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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Named_Commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Named_Commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Named Commands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Named_Commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extended_Type_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_Type_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Extended Type System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_Type_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cmdlets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cmdlets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Cmdlets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cmdlets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pipeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Scripting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scripting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hosting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hosting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Hosting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hosting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desired_State_Configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desired_State_Configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Desired State Configuration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desired_State_Configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Versions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Versions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Versions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_1.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_1.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Windows PowerShell 1.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_1.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_2.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_2.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Windows PowerShell 2.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_2.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_3.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_3.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Windows PowerShell 3.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_3.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_4.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_4.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Windows PowerShell 4.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_4.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_5.0" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_5.0"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Windows PowerShell 5.0 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_5.0-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_5.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_PowerShell_5.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Windows PowerShell 5.1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_PowerShell_5.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerShell_Core_6" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerShell_Core_6"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 PowerShell Core 6 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerShell_Core_6-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-6.1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6.1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 6.1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6.1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 6.2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerShell_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerShell_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 PowerShell 7 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerShell_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PowerShell_7.2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerShell_7.2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.1 PowerShell 7.2 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerShell_7.2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerShell_7.3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerShell_7.3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.2 PowerShell 7.3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerShell_7.3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PowerShell_7.4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PowerShell_7.4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8.3 PowerShell 7.4 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PowerShell_7.4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_cmdlets_with_similar_commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_cmdlets_with_similar_commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_cmdlets_with_similar_commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filename_extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filename_extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Filename extensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filename_extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Application support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Alternative implementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="پاورشل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاورشل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%8C%EC%85%B8" title="파워셸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파워셸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Windows PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powershell" title="Powershell – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Powershell" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="PowerShell" data-language-autonym="Polski" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cross-platform command-line interface and scripting language for system and network administration</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">PowerShell</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png/121px-PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png" decoding="async" width="121" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png/182px-PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png/242px-PowerShell_Core_6.0_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11,_23H2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png/300px-PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png/450px-PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png/600px-PowerShell_7.4.0_Core_on_Windows_11%2C_23H2.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="628" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Screenshot of a PowerShell 7 session in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Paradigm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">Imperative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(software)" title="Pipeline (software)">pipeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflective</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Designed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Snover" title="Jeffrey Snover">Jeffrey Snover</a>, Bruce Payette, James Truher (et al.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">November 14, 2006; 18 years ago (2006-11-14)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">7.4.6 / October 22, 2024; 31 days ago (2024-10-22)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_system" title="Type system">Typing discipline</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strongly-typed_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Strongly-typed programming language">Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_safety" title="Type safety">safe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">implicit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_typing" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic typing">dynamic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Implementation language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data">PowerShell: <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> Windows PowerShell: <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_10.12" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 10.12">macOS 10.12</a> and later</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> 14.04, 16.04, 18.04, 20.04 and 22.04</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian" title="Debian">Debian</a> 8.7+, 9, 10 and 11</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a> 7 and 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a> 7 and 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a> 42.2, 42.3, 15.0, 15.1, 15.2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora (operating system)">Fedora</a> 28, 29, 30</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT License</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (but the Windows component remains <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extensions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>.ps1 (Script)</li> <li>.ps1xml (XML Document)</li> <li>.psc1 (Console File)</li> <li>.psd1 (Data File)</li> <li>.psm1 (Script Module)</li> <li>.pssc (Session Configuration File)</li> <li>.psrc (Role Capability File)</li> <li>.cdxml (Cmdlet Definition XML Document)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microsoft.com/powershell">microsoft.com/powershell</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Influenced by</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">Ksh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Language" title="Control Language">CL</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIGITAL_Command_Language" title="DIGITAL Command Language">DCL</a>, <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tk_(software)" title="Tk (software)">Tk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-snover2008-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chef_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chef (software)">Chef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puppet_(software)" title="Puppet (software)">Puppet</a></td></tr></tbody></table> PowerShell is a task automation and <a href="/wiki/Configuration_management" title="Configuration management">configuration management</a> program from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Command-line_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line shell">command-line shell</a> and the associated <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>. Initially a Windows component only, known as Windows PowerShell, it was made <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> on August 18, 2016, with the introduction of PowerShell Core.<a href="#cite_note-ars-opensource-5">[5]</a> The former is built on the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, the latter on <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> (previously .NET Core). PowerShell is bundled with all currently supported <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_versions" title="List of Microsoft Windows versions">Windows versions</a>, and can also be installed on <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">MacOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ars-opensource-5">[5]</a> Since <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a> build 14971, PowerShell replaced <a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt (cmd.exe)</a> and became the default <a href="/wiki/Command_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Command shell">command shell</a> for <a href="/wiki/File_Explorer" title="File Explorer">File Explorer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In PowerShell, administrative tasks are generally performed via cmdlets (pronounced command-lets), which are specialized .NET <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> implementing a particular operation. These work by accessing data in different data stores, like the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Windows Registry</a>, which are made available to PowerShell via providers. Third-party developers can add cmdlets and providers to PowerShell.<a href="#cite_note-how-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSDN-9">[9]</a> Cmdlets may be used by scripts, which may in turn be packaged into modules. Cmdlets work in tandem with the .NET <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>. PowerShell's support for <a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">.NET Remoting</a>, <a href="/wiki/WS-Management" title="WS-Management">WS-Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Information_Model_(computing)" title="Common Information Model (computing)">CIM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SSH" class="mw-redirect" title="SSH">SSH</a> enables administrators to perform administrative tasks on both local and remote Windows systems. PowerShell also provides a hosting <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> with which the PowerShell runtime can be embedded inside other applications. These applications can then use PowerShell functionality to implement certain operations, including those exposed via the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical interface</a>. This capability has been used by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a> 2007 to expose its management functionality as PowerShell cmdlets and providers and implement the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical User Interface">graphical</a> management tools as PowerShell hosts which invoke the necessary cmdlets.<a href="#cite_note-how-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-lowe2007-10">[10]</a> Other Microsoft applications including <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft SQL Server 2008">Microsoft SQL Server 2008</a> also expose their management interface via PowerShell cmdlets.<a href="#cite_note-snover2007b-11">[11]</a> PowerShell includes its own extensive, <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">console-based</a> help (similar to <a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man pages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shells</a>) accessible via the <code>Get-Help</code> cmdlet. Updated local help contents can be retrieved from the Internet via the <code>Update-Help</code> cmdlet. Alternatively, help from the web can be acquired on a case-by-case basis via the <code class="nowrap">-online</code> switch to <code>Get-Help</code>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Command-line interpreter">command-line interpreter</a> (CLI) has been an inseparable part of most Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>. <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a> relied almost exclusively on the CLI (though MS-DOS 5 also came with a complementary graphical <a href="/wiki/DOS_Shell" title="DOS Shell">DOS Shell</a>.) The Windows 9x family came bundled with <a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a>, the command-line environment of MS-DOS. The <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows CE</a> families, however, came with a new <a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">cmd.exe</a> that bore strong similarities to COMMAND.COM. Both environments support a few basic internal commands and a primitive scripting language (<a href="/wiki/Batch_file" title="Batch file">batch files</a>), which can be used to automate various tasks. However, they cannot automate all facets of Windows <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI) because command-line equivalents of operations are limited and the scripting language is elementary. Microsoft attempted to address some of these shortcomings by introducing the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a> in 1998 with <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, and its command-line based host, <code>cscript.exe</code>. It integrates with the <a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Script</a> engine and allows scripts to be written in compatible languages, such as <a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a>, leveraging the <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a> exposed by applications via the component object model (<a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a>). Its shortcomings are: its documentation is not very accessible, and it quickly gained a reputation as a system <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerability vector</a> after several high-profile <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a> exploited weaknesses in its security provisions. Different versions of Windows provided various special-purpose command-line interpreters (such as <a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation_Command-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line">WMIC</a>) with their own command sets but they were not interoperable. <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> further attempted to improve the command-line experience but scripting support was still unsatisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-pcmag-server2003-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kermit">Kermit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kermit">edit</a>]</div> By the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> had come to Microsoft asking for help in making Windows, which ran on Intel CPUs, a more appropriate platform to support the development of future Intel CPUs. At the time, Intel CPU development was accomplished on <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> computers which ran <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> variant) on <a href="/wiki/RISC" class="mw-redirect" title="RISC">RISC</a>-architecture CPUs. The ability to run Intel's many <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">KornShell</a> automation scripts on Windows was identified as a key capability. Internally, Microsoft began an effort to create a Windows port of Korn Shell, which was code-named Kermit.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Intel ultimately pivoted to a <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>-based development platform that could run on Intel CPUs, rendering the Kermit project redundant. However, with a fully funded team, Microsoft program manager <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Snover" title="Jeffrey Snover">Jeffrey Snover</a> realized there was an opportunity to create a more general-purpose solution to Microsoft's problem of administrative automation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monad">Monad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monad">edit</a>]</div> By 2002, Microsoft had started to develop a new approach to command-line management, including a CLI called Monad (also known as Microsoft Shell or MSH). The ideas behind it were published in August 2002 in a white paper called the "Monad Manifesto" by its chief architect, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Snover" title="Jeffrey Snover">Jeffrey Snover</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MonadManifesto-14">[14]</a> In a 2017 interview, Snover explains the genesis of PowerShell, saying that he had been trying to make <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> tools available on Windows, which didn't work due to "<a href="/wiki/Unix_philosophy" title="Unix philosophy">core architectural difference[s] between Windows and Linux</a>". Specifically, he noted that <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> considers everything a <a href="/wiki/Text_file" title="Text file">text file</a>, whereas Windows considers everything an "<a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> that returns structured data". They were fundamentally incompatible, which led him to take a different approach.