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text-muted mb-1">Article modifié le <time datetime="2025-01-29"> 29/01/2025 </time></p><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT180439_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT180439_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"><img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> Francfort-sur-l’Oder est une ville d’<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'Allemagne de Berlin : différente et semblable : le titre de l'ouvrage du politologue Alfred Grosser (2002) exprime les paradoxes de la construction historique du pays et renvoie à leurs multiples implications sur l'organisation territoriale. Finalistes et déterministes, les théories explicatives du Sonderweg (la « voie particulière ») ne suffisent pas à expliquer les contradicti..." title="Article : ALLEMAGNE (Géographie) - Géographie économique et régionale" href="/encyclopedie/allemagne-geographie-geographie-economique-et-regionale/">Allemagne</a> située dans l’est du <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le Brandebourg (Brandenburg en allemand) est l’un des seize Länder d’ Allemagne . Situé au nord-est du pays, à la frontière avec la Pologne. Il comptait environ 2,5 millions d’habitants en 2017. L’originalité du territoire du Brandebourg est qu’il entoure Berlin , la capitale allemande. Il couvre environ 30 000 kilomètres carrés et la population est globalement peu dense, sau..." title="Article : BRANDEBOURG" href="/encyclopedie/brandebourg/">Brandebourg</a>, à la frontière avec la Pologne, face à la ville polonaise de Slubice qui était, jusqu’à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un faubourg de la ville. Sa population était de 58 000 habitants en 2017.</p><p>La ville est issue d’un village marchand apparu au début du <span class="pc">xiii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, le long de l’Oder. Depuis le Moyen Âge, Francfort-sur-l’Oder est un carrefour commercial important entre la mer Baltique et les pays slaves ; elle a d’ailleurs été membre de la Ligue hanséatique. Au <span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle fut fondée l’université brandebourgeoise de Francfort. La ville s’est dès lors développée autour de ces deux principales fonctions, universitaire et commerciale, avant que l’université ne soit transférée à Breslau (Wroclaw) en 1811. L’intégration de la ville par les transports a joué un rôle important dans l’affirmation de sa centralité : en 1842, Francfort-sur-l’Oder est reliée à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Avec 3,52 millions d’habitants en 2015 et une superficie de 891,82 kilomètres carrés, Berlin est, de loin, la plus grande ville de l‘Allemagne. Elle surprend souvent par la faible densité du tissu urbain, la démultiplication des centres et l’absence de banlieue . Elle étonne aussi par l’étendue de ses parcs (12 p. 100) et forêts (18 p. 100), et l’impression d’omniprése..." title="Article : BERLIN" href="/encyclopedie/berlin/">Berlin</a> par le chemin de fer, puis à Poznan en 1870, avec l’aménagement d’un pont ferroviaire sur l’Oder. Son économie est fragilisée au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale avec la création de la république de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Pologne est le plus important des dix États entrés dans l'Union européenne en mai 2004. Après quarante-cinq années passées sous domination soviétique, les nouveaux dirigeants du pays ont tous présenté cette adhésion comme un « retour » à l'Europe, une « réunification ». C'est dire combien la Pologne se considère enracinée dans la tradition occidentale. Majoritairement ..." title="Article : POLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/pologne/">Pologne</a> et la perte, pour l’Allemagne, de nombreux territoires à l’est de l’Oder. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le fleuve marque la frontière polonaise, et Francfort-sur-l’Oder est alors coupée de son faubourg de Dammvorstadt, devenu Slubice. Le centre-ville, détruit à 96 p. 100 par les bombardements, est reconstruit dans les années 1950-1960, mais seuls quelques bâtiments anciens, comme l’hôtel de ville, sont réhabilités. Les années 1970-1980 voient se développer de vastes zones de logements collectifs (<em>Plattenbau</em>). Après la réunification de l’Allemagne, Francfort-sur-l’Oder subit une décroissance démographique, la population ayant atteint son pic en 1989 avec plus de 87 000 habitants pour tomber sous la barre des 60 000 habitants en 2010. De vastes opérations de démolitions ont lieu dans les années 2000, principalement dans les zones de <em>Plattenbau</em>, où les logements vacants sont particulièrement nombreux.</p><p>L’activité de Francfort-sur-l’Oder est aujourd’hui marquée par la recherche et la vie universitaire, qui renaît en 1991 avec la création de l’université européenne de la Viadrina, qui compte une majorité d’étudiants allemands et polonais. La ville dispose également d’un institut de recherche reconnu dans le domaine de la microélectronique, lié à des entreprises du secteur. Le taux de chômage et la fragilité sociale restent toutefois encore élevés à Francfort-sur-l’Oder. L’intégration de la Pologne à l’espace Schengen en 2007 a renforcé les échanges avec Slubice, les différentiels économiques entre l’Allemagne et la Pologne étant créateurs de flux entre les deux villes. Mais ceux-ci bénéficient essentiellement à Slubice, avec le développement d’une économie de bazar. Des projets transfrontaliers ont permis de faciliter et d’accompagner ces communications – réalisation d’un nouveau pont (2002), réaménagement des berges de l’Oder (European Garden 2003) – et de mettre en place une coopération universitaire dans le cadre de la Viadrina.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Christophe QUÉVA</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" 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class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT000503" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Allemagne : carte administrative" href="/media/allemagne-carte-administrative-at000503/"> <img id="AT000503" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/a/csm_at000503_136fe1af49.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Allemagne : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Allemagne." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1472" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Allemagne : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180439_REFERENCES"></i> <ul class="list-group"> </ul> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none article-indexes learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT180439_INDEXES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Voir aussi</p> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet"> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMANDE RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE (RDA)" href="/index/republique-democratique-allemande-rda/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMANDE </span><span class="pc">RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE </span><span class="rm">(RDA)</span> </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item m-1"> <a title="Index : ALLEMAGNE, géographie" href="/index/allemagne-geographie/"> <span class="rg">ALLEMAGNE, </span><em class="it">géographie</em> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" 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