q458,-31 87,-47Q79,-47 -69,20Q-72,21 -72,28Q-73,35 -69,35Q3,39 177,52Q189,63 218,93Q218,136 161,448Q148,520 148,568Q113,614 113,648Q121,665 138,716Q144,725 148,725Q152,725 158,711Q165,694 171,684Q187,672 206,648Q208,640 208,629Q208,600 191,568Q191,552 250,250Q257,210 257,184Q257,172 253.5,148.5Q250,125 250,113Q439,303 517,303Q546,303 593,285Q648,263 648,239ZM579,162Q533,204 482,204Q406,204 271,65Q424,78 532,131Q547,138 579,162Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ظ</span></span></span> ZAH</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1p25uws"><td>DA</td> <td>[ḍ]</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1yav3dm">SA</td> <td>[θ] or Arabic <span title="U+062B ث ARABIC LETTER THEH"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 628 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M368,481Q368,465 359,438Q349,406 337,406Q334,406 305.5,429Q277,452 278,456Q286,488 301,517Q301,526 309,526Q318,526 336,517Q368,499 368,481ZM440,373Q440,364 430,337Q419,304 408,304Q397,304 373.5,325.5Q350,347 350,357Q350,345 376,428Q440,400 440,373ZM329,357Q318,298 301,290Q292,286 241,328Q241,341 253,375Q267,414 278,408Q307,390 325,379Q329,376 329,357ZM627,195Q627,154 600,93Q541,30 396,-8Q275,-40 167,-40Q96,-40 47.5,6.5Q-1,53 -1,123Q-1,134 10,174Q24,227 41,242Q46,244 49,244Q56,244 56,236L56,236Q56,242 48,194Q35,111 108,76Q156,53 211,53Q286,53 402,82Q582,126 582,169Q582,184 562.5,212Q543,240 543,247Q543,269 568,319Q627,251 627,195Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ث</span></span></span> THEH</td></tr> <tr data-svelte-h="svelte-robbsh"><td>GBA</td> <td>[kp]</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p><a href="#G19947" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-4</a> shows the use of the tone diacritics when applied to vowels.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G19947" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G19947" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-4.</span> N’Ko Tone Diacritics on Vowels</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-mezjbj"><th colspan="2">Character</th> <th>Tone</th> <th>Applied To</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-wwx338">U+07EB</td> <td><span title="U+07EB ◌߫ NKO COMBINING SHORT HIGH TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT HIGH TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-5q8i1q">high</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lwsgbz">short vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-11jq35n">U+07EC</td> <td><span title="U+07EC ◌߬ NKO COMBINING SHORT LOW TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT LOW TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1h7q4ug">low</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lwsgbz">short vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1dg4fv2">U+07ED</td> <td><span title="U+07ED ◌߭ NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1dzrbxy">rising-falling</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1lwsgbz">short vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-xtswxh">U+07EE</td> <td><span title="U+07EE ◌߮ NKO COMBINING LONG DESCENDING TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING LONG DESCENDING TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-19lllks">descending</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-xsue85">long vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-bhliqg">U+07EF</td> <td><span title="U+07EF ◌߯ NKO COMBINING LONG HIGH TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING LONG HIGH TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-5q8i1q">high</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-xsue85">long vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-4u0enx">U+07F0</td> <td><span title="U+07F0 ◌߰ NKO COMBINING LONG LOW TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING LONG LOW TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-195u4y2">long low</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-xsue85">long vowel</td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-15aeri6">U+07F1</td> <td><span title="U+07F1 ◌߱ NKO COMBINING LONG RISING TONE" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING LONG RISING TONE</span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-bai734">rising</td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-xsue85">long vowel</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p>When applied to a vowel, <span title="U+07F2 ◌߲ NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F2 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK</span></span> indicates the nasalization of that vowel. In the text stream, this mark is applied before any of the tone marks because combining marks below precede combining marks above in canonical order.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56614" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56614" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits.</span></span> N’Ko uses decimal digits specific to the script. These digits have strong right-to-left directionality. Numbers are stored in text in logical order with most significant digit first; when displayed, numerals are then laid out in right-to-left order, with the most significant digit at the rightmost side, as illustrated for the numeral 144 in <a href="#G23928" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 19-3</a>. This situation differs from how numerals are handled in Hebrew and Arabic, where numerals are laid out in left-to-right order, even though the overall text direction is right to left.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G40990" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G40990" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordinal Numbers.</span></span> Diacritical marks are also used to mark ordinal numbers. The first ordinal is indicated by applying <span title="U+07ED ◌߭ NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07ED <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE</span></span> (a dot above) to <span title="U+07C1 ߁ NKO DIGIT ONE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07C1 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO DIGIT ONE</span></span>. All other ordinal numbers are indicated by applying <span title="U+07F2 ◌߲ NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F2 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK</span></span> (an oval dot below) to the last digit in any sequence of digits composing the number. Thus the nasalization mark under the digit two would indicate the ordinal value 2nd, while the nasalization mark under the final digit four in the numeral 144 would indicate the ordinal value 144th, as shown in <a href="#G23928" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 19-3</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G23928" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G23928" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Figure 19-3.</span> Examples of N’Ko Ordinals</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr><td><span title="U+07C1 ߁ NKO DIGIT ONE U+07ED ◌߭ NKO COMBINING SHORT RISING TONE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 500 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M325,807Q325,777 297,759Q273,744 242,744Q209,744 185,759Q158,776 158,807Q158,837 186,855Q210,871 242,871Q273,871 297,855Q325,837 325,807ZM440,39Q440,-1 418,-1L82,-1Q60,-1 60,39Q60,75 82,75L199,75L199,675Q199,698 242,698L323,698Q334,698 341,687Q353,667 396,586Q440,502 440,495Q440,483 420.5,470.5Q401,458 388,458Q377,458 371,469L301,598L301,75L418,75Q440,75 440,39Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">߁߭</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-12s41pa">1st</td></tr> <tr><td><span title="U+07C2 ߂ NKO DIGIT TWO U+07F2 ◌߲ NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 500 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M424,449Q424,416 402,416L177,416L177,21Q177,-1 129,-1Q76,-1 76,21L76,675Q76,698 129,698Q177,698 177,675L177,492L348,492L348,675Q348,698 388,698Q424,698 424,675L424,449ZM208,-115Q208,-145 182.5,-162Q157,-179 125,-179Q92,-179 69,-164Q41,-146 41,-115Q41,-85 69,-67Q93,-52 125,-52Q157,-52 181,-67Q208,-85 208,-115Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">߂߲</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-4b10yy">2nd</td></tr> <tr><td><span title="U+07C3 ߃ NKO DIGIT THREE U+07F2 ◌߲ NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 500 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M380,21Q380,-2 337,-2L142,-1Q120,-1 120,52Q120,100 142,100L279,100L279,280L142,280Q120,280 120,320Q120,356 142,356L279,356L279,675Q279,698 332,698Q380,698 380,675L380,21ZM414,-115Q414,-145 386,-163Q362,-179 330,-179Q298,-179 274,-164Q246,-146 246,-115Q246,-85 274,-67Q298,-52 330,-52Q362,-52 386,-67Q414,-85 414,-115Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">߃߲</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1vqtrn">3rd</td></tr> <tr><td><span title="U+07C4 ߄ NKO DIGIT FOUR U+07F2 ◌߲ NKO COMBINING NASALIZATION MARK U+07C4 ߄ NKO DIGIT FOUR U+07C1 ߁ NKO DIGIT ONE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 1500 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M400,52Q400,-1 377,-1L123,-1Q100,-1 100,42L100,354Q100,387 123,387L298,387L298,675Q298,698 352,698Q400,698 400,675L400,344Q400,311 377,311L164,311L164,100L377,100Q400,100 400,52ZM329,-115Q329,-145 301,-163Q277,-179 245,-179Q213,-179 189,-164Q161,-146 161,-115Q161,-85 189,-67Q213,-52 245,-52Q277,-52 301,-67Q329,-85 329,-115Z" /><path transform="translate(500)" d="M400,52Q400,-1 377,-1L123,-1Q100,-1 100,42L100,354Q100,387 123,387L298,387L298,675Q298,698 352,698Q400,698 400,675L400,344Q400,311 377,311L164,311L164,100L377,100Q400,100 400,52Z" /><path transform="translate(1000)" d="M440,39Q440,-1 418,-1L82,-1Q60,-1 60,39Q60,75 82,75L199,75L199,675Q199,698 242,698L323,698Q334,698 341,687Q353,667 396,586Q440,502 440,495Q440,483 420.5,470.5Q401,458 388,458Q377,458 371,469L301,598L301,75L418,75Q440,75 440,39Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">߄߲߄߁</span></span></span></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-jtwg27">144th</td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G18895" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18895" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation.</span></span> N’Ko uses a number of punctuation marks in common with other scripts. <span title="U+061F ؟ ARABIC QUESTION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+061F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC QUESTION MARK</span></span>, <span title="U+060C ، ARABIC COMMA" class="svelte-wim892">U+060C <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC COMMA</span></span>, <span title="U+061B ؛ ARABIC SEMICOLON" class="svelte-wim892">U+061B <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC SEMICOLON</span></span>, and the paired <span title="U+FD3E ﴾ ORNATE LEFT PARENTHESIS" class="svelte-wim892">U+FD3E <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ORNATE LEFT PARENTHESIS</span></span> and <span title="U+FD3F ﴿ ORNATE RIGHT PARENTHESIS" class="svelte-wim892">U+FD3F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ORNATE RIGHT PARENTHESIS</span></span> are used, often with different shapes than are used in Arabic. A script-specific <span title="U+07F8 ߸ NKO COMMA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F8 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMMA</span></span> and <span title="U+07F9 ߹ NKO EXCLAMATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F9 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO EXCLAMATION MARK</span></span> are encoded. The <span title="U+07F8 ߸ NKO COMMA" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO COMMA</span></span> differs in shape from the <span title="U+060C ، ARABIC COMMA" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC COMMA</span></span>, and the two are sometimes used distinctively in the same N’Ko text.</p> <p>The character <span title="U+07F6 ߶ NKO SYMBOL OO DENNEN" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F6 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO SYMBOL OO DENNEN</span></span> is used as an addition to phrases to indicate remote future placement of the topic under discussion. The decorative U+07F7 <span title="U+07F7 ߷ NKO SYMBOL GBAKURUNEN"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 905 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M829,147Q829,63 770.5,4.5Q712,-54 628,-54Q574,-54 526.5,-26Q479,2 453,50Q426,2 379,-26Q332,-54 277,-54Q193,-54 135,4.5Q77,63 77,147Q77,232 136.5,292Q196,352 280,348Q255,393 255,445Q255,529 313.5,587.5Q372,646 456,646Q540,646 598,587.5Q656,529 656,445Q656,393 631,348Q714,347 771.5,288.5Q829,230 829,147ZM779,147Q779,210 735,253.5Q691,297 628,297Q605,297 584,291L559,335Q606,380 606,445Q606,508 562.5,551.5Q519,595 456,595Q393,595 349,551.5Q305,508 305,445Q305,376 357,331L331,288Q305,297 277,297Q214,297 170,253.5Q126,210 126,147Q126,84 170,40.5Q214,-3 277,-3Q340,-3 384,40.5Q428,84 428,147L478,147Q478,84 521.5,40.5Q565,-3 628,-3Q691,-3 735,40.5Q779,84 779,147ZM512,445Q512,421 495.5,405Q479,389 456,389Q432,389 415.5,405Q399,421 399,445Q399,468 415.5,484.5Q432,501 456,501Q479,501 495.5,484.5Q512,468 512,445ZM685,147Q685,124 668.5,107.5Q652,91 628,91Q605,91 588.5,107Q572,123 572,147Q572,171 588.5,187.5Q605,204 628,204Q652,204 668.5,187.5Q685,171 685,147ZM333,147Q333,123 316.5,107Q300,91 277,91Q254,91 237.5,107.5Q221,124 221,147Q221,171 237,187.5Q253,204 277,204Q300,204 316.5,187.5Q333,171 333,147Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">߷</span></span></span> <span title="U+07F7 ߷ NKO SYMBOL GBAKURUNEN" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO SYMBOL GBAKURUNEN</span></span> represents the three stones that hold a cooking pot over the fire and is used to end major sections of text.</p> <p>The two tonal apostrophes, <span title="U+07F4 ߴ NKO HIGH TONE APOSTROPHE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F4 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO HIGH TONE APOSTROPHE</span></span> and <span title="U+07F5 ߵ NKO LOW TONE APOSTROPHE" class="svelte-wim892">U+07F5 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LOW TONE APOSTROPHE</span></span>, are used to show the elision of a vowel while preserving the tonal information of the syllable. Their glyph representations can vary in height relative to the baseline. N’Ko also uses a set of paired punctuation, <span title="U+2E1C ⸜ LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET" class="svelte-wim892">U+2E1C <span class="svelte-qd2acw">LEFT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET</span></span> and <span title="U+2E1D ⸝ RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET" class="svelte-wim892">U+2E1D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">RIGHT LOW PARAPHRASE BRACKET</span></span>, to indicate indirect quotations.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G18914" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18914" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering.</span></span> The order of N’Ko characters in the code charts reflects the traditional ordering of N’Ko. However, in collation, the three archaic letters <span title="U+07E8 ߨ NKO LETTER JONA JA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07E8 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER JONA JA</span></span>, <span title="U+07E9 ߩ NKO LETTER JONA CHA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07E9 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER JONA CHA</span></span>, and <span title="U+07EA ߪ NKO LETTER JONA RA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07EA <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER JONA RA</span></span> should be weighted as variants of <span title="U+07D6 ߖ NKO LETTER JA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07D6 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER JA</span></span>, <span title="U+07D7 ߗ NKO LETTER CHA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07D7 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER CHA</span></span>, and <span title="U+07D9 ߙ NKO LETTER RA" class="svelte-wim892">U+07D9 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LETTER RA</span></span>, respectively.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G18920" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18920" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Rendering.</span></span> N’Ko letters have shaping behavior similar to that of Arabic. Each letter can take one of four possible forms, as shown in <a href="#G43878" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-5</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G43878" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G43878" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-5.