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Monad was to be a new extensible CLI with a fresh design capable of automating a range of core administrative tasks. Microsoft first demonstrated Monad publicly at the Professional Development Conference in Los Angeles in October 2003. A few months later, they opened up private beta, which eventually led to a public beta. Microsoft published the first Monad public <a href="/wiki/Development_stage#Beta" class="mw-redirect" title="Development stage">beta release</a> on June 17, 2005, and the Beta 2 on September 11, 2005, and Beta 3 on January 10, 2006. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerShell">PowerShell</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: PowerShell">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/220px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/330px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/440px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>The first version of PowerShell</figcaption></figure> On April 25, 2006, not long after the initial Monad announcement, Microsoft announced that Monad had been renamed Windows PowerShell, positioning it as a significant part of its management technology offerings.<a href="#cite_note-monad-renamed-16">[16]</a> Release Candidate (RC) 1 of PowerShell was released at the same time. A significant aspect of both the name change and the RC was that this was now a component of Windows, rather than a mere add-on. Release Candidate 2 of PowerShell version 1 was released on September 26, 2006, with final <a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Release_to_the_Web_(RTW)" title="Software release life cycle">release to the web</a> on November 14, 2006. PowerShell for earlier versions of Windows was released on January 30, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-powershell-vista-17">[17]</a> PowerShell v2.0 development began before PowerShell v1.0 shipped. During the development, Microsoft shipped three <a href="/wiki/Community_Technology_Preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Technology Preview">community technology previews (CTP)</a>. Microsoft made these releases available to the public. The last CTP release of Windows PowerShell v2.0 was made available in December 2008. PowerShell v2.0 was completed and released to manufacturing in August 2009, as an integral part of Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Versions of PowerShell for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 were released in October 2009 and are available for download for both 32-bit and 64-bit platforms.<a href="#cite_note-PowerShell-V2-RTM-18">[18]</a> In an October 2009 issue of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_TechNet" title="Microsoft TechNet">TechNet Magazine</a>, Microsoft called proficiency with PowerShell "the single most important skill a Windows <a href="/wiki/System_administrator" title="System administrator">administrator</a> will need in the coming years".<a href="#cite_note-posey-19">[19]</a> Windows 10 shipped with Pester, a script validation suite for PowerShell.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png/220px-Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png/330px-Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png/440px-Powershell_for_Linux_on_Ubuntu_22.10.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>PowerShell for Linux 7.3.1 on <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> 22.10</figcaption></figure> On August 18, 2016, Microsoft announced<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> that they had made PowerShell open-source and cross-platform with support for Windows, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/CentOS" title="CentOS">CentOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ars-opensource-5">[5]</a> The source code was published on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The move to open source created a second incarnation of PowerShell called "PowerShell Core", which runs on <a href="/wiki/.NET_Core" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET Core">.NET Core</a>. It is distinct from "Windows PowerShell", which runs on the full <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Starting with version 5.1, PowerShell Core is bundled with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016#Nano_Server" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016 Nano Server</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> A key design tactic for PowerShell was to leverage the large number of <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> that already existed in Windows, Windows Management Instrumentation, .NET Framework, and other software. PowerShell cmdlets "wrap around" existing functionality. The intent with this tactic is to provide an administrator-friendly, more-consistent interface between administrators and a wide range of underlying functionality. With PowerShell, an administrator doesn't need to know .NET, WMI, or low-level API coding, and can instead focus on using the cmdlets exposed by PowerShell. In this regard, PowerShell creates little new functionality, instead focusing on making existing functionality more accessible to a particular audience.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammar">Grammar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grammar">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell's developers based the core grammar of the tool on that of the <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX 1003.2</a> <a href="/wiki/KornShell" title="KornShell">KornShell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, PowerShell's language was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, and many other existing languages.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Named_Commands">Named Commands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Named Commands">edit</a>]</div> Windows PowerShell can execute four kinds of named commands:<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <ul><li>cmdlets (<a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> programs designed to interact with PowerShell)</li> <li>PowerShell scripts (files suffixed by <code>.ps1</code>)</li> <li>PowerShell functions</li> <li>Standalone <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> programs</li></ul> If a command is a standalone executable program, PowerShell launches it in a separate <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a>; if it is a cmdlet, it executes in the PowerShell process. PowerShell provides an interactive <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a>, where the commands can be entered and their output displayed. The user interface offers customizable <a href="/wiki/Command-line_completion" title="Command-line completion">tab completion</a>. PowerShell enables the creation of <a href="/wiki/Alias_(command)" title="Alias (command)">aliases</a> for cmdlets, which PowerShell textually translates into invocations of the original commands. PowerShell supports both <a href="/wiki/Named_parameter" title="Named parameter">named</a> and positional <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">parameters</a> for commands. In executing a cmdlet, the job of binding the argument value to the parameter is done by PowerShell itself, but for external executables, arguments are parsed by the external executable independently of PowerShell interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_Type_System">Extended Type System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extended Type System">edit</a>]</div> The PowerShell Extended Type System (ETS) is based on the .NET type system, but with extended semantics (for example, propertySets and third-party extensibility). For example, it enables the creation of different views of objects by exposing only a subset of the data fields, properties, and methods, as well as specifying custom formatting and sorting behavior. These views are mapped to the original object using <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based configuration files.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cmdlets">Cmdlets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cmdlets">edit</a>]</div> Cmdlets are specialized commands in the PowerShell environment that implement specific functions. These are the native commands in the PowerShell stack. Cmdlets follow a Verb-Noun naming pattern, such as Get-ChildItem, which makes it <a href="/wiki/Self-documenting_code" title="Self-documenting code">self-documenting code</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cmdlets-32">[32]</a> Cmdlets output their results as objects and can also receive objects as input, making them suitable for use as recipients in a pipeline. If a cmdlet outputs multiple objects, each object in the collection is passed down through the entire pipeline before the next object is processed.<a href="#cite_note-cmdlets-32">[32]</a> Cmdlets are specialized .NET <a href="/wiki/Class_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computing)">classes</a>, which the PowerShell <a href="/wiki/Runtime_system" title="Runtime system">runtime</a> instantiates and invokes at <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">execution time</a>. Cmdlets derive either from <code>Cmdlet</code> or from <code>PSCmdlet</code>, the latter being used when the cmdlet needs to interact with the PowerShell runtime.<a href="#cite_note-cmdlets-32">[32]</a> These base classes specify certain methods – <code>BeginProcessing()</code>, <code>ProcessRecord()</code> and <code>EndProcessing()</code> – which the cmdlet's implementation overrides to provide the functionality. Whenever a cmdlet runs, PowerShell invokes these methods in sequence, with <code>ProcessRecord()</code> being called if it receives pipeline input.<a href="#cite_note-firstcmdlet-33">[33]</a> If a collection of objects is piped, the method is invoked for each object in the collection. The class implementing the cmdlet must have one .NET <a href="/wiki/Attribute_(computing)" title="Attribute (computing)">attribute</a> – <code>CmdletAttribute</code> – which specifies the verb and the noun that make up the name of the cmdlet. Common verbs are provided as an <a href="/wiki/Enumerated_type" title="Enumerated type">enum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> If a cmdlet receives either pipeline input or command-line parameter input, there must be a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Property_(programming)" title="Property (programming)">property</a> in the class, with a <a href="/wiki/Mutator_method" title="Mutator method">mutator</a> implementation. PowerShell invokes the mutator with the parameter value or pipeline input, which is saved by the mutator implementation in class variables. These values are then referred to by the methods which implement the functionality. Properties that map to command-line parameters are marked by <code>ParameterAttribute</code><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and are set before the call to <code>BeginProcessing()</code>. Those which map to pipeline input are also flanked by <code>ParameterAttribute</code>, but with the <code>ValueFromPipeline</code> attribute parameter set.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The implementation of these cmdlet classes can refer to any <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> and may be in any <a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">.NET language</a>. In addition, PowerShell makes certain APIs available, such as <code>WriteObject()</code>, which is used to access PowerShell-specific functionality, such as writing resultant objects to the pipeline. Cmdlets can use .NET data access <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> directly or use the PowerShell infrastructure of PowerShell Providers, which make data stores addressable using unique <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">paths</a>. Data stores are exposed using <a href="/wiki/Drive_letter_assignment" title="Drive letter assignment">drive letters</a>, and hierarchies within them, addressed as directories. Windows PowerShell ships with providers for the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">registry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_key_certificate" title="Public key certificate">certificate</a> store, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Namespace" title="Namespace">namespaces</a> for command aliases, variables, and functions.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Windows PowerShell also includes various cmdlets for managing various <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> systems, including the <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, or using <a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">Windows Management Instrumentation</a> to control <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">Windows components</a>. Other applications can register cmdlets with PowerShell, thus allowing it to manage them, and, if they enclose any datastore (such as a database), they can add specific providers as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The number of cmdlets included in the base PowerShell install has generally increased with each version: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Cmdlets </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 1.0 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">129</div></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 2.0 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">632</div></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 3.0 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">about 1,000</div></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 4.0 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 5.0 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">about 1,300</div></td> <td><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Windows PowerShell 5.1 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,586</div></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell Core 6.0 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell Core 6.1 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell Core 6.2 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell 7.0 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,507</div></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell 7.1 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell 7.2 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PowerShell 7.4 </td> <td><div style="float:right;">1,656</div></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Cmdlets can be added into the shell through snap-ins (deprecated in v2) and modules; users are not limited to the cmdlets included in the base PowerShell installation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipeline">Pipeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pipeline">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell implements the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)" title="Pipeline (computing)">pipeline</a>, which enables piping the output of one cmdlet to another cmdlet as input. As with <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_(Unix)" title="Pipeline (Unix)">Unix pipelines</a>, PowerShell pipelines can construct complex commands, using the <code>|</code> operator to connect stages. However, the PowerShell pipeline differs from Unix pipelines in that stages execute within the PowerShell runtime rather than as a set of processes coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. Additionally, structured .NET objects, rather than <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">byte streams</a>, are passed from one stage to the next. Using <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> and executing stages within the PowerShell runtime eliminates the need to <a href="/wiki/Serialization_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serialization (computing)">serialize</a> data structures, or to extract them by explicitly <a href="/wiki/Parser" class="mw-redirect" title="Parser">parsing</a> text output.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> An object can also <a href="/wiki/Encapsulation_(computer_programming)" title="Encapsulation (computer programming)">encapsulate</a> certain functions that work on the contained data, which become available to the recipient command for use.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> For the last cmdlet in a pipeline, PowerShell automatically pipes its output object to the <code>Out-Default</code> cmdlet, which transforms the objects into a stream of format objects and then renders those to the screen.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Because all PowerShell objects are .NET objects, they share a <code>.ToString()</code> method, which retrieves the text representation of the data in an object. In addition, PowerShell allows formatting definitions to be specified, so the text representation of objects can be customized by choosing which data elements to display, and in what manner. However, in order to maintain <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>, if an external executable is used in a pipeline, it receives a text stream representing the object, instead of directly integrating with the PowerShell type system.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-about_Format.ps1xml-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scripting">Scripting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scripting">edit</a>]</div> Windows PowerShell includes a <a href="/wiki/Dynamically_typed" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamically typed">dynamically typed</a> <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a> which can implement complex operations using cmdlets <a href="/wiki/Imperative_programming" title="Imperative programming">imperatively</a>. The scripting language supports variables, functions, branching (<code><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional (programming)">if-then-else</a></code>), loops (<code><a href="/wiki/While_loop" title="While loop">while</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/Do_while_loop" title="Do while loop">do</a></code>, <code><a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for</a></code>, and <code><a href="/wiki/Foreach" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreach">foreach</a></code>), structured error/exception handling and <a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anonymous_function" title="Anonymous function">lambda expressions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lambda1-51">[51]</a> as well as integration with .NET. Variables in PowerShell scripts are prefixed with <code>$</code>. Variables can be assigned any value, including the output of cmdlets. Strings can be enclosed either in single quotes or in double quotes: when using double quotes, variables will be expanded even if they are inside the quotation marks. Enclosing the path to a file in braces preceded by a dollar sign (as in <code>${C:\foo.txt}</code>) creates a reference to the contents of the file. If it is used as an <a href="/wiki/Value_(computer_science)" title="Value (computer science)">L-value</a>, anything assigned to it will be written to the file. When used as an <a href="/wiki/Value_(computer_science)" title="Value (computer science)">R-value</a>, the contents of the file will be read. If an object is assigned, it is serialized before being stored.