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Songdynastin – Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Historia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dynastins_bildande" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastins_bildande"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dynastins bildande</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastins_bildande-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norra_Song_(960–1127)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norra_Song_(960–1127)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Norra Song (960–1127)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norra_Song_(960–1127)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Södra_Song_(1127–1279)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Södra_Song_(1127–1279)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Södra Song (1127–1279)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Södra_Song_(1127–1279)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastins_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastins_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Dynastins fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastins_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militär" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militär"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Militär</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militär-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kultur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teknologi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teknologi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Teknologi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Krut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Krut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boktryckarkonsten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boktryckarkonsten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Boktryckarkonsten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boktryckarkonsten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kompassen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kompassen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Kompassen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kompassen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papperspengar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papperspengar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Papperspengar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papperspengar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Songdynastin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 88 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dinastie" title="Song-dinastie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Song-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة سونغ الحاكمة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة سونغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Song" title="Dinastía Song – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Song" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Song" title="Dinastía Song – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Song" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_imperiyas%C4%B1" title="Sun imperiyası – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sun imperiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="سون ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سون ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song – banjariska" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Dinasti Song" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="banjariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2ng" title="Sòng – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sòng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Сун империяһы – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сун империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сун – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Song" title="Dinastiya Song – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dinastiya Song" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Сун – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སུང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Song" title="Tierniezh Song – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Song" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Сун улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сун улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Song" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Сун (патшалăх) – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сун (патшалăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Sung" title="Říše Sung – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Sung" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastiet" title="Song-dynastiet – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Song-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-Dynastie" title="Song-Dynastie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Song-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Songi dünastia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Songi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Σονγκ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Σονγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Song dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Song" title="Dinastía Song – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Song" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Song" title="Dinastio Song – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Song" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dinastia" title="Song dinastia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Song dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان سونگ – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان سونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Song" title="Dynastie Song – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Song" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Song" title="Dinastía Song – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Song" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B" title="宋 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="宋" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung-chh%C3%A8u" title="Sung-chhèu – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sung-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%A1%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="송나라 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="송나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="सोंग राजवंश – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Sung" title="Dinastija Sung – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Sung" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Song" title="Dinastio Song – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Song" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Song" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songveldi%C3%B0" title="Songveldið – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Songveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Song" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת סונג – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת סונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="სუნის დინასტია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუნის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Song" title="Nasaba ya Song – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Song" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Song" title="Xanedana