</span> N’Ko Letter Shaping</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1g9jf1z"><th>Character</th> <th class="centered">X<sub>n</sub></th> <th class="centered">X<sub>r</sub></th> <th class="centered">X<sub>m</sub></th> <th class="centered">X<sub>l</sub></th></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">A</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CA ߊ NKO LETTER A"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 297 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M199,101Q199,52 172.5,25Q146,-2 98,-1L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߊ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CA ߊ NKO LETTER A"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 297 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M331,-1L256,-1Q203,-1 176,29Q150,-2 98,-1L98,595Q98,644 124.5,671.5Q151,699 199,698L199,100L331,100L331,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߊ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CA ߊ NKO LETTER A"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 297 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M331,-1L256,-1Q203,-1 176,29Q151,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,595Q98,644 124.5,671.5Q151,699 199,698L199,100L331,100L331,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߊ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CA ߊ NKO LETTER A"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 297 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M199,101Q199,53 172.5,26Q146,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߊ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">EE</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CB ߋ NKO LETTER EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 701 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M603,252Q603,145 530.5,72Q458,-1 351,-1Q243,-1 170.5,71.5Q98,144 98,252Q98,358 171.5,432.5Q245,507 350,507Q455,507 529,432Q603,357 603,252ZM503,256Q503,316 455,354Q411,388 350,388Q289,388 245,353Q197,315 197,256Q197,199 246,162Q290,129 350,129Q409,129 454,162Q503,199 503,256Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߋ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CB ߋ NKO LETTER EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 701 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M735,-1L551,-1Q500,-1 472,29Q416,-1 351,-1Q243,-1 170.5,71.5Q98,144 98,252Q98,358 171.5,432.5Q245,507 350,507Q455,507 529,432Q603,357 603,252Q603,167 553,100L735,100L735,-1ZM503,256Q503,316 455,354Q411,388 350,388Q289,388 245,353Q197,315 197,256Q197,199 246,162Q290,129 350,129Q409,129 454,162Q503,199 503,256Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߋ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CB ߋ NKO LETTER EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 701 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M735,-1L551,-1Q499,-1 472,29Q416,-1 351,-1Q285,-1 229,29Q201,-1 149,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L147,100Q98,167 98,252Q98,358 171.5,432.5Q245,507 350,507Q455,507 529,432Q603,357 603,252Q603,167 553,100L735,100L735,-1ZM503,256Q503,316 455,354Q411,388 350,388Q289,388 245,353Q197,315 197,256Q197,199 246,162Q290,129 350,129Q409,129 454,162Q503,199 503,256Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߋ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CB ߋ NKO LETTER EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 701 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M603,252Q603,145 530.5,72Q458,-1 351,-1Q285,-1 229,29Q201,-1 149,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L147,100Q98,167 98,252Q98,358 171.5,432.5Q245,507 350,507Q455,507 529,432Q603,357 603,252ZM503,256Q503,316 455,354Q411,388 350,388Q289,388 245,353Q197,315 197,256Q197,199 246,162Q290,129 350,129Q409,129 454,162Q503,199 503,256Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߋ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">I</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CC ߌ NKO LETTER I"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 543 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M446,639Q446,609 431,576L322,344L322,101Q322,52 295.5,25Q269,-2 221,-1L221,345L113,576Q98,609 98,639Q98,683 139,701L272,416L405,701Q446,683 446,639Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߌ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+0020 SPACE U+07CC ߌ NKO LETTER I"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 768 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path transform="translate(225)" d="M578,-1L379,-1Q326,-1 299,29Q273,-2 221,-1L221,345L113,576Q98,609 98,639Q98,683 139,701L272,416L405,701Q446,683 446,639Q446,609 431,576L322,344L322,100L578,100L578,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d"> ߌ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CC ߌ NKO LETTER I"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 543 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M578,-1L379,-1Q326,-1 299,29Q274,-1 223,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L221,100L221,345L113,576Q98,609 98,639Q98,683 139,701L272,416L405,701Q446,683 446,639Q446,609 431,576L322,344L322,100L578,100L578,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߌ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CC ߌ NKO LETTER I"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 543 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M446,639Q446,609 431,576L322,344L322,101Q322,53 295.5,26Q269,-1 221,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L221,100L221,345L113,576Q98,609 98,639Q98,683 139,701L272,416L405,701Q446,683 446,639Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߌ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">E</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CD ߍ NKO LETTER E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 708 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M610,76Q610,29 561,-2L354,316L147,-2Q98,29 98,76Q98,108 118,139L354,503L590,139Q610,108 610,76Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߍ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CD ߍ NKO LETTER E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 708 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M742,-1L561,-2L354,316L147,-2Q98,29 98,76Q98,108 118,139L354,503L590,139Q601,122 607,100L742,100L742,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߍ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CD ߍ NKO LETTER E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 708 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M742,-1L561,-2L354,316L147,-2L-34,-1L-34,100L101,100Q107,122 118,139L354,503L590,139Q601,122 607,100L742,100L742,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߍ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CD ߍ NKO LETTER E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 708 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M610,76Q610,29 561,-2L354,316L147,-2L-34,-1L-34,100L101,100Q107,122 118,139L354,503L590,139Q610,108 610,76Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߍ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">U</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CE ߎ NKO LETTER U"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 607 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M509,101Q509,53 482.5,26Q456,-1 408,-1L238,-1Q183,-1 157,31Q138,-2 98,-1L98,399Q98,442 114,469Q134,503 174,502L174,100L408,100L408,399Q408,448 434.5,475.5Q461,503 509,502L509,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߎ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CE ߎ NKO LETTER U"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 607 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M641,-1L566,-1Q513,-1 486,29Q461,-1 408,-1L238,-1Q183,-1 157,31Q138,-2 98,-1L98,399Q98,442 114,469Q134,503 174,502L174,100L408,100L408,399Q408,448 434.5,475.5Q461,503 509,502L509,100L641,100L641,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߎ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CE ߎ NKO LETTER U"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 607 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M641,-1L566,-1Q513,-1 486,29Q461,-1 408,-1L238,-1Q183,-1 157,31Q139,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,399Q98,442 114,469Q134,503 174,502L174,100L408,100L408,399Q408,448 434.5,475.5Q461,503 509,502L509,100L641,100L641,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߎ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CE ߎ NKO LETTER U"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 607 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M509,101Q509,53 482.5,26Q456,-1 408,-1L238,-1Q183,-1 157,31Q139,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,399Q98,442 114,469Q134,503 174,502L174,100L408,100L408,399Q408,448 434.5,475.5Q461,503 509,502L509,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߎ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">OO</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 590 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M492,101Q492,53 465.5,26Q439,-1 391,-1L98,-1Q97,47 124.5,73.5Q152,100 200,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 590 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M624,-1L549,-1Q496,-1 469,29Q444,-1 391,-1L98,-1Q97,47 124.5,73.5Q152,100 200,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,100L624,100L624,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 590 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M624,-1L549,-1Q496,-1 469,29Q444,-1 391,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,100L624,100L624,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07CF ߏ NKO LETTER OO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 590 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M492,101Q492,53 465.5,26Q439,-1 391,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L391,100L391,400L98,400Q97,448 124.5,475Q152,502 200,502L492,502L492,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߏ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">O</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D0 ߐ NKO LETTER O"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 700 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M602,491Q602,410 540,358Q485,312 400,301L400,100L545,100Q546,52 518.5,25.5Q491,-1 443,-1L155,-1Q153,63 199,85Q229,100 299,100L299,301Q215,313 160,358Q98,410 98,491Q98,581 182,638Q256,689 351,689Q445,689 519,638Q602,581 602,491ZM502,496Q502,549 449,576Q408,598 349,598Q292,598 250,576Q197,548 197,496Q197,445 251,419Q292,398 349,398Q407,398 449,418Q502,444 502,496Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߐ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D0 ߐ NKO LETTER O"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 700 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M734,-1L458,-1Q406,-1 378,29Q351,-1 299,-1L299,301Q215,313 160,358Q98,410 98,491Q98,581 182,638Q256,689 351,689Q445,689 519,638Q602,581 602,491Q602,410 540,358Q485,312 400,301L400,100L734,100L734,-1ZM502,496Q502,549 449,576Q408,598 349,598Q292,598 250,576Q197,548 197,496Q197,445 251,419Q292,398 349,398Q407,398 449,418Q502,444 502,496Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߐ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D0 ߐ NKO LETTER O"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 700 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M734,-1L458,-1Q406,-1 378,29Q350,-1 299,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L299,100L299,301Q215,313 160,358Q98,410 98,491Q98,581 182,638Q256,689 351,689Q445,689 519,638Q602,581 602,491Q602,410 540,358Q485,312 400,301L400,100L734,100L734,-1ZM502,496Q502,549 449,576Q408,598 349,598Q292,598 250,576Q197,548 197,496Q197,445 251,419Q292,398 349,398Q407,398 449,418Q502,444 502,496Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߐ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D0 ߐ NKO LETTER O"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 700 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M602,491Q602,410 540,358Q485,312 400,301L400,100Q400,-1 298,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L299,100L299,301Q215,313 160,358Q98,410 98,491Q98,581 182,638Q256,689 351,689Q445,689 519,638Q602,581 602,491ZM502,496Q502,549 449,576Q408,598 349,598Q292,598 250,576Q197,548 197,496Q197,445 251,419Q292,398 349,398Q407,398 449,418Q502,444 502,496Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߐ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">DAGBASINNA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 496 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M326,411Q326,384 306.5,367.5Q287,351 259,351Q219,351 194,382Q169,413 169,454Q169,570 302,618L302,596Q217,543 217,489Q217,458 237,458Q243,458 255,462Q267,466 273,466Q296,466 311,450Q326,434 326,411ZM461,100Q462,53 434,26Q406,-1 359,-1L34,-1Q33,47 60.5,73.5Q88,100 137,100L461,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߑ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 496 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M326,411Q326,384 306.5,367.5Q287,351 259,351Q219,351 194,382Q169,413 169,454Q169,570 302,618L302,596Q217,543 217,489Q217,458 237,458Q243,458 255,462Q267,466 273,466Q296,466 311,450Q326,434 326,411ZM530,-1L34,-1Q33,47 60.5,73.5Q88,100 137,100L530,100L530,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߑ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 496 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M326,411Q326,384 306.5,367.5Q287,351 259,351Q219,351 194,382Q169,413 169,454Q169,570 302,618L302,596Q217,543 217,489Q217,458 237,458Q243,458 255,462Q267,466 273,466Q296,466 311,450Q326,434 326,411ZM530,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L530,100L530,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߑ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D1 ߑ NKO LETTER DAGBASINNA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 496 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M326,411Q326,384 306.5,367.5Q287,351 259,351Q219,351 194,382Q169,413 169,454Q169,570 302,618L302,596Q217,543 217,489Q217,458 237,458Q243,458 255,462Q267,466 273,466Q296,466 311,450Q326,434 326,411ZM461,100Q462,53 434,26Q406,-1 359,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L461,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߑ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">N</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D2 ߒ NKO LETTER N"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 719 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M622,101Q622,52 595,25Q568,-2 520,-1L520,388L372,388Q372,274 321,275L321,388L263,388Q195,388 146.5,433.5Q98,479 98,546Q98,615 132,658Q170,706 236,706Q332,706 358,618Q370,579 370,453L622,453L622,101ZM321,453L321,551Q321,653 243,653Q157,653 157,551Q157,508 191,480.5Q225,453 270,453L321,453Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߒ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D2 ߒ NKO LETTER N"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 719 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M753,-1L678,-1Q626,-1 599,29Q573,-2 520,-1L520,388L372,388Q372,274 321,275L321,388L263,388Q195,388 146.5,433.5Q98,479 98,546Q98,615 132,658Q170,706 236,706Q332,706 358,618Q370,579 370,453L622,453L622,100L753,100L753,-1ZM321,453L321,551Q321,653 243,653Q157,653 157,551Q157,508 191,480.5Q225,453 270,453L321,453Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߒ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D2 ߒ NKO LETTER N"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 719 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M753,-1L678,-1Q626,-1 599,29Q574,-1 520,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L520,100L520,388L372,388Q372,274 321,275L321,388L263,388Q195,388 146.5,433.5Q98,479 98,546Q98,615 132,658Q170,706 236,706Q332,706 358,618Q370,579 370,453L622,453L622,100L753,100L753,-1ZM321,453L321,551Q321,653 243,653Q157,653 157,551Q157,508 191,480.5Q225,453 270,453L321,453Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߒ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D2 ߒ NKO LETTER N"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 719 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M622,101Q622,53 595,26Q568,-1 520,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L520,100L520,388L372,388Q372,274 321,275L321,388L263,388Q195,388 146.5,433.5Q98,479 98,546Q98,615 132,658Q170,706 236,706Q332,706 358,618Q370,579 370,453L622,453L622,101ZM321,453L321,551Q321,653 243,653Q157,653 157,551Q157,508 191,480.5Q225,453 270,453L321,453Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߒ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">BA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,101Q199,52 172.5,25Q146,-2 98,-1L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߓ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M490,-1L256,-1Q203,-1 176,29Q150,-2 98,-1L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,100L490,100L490,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߓ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M490,-1L256,-1Q203,-1 176,29Q151,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,100L490,100L490,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߓ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D3 ߓ NKO LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M358,411Q359,356 300,341Q275,335 199,335L199,101Q199,53 172.5,26Q146,-1 98,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,590Q98,693 199,693L358,693Q359,624 308,603Q280,591 199,591L199,411L358,411Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߓ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">PA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D4 ߔ NKO LETTER PA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M358,101Q358,52 331,25Q304,-2 256,-1L256,335L98,335Q97,390 156,405Q181,411 256,411L256,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L358,693L358,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߔ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D4 ߔ NKO