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Object members can be accessed using <code>.</code> notation, as in C# syntax. PowerShell provides special variables, such as <code>$args</code>, which is an array of all the command-line arguments passed to a function from the command line, and <code>$_</code>, which refers to the current object in the pipeline.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> PowerShell also provides <a href="/wiki/Array_data_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data type">arrays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Associative_array" title="Associative array">associative arrays</a>. The PowerShell scripting language also evaluates arithmetic expressions entered on the command line immediately, and it parses common abbreviations, such as GB, MB, and KB.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Using the <code>function</code> keyword, PowerShell provides for the creation of functions. A simple function has the following general look:<a href="#cite_note-about_Functions-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-powershell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>function name ([Type]$Param1, [Type]$Param2) { # Instructions } </pre></div> However, PowerShell allows for advanced functions that support named parameters, positional parameters, switch parameters and dynamic parameters.<a href="#cite_note-about_Functions-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-powershell mw-content-ltr mw-highlight-lines" dir="ltr"><pre>function Verb-Noun { param ( # Definition of static parameters ) dynamicparam { # Definition of dynamic parameters } begin { # Set of instruction to run at the start of the pipeline } process { # Main instruction sets, ran for each item in the pipeline } end { # Set of instruction to run at the end of the pipeline } } </pre></div> The defined function is invoked in either of the following forms:<a href="#cite_note-about_Functions-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-powershell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>name value1 value2 Verb-Noun -Param1 value1 -Param2 value2 </pre></div> PowerShell allows any static .NET methods to be called by providing their namespaces enclosed in brackets (<code>[]</code>), and then using a pair of colons (<code>::</code>) to indicate the static method.<a href="#cite_note-dotnet-56">[56]</a> For example:<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-powershell mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>[Console]::WriteLine("PowerShell") </pre></div>There are dozens of ways to create objects in PowerShell. Once created, one can access the properties and instance methods of an object using the <code>.</code> notation.<a href="#cite_note-dotnet-56">[56]</a> PowerShell accepts <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">strings</a>, both raw and <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escaped</a>. A string enclosed between single <a href="/wiki/Quotation_mark" title="Quotation mark">quotation marks</a> is a raw string while a string enclosed between double quotation marks is an escaped string. PowerShell treats straight and curly quotes as equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The following list of special characters is supported by PowerShell:<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center; font-size: small;"> <caption>PowerShell special characters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Sequence </th> <th scope="col">Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>`0 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Null_character" title="Null character">Null</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`a </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_character" title="Bell character">Alert</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`b </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Backspace" title="Backspace">Backspace</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`e </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">Escape</a> (since PowerShell 6) </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`f </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Page_break" title="Page break">Form feed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`n </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">Newline</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`r </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Carriage_return" title="Carriage return">Carriage return</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`t </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">Horizontal tab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`u{x} </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> escape sequence (since PowerShell 6) </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">`v </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tab_key" title="Tab key">Vertical tab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">--% </th> <td>Treat any character from this point forward literally </td></tr></tbody></table> For error handling, PowerShell provides a .NET-based <a href="/wiki/Exception_handling_syntax" title="Exception handling syntax">exception-handling</a> mechanism. In case of errors, objects containing information about the error (<code>Exception</code> object) are thrown, which are caught using the <code>try ... catch</code> construct (although a <code>trap</code> construct is supported as well). PowerShell can be configured to silently resume execution, without actually throwing the exception; this can be done either on a single command, a single session or perpetually.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Scripts written using PowerShell can be made to persist across sessions in either a <code>.ps1</code> file or a <code>.psm1</code> file (the latter is used to implement a module). Later, either the entire script or individual functions in the script can be used. Scripts and functions operate analogously with cmdlets, in that they can be used as commands in pipelines, and parameters can be bound to them. Pipeline objects can be passed between functions, scripts, and cmdlets seamlessly. To prevent unintentional running of scripts, script execution is disabled by default and must be enabled explicitly.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Enabling of scripts can be performed either at system, user or session level. PowerShell scripts can be <a href="/wiki/Code_signing" title="Code signing">signed</a> to verify their integrity, and are subject to <a href="/wiki/Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The PowerShell scripting language supports <a href="/wiki/Binary_prefix" title="Binary prefix">binary prefix</a> notation similar to the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_notation" title="Scientific notation">scientific notation</a> supported by many programming languages in the C-family.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hosting">Hosting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hosting">edit</a>]</div> One can also use PowerShell embedded in a management application, which uses the PowerShell runtime to implement the management functionality. For this, PowerShell provides a <a href="/wiki/Managed_code" title="Managed code">managed</a> hosting <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>. Via the APIs, the application can instantiate a runspace (one instantiation of the PowerShell runtime), which runs in the application's <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">process</a> and is exposed as a <code>Runspace</code> object.<a href="#cite_note-how-8">[8]</a> The state of the runspace is encased in a <code>SessionState</code> object. When the runspace is created, the Windows PowerShell runtime initializes the instantiation, including initializing the providers and enumerating the cmdlets, and updates the <code>SessionState</code> object accordingly. The Runspace then must be opened for either synchronous processing or asynchronous processing. After that it can be used to execute commands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To execute a command, a pipeline (represented by a <code>Pipeline</code> object) must be created and associated with the runspace. The pipeline object is then populated with the cmdlets that make up the pipeline. For sequential operations (as in a PowerShell script), a Pipeline object is created for each statement and nested inside another Pipeline object.<a href="#cite_note-how-8">[8]</a> When a pipeline is created, Windows PowerShell invokes the pipeline processor, which resolves the cmdlets into their respective <a href="/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">assemblies</a> (the command processor) and adds a reference to them to the pipeline, and associates them with <code>InputPipe</code>, <code>OutputPipe</code> and <code>ErrorOutputPipe</code> objects, to represent the connection with the pipeline. The types are verified and parameters bound using <a href="/wiki/Reflection_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflection (computer science)">reflection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-how-8">[8]</a> Once the pipeline is set up, the host calls the <code>Invoke()</code> method to run the commands, or its asynchronous equivalent, <code>InvokeAsync()</code>. If the pipeline has the <code>Write-Host</code> cmdlet at the end of the pipeline, it writes the result onto the console screen. If not, the results are handed over to the host, which might either apply further processing or display the output itself.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Microsoft Exchange Server</a> 2007 uses the hosting APIs to provide its management GUI. Each operation exposed in the GUI is mapped to a sequence of PowerShell commands (or pipelines). The host creates the pipeline and executes them. In fact, the interactive PowerShell console itself is a PowerShell host, which <a href="/wiki/Interpreter" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreter">interprets</a> the scripts entered at command line and creates the necessary <code>Pipeline</code> objects and invokes them.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desired_State_Configuration">Desired State Configuration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Desired State Configuration">edit</a>]</div> DSC allows for declaratively specifying how a software environment should be configured.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Upon running a configuration, DSC will ensure that the system gets the state described in the configuration. DSC configurations are idempotent. The Local Configuration Manager (LCM) periodically polls the system using the control flow described by resources (imperative pieces of DSC) to make sure that the state of a configuration is maintained. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Versions">edit</a>]</div> Initially using the code name "Monad", PowerShell was first shown publicly at the Professional Developers Conference in October 2003 in Los Angeles. All major releases are still supported, and each major release has featured backwards compatibility with preceding versions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_1.0">Windows PowerShell 1.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 1.0">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/220px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/330px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png/440px-Windows_PowerShell_1.0_PD.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Windows PowerShell 1.0 session using the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></figcaption></figure> PowerShell 1.0 was released in November 2006 for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP_SP2" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows XP SP2">Windows XP SP2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003_SP1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Server 2003 SP1">Windows Server 2003 SP1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It is an optional component of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_2.0">Windows PowerShell 2.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 2.0">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png/220px-Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png/330px-Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Windows_PowerShell_ISE_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="269" /></a><figcaption>Windows PowerShell ISE v2.0 on <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environment</a> for PowerShell scripts</figcaption></figure> PowerShell 2.0 is integrated with <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> and is released for <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> with Service Pack 3, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a> with Service Pack 2, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> with Service Pack 1.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> PowerShell v2 includes changes to the scripting language and hosting API, in addition to including more than 240 new cmdlets.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> New features of PowerShell 2.0 include:<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <ul><li>PowerShell remoting: Using <a href="/wiki/WS-Management" title="WS-Management">WS-Management</a>, PowerShell 2.0 allows scripts and cmdlets to be invoked on a remote machine or a large set of remote machines.</li> <li>Background jobs: Also called a PSJob, it allows a command sequence (script) or pipeline to be invoked asynchronously. Jobs can be run on the local machine or on multiple remote machines. An interactive cmdlet in a PSJob blocks the execution of the job until user input is provided.</li> <li>Transactions: Enable cmdlet and developers can perform <a href="/wiki/Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transactional operations</a>. PowerShell 2.0 includes transaction cmdlets for starting, committing, and rolling back a PSTransaction as well as features to manage and direct the transaction to the participating cmdlet and provider operations. The PowerShell Registry provider supports transactions.</li> <li>Advanced functions: These are cmdlets written using the PowerShell scripting language. Initially called "script cmdlets", this feature was later renamed "advanced functions".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>SteppablePipelines: This allows the user to control when the <code>BeginProcessing()</code>, <code>ProcessRecord()</code> and <code>EndProcessing()</code> functions of a cmdlet are called.</li> <li>Modules: This allows script developers and administrators to organize and partition PowerShell scripts in self-contained, reusable units. Code from a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">module</a> executes in its own self-contained context and does not affect the state outside the module. Modules can define a restricted runspace environment by using a script. They have a persistent state as well as public and private members.</li> <li>Data language: A domain-specific subset of the PowerShell scripting language that allows data definitions to be decoupled from the scripts and allows <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localized</a> string resources to be imported into the script at runtime (Script Internationalization).</li> <li>Script debugging: It allows <a href="/wiki/Breakpoint" title="Breakpoint">breakpoints</a> to be set in a PowerShell script or function. Breakpoints can be set on lines, line & columns, commands and read or write access of variables. It includes a set of cmdlets to control the breakpoints via script.</li> <li>Eventing: This feature allows listening, forwarding, and acting on management and system events. Eventing allows PowerShell hosts to be notified about state changes to their managed entities. It also enables PowerShell scripts to subscribe to ObjectEvents, PSEvents, and WmiEvents and process them synchronously and asynchronously.</li> <li>Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environment (ISE): PowerShell 2.0 includes a GUI-based PowerShell host that provides integrated debugger, <a href="/wiki/Syntax_highlighting" title="Syntax highlighting">syntax highlighting</a>, tab completion and up to 8 PowerShell Unicode-enabled consoles (Runspaces) in a tabbed UI, as well as the ability to run only the selected parts in a script.</li> <li>Network file transfer: Native support for prioritized, throttled, and asynchronous transfer of files between machines using the <a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">Background Intelligent Transfer Service</a> (BITS).<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li>New cmdlets: Including <code>Out-GridView</code>, which displays tabular data in the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a> <a href="/wiki/Grid_view" title="Grid view">GridView</a> object, on systems that allow it, and if ISE is installed and enabled.</li> <li>New operators: <code>-Split</code>, <code>-Join</code>, and Splatting (<code>@</code>) operators.</li> <li>Exception handling with Try-Catch-Finally: Unlike other .NET languages, this allows multiple exception types for a single catch block.</li> <li>Nestable Here-Strings: PowerShell <a href="/wiki/Here_document" title="Here document">Here-Strings</a> have been improved and can now nest.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Block comments: PowerShell 2.0 supports block comments using <code><#</code> and <code>#></code> as delimiters.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>New APIs: The new APIs range from handing more control over the PowerShell parser and runtime to the host, to creating and managing collection of Runspaces (<code>RunspacePools</code>) as well as the ability to create Restricted Runspaces which only allow a configured subset of PowerShell to be invoked. The new APIs also support participation in a transaction managed by PowerShell</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_3.0">Windows PowerShell 3.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 3.0">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell 3.0 is integrated with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 3.0 available for <a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> with Service Pack 1, for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a> with Service Pack 1, and for <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> with Service Pack 1.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-WMF3-78">[78]</a> PowerShell 3.0 is part of a larger package, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/download/details.aspx?id=34595">Windows Management Framework</a> 3.0 (WMF3), which also contains the <a href="/wiki/WinRM" class="mw-redirect" title="WinRM">WinRM</a> service to support remoting.<a href="#cite_note-WMF3-78">[78]</a> Microsoft made several <a href="/wiki/Community_Technology_Preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Technology Preview">Community Technology Preview</a> releases of WMF3. An early community technology preview 2 (CTP 2) version of Windows Management Framework 3.0 was released on December 2, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Windows Management Framework 3.0 was released for general availability in December 2012<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and is included with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 by default.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> New features in PowerShell 3.0 include:<a href="#cite_note-WMF3-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>: 33–34  <ul><li>Scheduled jobs: Jobs can be scheduled to run on a preset time and date using the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Windows Task Scheduler</a> infrastructure.