Song – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Song" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Song" title="Familia Song – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Song" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunu_dinastija" title="Sunu dinastija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sunu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Songų dinastija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Songų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szung-dinasztia" title="Szung-dinasztia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szung-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Сунг (династија) – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сунг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="സോങ് രാജവംശം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="सोंग राजवंश – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Song" title="Dinasti Song – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Song" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ng-di%C3%A8u" title="Sóng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sóng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Сүн улс – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүн улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastie" title="Song-dynastie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Song-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="सोङ्ग राजवंश – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सोङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="宋 (王朝) – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宋 (王朝)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastiet" title="Song-dynastiet – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Song-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastiet" title="Song-dynastiet – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Song-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Song" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_imperiyasi" title="Sun imperiyasi – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sun imperiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੋਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਂਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="سونگ راجٹبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سونگ راجٹبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សសុង – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សសុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Song" title="Dynastia Song – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Song" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Sung" title="Dinastia Sung – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Sung" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Song" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Империя Сун – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Сун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Song" title="Dinastia Song – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Song" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Song dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_(dynastia)" title="Sung (dynastia) – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sung (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی سۆنگ – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی سۆنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Династија Сунг – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Сунг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Sung" title="Dinastija Sung – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Sung" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastia" title="Song-dynastia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Song-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Song" title="Dinastiyang Song – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Song" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="சொங் அரசமரபு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์ซ่ง – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ซ่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Song Hanedanı – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Song Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Династія Сун – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Сун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="سونگ شاہی سلسلہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سونگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%87%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="سۇڭ سۇلالىسى – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سۇڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungciuz" title="Sungciuz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sungciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_T%E1%BB%91ng" title="Nhà Tống – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Tống" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AE%8B" title="趙宋 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="趙宋" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Song" title="Dinastiya Song – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Song" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="宋朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%99%E5%AE%8B" title="趙宋 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="趙宋" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song-dynastie" title="Song-dynastie – zeeländska" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Song-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="宋朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7462#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">dölj</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bra_artiklar" title="Den här artikeln har av Wikipedias skribenter bedömts vara en bra artikel."><img alt="Den här artikeln har av Wikipedias skribenter bedömts vara en bra artikel." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bra_alt.svg/19px-Bra_alt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bra_alt.svg/29px-Bra_alt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bra_alt.svg/38px-Bra_alt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas"> <dl><dd><i>För Songdynastin (420–479), se <a href="/wiki/Liu_Song" title="Liu Song">Liu Song</a>.&#32;&#32;</i></dd></dl></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style> <table class="infobox" style="border-spacing: 1px; padding: 0px 0px; width: 290px; line-height:130%;" cellspacing="1px"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="mergedtoprow fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold;">Songdynastin </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:118%; font-weight:bold;"><big>宋朝</big> <i>Sòngcháo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">kinesiska</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border: solid 1px #aaa; border-width:1px 0px; padding: 0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;"> <table width="100%" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:30%; line-height: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou"><span style="font-size:300%;">←</span></a><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/30px-%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/45px-%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/60px-%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%8A%BF%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="911" /></a></span><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:118%; border:0;"><b>960–1279</b> </td> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:30%; line-height: 100%;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png/30px-Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png/45px-Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png/60px-Yuan_Dynasty_1294.