LETTER PA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M490,-1L415,-1Q362,-1 334,29Q309,-2 256,-1L256,335L98,335Q96,390 156,405Q181,411 256,411L256,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L358,693L358,100L490,100L490,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߔ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D4 ߔ NKO LETTER PA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M490,-1L415,-1Q362,-1 334,29Q310,-1 256,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L256,100L256,335L98,335Q96,390 156,405Q181,411 256,411L256,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L358,693L358,100L490,100L490,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߔ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D4 ߔ NKO LETTER PA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 456 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M358,101Q358,53 331,26Q304,-1 256,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L256,100L256,335L98,335Q97,390 156,405Q181,411 256,411L256,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L358,693L358,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߔ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">TA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D5 ߕ NKO LETTER TA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 584 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M487,217Q487,132 437,68Q384,-1 301,-1L98,-1L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,436L326,436Q403,436 448,362Q487,299 487,217ZM425,245Q425,296 399,336Q369,382 320,382L199,382L199,100L306,100Q350,100 375,123Q395,140 414,186Q425,213 425,245Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߕ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D5 ߕ NKO LETTER TA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 584 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M618,-1L478,-1Q422,-1 398,30Q354,-1 301,-1L98,-1L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,436L326,436Q403,436 448,362Q487,299 487,217Q487,155 458,100L618,100L618,-1ZM425,245Q425,296 399,336Q369,382 320,382L199,382L199,100L306,100Q350,100 375,123Q395,140 414,186Q425,213 425,245Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߕ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D5 ߕ NKO LETTER TA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 584 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M618,-1L478,-1Q422,-1 398,30Q354,-1 301,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,436L326,436Q403,436 448,362Q487,299 487,217Q487,155 458,100L618,100L618,-1ZM425,245Q425,296 399,336Q369,382 320,382L199,382L199,100L306,100Q350,100 375,123Q395,140 414,186Q425,213 425,245Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߕ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D5 ߕ NKO LETTER TA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 584 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M487,217Q487,132 437,68Q384,-1 301,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,595Q98,643 124.5,670.5Q151,698 199,698L199,436L326,436Q403,436 448,362Q487,299 487,217ZM425,245Q425,296 399,336Q369,382 320,382L199,382L199,100L306,100Q350,100 375,123Q395,140 414,186Q425,213 425,245Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߕ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">JA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D6 ߖ NKO LETTER JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 582 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M484,693Q485,645 457,618Q429,591 381,591L189,591Q281,504 331,430Q387,346 421,235Q438,179 438,156L438,101Q438,53 411,25.5Q384,-2 336,-1L337,81Q339,415 98,591L98,598Q98,642 127,667.5Q156,693 200,693L484,693Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߖ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D6 ߖ NKO LETTER JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 582 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M616,-1L495,-1Q442,-1 415,29Q387,-2 336,-1L337,81Q339,415 98,591L98,598Q98,642 127,667.5Q156,693 200,693L484,693Q485,645 457,618Q429,591 381,591L189,591Q281,504 331,430Q387,346 421,235Q438,179 438,156L438,100L616,100L616,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߖ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D6 ߖ NKO LETTER JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 582 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M616,-1L495,-1Q443,-1 415,29Q388,-1 336,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L336,100Q331,421 98,591L98,598Q98,642 127,667.5Q156,693 200,693L484,693Q485,645 457,618Q429,591 381,591L189,591Q281,504 331,430Q387,346 421,235Q438,179 438,156L438,100L616,100L616,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߖ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D6 ߖ NKO LETTER JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 582 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M484,693Q485,645 457,618Q429,591 381,591L189,591Q282,504 331,430Q386,347 421,235Q438,179 438,156L438,101Q438,53 411,26Q384,-1 336,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L336,100Q331,421 98,591L98,598Q98,642 127,667.5Q156,693 200,693L484,693Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߖ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">CHA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D7 ߗ NKO LETTER CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 467 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M369,101Q369,52 342,25Q315,-2 268,-1L268,582Q248,547 134,342Q98,361 98,400Q98,434 117,468L226,662Q244,693 303,693L369,693L369,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߗ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D7 ߗ NKO LETTER CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 467 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M501,-1L426,-1Q373,-1 346,29Q320,-2 268,-1L268,582Q248,547 134,342Q98,361 98,400Q98,434 117,468L226,662Q244,693 303,693L369,693L369,100L501,100L501,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߗ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D7 ߗ NKO LETTER CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 467 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M501,-1L426,-1Q373,-1 346,29Q321,-1 268,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L268,100L268,582Q248,547 134,342Q98,361 98,400Q98,434 117,468L226,662Q244,693 303,693L369,693L369,100L501,100L501,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߗ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D7 ߗ NKO LETTER CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 467 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M369,101Q369,53 342.5,26Q316,-1 268,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L268,100L268,582Q248,547 134,342Q98,361 98,400Q98,434 117,468L226,662Q244,693 303,693L369,693L369,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߗ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">DA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D8 ߘ NKO LETTER DA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 767 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M669,101Q669,53 642,26Q615,-1 567,-1L98,-1L98,224Q98,313 131,377Q173,458 253,458Q291,458 312,436Q330,410 348,384Q401,503 504,503Q578,503 625,446Q669,392 669,317L669,101ZM567,100L567,254Q567,442 471,442Q414,442 388,372Q370,322 370,254L370,100L567,100ZM317,100L317,254Q317,303 304,346Q286,409 250,409Q212,409 190,362Q173,324 173,281L174,100L317,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߘ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D8 ߘ NKO LETTER DA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 767 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M801,-1L726,-1Q673,-1 646,29Q621,-1 567,-1L98,-1L98,224Q98,313 131,377Q173,458 253,458Q291,458 312,436Q330,410 348,384Q401,503 504,503Q578,503 625,446Q669,392 669,317L669,100L801,100L801,-1ZM567,100L567,254Q567,442 471,442Q414,442 388,372Q370,322 370,254L370,100L567,100ZM317,100L317,254Q317,303 304,346Q286,409 250,409Q212,409 190,362Q173,324 173,281L174,100L317,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߘ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D8 ߘ NKO LETTER DA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 767 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M801,-1L726,-1Q673,-1 646,29Q621,-1 567,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,224Q98,313 131,377Q173,458 253,458Q291,458 312,436Q330,410 348,384Q401,503 504,503Q578,503 625,446Q669,392 669,317L669,100L801,100L801,-1ZM567,100L567,254Q567,442 471,442Q414,442 388,372Q370,322 370,254L370,100L567,100ZM317,100L317,254Q317,303 304,346Q286,409 250,409Q212,409 190,362Q173,324 173,281L174,100L317,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߘ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D8 ߘ NKO LETTER DA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 767 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M669,101Q669,53 642,26Q615,-1 567,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,224Q98,313 131,377Q173,458 253,458Q291,458 312,436Q330,410 348,384Q401,503 504,503Q578,503 625,446Q669,392 669,317L669,101ZM567,100L567,254Q567,442 471,442Q414,442 388,372Q370,322 370,254L370,100L567,100ZM317,100L317,254Q317,303 304,346Q286,409 250,409Q212,409 190,362Q173,324 173,281L174,100L317,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߘ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">RA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D9 ߙ NKO LETTER RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 536 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M438,469Q439,393 318,393L318,101Q318,52 291.5,25Q265,-2 217,-1L217,393L98,393Q96,469 217,469L217,595Q217,643 243.5,670.5Q270,698 318,698L318,469L438,469Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߙ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D9 ߙ NKO LETTER RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 536 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M570,-1L375,-1Q323,-1 295,29Q270,-2 217,-1L217,393L98,393Q96,469 217,469L217,595Q217,644 243.5,671.5Q270,699 318,698L318,469L438,469Q439,393 318,393L318,100L570,100L570,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߙ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D9 ߙ NKO LETTER RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 536 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M570,-1L375,-1Q323,-1 295,29Q271,-1 217,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L217,100L217,393L98,393Q96,469 217,469L217,595Q217,644 243.5,671.5Q270,699 318,698L318,469L438,469Q439,393 318,393L318,100L570,100L570,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߙ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07D9 ߙ NKO LETTER RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 536 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M438,469Q439,393 318,393L318,101Q318,53 291.5,26Q265,-1 217,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L217,100L217,393L98,393Q96,469 217,469L217,595Q217,643 243.5,670.5Q270,698 318,698L318,469L438,469Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߙ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">RRA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DA ߚ NKO LETTER RRA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 776 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M679,469Q681,393 555,393L555,101Q555,53 528,26Q501,-1 453,-1L362,-1Q308,-1 282,31Q263,-2 222,-1L222,393L98,393Q96,469 222,469L222,595Q222,700 298,698L298,469L453,469L453,595Q453,644 480,671.5Q507,699 555,698L555,469L679,469ZM453,100L453,393L298,393L298,101L453,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߚ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DA ߚ NKO LETTER RRA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 776 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M811,-1L612,-1Q559,-1 532,29Q507,-1 453,-1L362,-1Q308,-1 282,31Q263,-2 222,-1L222,393L98,393Q96,469 222,469L222,595Q222,637 239,665Q259,699 298,698L298,469L453,469L453,595Q453,644 480,671.5Q507,699 555,698L555,469L679,469Q681,393 555,393L555,100L811,100L811,-1ZM453,100L453,393L298,393L298,100L453,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߚ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DA ߚ NKO LETTER RRA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 776 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M811,-1L612,-1Q559,-1 532,29Q507,-1 453,-1L362,-1Q308,-1 282,31Q263,-1 222,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L222,100L222,393L98,393Q96,469 222,469L222,595Q222,637 239,665Q259,699 298,698L298,469L453,469L453,595Q453,644 480,671.5Q507,699 555,698L555,469L679,469Q681,393 555,393L555,100L811,100L811,-1ZM453,100L453,393L298,393L298,100L453,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߚ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DA ߚ NKO LETTER RRA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 776 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M679,469Q681,393 555,393L555,100Q555,-1 453,-1L362,-1Q308,-1 282,31Q263,-1 222,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L222,100L222,393L98,393Q96,469 222,469L222,595Q222,700 298,698L298,469L453,469L453,595Q453,644 480,671.5Q507,699 555,698L555,469L679,469ZM453,100L453,393L298,393L298,100L453,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߚ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">SA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DB ߛ NKO LETTER SA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 747 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M649,101Q649,53 622,26Q595,-1 547,-1L98,-1L98,409Q98,502 174,502L649,502L649,101ZM547,100L547,384L250,384Q174,384 174,282L174,100L547,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߛ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DB ߛ NKO LETTER SA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 747 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M781,-1L706,-1Q653,-1 626,29Q601,-1 547,-1L98,-1L98,409Q98,502 174,502L649,502L649,100L781,100L781,-1ZM547,100L547,384L250,384Q174,384 174,282L174,100L547,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߛ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DB ߛ NKO LETTER SA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 747 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M781,-1L706,-1Q653,-1 626,29Q601,-1 547,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,400Q98,502 174,502L649,502L649,100L781,100L781,-1ZM547,100L547,384L250,384Q174,384 174,282L174,100L547,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߛ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DB ߛ NKO LETTER SA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 747 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M649,101Q649,53 622,26Q595,-1 547,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,400Q98,502 174,502L649,502L649,101ZM547,100L547,384L250,384Q174,384 174,282L174,100L547,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߛ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">GBA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DC ߜ NKO LETTER GBA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M569,604Q569,581 562,563L332,-2L105,563Q98,581 98,604Q98,637 116,663Q137,693 167,693L499,693Q530,693 549.5,664.5Q569,636 569,604ZM464,591L203,591L333,211L464,591Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߜ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DC ߜ NKO LETTER GBA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,-1L424,-1Q372,-1 345,29L332,-2L105,563Q98,581 98,604Q98,637 116,663Q137,693 167,693L499,693Q530,693 549.5,664.5Q569,636 569,604Q569,581 562,563L374,100L701,100L701,-1ZM464,591L203,591L333,211L464,591Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߜ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DC ߜ NKO LETTER GBA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,-1L424,-1Q372,-1 345,29L332,-2L-34,-2L-34,100L291,100L105,563Q98,581 98,604Q98,637 116,663Q137,693 167,693L499,693Q530,693 549.5,664.5Q569,636 569,604Q569,581 562,563L374,100L701,100L701,-1ZM464,591L203,591L333,211L464,591Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߜ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DC ߜ NKO LETTER GBA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M569,604Q569,581 562,563L332,-2L-34,-2L-34,100L291,100L105,563Q98,581 98,604Q98,637 116,663Q137,693 167,693L499,693Q530,693 549.5,664.5Q569,636 569,604ZM464,591L203,591L333,211L464,591Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߜ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">FA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DD ߝ NKO LETTER FA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 762 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M664,529Q664,458 615,409Q566,360 495,360Q484,360 462,360Q440,359 429,359L429,101Q429,53 402,26Q375,-1 327,-1L98,-1L98,338Q98,436 174,436L327,436L327,595Q327,643 354,670.5Q381,698 429,698L495,698Q566,698 615,649Q664,600 664,529ZM588,529Q588,569 561.5,595.5Q535,622 495,622Q475,622 452,607.5Q429,593 429,574L429,436L495,436Q534,436 561,463Q588,490 588,529ZM327,100L327,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L327,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߝ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DD ߝ NKO LETTER FA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 762 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M796,-1L485,-1Q433,-1 406,29Q381,-1 327,-1L98,-1L98,338Q98,436 174,436L327,436L327,595Q327,642 352.5,670Q378,698 