</li> <li>Session connectivity: Sessions can be disconnected and reconnected. Remote sessions have become more tolerant of temporary network failures.</li> <li>Improved code writing: <a href="/wiki/Code_completion" title="Code completion">Code completion</a> (IntelliSense) and <a href="/wiki/Snippet_(programming)" title="Snippet (programming)">snippets</a> are added. PowerShell ISE allows users to use dialog boxes to fill in parameters for PowerShell cmdlets.</li> <li>Delegation support: Administrative tasks can be delegated to users who do not have permissions for that type of task, without granting them perpetual additional permissions.</li> <li>Help update: Help documentations can be updated via Update-Help command.</li> <li>Automatic module detection: Modules are loaded implicitly whenever a command from that module is invoked. Code completion works for unloaded modules as well.</li> <li>New commands: Dozens of new modules were added, including functionality to manage disks <code>get-WmiObject win32_logicaldisk</code>, volumes, firewalls, network connections, and printers, which had previously been performed via WMI.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_4.0">Windows PowerShell 4.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 4.0">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell 4.0 is integrated with <a href="/wiki/Windows_8.1" title="Windows 8.1">Windows 8.1</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012_R2" title="Windows Server 2012 R2">Windows Server 2012 R2</a>. Microsoft has also made PowerShell 4.0 available for <a href="/wiki/Windows_7_SP1" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 7 SP1">Windows 7 SP1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008_R2" title="Windows Server 2008 R2">Windows Server 2008 R2</a> SP1 and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2012" title="Windows Server 2012">Windows Server 2012</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> New features in PowerShell 4.0 include: <ul><li>Desired State Configuration:<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Declarative language extensions and tools that enable the deployment and management of configuration data for systems using the <a href="/wiki/DMTF" class="mw-redirect" title="DMTF">DMTF</a> management standards and <a href="/wiki/WS-Management" title="WS-Management">WS-Management</a> Protocol</li> <li>New default execution policy: On Windows Servers, the default execution policy is now <code>RemoteSigned</code>.</li> <li>Save-Help: Help can now be saved for modules that are installed on remote computers.</li> <li>Enhanced debugging: The <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> now supports debugging workflows, remote script execution and preserving debugging sessions across PowerShell session reconnections.</li> <li>-PipelineVariable switch: A new ubiquitous parameter to expose the current pipeline object as a variable for programming purposes</li> <li>Network diagnostics to manage physical and <a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a>'s virtualized <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">network switches</a></li> <li>Where and ForEach method syntax provides an alternate method of filtering and iterating over objects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_5.0">Windows PowerShell 5.0</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 5.0">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PowerShell_5.0_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PowerShell_5.0_icon.png/128px-PowerShell_5.0_icon.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PowerShell_5.0_icon.png/192px-PowerShell_5.0_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/PowerShell_5.0_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>PowerShell 5.0 icon</figcaption></figure> Windows Management Framework (WMF) 5.0 RTM which includes PowerShell 5.0 was re-released to web on February 24, 2016, following an initial release with a severe bug.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Key features included: <ul><li>The new <code>class</code> <a href="/wiki/Reserved_word" title="Reserved word">keyword</a> that creates <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a></li> <li>The new <code>enum</code> keyword that creates <a href="/wiki/Enumeration" title="Enumeration">enums</a></li> <li><code>OneGet</code> cmdlets to support the <a href="/wiki/Chocolatey_(software_package_manager)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolatey (software package manager)">Chocolatey</a> <a href="/wiki/Package_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Package management">package manager</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li>Extending support for switch management to <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">layer 2</a> network switches.<a href="#cite_note-Snover_2014-04-03-89">[89]</a></li> <li>Debugging for PowerShell background jobs and instances of PowerShell hosted in other processes (each of which is called a "runspace")</li> <li>Desired State Configuration (DSC) Local Configuration Manager (LCM) version 2.0</li> <li>DSC partial configurations</li> <li>DSC Local Configuration Manager meta-configurations</li> <li>Authoring of DSC resources using PowerShell classes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_PowerShell_5.1">Windows PowerShell 5.1</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Windows PowerShell 5.1">edit</a>]</div> It was released along with the <a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Anniversary_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 Anniversary Update">Windows 10 Anniversary Update</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> on August 2, 2016, and in <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2016" title="Windows Server 2016">Windows Server 2016</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> PackageManagement now supports proxies, PSReadLine now has ViMode support, and two new cmdlets were added: Get-TimeZone and Set-TimeZone. The LocalAccounts module allows for adding/removing local user accounts.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> A preview for PowerShell 5.1 was released for Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, and Windows Server 2012 R2 on July 16, 2016,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> and was released on January 19, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> PowerShell 5.1 is the first version to come in two editions of "Desktop" and "Core". The "Desktop" edition is the continuation of the traditional Windows PowerShell that runs on the .NET Framework stack. The "Core" edition runs on .NET Core and is bundled with Windows Server 2016 Nano Server. In exchange for smaller footprint, the latter lacks some features such as the cmdlets to manage clipboard or join a computer to a domain, WMI version 1 cmdlets, Event Log cmdlets and profiles.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[25]</a> This was the final version of PowerShell made exclusively for Windows. Windows PowerShell 5.1 remains pre-installed on Windows 10, Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, while the .NET PowerShell needs to be installed separately and can run side-by-side with Windows PowerShell.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerShell_Core_6">PowerShell Core 6</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: PowerShell Core 6">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell Core 6.0 was first announced on August 18, 2016, when Microsoft unveiled PowerShell Core and its decision to make the product <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a>, independent of Windows, free and open source.<a href="#cite_note-ars-opensource-5">[5]</a> It achieved <a href="/wiki/General_availability" class="mw-redirect" title="General availability">general availability</a> on January 10, 2018, for Windows, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> It has its own support lifecycle and adheres to the Microsoft lifecycle policy that is introduced with Windows 10: Only the latest version of PowerShell Core is supported. Microsoft expects to release one minor version for PowerShell Core 6.0 every six months.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The most significant change in this version of PowerShell is the expansion to the other platforms. For Windows administrators, this version of PowerShell did not include any major new features. In an interview with the community on January 11, 2018, the PowerShell team was asked to list the top 10 most exciting things that would happen for a Windows IT professional who would migrate from Windows PowerShell 5.1 to PowerShell Core 6.0; in response, Angel Calvo of Microsoft could only name two: cross-platform and open-source.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> PowerShell 6 changed to <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> as default encoding, with some exceptions.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> (PowerShell 7.4 changes more to UTF-8)<a href="#cite_note-Windows-1252-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6.1">6.1</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 6.1">edit</a>]</div> According to Microsoft, one of the new features of PowerShell 6.1 is "Compatibility with 1900+ existing cmdlets in Windows 10 and <a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2019" title="Windows Server 2019">Windows Server 2019</a>."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Still, no details of these cmdlets can be found in the full version of the change log.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Microsoft later professes that this number was insufficient as PowerShell Core failed to replace Windows PowerShell 5.1 and gain traction on Windows.<a href="#cite_note-:1-104">[104]</a> It was, however, popular on Linux.<a href="#cite_note-:1-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="6.2">6.2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 6.2">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell Core 6.2 is focused primarily on performance improvements, bug fixes, and smaller cmdlet and language enhancements that improved developer productivity.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PowerShell_7">PowerShell 7</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: PowerShell 7">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell 7 is the replacement for PowerShell Core 6.x products as well as Windows PowerShell 5.1, which is the last supported Windows PowerShell version.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-104">[104]</a> The focus in development was to make PowerShell 7 a viable replacement for Windows PowerShell 5.1, i.e. to have near parity with Windows PowerShell in terms of compatibility with modules that ship with Windows.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> New features in PowerShell 7 include:<a href="#cite_note-ps7p5-108">[108]</a> <ul><li>The <code>-Parallel</code> switch for the <code>ForEach-Object</code> cmdlet to help handle parallel processing</li> <li>Near parity with Windows PowerShell in terms of compatibility with built-in Windows modules</li> <li>A new error view</li> <li>The <code>Get-Error</code> cmdlet</li> <li>Pipeline chaining operators (<code>&&</code> and <code>||</code>) that allow conditional execution of the next cmdlet in the pipeline</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/%3F:" class="mw-redirect" title="?:">?:</a> operator for <a href="/wiki/Ternary_operation" title="Ternary operation">ternary operation</a></li> <li>The <code>??</code> operator for <a href="/wiki/Null_coalescing_operator" title="Null coalescing operator">null coalescing</a></li> <li>The <code>??=</code> operator for null coalescing assignment</li> <li>Cross-platform <code>Invoke-DscResource</code> (experimental)</li> <li>Return of the <code>Out-GridView</code> cmdlet</li> <li>Return of the <code>-ShowWindow</code> switch for the <code>Get-Help</code></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PowerShell_7.2">PowerShell 7.2</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: PowerShell 7.2">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell 7.2 is the next long-term support version of PowerShell, after version 7.0. It uses <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> 6.0 and features universal installer packages for Linux. On Windows, updates to PowerShell 7.2 and later come via the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Update">Microsoft Update</a> service; this feature has been missing from PowerShell 6.0 through 7.1.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PowerShell_7.3">PowerShell 7.3</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: PowerShell 7.3">edit</a>]</div> This version includes some general Cmdlet updates and fixes, testing for framework dependent package in release pipeline as well as build and packaging improvements.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PowerShell_7.4">PowerShell 7.4</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: PowerShell 7.4">edit</a>]</div> PowerShell 7.4 is based on <a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> 8. And with that release webcmdlets default to <a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a> <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encoding</a> (changing from <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>-superset <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> aka <a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO-8859-1">ISO-8859-1</a>, that does not support <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>).<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Windows-1252-101">[101]</a> Previously UTF-8 was default for other, but not all, things. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_cmdlets_with_similar_commands">Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Comparison of cmdlets with similar commands">edit</a>]</div> The following table contains a selection of the cmdlets that ship with PowerShell, noting similar commands in other well-known command-line interpreters. Many of these similar commands come out-of-the-box defined as aliases within PowerShell, making it easy for people familiar with other common shells to start working. <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%; text-align: center; font-size: small;"> <caption>Comparison of PowerShell cmdlets with internal and external commands of other command-line interpreters </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:130px;">PowerShell (Cmdlet) </th> <th scope="col">PowerShell (Alias) </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Command_Prompt" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Command Prompt">Windows Command Prompt</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Unix_shell" title="Unix shell">Unix shell</a> </th> <th scope="col">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-ChildItem </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">gci, dir, ls<a href="#cite_note-absent-linux-aliases-112">[a]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">dir</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ls" title="Ls">ls</a> </td> <td>Lists all files and folders in the current or given folder </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Test-Connection<a href="#cite_note-114">[b]</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> </td> <td>Sends <a href="/wiki/ICMP_Echo_Request" class="mw-redirect" title="ICMP Echo Request">ICMP echo requests</a> to the specified machine from the current machine, or instructs another machine to do so </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-Content </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">gc, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">type, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cat </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cat_(Unix)" title="Cat (Unix)">cat</a> </td> <td>Gets the content of a file </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-Command </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">gcm </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Where_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Where (command)">where</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Type_(Unix)" title="Type (Unix)">type</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Which_(command)" title="Which (command)">which</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compgen_(Unix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compgen (Unix) (page does not exist)">compgen</a> </td> <td>Lists available commands and gets command path </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-Help </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">help, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">man<a href="#cite_note-absent-linux-aliases-112">[a]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Apropos_(Unix)" title="Apropos (Unix)">apropos</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Manpage" class="mw-redirect" title="Manpage">man</a> </td> <td>Prints a command's documentation on the console </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Clear-Host </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cls, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">clear </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cls_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cls (computing)">cls</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Clear_(Unix)" title="Clear (Unix)">clear</a> </td> <td>Clears the screen<a href="#cite_note-115">[c]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Copy-Item </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cpi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">copy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cp </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">copy</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Xcopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Xcopy">xcopy</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Robocopy" title="Robocopy">robocopy</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cp_(Unix)" title="Cp (Unix)">cp</a> </td> <td>Copies files and folders to another location </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Move-Item </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">mi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">move, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">mv </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Move_(command)" title="Move (command)">move</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a> </td> <td>Moves files and folders to a new location </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Remove-Item </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ri, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">del, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">erase, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">rmdir, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">rd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">rm </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">erase</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rd</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Rm_(Unix)" title="Rm (Unix)">rm</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">rmdir </td> <td>Deletes files or folders </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Rename-Item </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">rni, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ren </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">rename</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Mv_(Unix)" title="Mv (Unix)">mv</a> </td> <td>Renames a single file, folder, hard link or symbolic link </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-Location </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">gl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">pwd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Pwd" title="Pwd">pwd</a> </td> <td>Displays the working path (current folder) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Pop-Location </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">popd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">popd</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">popd </td> <td>Changes the working path to the location most recently pushed onto the stack </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Push-Location </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">pushd </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">pushd </td> <td>Stores the working path onto the stack </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Set-Location </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">sl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cd, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">chdir </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">chdir</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">cd </td> <td>Changes the working path </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Tee-Object </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">tee </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Tee_(command)" title="Tee (command)">tee</a> </td> <td>Pipes input to a file or variable, passing the input along the pipeline </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Write-Output </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">echo, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">write </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">echo </td> <td>Prints strings or other objects to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_output" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard output">standard output</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Get-Process </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">gps, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">ps </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">tlist,<a href="#cite_note-Available_tlist_kill-116">[d]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Tasklist" title="Tasklist">tasklist</a><a href="#cite_note-Available_tasklist_taskkill-117">[e]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Ps_(Unix)" title="Ps (Unix)">ps</a> </td> <td>Lists all running processes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Stop-Process </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">spps, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">kill </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Available_tlist_kill-116">[d]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</a><a href="#cite_note-Available_tasklist_taskkill-117">[e]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">kill<a href="#cite_note-UNIX_kill_misnomer-118">[f]</a> </td> <td>Stops a running process </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Select-String </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">sls </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Find_(Windows)" title="Find (Windows)">find</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Findstr_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Findstr (computing)">findstr</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Grep" title="Grep">grep</a> </td> <td>Prints lines matching a pattern </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Set-Variable </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">sv, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">set </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#DOS" title="Environment variable">set</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">env, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">export, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">set, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">setenv </td> <td>Creates or alters the contents of an <a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">environment variable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">Invoke-WebRequest </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">iwr, <s><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">curl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">wget</s><a href="#cite_note-119">[g]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/CURL" title="CURL">curl</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><a href="/wiki/Wget" title="Wget">wget</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">curl </td> <td>Gets contents from a web page on the Internet </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-absent-linux-aliases-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-absent-linux-aliases_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-absent-linux-aliases_112-1">b</a> <code>ls</code> and <code>man</code> aliases are absent in the Linux version of PowerShell Core. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> While the external <a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a> command remains available to PowerShell, Test-Connection's output is a structured <a href="/wiki/Object_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (programming)">object</a> that can be programmatically inspected.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Clear-Host is implemented as a predefined PowerShell function. </li> <li id="cite_note-Available_tlist_kill-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Available_tlist_kill_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Available_tlist_kill_116-1">b</a> Available in <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT 4">Windows NT 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resource_Kit#Windows_Resource_Kits" title="Resource Kit">Windows 98 Resource Kit</a>, Windows 2000 Support Tools </li> <li id="cite_note-Available_tasklist_taskkill-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Available_tasklist_taskkill_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Available_tasklist_taskkill_117-1">b</a> Introduced in Windows XP Professional Edition </li> <li id="cite_note-UNIX_kill_misnomer-118"><a href="#cite_ref-UNIX_kill_misnomer_118-0">^</a> Also used in UNIX to send a process any <a href="/wiki/Signal_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (computing)">signal</a>, the "Terminate" signal is merely the default </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <code>curl</code> and <code>wget</code> aliases are absent from PowerShell Core, so as to not interfere with invoking similarly named native commands. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filename_extensions">Filename extensions </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Filename extensions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Extension </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>.ps1</td> <td>Script file<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.psd1</td> <td>Module's manifest file; usually comes with a script module or binary module<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.psm1</td> <td>Script module file<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.dll</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a>-compliant<a href="#cite_note-DLL-f-124">[a]</a> binary module file<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.ps1xml</td> <td>Format and type definitions file<a href="#cite_note-about_Format.ps1xml-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.xml</td> <td><a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-compliant<a href="#cite_note-XML-f-127">[b]</a> serialized data file<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.psc1</td> <td>Console file<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.pssc</td> <td>Session configuration file<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>.psrc</td> <td>Role Capability file<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DLL-f-124"><a href="#cite_ref-DLL-f_124-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">Dynamic-link library</a> (DLL) is not a PowerShell-only format. It is a generic format for storing compiled .NET <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly</a>'s code. </li> <li id="cite_note-XML-f-127"><a href="#cite_ref-XML-f_127-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> is not a PowerShell-only format. It is a popular information interchange format. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_support">Application support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Application support">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Application </th> <th>Version </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Cmdlets </th> <th>Provider </th> <th>Management GUI </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Exchange_Server" title="Microsoft Exchange Server">Exchange Server</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">402 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows Server</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">2008</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">Microsoft SQL Server</a> </td> <td>2008 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">Microsoft SharePoint</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Configuration_Manager" class="mw-redirect" title="System Center Configuration Manager">System Center Configuration Manager</a> </td> <td>2012 R2 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">400+ </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Operations_Manager" title="System Center Operations Manager">System Center Operations Manager</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">74 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Virtual_Machine_Manager" title="System Center Virtual Machine Manager">System Center Virtual Machine Manager</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/System_Center_Data_Protection_Manager" title="System Center Data Protection Manager">System Center Data Protection Manager</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_Compute_Cluster_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Compute Cluster Server">Windows Compute Cluster Server</a> </td> <td>2007 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft Transporter Suite for <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Domino" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Domino">Lotus Domino</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> </td> <td>08.02.0012 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">47 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microsoft PowerTools for <a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Open XML</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">33 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_WebSphere_MQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM WebSphere MQ">IBM WebSphere MQ</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a> </td> <td>6.0.2.2 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">44 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_IoT_Core" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 10 IoT Core">IoT Core</a> Add-ons<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">74 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quest_Software" title="Quest Software">Quest Management Shell for Active Directory</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> </td> <td>1.7 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">95 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Special Operations Software Specops Command<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VMware_vSphere" title="VMware vSphere">VMware vSphere</a> PowerCLI<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> </td> <td>6.5 R1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">500+ </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">Internet Information Services</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> </td> <td>7.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">54 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a> Troubleshooting Center<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> </td> <td>6.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Deployment_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Deployment Toolkit">Microsoft Deployment Toolkit</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> </td> <td>2010 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a> PowerShell Toolkit<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">2000+ </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>JAMS Scheduler – Job Access & Management System<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> </td> <td>5.0 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">52 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=UIAutomation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UIAutomation (page does not exist)">UIAutomation</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">432 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> Equallogic<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">55 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=LOGINventory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LOGINventory (page does not exist)">LOGINventory</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> </td> <td>5.8 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SePSX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SePSX (page does not exist)">SePSX</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[139]</a> </td> <td>0.4.1 </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">39 </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_implementation">Alternative implementation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Alternative implementation">edit</a>]</div> A project named Pash, a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> on the widely known "<a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>" Unix shell, has been an <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> reimplementation of PowerShell via the <a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono framework</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pash-149">[140]</a> Pash was created by Igor Moochnick, written in <a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and was released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>. Pash development stalled in 2008, was restarted on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-pash_project-150">[141]</a> and finally ceased in 2016 when PowerShell was officially made open-source and cross-platform.<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Information_Model_(computing)" title="Common Information Model (computing)">Common Information Model (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_command_shells" title="Comparison of command shells">Comparison of command shells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_programming_languages" title="Comparison of programming languages">Comparison of programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-Based_Enterprise_Management" title="Web-Based Enterprise Management">Web-Based Enterprise Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Windows Terminal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9mz1snwt0n5d">"PowerShell"</a>. 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Retrieved July 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Windows+PowerShell+blog&rft.atitle=IIS7+PowerShell+Provider+Tech+Preview+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fpowershell%2Farchive%2F2008%2F07%2F03%2Fiis7-powershell-provider-tech-preview-2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/powershell/archive/2009/06/14/kudos-to-the-win7-diagnostics-team.aspx">"Kudos to the Win7 Diagnostics Team"</a>. Retrieved June 15, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kudos+to+the+Win7+Diagnostics+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fpowershell%2Farchive%2F2009%2F06%2F14%2Fkudos-to-the-win7-diagnostics-team.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael2009" class="citation web cs1">Michael, Niehaus (July 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.technet.com/b/mniehaus/archive/2009/07/10/mdt-2010-new-feature-16-powershell-support.aspx">"MDT 2010 New Feature #16: PowerShell support"</a>. Retrieved October 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MDT+2010+New+Feature+%2316%3A+PowerShell+support&rft.date=2009-07-10&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Niehaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.technet.com%2Fb%2Fmniehaus%2Farchive%2F2009%2F07%2F10%2Fmdt-2010-new-feature-16-powershell-support.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/powershell/archive/2010/06/16/kudos-to-netapp-for-data-ontap-powershell-toolkit.aspx">"Kudos to NetApp for Data ONTAP PowerShell ToolKit"</a>. Retrieved June 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kudos+to+NetApp+for+Data+ONTAP+PowerShell+ToolKit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fpowershell%2Farchive%2F2010%2F06%2F16%2Fkudos-to-netapp-for-data-ontap-powershell-toolkit.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.netapp.com/t5/Microsoft-Cloud-and-Virtualization-Discussions/NetApp-PowerShell-Toolkit-4-2-released/m-p/120539">"PowerShell Toolkit 4.2 Announcement"</a>. June 23, 2016. Retrieved September 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PowerShell+Toolkit+4.2+Announcement&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunity.netapp.com%2Ft5%2FMicrosoft-Cloud-and-Virtualization-Discussions%2FNetApp-PowerShell-Toolkit-4-2-released%2Fm-p%2F120539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/powershell/archive/2007/06/28/heterogeneous-job-scheduling-with-powershell.aspx">"Heterogeneous Job Scheduling With PowerShell"</a>. Retrieved September 15, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heterogeneous+Job+Scheduling+With+PowerShell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.msdn.com%2Fb%2Fpowershell%2Farchive%2F2007%2F06%2F28%2Fheterogeneous-job-scheduling-with-powershell.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817204820/http://uiautomation.codeplex.com/">"UIAutomation PowerShell Extensions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uiautomation.codeplex.com/">the original</a> on August 17, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UIAutomation+PowerShell+Extensions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuiautomation.codeplex.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.community.dell.com/techcenter/storage/w/wiki/2688.aspx">"EqualLogic HIT-ME with PowerShell"</a>. Retrieved March 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EqualLogic+HIT-ME+with+PowerShell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.community.dell.com%2Ftechcenter%2Fstorage%2Fw%2Fwiki%2F2688.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOGINventory" class="extiw" title="de:LOGINventory">de:LOGINventory</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119175212/http://sepsx.codeplex.com/">"Selenium PowerShell eXtensions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sepsx.codeplex.com">the original</a> on January 19, 2013. Retrieved August 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selenium+PowerShell+eXtensions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsepsx.codeplex.