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:China_11a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/China_11a.jpg/240px-China_11a.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/China_11a.jpg/360px-China_11a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/China_11a.jpg/480px-China_11a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><b><a href="/wiki/Huvudstad" title="Huvudstad">Huvudstad</a></b> </td> <td width="50%">Bianjing (汴京)<br /><small>(dagens <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>)</small><br /><small>(960–1127)</small><br />Lin'an (临安)<br /><small>(dagens <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>)</small><br /><small>(1127–1276)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">Språk</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">kinesiska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">konfucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">neokonfucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">Daoism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Statsskick" title="Statsskick">Statsskick</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kejsard%C3%B6me" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsardöme">kejsardöme</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Songdynastins_kejsare" title="Lista över Songdynastins kejsare">Sista kejsare</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Song_Bing" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Bing">Song Bing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bildades</b> </td> <td>960 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;bildades genom </td> <td>dynastiskifte </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;bildades&#160;ur </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou">Senare Zhou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Upphörde</b> </td> <td>1279 </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;upphörde&#160;genom </td> <td>erövring </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;uppgick i </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Folkm%C3%A4ngd" title="Folkmängd">Folkmängd</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top;">100 000 000<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <small>(1100)</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Songdynastin</b> (宋朝, <i>Sòngcháo</i>) var en <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">kinesisk</a> dynasti som varade mellan åren 960 och 1279. Dynastins bildades ur <a href="/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou">Senare Zhou</a> från perioden <a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena</a> och avslutades efter <a href="/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Kina" title="Mongolernas invasion av Kina">invasion av mongolerna</a> och etableringen av <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a>. Dynastin utmärkte sig genom att vara tekniskt, ekonomiskt och kulturellt mycket högtstående, men relativt svag militärt. En flertal uppfinningar såsom <a href="/wiki/Sedel" title="Sedel">papperspengar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krut" title="Krut">krut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boktryckarkonst" title="Boktryckarkonst">boktryckarkonsten</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass">kompassen</a> utvecklades under perioden. </p><p>Dynastin är uppdelad i två tydliga epoker, Norra Song och Södra Song, efter att huvudstaden år 1127 flyttades söderut från <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a> till <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a> i samband med att <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jindynastin</a> (1115–1234) erövrade norra delen av riket. Songdynastin uppkom ur den splittrade perioden <a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena</a> (907–979), och dynastin gick under efter att ha <a href="/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Kina" title="Mongolernas invasion av Kina">erövrats av mongolerna</a>, vilka grundade <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a> (1271–1368). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Historia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Historia"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastins_bildande">Dynastins bildande</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dynastins bildande" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dynastins bildande"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Song_Taizu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Taizu.jpg/150px-Song_Taizu.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Taizu.jpg/225px-Song_Taizu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Song_Taizu.jpg/300px-Song_Taizu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="22645" data-file-height="25422" /></a><figcaption>Songdynastins grundare, kejsar Taizu.</figcaption></figure> <p>Efter att den framgångsrika <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a> fallit år 907, splittrades Kina i flera mindre dynastier och riken under tiden för <a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena</a> (907–979). I nordost etablerades även <a href="/wiki/Liaodynastin" title="Liaodynastin">Liaodynastin</a> (907–1125) av <a href="/wiki/Khitaner" title="Khitaner">khitanerna</a> i <a href="/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet">Manchuriet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kuangyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Kuangyin">Zhao Kuangyin</a> (927–976) var general i <a href="/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou">Senare Zhou</a>, som var den starkaste staten inom Tangdynastins ursprungliga territorium. År 959 dog Zhous kejsare <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Rong&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Rong [inte skriven än]">Guo Rong</a>, och hans sexårige arvinge placerades på tronen och riket styrdes av änkekejsarinnan. I februari 960 tog Zhao Kuangyin makten över riket efter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myteriet_i_Chanqiao&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Myteriet i Chanqiao [inte skriven än]">myteriet i Chanqiao</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cc_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och han utropade sig till grundare av Songdynastin och fick postumt <a href="/wiki/Tempelnamn" title="Tempelnamn">tempelnamnet</a> <i>Taizu</i> ("Ärade förfader"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norra_Song_(960–1127)"><span id="Norra_Song_.28960.E2.80.931127.29"></span>Norra Song (960–1127)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Norra Song (960–1127)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Norra Song (960–1127)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/250px-China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/375px-China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg/500px-China_-_Song_Dynasty-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Norra Song år 1111.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Song_Taizu" title="Song Taizu">Kejsar Taizu</a> behöll Senare Zhous huvudstad <i>Bianjing</i>, dagens <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, som huvudstad eftersom de båda huvudstäderna från <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang&#39;an">Chang'an</a> och <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a>, till största delen låg i ruiner.