424,698L495,698Q566,698 615,649Q664,600 664,529Q664,457 615.5,409Q567,361 495,360L429,359L429,100L796,100L796,-1ZM588,529Q588,569 561.5,595.5Q535,622 495,622Q475,622 452,607.5Q429,593 429,574L429,436L495,436Q534,436 561,463Q588,490 588,529ZM327,100L327,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L327,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߝ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DD ߝ NKO LETTER FA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 762 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M796,-1L485,-1Q433,-1 406,29Q381,-1 327,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,333Q98,436 174,436L327,436L327,595Q327,642 352.5,670Q378,698 424,698L495,698Q566,698 615,649Q664,600 664,529Q664,457 615.5,409Q567,361 495,360L429,359L429,100L796,100L796,-1ZM588,529Q588,569 561.5,595.5Q535,622 495,622Q475,622 452,607.5Q429,593 429,574L429,436L495,436Q534,436 561,463Q588,490 588,529ZM327,100L327,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L327,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߝ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DD ߝ NKO LETTER FA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 762 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M664,529Q664,457 615.5,409Q567,361 495,360L429,359L429,101Q429,53 402,26Q375,-1 327,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,333Q98,436 174,436L327,436L327,595Q327,643 354,670.5Q381,698 429,698L495,698Q566,698 615,649Q664,600 664,529ZM588,529Q588,569 561.5,595.5Q535,622 495,622Q475,622 452,607.5Q429,593 429,574L429,436L495,436Q534,436 561,463Q588,490 588,529ZM327,100L327,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L327,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߝ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">KA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DE ߞ NKO LETTER KA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M461,101Q461,52 434.5,25Q408,-2 360,-1L360,437L174,437Q174,370 166,343Q149,291 98,292L98,552Q98,595 114,622Q134,655 174,655L174,509L360,509Q360,511 360,511Q359,529 359,536L359,563Q359,628 377,658Q400,699 461,698L461,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߞ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DE ߞ NKO LETTER KA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M593,-1L518,-1Q465,-1 438,29Q413,-2 360,-1L360,437L174,437Q174,370 166,343Q149,291 98,292L98,552Q98,595 114,622Q134,655 174,655L174,509L360,509Q360,511 360,511Q359,529 359,536L359,563Q359,628 377,658Q400,699 461,698L461,100L593,100L593,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߞ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DE ߞ NKO LETTER KA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M593,-1L518,-1Q465,-1 438,29Q414,-1 360,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L360,100L360,437L174,437Q174,370 166,343Q149,291 98,292L98,552Q98,595 114,622Q134,655 174,655L174,509L360,509Q360,511 360,511Q359,529 359,536L359,563Q359,628 377,658Q400,699 461,698L461,100L593,100L593,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߞ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DE ߞ NKO LETTER KA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M461,101Q461,53 434.5,26Q408,-1 360,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L360,100L360,437L174,437Q174,370 166,343Q149,291 98,292L98,552Q98,595 114,622Q134,655 174,655L174,509L360,509Q360,511 360,511Q359,529 359,536L359,563Q359,628 377,658Q400,699 461,698L461,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߞ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">LA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 645 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M547,433Q547,357 435,357L435,101Q435,52 408,25Q381,-2 333,-1L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߟ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 645 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M679,-1L491,-1Q439,-1 412,29Q386,-2 333,-1L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433Q547,356 435,357L435,100L679,100L679,-1ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߟ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 645 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M679,-1L491,-1Q439,-1 412,29Q387,-1 333,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L333,100L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433Q547,357 435,357L435,100L679,100L679,-1ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߟ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07DF ߟ NKO LETTER LA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 645 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M547,433Q547,357 435,357L435,101Q435,53 408,26Q381,-1 333,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L333,100L333,359L266,359Q195,359 146.5,408.5Q98,458 98,529Q98,600 146.5,649Q195,698 266,698L333,698Q381,698 408,670.5Q435,643 435,595L435,436L547,436L547,433ZM333,436L333,574Q333,592 309,607Q285,622 266,622Q227,622 200,595Q173,568 173,529Q173,490 200,463Q227,436 266,436L333,436Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߟ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NA WOLOSO</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E0 ߠ NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 586 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M488,693Q489,628 444,606Q414,591 344,591L344,101Q344,52 317,25Q290,-2 242,-1L242,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L488,693Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߠ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E0 ߠ NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 586 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M620,-1L400,-1Q348,-1 321,29Q295,-2 242,-1L242,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L488,693Q489,628 444,606Q414,591 344,591L344,100L620,100L620,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߠ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E0 ߠ NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 586 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M620,-1L400,-1Q348,-1 321,29Q296,-1 242,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L242,100L242,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L488,693Q489,628 444,606Q414,591 344,591L344,100L620,100L620,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߠ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E0 ߠ NKO LETTER NA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 586 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M488,693Q489,628 444,606Q414,591 344,591L344,101Q344,53 317,26Q290,-1 242,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L242,100L242,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L488,693Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߠ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">MA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E1 ߡ NKO LETTER MA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M569,87Q569,54 551,28Q530,-2 499,-2L167,-2Q136,-2 116,28Q98,54 98,87Q98,110 105,128L334,693L562,128Q569,111 569,87ZM464,100L333,480L203,100L464,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߡ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E1 ߡ NKO LETTER MA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,-1L631,-1Q577,-1 551,30Q530,-2 499,-2L167,-2Q136,-2 116,28Q98,54 98,87Q98,110 105,128L334,693L562,128Q566,117 568,100L701,100L701,-1ZM464,100L333,480L203,100L464,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߡ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E1 ߡ NKO LETTER MA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M701,-1L631,-1Q577,-1 551,30Q530,-2 499,-2L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100Q100,116 105,128L334,693L562,128Q566,117 568,100L701,100L701,-1ZM464,100L333,480L203,100L464,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߡ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E1 ߡ NKO LETTER MA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 667 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M569,87Q569,54 551,28Q530,-2 499,-2L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100Q100,116 105,128L334,693L562,128Q569,111 569,87ZM464,100L333,480L203,100L464,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߡ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NYA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E2 ߢ NKO LETTER NYA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 793 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M471,348Q467,296 436,256.5Q405,217 356,202L356,101Q356,53 329,25.5Q302,-2 254,-1L254,201Q205,216 174,256Q143,296 140,348Q136,406 167.5,453.5Q199,501 254,520L254,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L356,693L356,519Q410,500 442.5,452.5Q475,405 471,348ZM403,363Q404,402 373,426Q342,450 302,450Q262,450 232,426Q202,402 203,363Q203,325 233,302.5Q263,280 302,280Q342,280 372.5,302.5Q403,325 403,363Z" /><path transform="translate(568)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߢ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E2 ߢ NKO LETTER NYA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 568 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M603,-1L413,-1Q360,-1 333,29Q307,-2 254,-1L254,201Q202,217 170.5,260.5Q139,304 139,359Q139,414 171,458.5Q203,503 254,520L254,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L356,693L356,519Q407,502 439,457.5Q471,413 471,359Q471,304 439.5,261Q408,218 356,202L356,100L603,100L603,-1ZM403,363Q403,402 372.5,426Q342,450 302,450Q262,450 234,427Q203,402 203,363Q203,325 233,302.5Q263,280 302,280Q341,280 372,303Q403,326 403,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߢ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E2 ߢ NKO LETTER NYA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 568 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M603,-1L413,-1Q360,-1 333,29Q308,-1 254,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L254,100L254,201Q202,217 170.5,260.5Q139,304 139,359Q139,414 171,458.5Q203,503 254,520L254,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L356,693L356,519Q407,502 439,457.5Q471,413 471,359Q471,304 439.5,261Q408,218 356,202L356,100L603,100L603,-1ZM403,363Q403,402 372.5,426Q342,450 302,450Q262,450 234,427Q203,402 203,363Q203,325 233,302.5Q263,280 302,280Q341,280 372,303Q403,326 403,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߢ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E2 ߢ NKO LETTER NYA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 568 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M471,348Q467,296 436,256.5Q405,217 356,202L356,101Q356,53 329,26Q302,-1 254,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L254,100L254,201Q205,216 174,256Q143,296 140,348Q136,406 167.5,453.5Q199,501 254,520L254,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L356,693L356,519Q410,500 442.5,452.5Q475,405 471,348ZM403,363Q404,402 373,426Q342,450 302,450Q262,450 232,426Q202,402 203,363Q203,325 233,302.5Q263,280 302,280Q342,280 372.5,302.5Q403,325 403,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߢ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E3 ߣ NKO LETTER NA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 780 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M458,101Q458,52 431,25Q404,-2 356,-1L356,591L225,591Q189,591 180,547Q179,542 162,464Q146,420 98,421L98,591Q98,639 125,666Q152,693 200,693L458,693L458,101Z" /><path transform="translate(555)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߣ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E3 ߣ NKO LETTER NA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 556 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M590,-1L514,-1Q461,-1 435,29Q409,-2 356,-1L356,591L225,591Q189,591 180,547Q179,542 162,464Q146,420 98,421L98,591Q98,693 200,693L458,693L458,100L590,100L590,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߣ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E3 ߣ NKO LETTER NA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 556 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M590,-1L514,-1Q461,-1 435,29Q410,-1 356,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L356,100L356,591L225,591Q189,591 180,547Q179,542 162,464Q146,420 98,421L98,591Q98,693 200,693L458,693L458,100L590,100L590,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߣ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E3 ߣ NKO LETTER NA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 556 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M458,101Q458,53 431,26Q404,-1 356,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L356,100L356,591L225,591Q189,591 180,547Q179,542 162,464Q146,420 98,421L98,591Q98,639 125,666Q152,693 200,693L458,693L458,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߣ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">HA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E4 ߤ NKO LETTER HA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 784 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M461,101Q461,52 434.5,25Q408,-2 360,-1L360,471L174,471Q174,405 166,377Q149,325 98,326L98,586Q98,628 114,656Q134,689 174,688L174,543L461,543L461,101Z" /><path transform="translate(559)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߤ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E4 ߤ NKO LETTER HA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M593,-1L518,-1Q465,-1 438,29Q413,-2 360,-1L360,471L174,471Q174,405 166,377Q149,325 98,326L98,586Q98,628 114,656Q134,689 174,688L174,543L461,543L461,100L593,100L593,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߤ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E4 ߤ NKO LETTER HA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M593,-1L518,-1Q465,-1 438,29Q414,-1 360,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L360,100L360,471L174,471Q174,405 166,377Q149,325 98,326L98,586Q98,628 114,656Q134,689 174,688L174,543L461,543L461,100L593,100L593,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߤ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E4 ߤ NKO LETTER HA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 559 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M461,101Q461,53 434.5,26Q408,-1 360,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L360,100L360,471L174,471Q174,405 166,377Q149,325 98,326L98,586Q98,628 114,656Q134,689 174,688L174,543L461,543L461,101Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߤ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">WA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E5 ߥ NKO LETTER WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 503 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M405,101Q405,53 378.5,26Q352,-1 304,-1L98,-1L98,343Q98,436 174,436L305,436L305,591L99,591Q98,639 125.5,666Q153,693 201,693L405,693L405,101ZM305,100L305,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L305,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߥ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E5 ߥ NKO LETTER WA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 728 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M538,-1L462,-1Q410,-1 382,29Q357,-1 304,-1L98,-1L98,343Q98,436 174,436L305,436L305,591L99,591Q98,639 125.5,666Q153,693 201,693L405,693L405,100L538,100L538,-1ZM305,100L305,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L305,100Z" /><path transform="translate(503)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߥ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E5 ߥ NKO LETTER WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 503 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M538,-1L462,-1Q410,-1 382,29Q357,-1 304,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,333Q98,436 174,436L305,436L305,591L99,591Q98,639 125.5,666Q153,693 201,693L405,693L405,100L538,100L538,-1ZM305,100L305,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L305,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߥ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E5 ߥ NKO LETTER WA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 503 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M405,101Q405,53 378.5,26Q352,-1 304,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L98,100L98,333Q98,436 174,436L305,436L305,591L99,591Q98,639 125.5,666Q153,693 201,693L405,693L405,101ZM305,100L305,359L250,359Q174,359 174,257L174,100L305,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߥ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">YA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E6 ߦ NKO LETTER YA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 527 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,348Q425,296 394,256.5Q363,217 314,201L314,101Q314,53 287.5,25.5Q261,-2 213,-1L213,201Q163,217 132.5,256.5Q102,296 98,348Q94,406 125.5,453.5Q157,501 213,520L213,595Q213,644 239.5,671.5Q266,699 314,698L314,520Q368,501 400.5,452.5Q433,404 429,348ZM362,363Q362,402 331.5,426Q301,450 261,450Q221,450 191,426Q161,402 161,363Q162,325 193,301Q221,280 261,280Q301,280 331,302.5Q361,325 362,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߦ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E6 ߦ NKO LETTER YA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 527 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M561,-1L371,-1Q318,-1 291,29Q266,-2 213,-1L213,201Q160,217 129,260.5Q98,304 98,359Q98,414 129.5,458.5Q161,503 213,520Q213,613 221,639Q240,699 314,698L314,520Q366,502 397.5,457.5Q429,413 429,359Q429,304 397.5,261Q366,218 314,201L314,100L561,100L561,-1ZM362,363Q362,402 