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pash-149"><a href="#cite_ref-pash_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pash.sourceforge.net/">"Pash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dice_Holdings,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Dice Holdings, Inc.">Dice Holdings, Inc.</a> Retrieved September 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=Pash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpash.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pash_project-150"><a href="#cite_ref-pash_project_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Pash-Project/Pash/">"Pash Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a>. Retrieved April 10, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Pash+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPash-Project%2FPash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/Pash-Project/Pash/issues/429">"Pash is now obsolete · Issue #429 · Pash-Project/Pash"</a>. GitHub. Retrieved November 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=Pash+is+now+obsolete+%C2%B7+Issue+%23429+%C2%B7+Pash-Project%2FPash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2FPash-Project%2FPash%2Fissues%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Finke, Douglas (2012). Windows PowerShell for Developers. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-2270-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-2270-0"><bdi>978-1-4493-2270-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+for+Developers&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-2270-0&rft.aulast=Finke&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Lee (2006). Windows PowerShell Quick Reference. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-52813-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-52813-2"><bdi>0-596-52813-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+Quick+Reference&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-596-52813-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Lee (2007). Windows PowerShell Cookbook. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-52849-2"><bdi>978-0-596-52849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+Cookbook&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-596-52849-2&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jones, Don; Hicks, Jeffery (2010). Windows PowerShell 2.0: TFM (3rd ed.). Sapien Technologies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9821314-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9821314-2-8"><bdi>978-0-9821314-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+2.0%3A+TFM&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Sapien+Technologies&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9821314-2-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Don&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Jeffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jones, Don (2020). Shell of an Idea: The Untold History of PowerShell. Self-published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9536450-3-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9536450-3-6"><bdi>978-1-9536450-3-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shell+of+an+Idea%3A+The+Untold+History+of+PowerShell&rft.pub=Self-published&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-9536450-3-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kopczynski, Tyson; Handley, Pete; Shaw, Marco (2009). Windows PowerShell Unleashed (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-672-32988-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-672-32988-3"><bdi>978-0-672-32988-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+Unleashed&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-672-32988-3&rft.aulast=Kopczynski&rft.aufirst=Tyson&rft.au=Handley%2C+Pete&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Marco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kumaravel, Arul; White, Jon; Naixin Li, Michael; Happell, Scott; Xie, Guohui; Vutukuri, Krishna C. (2008). Professional Windows PowerShell Programming: Snapins, Cmdlets, Hosts and Providers. <a href="/wiki/Wrox_Press" title="Wrox Press">Wrox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-17393-0"><bdi>978-0-470-17393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Windows+PowerShell+Programming%3A+Snapins%2C+Cmdlets%2C+Hosts+and+Providers&rft.pub=Wrox+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-17393-0&rft.aulast=Kumaravel&rft.aufirst=Arul&rft.au=White%2C+Jon&rft.au=Naixin+Li%2C+Michael&rft.au=Happell%2C+Scott&rft.au=Xie%2C+Guohui&rft.au=Vutukuri%2C+Krishna+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Oakley, Andy (2005). Monad (AKA PowerShell). <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-10009-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-10009-4"><bdi>0-596-10009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monad+%28AKA+PowerShell%29&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-596-10009-4&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Watt, Andrew (2007). Professional Windows PowerShell. <a href="/wiki/Wrox_Press" title="Wrox Press">Wrox Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-94693-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-94693-9"><bdi>978-0-471-94693-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Windows+PowerShell&rft.pub=Wrox+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-94693-9&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ed (2013). Windows PowerShell 3.0 Step by Step. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6339-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6339-8"><bdi>978-0-7356-6339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+3.0+Step+by+Step&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-6339-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Ed (2014). Windows PowerShell Best Practices. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6649-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7356-6649-8"><bdi>978-0-7356-6649-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Windows+PowerShell+Best+Practices&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7356-6649-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APowerShell" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=PowerShell&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">CLFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Class_Scheduler_Service" title="Multimedia Class Scheduler Service">Multimedia Class Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_Control_Manager" title="Service Control Manager">Service Control Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Zero_Configuration" title="Wireless Zero Configuration">Wireless Zero Configuration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">CDFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">IFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_links" title="NTFS links">links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_volume_mount_point" title="NTFS volume mount point">Mount Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS_reparse_point" title="NTFS reparse point">Reparse point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transactional_NTFS" title="Transactional NTFS">TxF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory" title="Active Directory">Active Directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Directory_Rights_Management_Services" title="Active Directory Rights Management Services">Active DRM Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Replication_Service" title="File Replication Service">DFS Replication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Distributed_Transaction_Coordinator" title="Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator">Distributed Transaction Coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_DNS" title="Microsoft DNS">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_domain" title="Windows domain">Domains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folder_redirection" title="Folder redirection">Folder redirection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">Group Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyper-V" title="Hyper-V">Hyper-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Information_Services" title="Internet Information Services">IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Protection" title="Network Access Protection">Network Access Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_Services_for_UNIX" title="Print Services for UNIX">Print Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Personal_Web_Server" title="Microsoft Personal Web Server">PWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Desktop_Services" title="Remote Desktop Services">Remote Desktop Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Differential_Compression" title="Remote Differential Compression">Remote Differential Compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Installation_Services" title="Remote Installation Services">Remote Installation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming_user_profile" title="Roaming user profile">Roaming user profiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Core" title="Server Core">Server Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharePoint" title="SharePoint">SharePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Resource_Manager" title="Windows System Resource Manager">System Resource Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Deployment_Services" title="Windows Deployment Services">Windows Deployment Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Services" title="Windows Media Services">Windows Media Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Server_Update_Services" title="Windows Server Update Services">WSUS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Boot Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client/Server_Runtime_Subsystem" title="Client/Server Runtime Subsystem">CSRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter" title="Enhanced Write Filter">Enhanced Write Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Graphics Device Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files#Hardware_Abstraction_Layer" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Hardware Abstraction Layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I/O_request_packet" title="I/O request packet">I/O request packet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Format" title="Windows Imaging Format">Imaging Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Transaction_Manager" title="Kernel Transaction Manager">Kernel Transaction Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows_library_files" title="Microsoft Windows library files">Library files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_Disk_Manager" title="Logical Disk Manager">Logical Disk Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Security_Authority_Subsystem_Service" title="Local Security Authority Subsystem Service">LSASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MinWin" title="MinWin">MinWin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntoskrnl.exe" title="Ntoskrnl.exe">Ntoskrnl.exe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Manager" title="Object Manager">Object Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_Paper_Specification" title="Open XML Paper Specification">Open XML Paper Specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">Portable Executable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.exe" title=".exe">EXE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry" title="Windows Registry">Registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Resource_Protection" title="Windows Resource Protection">Resource Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Account_Manager" title="Security Account Manager">Security Account Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">Server Message Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_Manager_Subsystem" title="Session Manager Subsystem">SMSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Idle_Process" title="System Idle Process">System Idle Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_USER" title="Windows USER">USER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Hardware_Error_Architecture" title="Windows Hardware Error Architecture">WHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winlogon" title="Winlogon">Winlogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_and_Maintenance" title="Security and Maintenance">Security and Maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppLocker" title="AppLocker">AppLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credential_Guard" title="Credential Guard">Credential Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Execution_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Execution Prevention">Data Execution Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Defender_Antivirus" title="Microsoft Defender Antivirus">Defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_family_features" title="Microsoft family features">Family features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_Patch_Protection" title="Kernel Patch Protection">Kernel Patch Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Integrity_Control" title="Mandatory Integrity Control">Mandatory Integrity Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_Media_Path" title="Protected Media Path">Protected Media Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Account_Control" title="User Account Control">User Account Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_Interface_Privilege_Isolation" title="User Interface Privilege Isolation">User Interface Privilege Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Firewall" title="Windows Firewall">Windows Firewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compatibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">Windows Subsystem for Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Scripting" title="Active Scripting">Active Scripting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">WSH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Document" title="ActiveX Document">ActiveX Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_Structured_Storage" title="COM Structured Storage">COM Structured storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">DCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_Automation" title="OLE Automation">OLE Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Transaction_Server" title="Microsoft Transaction Server">Transaction Server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Native_API" title="Windows Native API">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">WinAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mixed_Reality" title="Windows Mixed Reality">Windows Mixed Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUSB" title="WinUSB">WinUSB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire_Collection" title="Microsoft Solitaire Collection">Solitaire Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_(video_game)" title="Surf (video game)">Surf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Full_Tilt!_Pinball#3D_Pinball_for_Windows_–_Space_Cadet" title="Full Tilt! Pinball">3D Pinball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_Titans" title="Chess Titans">Chess Titans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FreeCell" title="Microsoft FreeCell">FreeCell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Hearts" title="Microsoft Hearts">Hearts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Ultimate_Extras" title="Windows Ultimate Extras">Hold 'Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InkBall" title="InkBall">InkBall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purble_Place" title="Purble Place">Purble Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Solitaire">Solitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Spider_Solitaire" title="Microsoft Spider Solitaire">Spider Solitaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Tinker" title="Microsoft Tinker">Tinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveMovie" title="ActiveMovie">ActiveMovie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Address_Book" title="Windows Address Book">Address Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Anytime_Upgrade" title="Windows Anytime Upgrade">Anytime Upgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_and_Restore" title="Backup and Restore">Backup and Restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardfile" title="Cardfile">Cardfile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Player_(Windows)" title="CD Player (Windows)">CD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Chat" title="Windows Chat">Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Contacts" title="Windows Contacts">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortana_(virtual_assistant)" title="Cortana (virtual assistant)">Cortana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Desktop_Gadgets" title="Windows Desktop Gadgets">Desktop Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Diagnostics" title="Microsoft Diagnostics">Diagnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSpace" title="DriveSpace">DriveSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_DVD_Maker" title="Windows DVD Maker">DVD Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Easy_Transfer" title="Windows Easy Transfer">Easy Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Fax" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Food_%26_Drink" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Food & Drink">Food & Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_Music" title="Groove Music">Groove Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Health_%26_Fitness" class="mw-redirect" title="MSN Health & Fitness">Health & Fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_and_Support_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Help and Support Center">Help and Support Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HyperACCESS" title="HyperACCESS">HyperTerminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_for_Windows" title="Imaging for Windows">Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer" title="Internet Explorer">Internet Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Journal" title="Windows Journal">Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make_Compatible" title="Make Compatible">Make Compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Center" title="Windows Media Center">Media Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Meeting_Space" title="Windows Meeting Space">Meeting Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messaging" title="Windows Messaging">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Messenger" title="Windows Messenger">Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile_Device_Center" title="Windows Mobile Device Center">Mobile Device Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Movie_Maker" title="Windows Movie Maker">Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSN_Dial-up" title="MSN Dial-up">MSN Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">NetMeeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">NTBackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlook_Express" title="Outlook Express">Outlook Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_3D" title="Paint 3D">Paint 3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pay" title="Microsoft Pay">Pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_Companion" title="Phone Companion">Phone Companion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Gallery" title="Windows Photo Gallery">Photo Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Photo_Viewer" title="Windows Photo Viewer">Photo Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Steps_Recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem Steps Recorder">Steps Recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syskey" title="Syskey">Syskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel (Windows)">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinHelp" title="WinHelp">WinHelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WordPad" title="WordPad">WordPad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Write" title="Microsoft Write">Write</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Cleanup_Wizard" title="Desktop Cleanup Wizard">Desktop Cleanup Wizard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Protection" title="Windows File Protection">File Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Games_for_Windows" title="Games for Windows">Games for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interix" title="Interix">Interix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-Generation_Secure_Computing_Base" title="Next-Generation Secure Computing Base">Next-Generation Secure Computing Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_POSIX_subsystem" title="Microsoft POSIX subsystem">POSIX subsystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">ScanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">Virtual DOS machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_on_Windows" title="Windows on Windows">Windows on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Services_for_UNIX" title="Windows Services for UNIX">Windows Services for UNIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_SideShow" title="Windows SideShow">Windows SideShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">Windows System Assessment Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_To_Go" title="Windows To Go">Windows To Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spun off to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Store" title="Microsoft Store">Microsoft Store</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(Windows)" title="DVD Player (Windows)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_File_Manager" title="Windows File Manager">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover!" title="Hover!">Hover!