<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ic1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic1-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaifeng var vid denna tid ungefär tre gånger så stor som antikens Rom, och hade över en miljon invånare. I det tidiga Songriket växte det snabbt fram fem miljonstäder.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Songdynastin började direkt efter sitt grundande att successivt erövra de kvarvarande rikena från <i>De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-ic2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic2-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>) erövrades år 963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senare_Shu" title="Senare Shu">Senare Shu</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>) erövrades år 965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Han" title="Södra Han">Södra Han</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> och <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>) erövrades år 971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Tang" title="Södra Tang">Södra Tang</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a> och <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>) erövrades år 975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>) erövrades år 978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norra_Han" title="Norra Han">Norra Han</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>) erövrades 979</li></ul> <p>Kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Taizong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Taizong (Songdynastin)">Taizong</a> (r. 976–997) var styrkt av självförtroende efter dynastins erövringar i framför allt södra Kina och anföll Liaodynastin i norr trots att många avrådde honom. Taizong attackerade år 979 Liaodynastins södra huvudstad (dagens Peking) men blev besegrad av khitanerna, och Taizong fick fly med vad som var kvar av hans armé efter förlusten. Taizong var revanschsugen och när Liaodynastins kejsare dog år 982 och ersattes med hans elvaårige son såg Taizong sin chans och anföll år 986 på nytt. Inledningsvis hade Taizong vissa framgångar, men han tvingades till slut att dra tillbaka sina styrkor försvagad av stora förluster efter <i>slaget vid Qigouguan</i>. År 1004 försökte Liandynastin erövra landområden från Songdynastin, inklusive huvudstaden Kaifeng. När Liandynastin i december nådde <a href="/wiki/Gula_floden" title="Gula floden">Gula floden</a> möttes de av Songdynastin och det hela slutade med förhandlingar i stället för strid. Förhandlingarna resulterade i fred, men Songdynastin tvingades betala 200&#160;000&#160;balar <a href="/wiki/Siden" title="Siden">siden</a> och 100&#160;000&#160;<a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> till Liaodynastin för freden.<sup id="cite_ref-ic1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic1-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Södra_Song_(1127–1279)"><span id="S.C3.B6dra_Song_.281127.E2.80.931279.29"></span>Södra Song (1127–1279)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Södra Song (1127–1279)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Södra Song (1127–1279)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg/250px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg/375px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg/500px-China_-_Southern_Song_Dynasty-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Södra Song år 1142.</figcaption></figure> <p>År 1038 etablerade sig <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_Xia" class="mw-redirect" title="Västra Xia">Västra Xia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, väster om Songdynastins territorium och år 1115 etablerades även <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jindynastin</a> (1115–1234) i norr av <a href="/wiki/Jurchen" title="Jurchen">Jurchen</a>. Songdynastin ingick ett avtal med Jurchen att tillsammans bekämpa <a href="/wiki/Khitaner" title="Khitaner">khitanerna</a> som var deras gemensamma fiende. Detta skedde, men när Liaodynastin väl var besegrad fortsatte Jurchenfolket söderut och erövrade Songdynastins huvudstad Kaifeng 1126, och kejsar <a href="/wiki/Song_Huizong" title="Song Huizong">Huizong</a> (r. 1100–1126) blev tillfångatagen. Snabbt etablerades kejsarens nionde son på tronen och i juni 1127 tillträdde han som kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Gaozong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Gaozong (Songdynastin)">Gaozong</a> över Södra Song.<sup id="cite_ref-cc3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc3-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Huvudstaden flyttades söder ut till <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, som fick namnet <i>Lin'an</i>. Flytten av huvudstad söderut markerade gränsen mellan Norra och Södra Song. Erövringsförsök av de tidigare norra territorierna, som då kontrollerades av <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jindynastin</a>, misslyckades och Södra Song fick 1141 enligt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaoxings_fredsf%C3%B6rdrag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaoxings fredsfördrag [inte skriven än]">Shaoxings fredsfördrag</a> betala 250&#160;000&#160;tael silver och 250&#160;000&#160;balar siden varje år till Jindynastin för freden. Rikets norra gräns gick då utmed <a href="/wiki/Huaifloden" title="Huaifloden">Huaifloden</a>. Stridigheterna fortsatte mellan rikena, vilket ledde till ett något justerat avtal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Longxings_fredsf%C3%B6rdrag&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Longxings fredsfördrag [inte skriven än]">Longxings fredsfördrag</a>, som undertecknades 1164 och ledde till en mer bestående fred.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc3-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trots nederlaget med ett kraftigt förminskat rike, fortsatte Södra Song att vara ett välmående rike både ekonomiskt och kulturellt. Till Jindynastin i norr exporterade Södra Song <a href="/wiki/Ris" title="Ris">ris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te" title="Te">te</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socker" title="Socker">socker</a> och andra produkter med god lönsamhet.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynastins_fall">Dynastins fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Dynastins fall" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Dynastins fall"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel&#58; <a href="/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Kina" title="Mongolernas invasion av Kina">Mongolernas invasion av Kina</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Under början av 1200-talet inledde <a href="/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler">mongolerna</a> under ledning av <a href="/wiki/Djingis_khan" title="Djingis khan">Djingis khan</a> invasionen av Jindynastin. År 1215 hade Djingis khan <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Zhongdu" title="Slaget om Zhongdu">erövrat Jindynastins huvudstad Zhongdu</a>, nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Peking</a>, och 1234 var hela Jindynastin erövrad av mongolerna efter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Caizhou&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Belägringen av Caizhou [inte skriven än]">belägringen av Caizhou</a> (dagens <a href="/wiki/Runan,_Zhumadian" title="Runan, Zhumadian">Runan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cc3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc3-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efter att Jindynastin erövrats fortsatte mongolerna successivt att attackera Songdynastin. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96gedei_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ögedei khan">Ögedei khan</a> gjorde några anfall på 1230-talet i <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, och år 1253 beordrade <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Möngke khan">Möngke khan</a> sin bror <a href="/wiki/Khubilai" class="mw-redirect" title="Khubilai">Khubilai</a> att invadera västra delarna av Songdynastin. De mongoliska styrkorna kringgick <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> hela vägen ner till södra <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> där kungariket <a href="/wiki/Dali_(kungarike)" title="Dali (kungarike)">Dali</a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolernas_invasion_av_Dali" title="Mongolernas invasion av Dali">erövrades 1253</a>. Yunnan var tänkt som en bas för att kunna attackera Songdynastin från väster som en del av ett flerfrontsanfall. Anfallet var också ett test för att Möngke ville utvärdera Khubilais färdigheter, och Khubilai fick därefter styra norra Kina. Efter mycket förberedelser attackerade Möngke, med hjälp från Khubilai, Songdynastin igen 1258. Möngke erövrade <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> och Khubilai gick in i <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> samtidigt som väntande styrkor i Yunnan anföll från väster. Dock blev Möngke sjuk och dog 1259 i Sichuan, och invasionsplanerna avbröts för flera år framåt.<sup id="cite_ref-ic4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic4-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>År 1274, under <a href="/wiki/Khubilai_khan" title="Khubilai khan">Khubilai khans</a> styre, gjorde mongolerna ett storskaligt anfall på flera fronter och Songdynastins trupper tvingades retirera söderut. År 1276 intog mongolerna Songdynastins huvudstad Lin'an och tillfångatog barnkejsaren <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Gongzong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Gongzong (Songdynastin)">Gongzong</a> och nästan hela hans familj och hov. Efterföljande kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Duanzong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Duanzong (Songdynastin)">Duanzong</a> dog 1278 i <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> och premiärminister <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiufu" title="Lu Xiufu">Lu Xiufu</a> tillsatte barnkejsaren <a href="/wiki/Song_Bing" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Bing">Bing</a> på tronen. Songdynastins epok slutade 1279 efter <a href="/wiki/Slaget_vid_Yamen" title="Slaget vid Yamen">slaget vid Yamen</a> nära dagens <a href="/wiki/Xinhui" title="Xinhui">Xinhui</a> i <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. När Lu Xiufu insåg att riket var förlorat till mongolerna tog han den nioårige kejsar <a href="/wiki/Song_Bing" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Bing">Bing</a> i famnen och hoppade i vattnet varvid båda drunknade. Det är oklart om självmordet begicks genom att de hoppade i vattnet från berget <i>Ya</i><sup id="cite_ref-cc3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc3-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, eller från en båt.<sup id="cite_ref-ic3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ic3-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I och med att slaget var förlorat och kejsaren var död var hela Songdynastin erövrad, och Kina styrdes därefter av mongolerna under den redan etablerade <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a> (1271–1368.). </p><p>Songdynastin utmärker sig bland de stora kinesiska dynastierna genom att den inte föll på grund av inre svaghet, utan på grund av erövring av en militärt överlägsen fiende. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Politik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Songdynastin styrdes av arton kejsare från familjen Zhao (趙).<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För att få ett statligt jobb i Songdynastin var man tvungen att passera ett motsvarande examinationssystem som gällde även under <a href="/wiki/Suidynastin" title="Suidynastin">Suidynastin</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a>. Dock förfinades systemet under Songdynastin och ett mycket stort antal personer examinerades varje år och kunde tillträda de högt eftertraktade positionerna inom den växande byråkratin. En av statens största svagheter var att systemet var tungrott och att det utkämpades många politiska strider mellan ämbetsmännen.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Handel, både inhemsk och internationell, uppmuntrades under Songdynastin och skatterna var relativt låga. Handeln längs <a href="/wiki/Sidenv%C3%A4gen" title="Sidenvägen">Sidenvägen</a> var fortfarande stor och handeln baserad på sjöfart var ökande, mycket på grund av <a href="/wiki/Arabiska" title="Arabiska">arabiska</a> köpmän som bosatt sig i kinesiska kuststäder. En ny rissort från Sydostasien, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Champaris&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Champaris [inte skriven än]">Champaris</a> (占城稻), som bättre klarade torkan infördes, och staten uppmuntrade ökad risproduktion och sänkte skatterna för bönderna.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Sydkina uppfördes terrassodlingar på sluttningar som tidigare inte ansetts möjliga att använda. Den kraftigt ökade risproduktionen var gynnsam för både handeln och befolkningen, som fördubblades under Songdynastin till runt 100 miljoner år 1100.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Både Norra och Södra Songs huvudstäder, Kaifeng och Hangzhou, växte till att bli världens största städer under sina respektive storhetstider.<sup id="cite_ref-cit_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cit-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den civila administrationen följde samma system som Tangdynastin med tre huvudsakliga departement: Sekretariatet, Stora rådet och Rikskanslern med en premiärminister som skötte administrationen. Militären styrdes av Högsta militärrådet. I varje prefektur fanns även lokala institutioner som kontrollerade skatteindrivningen. Man återanvände Tangdynastins sex departement och nio underdepartement.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccc_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under 1040-talet var det ideliga uppror i framför allt Sichuan, och kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Renzong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Renzong (Songdynastin)">Renzong</a> försökte införa reformer för att lösa krisen. Han skapade år 1043 "De nya lagarna av Qingli" men situationen blev värre. De små bönderna upplevde att deras situation i förhållande till storjordägarnas var orättvis. När kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Shenzong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Shenzong (Songdynastin)">Shenzong</a> tillträdde tronen år 1067 lät han statsmannen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Anshi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Anshi [inte skriven än]">Wang Anshi</a> arbeta fram ett helt paket med de "Nya lagarna" (新法), vilka innehöll reformer inom ett flertal områden. Lagarna var fasta men fick en hel del motståndare. Efter att kejsar Shenzong och Wang Ashu avlidit år 1085 resp. 1086 avskaffades lagarna successivt.