331.5,426Q301,450 261,450Q221,450 191,426Q161,402 161,363Q161,325 193,302Q222,280 261,280Q300,280 329,302Q362,326 362,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߦ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E6 ߦ NKO LETTER YA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 527 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M561,-1L371,-1Q318,-1 291,29Q266,-1 213,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L213,100L213,201Q160,217 129,260.5Q98,304 98,359Q98,414 129.5,458.5Q161,503 213,520Q213,613 221,639Q240,699 314,698L314,520Q366,502 397.5,457.5Q429,413 429,359Q429,304 397.5,261Q366,218 314,201L314,100L561,100L561,-1ZM362,363Q362,402 331.5,426Q301,450 261,450Q221,450 191,426Q161,402 161,363Q161,325 193,302Q222,280 261,280Q300,280 329,302Q362,326 362,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߦ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E6 ߦ NKO LETTER YA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 527 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M429,348Q425,296 394,256.5Q363,217 314,201L314,101Q314,53 287.5,26Q261,-1 213,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L213,100L213,201Q163,217 132.5,256.5Q102,296 98,348Q94,406 125.5,453.5Q157,501 213,520L213,595Q213,644 239.5,671.5Q266,699 314,698L314,520Q368,501 400.5,452.5Q433,404 429,348ZM362,363Q362,402 331.5,426Q301,450 261,450Q221,450 191,426Q161,402 161,363Q162,325 193,301Q221,280 261,280Q301,280 331,302.5Q361,325 362,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߦ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">NYA WOLOSO</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E7 ߧ NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 571 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M473,693Q474,645 446.5,618Q419,591 371,591L336,591L336,520Q391,500 423,452.5Q455,405 451,348Q447,296 416.5,256.5Q386,217 336,202L336,101Q336,53 309,25.5Q282,-2 235,-1L235,201Q186,216 155,256Q124,296 120,348Q116,405 148,453Q180,501 235,520L235,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L473,693ZM384,363Q384,402 353.5,426Q323,450 283,450Q243,450 213,426Q183,402 183,363Q184,325 215,301Q243,280 283,280Q323,280 353,302.5Q383,325 384,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߧ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E7 ߧ NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 571 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M605,-1L393,-1Q340,-1 313,29Q288,-2 235,-1L235,201Q182,217 151,260.5Q120,304 120,359Q120,414 151.5,458.5Q183,503 235,520L235,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L473,693Q474,631 433,608Q403,591 336,591L336,520Q387,502 419,457.5Q451,413 451,359Q451,304 419.5,261Q388,218 336,202L336,100L605,100L605,-1ZM384,363Q384,402 353.5,426Q323,450 283,450Q243,450 213,426Q183,402 183,363Q183,325 215,302Q244,280 283,280Q322,280 351,302Q384,326 384,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߧ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E7 ߧ NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 571 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M605,-1L393,-1Q340,-1 313,29Q288,-1 235,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L235,100L235,201Q182,217 151,260.5Q120,304 120,359Q120,414 151.5,458.5Q183,503 235,520L235,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L473,693Q474,631 433,608Q403,591 336,591L336,520Q387,502 419,457.5Q451,413 451,359Q451,304 419.5,261Q388,218 336,202L336,100L605,100L605,-1ZM384,363Q384,402 353.5,426Q323,450 283,450Q243,450 213,426Q183,402 183,363Q183,325 215,302Q244,280 283,280Q322,280 351,302Q384,326 384,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߧ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E7 ߧ NKO LETTER NYA WOLOSO"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 571 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M473,693Q474,645 446.5,618Q419,591 371,591L336,591L336,520Q391,500 423,452.5Q455,405 451,348Q447,296 416.5,256.5Q386,217 336,202L336,101Q336,53 309.5,26Q283,-1 235,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L235,100L235,201Q186,216 155,256Q124,296 120,348Q116,405 148,453Q180,501 235,520L235,591L98,591Q97,639 124.5,666Q152,693 200,693L473,693ZM384,363Q384,402 353.5,426Q323,450 283,450Q243,450 213,426Q183,402 183,363Q184,325 215,301Q243,280 283,280Q323,280 353,302.5Q383,325 384,363Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߧ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">JONA JA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E8 ߨ NKO LETTER JONA JA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 712 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M390,177Q390,114 327,-39Q272,-172 227,-246Q277,-253 294,-261Q325,-276 325,-316Q325,-461 100,-552Q42,-575 25,-575Q-70,-575 -70,-510Q-70,-503 -36,-457Q-15,-428 23,-373Q177,-150 233,-2L98,-1Q97,70 152,90Q180,100 267,100Q277,145 298,213Q307,235 339,235Q362,235 376,217.5Q390,200 390,177ZM271,-346Q271,-328 250,-317Q233,-308 213,-308Q205,-308 182,-315Q126,-394 48,-472L81,-476Q135,-476 184,-452Q237,-426 260,-382Q271,-360 271,-346Z" /><path transform="translate(487)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߨ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E8 ߨ NKO LETTER JONA JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 487 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M521,-1L433,-1Q376,-1 353,30Q285,-154 227,-246Q277,-253 294,-261Q325,-276 325,-316Q325,-462 100,-552Q41,-575 25,-575Q-70,-575 -70,-510Q-70,-508 24,-373Q174,-157 233,-2Q257,61 267,100Q278,143 298,213Q307,235 339,235Q362,235 376,217.5Q390,200 390,177Q390,147 376,100L521,100L521,-1ZM271,-346Q271,-328 250,-317Q233,-308 213,-308Q205,-308 182,-315Q126,-394 48,-472L81,-476Q135,-476 184,-452Q237,-426 260,-382Q271,-360 271,-346Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߨ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E8 ߨ NKO LETTER JONA JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 487 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M521,-1L433,-1Q376,-1 353,30Q285,-154 227,-246Q277,-253 294,-261Q325,-276 325,-316Q325,-461 100,-552Q42,-575 25,-575Q-70,-575 -70,-510Q-70,-503 -36,-457Q-15,-428 23,-373Q177,-150 233,-2L-34,-2L-34,100L267,100Q277,145 298,213Q307,235 339,235Q362,235 376,217.5Q390,200 390,177Q390,147 376,100L521,100L521,-1ZM271,-346Q271,-328 250,-317Q233,-308 213,-308Q205,-308 182,-315Q126,-394 48,-472L81,-476Q135,-476 184,-452Q237,-426 260,-382Q271,-360 271,-346Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߨ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E8 ߨ NKO LETTER JONA JA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 487 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M390,177Q390,116 327,-38Q270,-177 227,-246Q277,-253 294,-261Q325,-276 325,-316Q325,-461 100,-552Q42,-575 25,-575Q-70,-575 -70,-510Q-70,-503 -36,-457Q-15,-428 23,-373Q177,-150 233,-2L-34,-2L-34,100L267,100Q278,147 298,213Q308,235 339,235Q362,235 376,217.5Q390,200 390,177ZM271,-346Q271,-328 250,-317Q233,-308 213,-308Q205,-308 182,-315Q126,-394 48,-472L81,-476Q135,-476 184,-452Q237,-426 260,-382Q271,-360 271,-346Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߨ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">JONA CHA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E9 ߩ NKO LETTER JONA CHA U+0020 SPACE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 707 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M384,183Q384,145 368,91Q361,67 341,-1Q308,-121 223,-253Q145,-374 48,-472Q71,-474 84,-474Q176,-474 228,-432Q276,-393 307,-303Q310,-292 315,-292Q328,-292 328,-318Q328,-416 212,-499Q104,-576 1,-576Q-25,-576 -49.5,-554Q-74,-532 -74,-506Q-74,-499 -41,-457Q165,-194 227,-1L98,-1Q96,68 149,89Q178,100 260,100L298,213Q305,235 339,235Q384,235 384,183Z" /><path transform="translate(482)" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߩ </span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E9 ߩ NKO LETTER JONA CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M516,-1L431,-1Q374,-1 350,31Q346,16 341,-1Q313,-114 223,-253Q142,-377 48,-472Q72,-474 84,-474Q176,-474 228,-432Q276,-393 307,-303Q310,-292 315,-292Q328,-292 328,-318Q328,-416 212,-499Q104,-576 1,-576Q-25,-576 -49.5,-554Q-74,-532 -74,-506Q-74,-498 -32,-443Q-18,-425 20,-374Q164,-176 227,-2Q236,25 260,100Q271,134 298,213Q308,235 339,235Q384,235 384,183Q384,152 370,100L516,100L516,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߩ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E9 ߩ NKO LETTER JONA CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M516,-1L431,-1Q374,-1 350,31Q347,23 341,-1Q312,-115 223,-253Q144,-376 48,-472Q72,-474 84,-474Q176,-474 228,-432Q276,-393 307,-303Q310,-292 315,-292Q328,-292 328,-318Q328,-416 212,-499Q104,-576 1,-576Q-25,-576 -49.5,-554Q-74,-532 -74,-506Q-74,-499 -41,-457Q165,-195 227,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L260,100L298,213Q305,235 339,235Q384,235 384,183Q384,152 370,100L516,100L516,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߩ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07E9 ߩ NKO LETTER JONA CHA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 482 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M384,183Q384,145 368,91Q361,67 341,-1Q308,-121 223,-253Q145,-374 48,-472Q71,-474 84,-474Q176,-474 228,-432Q276,-393 307,-303Q310,-292 315,-292Q328,-292 328,-318Q328,-416 212,-499Q104,-576 1,-576Q-25,-576 -49.5,-554Q-74,-532 -74,-506Q-74,-499 -41,-457Q165,-194 227,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L260,100L298,213Q305,235 339,235Q384,235 384,183Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߩ</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td><span class="svelte-qd2acw">JONA RA</span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07EA ߪ NKO LETTER JONA RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 538 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M440,100Q442,-1 320,-1L320,-248Q320,-295 293,-323Q266,-351 218,-350L218,-1L98,-1Q96,100 218,100L218,247Q218,295 245,322.5Q272,350 320,349L320,100L440,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߪ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07EA ߪ NKO LETTER JONA RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 538 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M572,-1L497,-1Q445,-1 417,29Q389,-1 320,-1L320,-248Q320,-295 293,-323Q266,-351 218,-350L218,-1L98,-1Q96,100 218,100L218,247Q218,295 245,322.5Q272,350 320,349L320,100L572,100L572,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߪ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07EA ߪ NKO LETTER JONA RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 538 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M572,-1L497,-1Q445,-1 417,29Q389,-1 320,-1L320,-248Q320,-295 293,-323Q266,-351 218,-350L218,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L218,100L218,247Q218,295 245,322.5Q272,350 320,349L320,100L572,100L572,-1Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߪ</span></span></span></td> <td class="centered"><span title="U+07EA ߪ NKO LETTER JONA RA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1000 538 1000" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M440,100Q442,-1 320,-1L320,-248Q320,-295 293,-323Q266,-351 218,-350L218,-1L-34,-1L-34,100L218,100L218,247Q218,295 245,322.5Q272,350 320,349L320,100L440,100Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">ߪ</span></span></span></td></tr></table></div> </figure> <p>A noncursive style of N’Ko writing exists where no joining line is used between the letters in a word. This is a font convention, not a dynamic style like bold or italic, both of which are also valid dynamic styles for N’Ko. Noncursive fonts are mostly used as display fonts for the titles of books and articles. <span title="U+07FA ߺ NKO LAJANYALAN" class="svelte-wim892">U+07FA <span class="svelte-qd2acw">NKO LAJANYALAN</span></span> is sometimes used like <span title="U+0640 ـ ARABIC TATWEEL" class="svelte-wim892">U+0640 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC TATWEEL</span></span> to justify lines, although Latin-style justification where space is increased tends to be more common.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G18604" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G18604" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.5 Vai</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G44663" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44663" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.5.1 Vai: U+A500–U+A63F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-th7f0j">The Vai script is used for the Vai language, spoken in coastal areas of western Liberia and eastern Sierra Leone. It was developed in the early 1830s primarily by Mọmọlu Duwalu Bukẹlẹ of Jondu, Liberia, who later stated that the inspiration had come to him in a dream. He may have also been aware of, and influenced by, other scripts including Latin, Arabic, and possibly Cherokee, or he may have phoneticized and regularized an earlier pictographic script. In the years afterward, the Vai built an educational infrastructure that enabled the script to flourish; by the late 1800s European traders reported that most Vai were literate in the script. Although there were standardization efforts in 1899 and again at a 1962 conference at the University of Liberia, nowadays the script is learned informally and there is no means to ensure adherence to a standardized version; most Vai literates know only a subset of the standardized characters. The script is primarily used for correspondence and record-keeping, mainly among merchants and traders. Literacy in Vai coexists with literacy in English and Arabic.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44672" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44672" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Sources.</span></span> The primary sources for the Vai characters in Unicode are the 1962 Vai Standard Syllabary, modern primers and texts which use the Standard Syllabary (including a few glyph modifications reflecting modern preferences), the 1911 additions of Momolu Massaquoi, and the characters found in <i data-svelte-h="svelte-7gy0zb">The Book of Ndole</i>, the longest surviving text from the early period of Vai script usage.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44675" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44675" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Basic Structure.</span></span> Vai is a syllabic script written left to right. The Vai language has seven oral vowels [e i a o u ɔ ɛ], five of which also occur in nasal form [ĩ ã ũ ɔ̃ ɛ̃]. The standard syllabary includes standalone vowel characters for the oral vowels and three of the nasal ones, characters for most of the consonant-vowel combinations formed from each of thirty consonants or consonant clusters, and a character for the final velar nasal consonant [ŋ].</p> <p>The writing system has a <i data-svelte-h="svelte-niq3cf">moraic</i> structure: the weight (or duration) of a syllable determines the number of characters used to write it (as with Japanese kana). A short syllable is written with any single character in the range U+A500..U+A60B. Long syllables are written with two characters, and involve a long vowel, a diphthong, or a syllable ending with <span title="U+A60B ꘋ VAI SYLLABLE NG" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60B <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE NG</span></span>. Note that the only closed syllables in Vai—that is, those that end with a consonant—are those ending with <span title="U+A60B ꘋ VAI SYLLABLE NG" class="svelte-wim892"><span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE NG</span></span>. The long vowel is generally written using either an additional standalone vowel to double the vowel sound of the preceding character, or using <span title="U+A60C ꘌ VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60C <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER</span></span>, while the diphthong is generally written using an additional standalone vowel. In some cases, the second character for a long vowel or diphthong may be written using characters such as <span title="U+A54C ꕌ VAI SYLLABLE HA" class="svelte-wim892">U+A54C <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE HA</span></span> or <span title="U+A54E ꕎ VAI SYLLABLE WA" class="svelte-wim892">U+A54E <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE WA</span></span> instead of standalone vowels.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44718" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44718" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Historic Syllables.</span></span> In <i data-svelte-h="svelte-7gy0zb">The Book of Ndole</i> more than one character may be used to represent a pronounced syllable; they have been separately encoded.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44722" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44722" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Logograms.</span></span> The oldest Vai texts used an additional set of symbols called “logograms,” representing complete syllables with an associated meaning or range of meanings; these symbols may be remnants from a precursor pictographic script. At least two of these symbols are still used: <span title="U+A618 ꘘ VAI SYMBOL FAA" class="svelte-wim892">U+A618 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYMBOL FAA</span></span> represents the word meaning “die, kill” and is used alongside a person’s date of death (the glyph is said to represent a wilting tree); <span title="U+A613 ꘓ VAI SYMBOL FEENG" class="svelte-wim892">U+A613 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYMBOL FEENG</span></span> represents the word meaning “thing.”