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mahjong" title="Microsoft Mahjong">Mahjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Minesweeper" title="Microsoft Minesweeper">Minesweeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Windows_components" title="Category:Windows components">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_components" title="List of Microsoft Windows components">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Windows_commands" title="Template:Windows commands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Windows_commands" title="Template talk:Windows commands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Windows_commands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Windows commands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Windows_command-line_programs_and_shell_builtins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line</a> programs and <a href="/wiki/Shell_builtin" title="Shell builtin">shell builtins</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">COMMAND.COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">Command Prompt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Windows PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovery_Console" title="Recovery Console">Recovery Console</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File system navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a> (chdir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">popd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushd_and_popd" title="Pushd and popd">pushd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_(command)" title="Tree (command)">tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATTRIB" title="ATTRIB">attrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacls" title="Cacls">cacls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact (computing)">compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a> (erase)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltree" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltree">deltree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacls#icacls" title="Cacls">icacls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a> (md)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mklink" class="mw-redirect" title="Mklink">mklink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_(command)" title="Move (command)">move</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openfiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Openfiles">openfiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recover_(command)" title="Recover (command)">recover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a> (rename)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a> (rd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robocopy" title="Robocopy">robocopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeown" class="mw-redirect" title="Takeown">takeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCOPY" title="XCOPY">xcopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archiving</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">expand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extrac32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(file_format)" title="Cabinet (file format)">makecab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(command)" title="Pax (command)">pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_(computing)" title="Tar (computing)">tar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHKDSK" title="CHKDSK">chkdsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convert_(command)" title="Convert (command)">convert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Defragmenter_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk Defragmenter (Windows)">defrag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskcomp" title="Diskcomp">diskcomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskcopy" title="Diskcopy">diskcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskpart" title="Diskpart">diskpart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskraid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskraid">diskraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">diskshadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drvspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Drvspace">drvspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fsutil">fsutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">manage-bde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refsutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Refsutil">refsutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUBST" title="SUBST">subst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_ScanDisk" title="Microsoft ScanDisk">scandisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYS_(command)" title="SYS (command)">sys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vol_(command)" title="Vol (command)">vol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">vssadmin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At_(command)" title="At (command)">at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_(command)" title="Kill (command)">kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powercfg" title="Powercfg">powercfg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runas" title="Runas">runas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_service" title="Windows service">sc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">schtasks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutdown_(computing)" title="Shutdown (computing)">shutdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskkill" class="mw-redirect" title="Taskkill">taskkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasklist" title="Tasklist">tasklist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Registry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_association" title="File association">assoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ftype" title="Ftype">ftype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">reg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Registry#Command_line_editing" title="Windows Registry">regini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regsvr32" title="Regsvr32">regsvr32</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">User environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHCP_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="CHCP (command)">chcp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmdkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Cmdkey">cmdkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DATE_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="DATE (command)">date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graftabl" class="mw-redirect" title="Graftabl">graftabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode (command)">mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PATH_(variable)" title="PATH (variable)">path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#DOS,_OS/2_and_Windows_(Command_Prompt)" title="Environment variable">set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setver" class="mw-redirect" title="Setver">setver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable#DOS,_OS/2_and_Windows_(Command_Prompt)" title="Environment variable">setx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIME_(command)" title="TIME (command)">time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(command)" title="Title (command)">title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ver_(command)" title="Ver (command)">ver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Where (command)">where</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whoami" title="Whoami">whoami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comp_(command)" title="Comp (command)">comp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_Editor" title="MS-DOS Editor">edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edlin" title="Edlin">edlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Compare" title="File Compare">fc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Windows)" title="Find (Windows)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Findstr" title="Findstr">findstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRINT_(command)" title="PRINT (command)">print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choice_(command)" title="Choice (command)">choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clipboard_(computing)" title="Clipboard (computing)">clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">cscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOSKEY" title="DOSKEY">doskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_loop" title="For loop">for</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forfiles" title="Forfiles">forfiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto" title="Goto">goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_(computer_programming)" title="Conditional (computer programming)">if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pause_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (command)">pause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface#Command_prompt" title="Command-line interface">prompt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeout_(computing)" title="Timeout (computing)">timeout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">arp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">bitsadmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CURL" title="CURL">curl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">getmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostname" title="Hostname">hostname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipconfig" title="Ipconfig">ipconfig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbtstat" class="mw-redirect" title="Nbtstat">nbtstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_(command)" title="Net (command)">net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netsh" title="Netsh">netsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netstat" title="Netstat">netstat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nslookup" title="Nslookup">nslookup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PathPing" title="PathPing">PathPing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)" title="Ping (networking utility)">ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rpcping" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpcping">rpcping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_(command)" title="Route (command)">route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_copy_protocol" title="Secure copy protocol">scp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setspn" class="mw-redirect" title="Setspn">setspn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_file_transfer_program" title="Secure file transfer program">sftp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">ssh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">ssh-add</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssh-agent" title="Ssh-agent">ssh-agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssh-keygen" title="Ssh-keygen">ssh-keygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">ssh-keyscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traceroute" title="Traceroute">tracert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Remote_Management" title="Windows Remote Management">winrs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maintenance and care</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditpol" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditpol">auditpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispdiag" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispdiag">dispdiag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_Manager#Driverquery_command" title="Device Manager">driverquery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventcreate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer" title="Event Viewer">eventtriggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logman" class="mw-redirect" title="Logman">logman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mofcomp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mofcomp">mofcomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">msiexec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTBackup" title="NTBackup">ntbackup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnpunattend" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnpunattend">pnpunattend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnputil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pnputil">pnputil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REAgentC" class="mw-redirect" title="REAgentC">REAgentC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relog" class="mw-redirect" title="Relog">relog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_File_Checker" title="System File Checker">sfc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sxstrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sxstrace">sxstrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systeminfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Systeminfo">systeminfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracerpt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracerpt">tracerpt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeperf" class="mw-redirect" title="Typeperf">typeperf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W32tm" title="W32tm">w32tm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WBAdmin" title="WBAdmin">WBAdmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wecutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wecutil">wecutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wevtutil" class="mw-redirect" title="Wevtutil">wevtutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winmgmt" class="mw-redirect" title="Winmgmt">winmgmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_System_Assessment_Tool" title="Windows System Assessment Tool">winsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation_Command-line" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Management Instrumentation Command-line">wmic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boot management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bcdedit" class="mw-redirect" title="Bcdedit">bcdedit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootcfg" title="Bootcfg">bootcfg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootsect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootsect">bootsect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixboot" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixboot">fixboot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixmbr" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixmbr">fixmbr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debug_(command)" title="Debug (command)">debug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exe2bin" title="Exe2bin">exe2bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break (command)">break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cls_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cls (command)">cls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Assessment_and_Deployment_Kit" title="Windows Assessment and Deployment Kit">dism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpath" title="Dpath">dpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpresult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Policy" title="Group Policy">gpupdate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSCDEX" title="MSCDEX">MSCDEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentium_FDIV_bug" title="Pentium FDIV bug">pentnt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tpmtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmtool">tpmtool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tpmvscmgr" class="mw-redirect" title="Tpmvscmgr">tpmvscmgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Subsystem_for_Linux" title="Windows Subsystem for Linux">wsl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DOS_commands" title="List of DOS commands">List of DOS commands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_variable" title="Environment variable">Environment variables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Support_Tools" title="Windows Support Tools">Windows Support Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Common_Language_Infrastructure" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Template talk:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common Language Infrastructure"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_Language_Infrastructure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_domain" title="Application domain">Application domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerShell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axum_(programming_language)" title="Axum (programming language)">Axum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sharp_(.NET)" title="A Sharp (.NET)">A#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">C# and Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_APIs" title="Template:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_APIs" title="Template