<sup id="cite_ref-cc2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc2-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militär"><span id="Milit.C3.A4r"></span>Militär</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Militär" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Militär"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kejsar Taizu lät pensionera sina tidigare generaler under hedrande former.<sup id="cite_ref-ccc_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccc-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han tillsatte nya legosoldater med ett roterande system för ledningen av landets arméer för att förhindra att truppernas lojalitet mot en viss befälhavare skulle överstiga deras lojalitet mot staten. Detta var en vändpunkt i den kinesiska historien, där den aristokratiska makteliten ersattes med en elit baserad på utbildning. Den militära statusen sjönk dramatiskt under Songdynastin, vilket inverkade menligt på arméns kvalitet, något som dock kompenserades genom kvantitet.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arméns storlek mer än trefaldigades och den uppgick på 1040-talet till 1&#160;250&#160;000&#160;soldater. Kostnaden för militären uppgick till fem sjättedelar av statsbudgeten. Militären var tekniskt sett väl utrustad med till exempel bomber, kanoner och eldkastare som en följd av att krutet uppfanns. Även en permanent flotta etablerades. Trots att militären var stor och välutrustad höll Songdynastin huvudsakligen fred med sina grannar genom stora årliga penningsummor. Detta efter misslyckade försök att erövra sina nordliga grannar. Jämfört med andra kinesiska dynastier var Songdynastins militär svag.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc2-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultur">Kultur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kultur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kultur"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG/250px-Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG/375px-Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Momohatozu_Huizong.JPG 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Duva i persikoträd (桃鸠图) av kejsar Huizong</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg/250px-Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg/375px-Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg/500px-Guo_Xi_-_Early_Spring_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2839" /></a><figcaption>Tidig vår, av Guo Xi</figcaption></figure> <p>I takt med att boktryckarkonsten utvecklades, ökade mängden tryckta böcker kolossalt under Songdynastin. Kalendrar var också en mycket populär tryckt produkt. Kinas kanske mest kända konstverk, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ngs_floden_under_Qingmingfestivalen" title="Längs floden under Qingmingfestivalen">Längs floden under Qingmingfestivalen</a>, målades under Songdynastin. Landskapsmålaren <a href="/wiki/Guo_Xi" title="Guo Xi">Guo Xi</a>, ofta refererad till som "Norra Songs mästare", producerade många kända verk, såsom målningen "Tidig vår".<sup id="cite_ref-cl_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cl-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De konstnärliga idealen ändrades under Songdynastin. Landskapsmotiven ändrades från tidigare pampiga panoramavyer till detaljstudier av grenar, fåglar och blommor. Under den tidigare Tangdynastin hade runda kvinnor och kraftiga skäggiga krigare varit idealet. Under Songdynastin blev idealet mer sydkinesiskt, och idealmänniskan blev i stället tunnare, och kvinnorna blev sköra och sårbara. Ett resultat av dessa nya kroppsideal med nätta fötter var den plågsamma <a href="/wiki/Fotbindning" title="Fotbindning">fotbindningen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kejsar <a href="/wiki/Huizong" class="mw-redirect" title="Huizong">Huizong</a> utmärkte sig genom att vara mycket framstående som poet och konstnär. Porslin, siden och annat hantverk utvecklades mycket under Songdynastin, och de kinesiska varorna nådde längs <a href="/wiki/Sidenv%C3%A4gen" title="Sidenvägen">Sidenvägen</a> hela vägen till <a href="/wiki/Egypten" title="Egypten">Egypten</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknologi">Teknologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Teknologi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Songdynastin gjordes mycket stora tekniska framsteg, och många uppfinningar utvecklades hundratals år innan de nådde <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. Av <a href="/wiki/Kinas_fyra_stora_uppfinningar" title="Kinas fyra stora uppfinningar">Kinas fyra stora uppfinningar</a> förfinades <a href="/wiki/Kompass" title="Kompass">kompassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krut" title="Krut">krutet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Boktryckarkonst" title="Boktryckarkonst">boktryckarkonsten</a> under Songdynastin. Andra utmärkande uppfinningar under Songdynastin var skottkärran, stenkol, koks, akterroder och skjutvapen. Skeppsbyggnadskonsten utvecklades starkt och man gjorde handelsresor sjövägen hela vägen till <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6da_havet" title="Röda havet">Röda havet</a> i väst med stora <a href="/wiki/Djonk" title="Djonk">djonker</a> (帆船) som kunde ta en besättning på flera hundra man. Det gjordes även stora framsteg inom <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomin</a>, såsom uppkomsten av teorin om planeternas elliptiska omloppsbana runt solen. Den mycket höga tekniska nivån i kombination med en rad företeelse som miljonstäder, diversifierad ekonomi, <a href="/wiki/Arkeologi" title="Arkeologi">arkeologi</a>, systematisk historieskrivning, tillsättande av tjänster efter kompetens och mycket annat gjorde att Kina under Songdynastin befann sig absolut främst av världens högcivilisationer.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc4-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krut">Krut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Krut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Krut"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det var en <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">daoistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Alkemi" title="Alkemi">alkemist</a> som under <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a> (618–907) först upptäckte krutet (en blandning av <a href="/wiki/Salpeter" title="Salpeter">salpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a> och <a href="/wiki/Kol" title="Kol">kol</a>). Krutet började användas under Tangdynastin, men det äldsta existerande receptet skrevs under Songdynastin vid tiden för kejsar <a href="/wiki/Kejsare_Renzong_(Songdynastin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejsare Renzong (Songdynastin)">Renzong</a> (r. 1022–1063), sannolikt år 1044, i boken "Samling av de viktigaste militära teknikerna" (武经总要). Boken beskriver även många andra militära uppfinningar såsom kanoner, raketer och belägringsmaskiner.<sup id="cite_ref-cc4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc4-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boktryckarkonsten">Boktryckarkonsten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Boktryckarkonsten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Boktryckarkonsten"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boktryckarkonsten förfinades, vilket ledde till snabb kunskapsspridning. Från att inledningsvis ha använt Tangdynastins blocktryck, uppfann <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> rörliga typer på 1040-talet. De första typerna var byggda av fuktad lera, där skrivtecknen skars ut i individuella block. Denna förfinade teknik med lösa typer ökade dramatiskt mängden tryckta böcker, och därmed även läskunnigheten. Boktryckarkonsten nådde senare Europa på 1400-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cc4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc4-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kompassen">Kompassen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kompassen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kompassen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redan under tiden för <a href="/wiki/De_stridande_staterna" title="De stridande staterna">de stridande staterna</a> (481–221&#160;f.Kr.) uppfanns "söderpekaren" (司南) som på plana underlag pekade åt söder. Tekniken optimerade sedan och under Songdynastin förfinades tekniken så att den blev mer användbar för navigering till havs. Vetenskapsmannen <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) beskrev detaljerat nålkompassen i boken "Drömflodens essä" (梦溪笔谈).