</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44726" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44726" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits.</span></span> In the 1920s ten decimal digits were devised for Vai; these digits were “Vai-style” glyph variants of European digits. They never became popular with Vai people, but are encoded in the standard for historical purposes. Modern literature uses European digits.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44921" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44921" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation.</span></span> Vai makes use of European punctuation, although a small number of script-specific punctuation marks commonly occur. <span title="U+A60D ꘍ VAI COMMA" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI COMMA</span></span> rests on or slightly below the baseline; <span title="U+A60E ꘎ VAI FULL STOP" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60E <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI FULL STOP</span></span> rests on the baseline and can be doubled for use as an exclamation mark. <span title="U+A60F ꘏ VAI QUESTION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI QUESTION MARK</span></span> also rests on the baseline; it is rarely used. Some modern primers prefer these Vai punctuation marks; some prefer the European equivalents. Some Vai writers mark the end of a sentence by using <span title="U+A502 ꔂ VAI SYLLABLE HEE" class="svelte-wim892">U+A502 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE HEE</span></span> instead of punctuation.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44730" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44730" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Segmentation.</span></span> Vai is written without spaces between words. Line breaking opportunities can occur between most characters except that line breaks should not occur before <span title="U+A60B ꘋ VAI SYLLABLE NG" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60B <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE NG</span></span> used as a syllable final, or before <span title="U+A60C ꘌ VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60C <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI SYLLABLE LENGTHENER</span></span> (which is always a syllable final). Line breaks also should not occur before one of the “h-” characters (U+A502, U+A526, U+A54C, U+A573, U+A597, U+A5BD, U+A5E4) when it is used to extend the vowel of the preceding character (that is, when it is a syllable final), and line breaks should not occur before the punctuation characters <span title="U+A60D ꘍ VAI COMMA" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60D <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI COMMA</span></span>, <span title="U+A60E ꘎ VAI FULL STOP" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60E <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI FULL STOP</span></span>, and <span title="U+A60F ꘏ VAI QUESTION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+A60F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">VAI QUESTION MARK</span></span>.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G44743" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G44743" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering.</span></span> There is no evidence of traditional conventions on ordering apart from the order of listings found in syllabary charts. The syllables in the Vai block are arranged in the order recommended by a panel of Vai script experts. Logograms should be sorted by their phonetic values.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G45398" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45398" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.6 Bamum</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G45399" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45399" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.6.1 Bamum: U+A6A0–U+A6FF</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ihnpyf">The Bamum script is used for the Bamum language, spoken primarily in western Cameroon. It was developed between 1896 and 1910, mostly by King Ibrahim Njoya of the Bamum Kingdom. Apparently inspired by a dream and by awareness of other writing, his original idea for the script was to collect and provide approximately 500 logographic symbols (denoting objects and actions) to serve more as a memory aid than as a representation of language.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ib9684">Using the rebus principle, the script was rapidly simplified through six stages, known as Stage A, Stage B, and so on, into a syllabary known as <i>A-ka-u-ku</i>, consisting of 80 syllable characters or letters. These letters are used with two combining diacritics and six punctuation marks. The repertoire in this block covers the <i>A-ka-u-ku</i> syllabary, or Phase G form, which remains in modern use.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G45743" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45743" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> Modern Bamum is written from left to right. One interesting feature is that sometimes more letters than necessary are used to write a given syllable. For example, the word <i data-svelte-h="svelte-6yr20g">lam</i> “wedding” is written using the sequence of syllabic characters, <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1etgofl">la</i> + <i data-svelte-h="svelte-14la04t">a</i> + <i data-svelte-h="svelte-14l1uih">m</i>. This feature is known as pleonastic syllable representation.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G45745" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45745" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Diacritical Marks.</span></span> <span title="U+A6F0 ◌꛰ BAMUM COMBINING MARK KOQNDON" class="svelte-wim892">U+A6F0 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">BAMUM COMBINING MARK KOQNDON</span></span> may be applied to any of the 80 letters. It usually functions to glottalize the final vowel of a syllable. <span title="U+A6F1 ◌꛱ BAMUM COMBINING MARK TUKWENTIS" class="svelte-wim892">U+A6F1 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">BAMUM COMBINING MARK TUKWENTIS</span></span> is only known to be used with 13 letters—usually to truncate a full syllable to its final consonant.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G45746" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45746" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation.</span></span> <span title="U+A6F2 ꛲ BAMUM NJAEMLI" class="svelte-wim892">U+A6F2 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">BAMUM NJAEMLI</span></span> was a character used in the original set of logographic symbols to introduce proper names or to change the meaning of a word. The shape of the glyph for <i data-svelte-h="svelte-14h13h0">njaemli</i> has changed, but the character is still in use. The other punctuation marks correspond in function to the similarly-named punctuation marks used in European typography.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G45894" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G45894" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Digits.</span></span> The last ten letters in the syllabary are also used to represent digits. Historically, the last of these was used for 10, but its meaning was changed to represent zero when decimal-based mathematics was introduced.</p> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G49038" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G49038" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.6.2 Bamum Supplement: U+16800–U+16A3F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-13dr43o">The Bamum Supplement block contains archaic characters no longer used in the modern Bamum orthography. These historical characters are analogous in some ways to the medievalist characters encoded for the Latin script. Most Bamum writers do not use them, but they are used by specialist linguists and historians.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-bf617x">The main source for the repertoire of Bamum extensions is an analysis in Dugast and Jeffreys 1950. The Bamum script was developed in six phases, labeled with letters. Phase A is the earliest form of the script. Phase G is the modern script encoded in the main Bamum block. The Bamum Supplement block covers distinct characters from the earlier phases which are no longer part of the modern Bamum script.</p> <p>The character names in this block include a reference to the last phase in which they appear. So, for example, <span title="U+16867 𖡧 BAMUM LETTER PHASE-B PIT" class="svelte-wim892">U+16867 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">BAMUM LETTER PHASE-B PIT</span></span> was last used during Phase B, while <span title="U+168EE 𖣮 BAMUM LETTER PHASE-C PIN" class="svelte-wim892">U+168EE <span class="svelte-qd2acw">BAMUM LETTER PHASE-C PIN</span></span> continued in use and is attested through Phase C.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1ljd751">Traditional Bamum texts using these historical characters do not use punctuation or digits. Numerical values for digits are written out as words instead.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G54402" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54402" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.7 Bassa Vah</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G54600" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54600" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.7.1 Bassa Vah: U+16AD0–U+16AFF</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-13qh4e7">The Bassa Vah script is used for the tonal Bassa language of Liberia, which is distinct from the Basa language of Nigeria and the Basaa (sometimes also spelled Bassa) language of Cameroon. Its modern usage and perhaps form are due primarily to Dr. Thomas Flo Lewis in the early 1900s. According to Bassa tradition, an earlier ideographic script was simplified around 1800 by a man named Dirah, and then remained in use primarily among Bassa brought to the Americas as slaves (as was Dirah). While studying abroad in the United States, Lewis learned a version of that script from Dirah’s son Jenni and possibly others of Bassa origin in the Americas, and may have made further improvements. The script may also have been influenced by Vai. Lewis actively published about the script; he also arranged for the production of a typesetting machine and primers for Vah, and on his return to Liberia promoted education in the script.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G54734" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54734" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> Modern Bassa Vah is a simple alphabetic script, written from left to right, consisting of 23 consonants, 7 vowels, and 5 tone marks. Except for discussions about the alphabet itself, the vowel letters are always written with tone marks; these marks are placed in a central open area of each vowel glyph. The tone marks are encoded as combining characters.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G54735" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54735" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation and Digits.</span></span> Bassa Vah uses a script-specific full stop resembling a plus sign, as well as the European comma, full stop, and quotation marks. It also uses the European digits 0–9.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G54425" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54425" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.8 Mende Kikakui</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G54687" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54687" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.8.1 Mende Kikakui: U+1E800–U+1E8DF</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-b8p6lx">The Mende Kikakui script is used for the Mende language of Sierra Leone. It is named Kikakui after the sound of its first three characters. Kikakui was popular for correspondence and record-keeping. However, during the 1940s it was largely supplanted by a Latin-based orthography promoted by the British-established Protectorate Literacy Bureau.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1gc2hrj">An early version of 42 characters was created around 1917 by the Islamic scholar Mohamed Turay, likely influenced both by the Vai syllabary and by Arabic. It was further developed over the next few years by his student and son-in-law Kisimi Kamara who added over 150 more syllabic characters, actively promoted the script, and is generally credited as its primary inventor. The repertoire is based on Tuchscherer 1996. Annotations in the names list provide occasional references to the syllabaries of Amara Mansaray, a prominent script practitioner, and David Dalby (Dalby 1967). The annotations note where Mansaray or Dalby vary from Tuchscherer.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G54820" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54820" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> The Mende Kikakui script has 185 consonant and vowel (CV) syllabic characters and 12 vowels. No script-specific punctuation is known.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G54821" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54821" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Directionality.</span></span> The Mende Kikakui script is written from right to left, unlike Vai. Conformant implementations of the script must use the Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (see Unicode Standard Annex #9, “Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm”).</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G54822" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G54822" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Numbers.</span></span> Although both European digits and Arabic digits have been used with Mende Kikakui, it also has its own unique non-decimal number system. This system uses the following characters:</p> <ul data-svelte-h="svelte-muqafp"><li>A set of digits one through nine</li> <li>A set of multiplier subscripts for powers of ten from 10 through 1,000,000, encoded as combining marks</li> <li>A special subscript for teens, also encoded as a combining mark</li></ul> <p>Number units in the range 11 through 19 are represented as a digit plus the teens mark. Numbers such as 20, 300, or 5,000 are represented as a digit plus the appropriate multiplier mark. Complete numbers are written as a right-to-left sequence of number units, largest unit first (displayed on the right), whose values are added to produce the numeric value, as shown in the examples in <a href="#G56092" class="svelte-elgdv8">Table 19-6</a>.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G56092" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56092" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Table 19-6.</span> Number Formation in Mende Kikakui</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table><tr data-svelte-h="svelte-1cqkyjq"><th>Value</th> <th>Character Sequence</th> <th>Display</th></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1rru1mb">10</td> <td><span title="U+1E8C7 𞣇 MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE" class="svelte-wim892">1E8C7 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE</span></span><br> <span title="U+1E8D1 ◌𞣑 MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS" class="svelte-wim892">1E8D1 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS</span></span></td> <td><span title="U+1E8C7 𞣇 MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT ONE U+1E8D1 ◌𞣑 MENDE KIKAKUI COMBINING NUMBER TENS"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -2048 1500 2048" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M705,1495Q705,1469 695,1447Q685,1425 668.5,1408Q652,1391 629.5,1381.5Q607,1372 582,1372Q556,1372 534,1381.5Q512,1391 495,1408Q478,1425 468.5,1447Q459,1469 459,1495Q459,1520 468.5,1542.5Q478,1565 495,1581.5Q512,1598 534,1608Q556,1618 582,1618Q607,1618 629.5,1608Q652,1598 668.5,1581.5Q685,1565 695,1542.5Q705,1520 705,1495ZM1277,1208Q1277,1188 1261,1168L944,755L944,0Q944,-61 883,-61Q821,-61 821,0L821,594L387,29Q365,1 341,1Q329,1 317,7Q305,13 295.5,22.5Q286,32 279.5,43Q273,54 273,64Q273,82 289,104L740,692L567,692L442,702Q394,715 354,743Q314,771 284.5,809Q255,847 239,893.5Q223,940 223,991Q223,1052 246.5,1106.5Q270,1161 311,1201.5Q352,1242 406,1266Q460,1290 522,1290L883,1291Q944,1291 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d="M864,1710Q864,1675 840.5,1651Q817,1627 779,1627Q743,1627 717.5,1650.5Q692,1674 692,1710Q692,1745 718,1768.5Q744,1792 779,1792Q815,1792 839.5,1768.5Q864,1745 864,1710ZM1208,1552Q1208,1532 1196.5,1519Q1185,1506 1168,1501L373,1180Q367,1178 361.5,1176.5Q356,1175 348,1175Q325,1175 309.5,1193Q294,1211 294,1234Q294,1253 304.5,1264.5Q315,1276 330,1282L867,1499L353,1499Q317,1499 305.5,1520Q294,1541 294,1565L294,1738Q294,1764 310,1778Q326,1792 352,1792Q378,1792 393.5,1778Q409,1764 409,1738L409,1609L1147,1609L1154,1609Q1182,1609 1195,1589.5Q1208,1570 1208,1552ZM1423,845Q1423,819 1392,799L175,36Q154,24 137,24Q127,24 116.5,30Q106,36 97.5,46Q89,56 83.5,68.5Q78,81 78,93Q78,106 85,118Q92,130 109,140L1326,903Q1344,915 1363,915Q1373,915 1383.5,909Q1394,903 1403,893.5Q1412,884 1417.5,871Q1423,858 1423,845Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𞣊𞣐</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1uo1zux">27</td> <td><span title="U+1E8C8 𞣈 MENDE KIKAKUI DIGIT TWO" 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644,1304Q663,1295 683,1295Q701,1295 719.5,1305.5Q738,1316 753,1334Q768,1352 777.5,1376.5Q787,1401 788,1429Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𞣊𞣎𞣑𞣍𞣒</span></span></span></td></tr></table></div> </figure> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G56860" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56860" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.9 Adlam</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G56882" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56882" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.9.1 Adlam: U+1E900–U+1E95F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-434iv5">Adlam is a script used to write Fulani and other African languages. The Fulani are a large, historically nomadic tribe of Africa numbering more than 45 million and spread across Senegambia (Senegal) to the banks of the Nile and the Red Sea. Depending on the language, they are called by different names, including Fulani, Fula, Peul, Pul, Fut, Fellata, Tekruri, Toucouleur, Peulh, Wasolonka, and Kourte.