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En 1879, James Gordon Bennett Jr., propri\u00e9taire du New York Herald , qui s'est rendu c\u00e9l\u00e8bre en envoyant Stanley \u00e0 la recherche de Livingstone en Afrique, envoie un petit vapeur au nord du d\u00e9troit de B\u00e9ring. L'exp\u00e9dition est un \u00e9chec, mais la volont\u00e9 de percer ce qui est alors consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le dernier myst\u00e8re g\u00e9ographique (le p\u00f4le Nord est-il une mer ou une terre\u00a0?) anime d\u00e9sormais de nombreux candidats \u00e0 la post\u00e9rit\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s plusieurs tentatives infructueuses, l'Am\u00e9ricain Robert Peary annonce finalement, le 27\u00a0avril 1909, qu'il a atteint le p\u00f4le Nord. 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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yZ010019_0"><i class="anchor" id="yZ010019_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH991862" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Peary, le vainqueur du pôle Nord" href="/media/peary-le-vainqueur-du-pole-nord-ph991862/"><img id="PH991862" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/1/csm_ph991862_3d92a5e9f4.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Peary, le vainqueur du pôle Nord - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="L'explorateur américain Robert Peary (1856-1920) à son retour du pôle Nord, qu'il fut le premier à atteindre, en 1909." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="644" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Peary, le vainqueur du pôle Nord </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p> La conquête du pôle Nord, au tournant des <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> et <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> siècles, relève autant de l'exploit sportif que de la recherche scientifique. En 1879, James Gordon Bennett Jr., propriétaire du <em>New York Herald</em>, qui s'est rendu célèbre en envoyant Stanley à la recherche de Livingstone en Afrique, envoie un petit vapeur au nord du détroit de Béring. L'expédition est un échec, mais la volonté de percer ce qui est alors considéré comme le dernier mystère géographique (le pôle Nord est-il une mer ou une terre ?) anime désormais de nombreux candidats à la postérité. Après plusieurs tentatives infructueuses, l'Américain Robert Peary annonce finalement, le 27 avril 1909, qu'il a atteint le pôle Nord. Certes, Peary ne convainc pas tout le monde, et Frederic Cook, qui affirme sans preuve aucune avoir atteint le pôle un an plus tôt, encore moins (nul n'atteindra plus le pôle Nord par voie de surface avant 1968, même si certains le survolèrent dès les années 1920). Mais le pôle Nord a perdu une grande partie de son mystère. Le Norvégien Amundsen (14 décembre 1911) et le Britannique Scott (18 janvier 1912) atteignent ensuite le pôle Sud : la totalité de la planète est alors considérée comme parcourue.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Sylvain VENAYRE</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a 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