<sup id="cite_ref-cc4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cc4-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papperspengar">Papperspengar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Papperspengar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Papperspengar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>På grund av den kraftigt växande ekonomin hade man inte kapacitet att prägla tillräckligt många mynt. Experimenten från Tangdynastin med att utfärda växlar som ersättning mot mynt implementerades av myndigheterna år 1024, och på 1120-talet var systemet helt etablerat vilket var världshistoriens första officiella <a href="/wiki/Sedel" title="Sedel">papperspengar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Religion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Delvis på grund av att den växande bildade eliten började misstro <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">buddhismen</a>, förnyades <a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">konfucianismen</a>. En av frontpersonerna inom reformeringen av konfucianismen var filosofen <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a> som lanserade filosofin <a href="/wiki/Neokonfucianism" title="Neokonfucianism">neokonfucianismen</a> om <a href="/wiki/Li_(Neokonfucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neokonfucianism)">Li</a> 理 (principer) och <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a> 气 (energi). Zhu Xis teorier och principer skulle komma att vara vägledande även för de kommande kinesiska dynastierna ända fram till början av 1900-talet. Även om konfucianismen dominerade fortlevde också buddhismen och <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">daoismen</a>, fastän de inte var populära i de lärda kretsarna.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kh_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kh-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Songdynastins_kejsare" title="Lista över Songdynastins kejsare">Lista över Songdynastins kejsare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-kah-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kah_1-7"><small>h</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKjellgren2008">Kjellgren 2008</a>, s.&#160;56–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc-2"><a href="#cite_ref-cc_2-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310092448/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46H193H724.html">”Military Mutiny at Chenqiao”</a>&#32;(på engelska)&#32;(htm). Cultutal China. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46H193H724.html">originalet</a>&#32;den 10 mars 2016<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310092448/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46H193H724.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20160310092448/http://history.cultural-china.com/en/46H193H724.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 28 november 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Military+Mutiny+at+Chenqiao&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Cultutal+China&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20160310092448%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fhistory.cultural-china.com%2Fen%2F46H193H724.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ccc-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ccc_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_3-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ccc_3-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF张2003">张 2003</a>, s.&#160;116–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic1-4">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ic1_4-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ic1_4-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, s.&#160;92–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kh-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-7"><small>h</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-8"><small>i</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-9"><small>j</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kh_5-10"><small>k</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHägerdal2012">Hägerdal 2012</a>, s.&#160;118–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic2-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ic2_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, s.&#160;14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc3-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-cc3_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc3_7-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc3_7-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc3_7-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF张2003">张 2003</a>, s.&#160;130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic4-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ic4_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, s.&#160;439–441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ic3-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ic3_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMote2003">Mote 2003</a>, s.&#160;460–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cit-10"><a href="#cite_ref-cit_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReader2005">Reader 2005</a>, s.&#160;70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc2-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-cc2_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc2_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF张2003">张 2003</a>, s.&#160;126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cl-12"><a href="#cite_ref-cl_12-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaxwell2002">Maxwell 2002</a>, s.&#160;153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cc4-13">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-cc4_13-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc4_13-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc4_13-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cc4_13-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF张2003">张 2003</a>, s.&#160;138–139.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Songdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHägerdal2012">Hägerdal, Hans&#32;(2012).&#32;<i><span>Kinas historia</span></i>. Historiska media. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-87031-24-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-87031-24-3">ISBN 978-91-87031-24-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kinas+historia&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%A4gerdal&amp;rft.aufirst=Hans&amp;rft.au=H%C3%A4gerdal%2C+Hans&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.pub=Historiska+media&amp;rft.isbn=978-91-87031-24-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKjellgren2008">Kjellgren, Björn&#32;(2008).&#32;<i><span>KINA äldre historia</span></i>. Gleerups Utbildning AB. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/978-91-40-66370-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/978-91-40-66370-2">ISBN 978-91-40-66370-2</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=KINA+%C3%A4ldre+historia&amp;rft.aulast=Kjellgren&amp;rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&amp;rft.au=Kjellgren%2C+Bj%C3%B6rn&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Gleerups+Utbildning+AB&amp;rft.isbn=978-91-40-66370-2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMaxwell2002">Maxwell, K. Hearn&#32;(2002)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>Cultivated Landscapes: Chinese Paintings from the Collection of Marie-Helene and Guy Weill</span></i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1588390551" title="Special:Bokkällor/1588390551">ISBN 1588390551</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cultivated+Landscapes%3A+Chinese+Paintings+from+the+Collection+of+Marie-Helene+and+Guy+Weill&amp;rft.aulast=Maxwell&amp;rft.aufirst=K.+Hearn&amp;rft.au=Maxwell%2C+K.+Hearn&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&amp;rft.isbn=1588390551&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFMote2003">Mote, F.W.&#32;(2003)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>Imperial China 900-1800</span></i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0674012127" title="Special:Bokkällor/0674012127">ISBN 0674012127</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Imperial+China+900-1800&amp;rft.aulast=Mote&amp;rft.aufirst=F.W.&amp;rft.au=Mote%2C+F.W.&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0674012127&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFReader2005">Reader, John&#32;(2005)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>Cities</span></i>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/009928426X" title="Special:Bokkällor/009928426X">ISBN 009928426X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cities&amp;rft.aulast=Reader&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=Reader%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=Vintage+Books&amp;rft.isbn=009928426X&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREF张2003">张, 英聘&#32;(2003)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>THE HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION OF CHINA</span></i>. 中央文献出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/7-5073-1360-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/7-5073-1360-3">ISBN 7-5073-1360-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=THE+HISTORY+AND+CIVILIZATION+OF+CHINA&amp;rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0&amp;rft.aufirst=%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%98&amp;rft.au=%E5%BC%A0%2C+%E8%8B%B1%E8%81%98&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&amp;rft.isbn=7-5073-1360-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Songdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Songdynastin" title="Mall:Songdynastin"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Songdynastin&amp;action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Songdynastins_kejsare" title="Lista över Songdynastins kejsare">Songdynastins kejsare</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Norra_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Norra Song">Norra Songs</a> kejsare</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Song_Taizu" title="Song Taizu">Taizu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Taizong" title="Song Taizong">Taizong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Zhenzong" title="Song Zhenzong">Zhenzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Renzong" title="Song Renzong">Renzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Yingzong" title="Song Yingzong">Yingzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Shenzong" title="Song Shenzong">Shenzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Zhezong" title="Song Zhezong">Zhezong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Huizong" title="Song Huizong">Huizong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Qinzong" title="Song Qinzong">Qinzong</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg/35px-Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg/53px-Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg/70px-Zhengding_Lingxiao_Pagoda_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Södra Song">Södra Songs</a> kejsare</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Song_Gaozong" title="Song Gaozong">Gaozong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Xiaozong" title="Song Xiaozong">Xiaozong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Guangzong" title="Song Guangzong">Guangzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Ningzong" title="Song Ningzong">Ningzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Lizong" title="Song Lizong">Lizong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Duzong" title="Song Duzong">Duzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Gongdi" title="Song Gongdi">Gongdi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Song_Duanzong" title="Song Duanzong">Duanzong</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Bing" title="Zhao Bing">Zhao Bing</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Xiadynastin" title="Xiadynastin">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Shangdynastin" title="Shangdynastin">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhoudynastin" title="Zhoudynastin">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_stridande_staterna" title="De stridande staterna">Stridande&#160;staterna</a>→ <a href="/wiki/Qindynastin" title="Qindynastin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Handynastin" title="Handynastin">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_tre_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De tre kungadömena">Tre&#160;kungadömen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jindynastin (265–420)">Jin</a> / <a href="/wiki/De_sexton_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De sexton kungadömena">16&#160;kungadömen</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_sydliga_och_nordliga_dynastierna" title="De sydliga och nordliga dynastierna">S./N.&#160;dynastierna</a> → <a href="/wiki/Suidynastin" title="Suidynastin">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">5&#160;dynastier&#160;&amp;&#160;10&#160;riken</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liaodynastin" title="Liaodynastin">Liao</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xixia" title="Xixia">Västra&#160;Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Mingdynastin" title="Mingdynastin">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Republiken_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republiken Kina (1912–1949)">Republiken</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Folkrepubliken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐wrmnc Cached time: 20241122164025 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.364 seconds Real time usage: 0.520 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 8379/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44560/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16348/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 18810/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.036/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1303396/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 313.754 1 -total 29.70% 93.199 7 Mall:Citation/core 22.78% 71.476 6 Mall:Bokref 21.52% 67.512 6 Mall:Cite_book 14.48% 45.427 1 Mall:Songdynastin 14.21% 44.599 1 Mall:Historisk_stat 13.45% 42.196 1 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