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1m7sp5d">The Fulani are today a widespread ethnic group in Africa, and the Fulani language is spoken by more than 40 million.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-s0itfr">During the late 1980s, brothers Ibrahima and Abdoulaye Barry devised this alphabetic script to represent the Fulani language. After several years of development it was widely adopted among Fulani communities and is currently taught at schools in Guinea, Nigeria, Liberia and other nearby countries. The name <i>Adlam</i> is derived from the first four letters of the alphabet (A, D, L, M), standing for <i>Alkule Dandaydhe Leñol Mulugol</i> (“the alphabet that protects the peoples from vanishing”).</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56960" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56960" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> Adlam is a casing script with right-to-left directionality. Its letters can be written separately or can be cursively joined in the same way that Arabic and N’Ko are. Joining is optional, not obligatory.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56962" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56962" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Diacritical Marks.</span></span> A range of diacritical marks is used. The lengthener <span title="U+1E944 ◌𞥄 ADLAM ALIF LENGTHENER" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E944 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM ALIF LENGTHENER</span></span> is used only on the letters <span title="U+1E900 𞤀 ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ALIF" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E900 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM CAPITAL LETTER ALIF</span></span> and <span title="U+1E922 𞤢 ADLAM SMALL LETTER ALIF" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E922 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM SMALL LETTER ALIF</span></span>. The lengthener <span title="U+1E945 ◌𞥅 ADLAM VOWEL LENGTHENER" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E945 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM VOWEL LENGTHENER</span></span> is used with other vowels. The <span title="U+1E946 ◌𞥆 ADLAM GEMINATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E946 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM GEMINATION MARK</span></span> marks long consonants. These diacritical marks are typically high with capital letters, and high with small letters with ascenders, but low with other small letters.</p> <p>The diacritical mark <span title="U+1E947 ◌𞥇 ADLAM HAMZA" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E947 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM HAMZA</span></span> is used atop a consonant when a glottal stop occurs between it and the following vowel. The hamza has high and low variants. The mark <span title="U+1E948 ◌𞥈 ADLAM CONSONANT MODIFIER" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E948 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM CONSONANT MODIFIER</span></span> is used to indicate foreign sounds, primarily in Arabic transcription.</p> <p>The <span title="U+1E94A ◌𞥊 ADLAM NUKTA" class="svelte-wim892">U+1E94A <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ADLAM NUKTA</span></span> is used to indicate both native and borrowed sounds. When vowels are lengthened, however, the nukta is drawn below the vowels to indicate the change. When drawn above a letter, the nukta is called <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1qc3cgp">hoortobbhere</i> (“dot above”) in Fulani; when drawn below, it is called <i data-svelte-h="svelte-egqdot">lestobbhere</i> (“dot below”).</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-j10v1p">This varied rendering of the Adlam nukta is similar to the behavior of some accents in Latin typography, for which the rendering often depends on the availability of fonts, cultural preferences, or the geographical area. A Latin example is the preference in Latvian and in Romanian for a comma below diacritic shape for some letters, while a cedilla shape is preferred for the same letters in Turkish and in Marshallese.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56969" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56969" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Line Breaking.</span></span> Letters have the same line breaking behavior as N’Ko.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56971" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56971" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Numbers.</span></span> Adlam uses ten digits with a right-to-left directionality like the digits in N’Ko.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56973" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56973" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation.</span></span> Adlam uses European punctuation and the <span title="U+061F ؟ ARABIC QUESTION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+061F <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC QUESTION MARK</span></span>.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G56974" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G56974" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Cursive Joining.</span></span> Cursive joining is used in some contexts. In a cursive context, all letters are dual-joining with a base form, a left-joining form, a dual-joining form, and a right-joining form. Diacritics do not break cursive connections.</p> <p>Digits and punctuation do not participate in shaping. In a cursive context, <span title="U+0640 ـ ARABIC TATWEEL" class="svelte-wim892">U+0640 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">ARABIC TATWEEL</span></span> can be used for elongation.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G58353" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G58353" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.10 Medefaidrin</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G58527" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G58527" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.10.1 Medefaidrin: U+16E40–U+16E9F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-483cn3">The Medefaidrin script is used to write the liturgical language Medefaidrin by members of an indigenous Christian church, Oberi Okaime (“Church freely given”), which was active in the Nigerian province of Calabar in the 1930s near the Western bank of Cross River. The main spoken language for this group is Ibibio-Efik, which belongs to the Atlantic family of the Niger-Congo languages.</p> <p>The Medefaidrin script shows the strong influence of English orthography with the use of capital and small letters, and a special sign for the pronoun “I”, which has both an upper and lowercase form (<span title="U+16E44 𖹄 MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER ATIU" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E44 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN CAPITAL LETTER ATIU</span></span> and <span title="U+16E64 𖹤 MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER ATIU" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E64 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN SMALL LETTER ATIU</span></span>). The community tradition is that this spirit language was revealed to Bishop Ukpong, one of the founders of the community, in 1927 by divine inspiration. The secretary of the group, Jakeld Udofia, transcribed the language to writing. Presently, the religious community counts about 4,000 members. The Medefaidrin language is used for teaching Sunday school lessons and for saying prayers or meditation on the scriptures.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G58530" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G58530" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Structure.</span></span> Medefaidrin is written left to right. There is a close relationship between the phonological analysis and the writing system: the letters are pronounced mostly as written.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G58532" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G58532" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Ordering.</span></span> The order of Medefaidrin characters in the code charts reflects the traditional ordering of Medefaidrin found in instruction materials.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G58534" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G58534" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation, Digits, and Other Marks.</span></span> Medefaidrin uses a vigesimal (base-20) number system that requires twenty digits. Script-specific punctuation marks are <span title="U+16E97 𖺗 MEDEFAIDRIN COMMA" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E97 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN COMMA</span></span>, <span title="U+16E98 𖺘 MEDEFAIDRIN FULL STOP" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E98 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN FULL STOP</span></span>, and <span title="U+16E9A 𖺚 MEDEFAIDRIN EXCLAMATION OH" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E9A <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN EXCLAMATION OH</span></span>. Another unique mark is a symbol for the conjunction “or,” represented by the Medefaidrin <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1664sn5">aiva</i>, <span title="U+16E99 𖺙 MEDEFAIDRIN SYMBOL AIVA" class="svelte-wim892">U+16E99 <span class="svelte-qd2acw">MEDEFAIDRIN SYMBOL AIVA</span></span>.</p> <h2 class="svelte-eb0t5v"><span id="G746355" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746355" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.11 Garay</span> </h2> <h3 class="svelte-wnhn6e"><span id="G746356" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746356" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>19.11.1 Garay: U+10D40–U+10D8F</span> </h3> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-vi5z2b">The Garay script was created by Assane Faye in Senegal to write Wolof, and first appeared in publications in January 1961. The official script in Senegal for Wolof is Latin, although the Wolofal orthography (an Arabic-based orthography written in the Ajami style) is also used. The Garay script has been taught informally for more than fifty years since its invention. However, although it is used by women’s groups and adult literacy for Mandinka as well as for Wolof, the user community for Garay remains small. Faye designed Garay to be easy to learn for anyone familiar with the Arabic script, but gave it a simpler design. Faye has written manuscripts that include textbooks, folktales, and maps; there also exists a Quran with interlinear translations into Wolof using the Garay script.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G746367" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746367" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Basic Features.</span></span> Garay is an alphabet. Text runs from right to left in horizontal lines, and words are separated by spaces.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1mvv0de">Garay has no joining behavior, but the consonant letters are bicameral. Capital letters are used at the beginning of sentences and for proper nouns. They are generally distinguished from lowercase letters by a swash. Unlike consonants, Garay vowel letters do not have uppercase and lowercase forms.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-c3wg3x">Tone does not need to be marked because languages in the Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo family, of which Wolof is one, are unusual in that they are not tonal.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1svobh2">A particular feature of Garay handwriting is a swash tail which often swings back under the word-final letter, and sometimes extends the whole length of the word, but it is not obligatory and has no semantic significance.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G746372" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746372" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Consonants.</span></span> Garay uses 19 consonant letters, each with both uppercase and lowercase forms, but digraphs and various diacritics over letters are used to support additional consonant sounds, including four pre-nasalized stops.</p> <p>Consonant gemination is common and phonetically distinctive, and is written by following the consonant with <span title="U+10D6A ◌𐵪 GARAY CONSONANT GEMINATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D6A <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(3678) scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M626 995Q642 979 642 960Q642 941 627.5 926.5Q613 912 594 912Q575 912 562 925L328 1144Q299 1117 190 1022Q156 993 94 938Q81 925 62 925Q43 925 28.5 939.5Q14 954 14 973Q14 992 30 1008Q128 1093 174 1134Q254 1206 320 1278Q349 1252 445 1163Q602 1016 626 995Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">◌𐵪</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY CONSONANT GEMINATION MARK</span></span>. Another combining mark, <span title="U+10D6D ◌𐵭 GARAY CONSONANT NASALIZATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D6D <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(3776) scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M594 912H45Q-3 912 -3 960Q-3 1008 45 1008H594Q642 1008 642 960Q642 912 594 912Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">◌𐵭</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY CONSONANT NASALIZATION MARK</span></span>, can be used to nasalize sounds in foreign words.</p> <p data-svelte-h="svelte-1yx3ozr">To enable digitization of older Garay manuscripts, the Garay block contains four additional characters that represent obsolete glyphs for the letters K and N.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G746376" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746376" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Vowels.</span></span> Garay uses five characters, including one combining mark, to represent nine vowel sounds. The other four vowels are formed by combining the vowel characters into digraphs.</p> <p>Long vowels are indicated by following the vowel character(s) with <span title="U+10D4E 𐵎 GARAY VOWEL LENGTH MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4E <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="184 -22528 10103 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M845 -48H64Q16 -48 16 0Q16 48 64 48H845Q893 48 893 0Q893 -48 845 -48Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵎</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY VOWEL LENGTH MARK</span></span>.</p> <p>The combining mark <span title="U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D69 <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(3880) scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M409 1067Q409 990 372 925Q332 860 291 796L217 820Q218 821 287 911Q322 957 322 1017Q322 1026 310.5 1027Q299 1028 295 1028H280Q265 1028 256.5 1031.5Q248 1035 241 1041Q212 1073 212 1118Q212 1126 216 1155Q220 1184 241.5 1211.5Q263 1239 295 1239Q349 1239 379 1192Q409 1145 409 1067Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">◌𐵩</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY VOWEL SIGN E</span></span> represents the vowel /ɛ/. It is also used to indicate prenasalized stops. When the vowel /ɛ/ follows prenasalized stops such as /ᵐb/ or other consonant letters with combining marks above, Garay instead uses the spacing mark <span title="U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4D <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-680 -22528 4988 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M288 206Q275 180 214 119L158 63L87 2L-2 -61L-59 -4L-2 53L87 115L142 162Q167 190 175 206Q187 228 187 250.5Q187 273 180 289.5Q173 306 157 334Q131 381 108 438Q101 458 101 478Q101 516 132 547L189 604Q202 617 218.5 629Q235 641 267.5 662Q300 683 318 696L374 639L318 583Q300 570 269 550.5Q238 531 225 521Q206 484 221 438Q244 380 272 332Q286 306 293 289.5Q300 273 300 250.5Q300 228 288 206Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵍</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE</span></span> to represent that vowel. In the same context, the vowel /e/, normally represented as <span title="U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1049 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M409,1067Q409,990 372,925Q332,860 291,796L217,820Q218,821 287,911Q322,957 322,1017Q322,1026 310.5,1027Q299,1028 295,1028L280,1028Q265,1028 256.5,1031.5Q248,1035 241,1041Q212,1073 212,1118Q212,1126 216,1155Q220,1184 241.5,1211.5Q263,1239 295,1239Q349,1239 379,1192Q409,1145 409,1067ZM512,88Q527,104 540,105Q557,105 571,91Q584,77 583,64Q584,50 574,38Q563,24 552,14Q522,-16 442,-38Q439,-39 435,-39Q418,-39 406,-27Q393,-15 392,-2Q392,15 406,29Q415,38 425,40Q480,55 512,88ZM108,526Q93,510 80,510Q63,510 49,523Q37,537 36.5,550Q36,563 46,576Q53,584 58,590Q102,633 173,648Q177,649 180,648Q197,648 209,637Q222,624 222,611Q222,595 209,581Q200,573 189,570Q135,557 108,526ZM25,278Q12,265 -1,265Q-17,265 -31,278Q-42,291 -43,306Q-43,399 -19,469Q-15,478 -9,484Q4,497 17,497Q33,497 47,484Q59,471 59,455Q59,448 57,442Q37,385 37,308Q37,308 37,307Q35,290 25,278ZM545,490Q536,503 536,517Q536,531 547,544Q560,557 573,557Q592,557 606,542Q640,501 656,424Q660,417 659,408Q659,395 646,381Q633,368 620,367Q604,367 590,381Q577,394 576,408Q576,410 577,411Q566,464 545,490ZM300,600Q287,613 287,626Q287,642 300,656Q313,667 328,668Q417,667 484,637Q490,634 496,629Q509,616 509,603Q509,587 496,573Q483,561 468,561Q460,561 451,564Q399,587 328,588Q311,590 300,600ZM-32,191Q-32,209 -20,221Q-7,234 6,234Q22,234 37,221Q46,210 48,198Q57,140 99,106Q115,91 115,77Q115,60 102,46Q88,34 75,34Q62,34 49,43Q38,52 30,60Q-21,113 -31,188Q-32,189 -32,191ZM151,-24Q128,-10 128,10Q128,26 142,40Q155,52 167,52Q179,52 188,48Q228,29 311,28Q328,27 339,16Q352,3 352,-10Q352,-26 339,-40Q326,-51 311,-52Q206,-52 151,-24ZM610,293Q623,306 635,306Q654,306 666,293Q677,281 678,264Q676,181 631,134Q616,118 603,118Q584,118 572,131Q560,145 560,158Q561,172 569,185Q595,225 598,265Q599,282 610,293Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵩𐵍</span></span></span> <<span title="U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D69 <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="2771 -22528 9372 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(22.528 -22.528)" d="M144 245Q123 245 123 265Q123 285 144 285Q164 285 164 265Q164 245 144 245ZM138 337Q138 357 158 357Q178 357 178 337Q178 316 159 316Q138 316 138 337ZM178 397Q178 418 198 418Q219 418 219 398Q219 378 198 378Q178 378 178 397ZM239 438Q239 459 259 459Q280 459 280 438Q280 418 259 418Q239 418 239 438ZM311 453Q311 473 331 473Q351 473 351 453Q351 432 331 432Q311 432 311 453ZM403 459Q423 459 423 438Q423 418 403 418Q382 418 382 438Q382 459 403 459ZM464 418Q484 418 484 398Q484 378 464 378Q443 378 443 398Q443 418 464 418ZM505 357Q525 357 525 337Q525 316 504 316Q484 316 484 337Q484 357 505 357ZM519 285Q539 285 539 265Q539 245 519 245Q498 245 498 265Q498 285 519 285ZM525 193Q525 173 504 173Q484 173 484 193Q484 214 504 214Q525 214 525 193ZM484 132Q484 112 464 112Q444 112 444 132Q444 153 464 153Q484 153 484 132ZM423 92Q423 72 403 72Q383 72 383 92Q383 113 403 113Q423 113 423 92ZM351 78Q351 57 331 57Q311 57 311 78Q311 98 331 98Q351 98 351 78ZM259 72Q239 72 239 92Q239 113 259 113Q280 113 280 93Q280 72 259 72ZM199 112Q178 112 178 132Q178 153 198 153Q219 153 219 132Q219 112 199 112ZM158 173Q138 173 138 193Q138 214 158 214Q178 214 178 193Q178 173 158 173Z" /><path transform="translate(3880) scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M409 1067Q409 990 372 925Q332 860 291 796L217 820Q218 821 287 911Q322 957 322 1017Q322 1026 310.5 1027Q299 1028 295 1028H280Q265 1028 256.5 1031.5Q248 1035 241 1041Q212 1073 212 1118Q212 1126 216 1155Q220 1184 241.5 1211.5Q263 1239 295 1239Q349 1239 379 1192Q409 1145 409 1067Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">◌𐵩</span></span></span>, <span title="U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4D <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-680 -22528 4988 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M288 206Q275 180 214 119L158 63L87 2L-2 -61L-59 -4L-2 53L87 115L142 162Q167 190 175 206Q187 228 187 250.5Q187 273 180 289.5Q173 306 157 334Q131 381 108 438Q101 458 101 478Q101 516 132 547L189 604Q202 617 218.5 629Q235 641 267.5 662Q300 683 318 696L374 639L318 583Q300 570 269 550.5Q238 531 225 521Q206 484 221 438Q244 380 272 332Q286 306 293 289.5Q300 273 300 250.5Q300 228 288 206Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵍</span></span></span>>, is written as <span title="U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 818 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵍𐵍</span></span></span> <<span title="U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4D <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-680 -22528 4988 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M288 206Q275 180 214 119L158 63L87 2L-2 -61L-59 -4L-2 53L87 115L142 162Q167 190 175 206Q187 228 187 250.5Q187 273 180 289.5Q173 306 157 334Q131 381 108 438Q101 458 101 478Q101 516 132 547L189 604Q202 617 218.5 629Q235 641 267.5 662Q300 683 318 696L374 639L318 583Q300 570 269 550.5Q238 531 225 521Q206 484 221 438Q244 380 272 332Q286 306 293 289.5Q300 273 300 250.5Q300 228 288 206Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵍</span></span></span>, <span title="U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4D <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-680 -22528 4988 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M288 206Q275 180 214 119L158 63L87 2L-2 -61L-59 -4L-2 53L87 115L142 162Q167 190 175 206Q187 228 187 250.5Q187 273 180 289.5Q173 306 157 334Q131 381 108 438Q101 458 101 478Q101 516 132 547L189 604Q202 617 218.5 629Q235 641 267.5 662Q300 683 318 696L374 639L318 583Q300 570 269 550.5Q238 531 225 521Q206 484 221 438Q244 380 272 332Q286 306 293 289.5Q300 273 300 250.5Q300 228 288 206Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵍</span></span></span>>. This spelling approach is also used with the four consonants that <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1atdp17">could</i> be prenasalized, /b/, /d/, /ɟ/, /ɡ/, even when they are not.</p> <p><a href="#G746380" class="svelte-elgdv8">Figure 19-4</a> illustrates these distinctions, with examples for the ordinary case with /k/ and then examples with /ᵐb/ and /b/.</p> <figure class="svelte-1c2v05g"><figcaption class="svelte-1c2v05g"><span id="G746380" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746380" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a><span class="number svelte-1c2v05g">Figure 19-4.</span> Representing /ɛ/ and /e/ in Garay</span></figcaption> <div class="scrollable"><table class="layout svelte-1dkac1e" style="--vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; --glyph-font-size: 1.5em;"><col> <col> <col style="width: 2em;"> <col> <col> <col style="width: 2em;"> <col> <col> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1kaevff">/k/</td> <td><span title="U+10D73 𐵳 GARAY SMALL LETTER KA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1280 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M263,637L320,693L377,637L85,57L1280,57L1337,0L1280,-57L0,-57L-57,0L263,637Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵳</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-jfbmm2">/ᵐb/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1600 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M1174,525Q1174,448 1137,382Q1097,317 1056,253L982,278Q983,279 1052,369Q1087,415 1086,475Q1086,484 1075,485Q1064,486 1060,486L1045,486Q1030,486 1021,489.5Q1012,493 1006,499Q977,531 977,576Q977,584 980.5,613Q984,642 1006,669.5Q1028,697 1060,697Q1114,697 1144,650Q1174,603 1174,525ZM668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴𐵩</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1hq8e6c">/b/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1600 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-6h50uy">/kɛ/</td> <td><span title="U+10D73 𐵳 GARAY SMALL LETTER KA U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1280 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M772,1067Q772,990 735,925Q695,860 655,796L581,820Q582,821 650,911Q685,957 685,1017Q685,1026 673.5,1027Q662,1028 658,1028L643,1028Q628,1028 619.5,1031.5Q611,1035 604,1041Q575,1073 575,1118Q575,1126 579,1155Q583,1184 605,1211.5Q627,1239 658,1239Q712,1239 742,1192Q772,1145 772,1067ZM263,637L320,693L377,637L85,57L1280,57L1337,0L1280,-57L0,-57L-57,0L263,637Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵳𐵩</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-r3dn6h">/ᵐbɛ/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 2009 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M1174,525Q1174,448 1137,382Q1097,317 1056,253L982,278Q983,279 1052,369Q1087,415 1086,475Q1086,484 1075,485Q1064,486 1060,486L1045,486Q1030,486 1021,489.5Q1012,493 1006,499Q977,531 977,576Q977,584 980.5,613Q984,642 1006,669.5Q1028,697 1060,697Q1114,697 1144,650Q1174,603 1174,525ZM668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴𐵩𐵍</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-2ws5dd">/bɛ/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 2009 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴𐵍</span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td data-svelte-h="svelte-1dvkmeg">/ke/</td> <td><span title="U+10D73 𐵳 GARAY SMALL LETTER KA U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 1689 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M772,1067Q772,990 735,925Q695,860 655,796L581,820Q582,821 650,911Q685,957 685,1017Q685,1026 673.5,1027Q662,1028 658,1028L643,1028Q628,1028 619.5,1031.5Q611,1035 604,1041Q575,1073 575,1118Q575,1126 579,1155Q583,1184 605,1211.5Q627,1239 658,1239Q712,1239 742,1192Q772,1145 772,1067ZM263,637L320,693L377,637L85,57L1280,57L1337,0L1280,-57L0,-57L-57,0L263,637Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵳𐵩𐵍</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1viy8o3">/ᵐbe/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA U+10D69 ◌𐵩 GARAY VOWEL SIGN E U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 2418 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(818)" d="M1174,525Q1174,448 1137,382Q1097,317 1056,253L982,278Q983,279 1052,369Q1087,415 1086,475Q1086,484 1075,485Q1064,486 1060,486L1045,486Q1030,486 1021,489.5Q1012,493 1006,499Q977,531 977,576Q977,584 980.5,613Q984,642 1006,669.5Q1028,697 1060,697Q1114,697 1144,650Q1174,603 1174,525ZM668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴𐵩𐵍𐵍</span></span></span></td> <td></td> <td data-svelte-h="svelte-1gfq1ov">/be/</td> <td><span title="U+10D74 𐵴 GARAY SMALL LETTER BA U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE U+10D4D 𐵍 GARAY VOWEL SIGN EE"><span class="container svelte-12j2c1d" style="transform: translateY(-7.5%);"><svg viewBox="0 -1600 2418 1600" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><g transform="scale(1 -1)"><path d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(409)" d="M288,206Q275,180 214,119L158,63L87,2L-2,-61L-59,-4L-2,53L87,115L142,162Q167,190 175,206Q187,228 187,250.5Q187,273 180,289.5Q173,306 157,334Q131,381 108,438Q101,458 101,478Q101,516 132,547L189,604Q202,617 218.5,629Q235,641 267.5,662Q300,683 318,696L374,639L318,583Q300,570 269,550.5Q238,531 225,521Q206,484 221,438Q244,380 272,332Q286,306 293,289.5Q300,273 300,250.5Q300,228 288,206Z" /><path transform="translate(818)" d="M668,57L1600,57L1657,0L1600,-57L640,-57L583,0L320,526L57,0L0,-57L-57,0L263,638L320,695L377,638L668,57Z" /></g></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵴𐵍𐵍</span></span></span></td></tr> </table></div> </figure> <p>Words that begin with a vowel sound use a “vowel carrier,” <span title="U+10D70 𐵰 GARAY SMALL LETTER A" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D70 <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-518 -22528 6485 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M405 378Q405 375 405 374Q402 329 380 286.5Q358 244 265 151Q157 58 154 55L19 -39Q7 -47 -5.5 -47Q-18 -47 -32 -34Q-45 -21 -45 -8Q-45 13 -26 27L106 119L209 208Q294 293 311 327Q311 328 312 328Q324 352 325 377Q325 401 315 427Q307 444 284 485Q261 526 234 585Q217 621 207 651.5Q197 682 197 716Q198 775 233 825Q260 859 309 895Q331 911 376 939Q428 973 453 991Q466 1000 479 1000Q492 1000 505 987Q518 974 518 961Q518 941 500 926Q461 898 418 871Q375 844 352 827Q317 801 297 777Q277 747 277 716Q278 693 285 671Q318 587 358 518Q383 473 389 458Q405 417 405 378Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵰</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY SMALL LETTER A</span></span> or its uppercase equivalent <span title="U+10D50 𐵐 GARAY CAPITAL LETTER A" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D50 <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-518 -22528 10575 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M481 1237Q468 1224 455 1224Q439 1224 424 1237Q413 1249 412 1266Q416 1368 460 1409Q510 1456 554 1446Q554 1446 555 1446Q555 1446 556 1446Q640 1443 717 1368Q720 1365 723 1362Q838 1247 854 1168Q873 1069 873 952Q872 875 866 784Q831 362 625 159Q553 88 460 51Q196 -54 1 -54Q-19 -54 -28 -43Q-30 -40 -41 -23Q-45 -16 -45 -8Q-45 14 -26 27L106 119L209 208Q294 293 311 327Q311 327 312 328Q325 357 325 377Q325 407 315 427Q307 444 284 485Q261 526 234 585Q218 621 207 651Q197 681 197 716Q199 782 233 825Q261 859 309 895Q331 912 376 939Q428 973 453 991Q465 1000 479 1000Q492 1000 505 987Q518 974 518 961Q518 941 500 926Q461 897 417.5 871Q374 845 352 827Q309 794 297 777Q276 747 277 716Q277 694 285 671Q319 587 358 518Q383 474 389 458Q410 407 405 378Q405 375 405 374Q403 328 380 286Q358 245 265 151Q155 56 154 55L132 39Q282 64 430 125Q510 158 569 216Q759 408 786 790Q792 878 793 953Q792 1190 662 1310Q601 1367 554 1366Q531 1366 517 1353Q496 1330 492 1265Q492 1248 481 1237Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵐</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY CAPITAL LETTER A</span></span>, much like the <i data-svelte-h="svelte-1f2rd1e">alef</i> in Arabic.</p> <p>The Garay block also contains <span title="U+10D4F 𐵏 GARAY SUKUN" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D4F <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="161 -22528 5184 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M443 -21Q358 -79 267 -78Q161 -78 87.5 -4.5Q14 69 14 166Q14 184 16 192Q27 283 100 347Q173 411 269 411Q312 411 349.5 400Q387 389 430 360Q452 347 453 322Q453 301 439.5 285.5Q426 270 405 270Q391 270 376 280Q326 314 269 314Q210 314 164 275.5Q118 237 112 181Q104 119 151 70Q198 21 270 21Q329 21 389 59Q403 69 418 69Q436 69 450 53Q464 37 464 18Q464 -7 443 -21Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵏</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY SUKUN</span></span> to indicate vowel absence, but that character is now considered obsolete.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G746383" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746383" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Punctuation.</span></span> Garay uses a mixture of Western and Arabic punctuation.</p> <p>The Garay block also includes <span title="U+10D6E 𐵮 GARAY HYPHEN" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D6E <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="-23 -22528 9227 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M40 272 -2 314 46 370 590 449 685 640 742 697 799 640 479 0 422 -57 365 0 537 344Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵮</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY HYPHEN</span></span>, used at the end of a line when a word is split during line-breaking.</p> <p>The symbol <span title="U+10D6F 𐵯 GARAY REDUPLICATION MARK" class="svelte-wim892">U+10D6F <span class="container svelte-12j2c1d"><svg viewBox="484 -22528 6774 22528" class="svelte-12j2c1d"><path transform="scale(11.52 -11.52)" d="M336 336 506 528 630 458 419 240 608 45 547 -30 344 162 157 -30 80 45 259 248 42 458 150 528Z" /></svg><span class="text svelte-12j2c1d">𐵯</span></span> <span class="svelte-qd2acw">GARAY REDUPLICATION MARK</span></span>, is used to repeat a word.</p> <p><span class="svelte-63ln0b"><span id="G746387" class="main svelte-1e1gno3"><a href="#G746387" title="Permalink" class="svelte-1e1gno3">#</a>Numbers and Mathematical Symbols.</span></span> A set of Garay digits is encoded in the range U+10D40..U+10D49. The block also contains Garay mathematical symbols for plus and minus signs.</p> </div> <footer data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <div class="margin-wrapper" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4> <p data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0 </p> <p data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>© 1991-2024 Unicode, Inc. Unicode and the Unicode Logo are registered trademarks of Unicode, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. See <a href="https://www.unicode.org/copyright.html" data-astro-cid-sckkx6r4>Terms of Use</a>.</p> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </main> </body></html>