talk:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_APIs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft APIs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microsoft_APIs_and_frameworks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Microsoft_Windows_application_programming_interfaces_and_frameworks" title="List of Microsoft Windows application programming interfaces and frameworks">Microsoft APIs and frameworks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Graphics and UI</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_Window_Manager" title="Desktop Window Manager">Desktop Window Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct2D" title="Direct2D">Direct2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct3D" title="Direct3D">Direct3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D3DX" title="D3DX">D3D (extensions)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">GDI / GDI+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">WinUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Color_System" title="Windows Color System">Windows Color System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Image_Acquisition" title="Windows Image Acquisition">Windows Image Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Imaging_Component" title="Windows Imaging Component">Windows Imaging Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Graphics_Infrastructure" title="DirectX Graphics Infrastructure">DirectX Graphics Infrastructure (DXGI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Advanced_Rasterization_Platform" title="Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform">Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinG" title="WinG">WinG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectMusic" title="DirectMusic">DirectMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectSound" title="DirectSound">DirectSound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_plugin" title="DirectX plugin">DirectX plugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_Audio_Creation_Tool" title="Cross-platform Audio Creation Tool">XACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Speech_API" title="Microsoft Speech API">Speech API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAudio2" title="XAudio2">XAudio2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Media_Objects" class="mw-redirect" title="DirectX Media Objects">Media Objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX_Video_Acceleration" title="DirectX Video Acceleration">Video Acceleration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinput" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinput">Xinput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectInput" title="DirectInput">DirectInput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectShow" title="DirectShow">DirectShow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Mastering_API" title="Image Mastering API">Image Mastering API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Foundation" title="Media Foundation">Media Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media" title="Windows Media">Windows Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_for_Windows" title="Video for Windows">Video for Windows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Web</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(software)" title="Trident (software)">MSHTML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_RSS_Platform" title="Windows RSS Platform">RSS Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object" title="Browser Helper Object">BHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMLHttpRequest" title="XMLHttpRequest">XDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Gadgets" title="Microsoft Gadgets">SideBar Gadgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Data access</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Data_Access_Components" title="Microsoft Data Access Components">Data Access Components (MDAC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX_Data_Objects" title="ActiveX Data Objects">ADO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLE_DB" title="OLE DB">OLE DB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Sync_Framework" title="Microsoft Sync Framework">Sync Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Database_Engine" title="Access Database Engine">Access Database Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">OPC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winsock" title="Winsock">Winsock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Layered_Service_Provider" title="Layered Service Provider">LSP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Winsock_Kernel" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">Winsock Kernel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Filtering_Platform" title="Windows Filtering Platform">Filtering Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Rally" title="Windows Rally">Windows Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_Intelligent_Transfer_Service" title="Background Intelligent Transfer Service">BITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_networking_technologies#Peer-to-peer_communication" title="Windows Vista networking technologies">P2P API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Message_Queuing" title="Microsoft Message Queuing">MSMQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Messaging_Passing_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Messaging Passing Interface">MS MPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectPlay" title="DirectPlay">DirectPlay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAPI" title="MAPI">Messaging API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephony_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Telephony Application Programming Interface">Telephony API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Administration and management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Win32_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Win32 console">Win32 console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Script_Host" title="Windows Script Host">Windows Script Host</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Management_Instrumentation" title="Windows Management Instrumentation">WMI (extensions)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Task_Scheduler" title="Windows Task Scheduler">Task Scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista_I/O_technologies#Offline_Files" title="Windows Vista I/O technologies">Offline Files</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Copy" title="Shadow Copy">Shadow Copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Error_Reporting" title="Windows Error Reporting">Error Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_Viewer#Windows_Event_Log" title="Event Viewer">Event Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Log_File_System" title="Common Log File System">Common Log File System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model#COM+" title="Component Object Model">COM+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ActiveX" title="ActiveX">ActiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Component_Object_Model" title="Distributed Component Object Model">Distributed Component Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Foundation_Class_Library" title="Microsoft Foundation Class Library">Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_Template_Library" title="Active Template Library">Active Template Library (ATL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library (WTL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Device drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Model" title="Windows Driver Model">WDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">WDF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Display_Driver_Model" title="Windows Display Driver Model">WDDM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Driver_Interface_Specification" title="Network Driver Interface Specification">NDIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Audio_Architecture" title="Universal Audio Architecture">UAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Driver_Architecture" title="Broadcast Driver Architecture">BDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_CryptoAPI" title="Microsoft CryptoAPI">Crypto API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPICOM" title="CAPICOM">CAPICOM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">Windows CardSpace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_API" title="Data Protection API">Data Protection API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">Security Support Provider Interface (SSPI)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Parallel_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Task Parallel Library">TPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_CardSpace" title="Windows CardSpace">WCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">WPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Workflow_Foundation" title="Windows Workflow Foundation">WF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Software_Factory_(Microsoft_.NET)" class="mw-redirect" title="Software Factory (Microsoft .NET)">Software factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_UI_Application_Block" title="Composite UI Application Block">Composite UI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Customer_Care_Framework" title="Microsoft Customer Care Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Connected_Services_Framework" title="Microsoft Connected Services Framework">CSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">IPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_RPC" title="Microsoft RPC">MSRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Remoting" title=".NET Remoting">Remoting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">WCF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Accessibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Active_Accessibility" title="Microsoft Active Accessibility">Active Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_UI_Automation" title="Microsoft UI Automation">UI Automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Text and multilingual support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DirectWrite" title="DirectWrite">DirectWrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Services_Framework" title="Text Services Framework">Text Services Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Object_Model" title="Text Object Model">Text Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input_method" title="Input method">Input method editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Interface_Pack" title="Language Interface Pack">Language Interface Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingual_User_Interface" title="Multilingual User Interface">Multilingual User Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniscribe" title="Uniscribe">Uniscribe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microsoft_free_and_open-source_software_(FOSS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_FOSS" title="Template:Microsoft FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Movie_Maker" title="3D Movie Maker">3D Movie Maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_XP" title="Conference XP">Conference XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family.Show" title="Family.Show">Family.Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Manager_(Windows)" class="mw-redirect" title="File Manager (Windows)">File Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Live_Writer" title="Open Live Writer">Open Live Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PowerToys" title="Microsoft PowerToys">Microsoft PowerToys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Terminal" title="Windows Terminal">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Calculator" title="Windows Calculator">Windows Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Console" title="Windows Console">Windows Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Package_Manager" title="Windows Package Manager">Windows Package Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldWide_Telescope" title="WorldWide Telescope">WorldWide Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Notepad" title="XML Notepad">XML Notepad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance_(video_game)" title="Allegiance (video game)">Allegiance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programming languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frameworks, development tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Gadgeteer" title=".NET Gadgeteer">.NET Gadgeteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_MAUI" class="mw-redirect" title=".NET MAUI">.NET MAUI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirSim" title="AirSim">AirSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">ASP.NET AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">ASP.NET Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">ASP.NET MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">ASP.NET Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">ASP.NET Web Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia_(software_framework)" title="Avalonia (software framework)">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylon.js" title="Babylon.js">Babylon.js</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitFunnel" title="BitFunnel">BitFunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blazor" title="Blazor">Blazor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidential_Consortium_Framework" title="Confidential Consortium Framework">CCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Chakra (JavaScript engine)">ChakraCore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLR_Profiler" title="CLR Profiler">CLR Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapr" title="Dapr">Dapr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeepSpeed" title="DeepSpeed">DeepSpeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskSpd" title="DiskSpd">DiskSpd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryad_(programming)" title="Dryad (programming)">Dryad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Language_Runtime" title="Dynamic Language Runtime">Dynamic Language Runtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBPF_on_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPF on Windows">eBPF on Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)" title="Electron (software framework)">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" title="Entity Framework">Entity Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluent_Design_System" title="Fluent Design System">Fluent Design System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_Framework" title="Fluid Framework">Fluid Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infer.NET" title="Infer.NET">Infer.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LightGBM" title="LightGBM">LightGBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensibility_Framework" title="Managed Extensibility Framework">Managed Extensibility Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Automatic_Graph_Layout" title="Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout">Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft C++ Standard Library">Microsoft C++ Standard Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Cognitive_Toolkit" title="Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit">Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(design_language)" title="Metro (design language)">Microsoft Design Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Enterprise_Library" title="Microsoft Enterprise Library">Microsoft Enterprise Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SEAL" title="Microsoft SEAL">Microsoft SEAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimalloc" title="Mimalloc">mimalloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Reality_Toolkit" title="Mixed Reality Toolkit">Mixed Reality Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ML.NET" title="ML.NET">ML.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_mono" title="Mod mono">mod_mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MsQuic" title="MsQuic">MsQuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Network_Intelligence" title="Neural Network Intelligence">Neural Network Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npm" title="Npm">npm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuGet" title="NuGet">NuGet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFuzz" title="OneFuzz">OneFuzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Management_Infrastructure" title="Open Management Infrastructure">Open Management Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Neural_Network_Exchange" title="Open Neural Network Exchange">Open Neural Network Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Service_Mesh" title="Open Service Mesh">Open Service Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_XML_SDK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open XML SDK">Open XML SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_(software_framework)" title="Orleans (software framework)">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playwright_(software)" title="Playwright (software)">Playwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Monitor" title="Process Monitor">ProcMon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="Python Tools for Visual Studio">Python Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecursiveExtractor" class="mw-redirect" title="RecursiveExtractor">RecursiveExtractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandcastle_(software)" title="Sandcastle (software)">Sandcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignalR" title="SignalR">SignalR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StyleCop" title="StyleCop">StyleCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVNBridge" title="SVNBridge">SVNBridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T2_Temporal_Prover" title="T2 Temporal Prover">T2 Temporal Prover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_Template_Transformation_Toolkit" title="Text Template Transformation Toolkit">Text Template Transformation Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLA%2B_Toolbox" class="mw-redirect" title="TLA+ Toolbox">TLA+ Toolbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-Prove" title="U-Prove">U-Prove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vcpkg" title="Vcpkg">vcpkg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System_for_Git" title="Virtual File System for Git">Virtual File System for Git</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemort_(distributed_data_store)" title="Voldemort (distributed data store)">Voldemort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoTT" title="VoTT">VoTT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowpal_Wabbit" title="Vowpal Wabbit">Vowpal Wabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Communication_Foundation" title="Windows Communication Foundation">Windows Communication Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Driver_Frameworks" title="Windows Driver Frameworks">Windows Driver Frameworks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kernel-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="Kernel-Mode Driver Framework">KMDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-Mode_Driver_Framework" title="User-Mode Driver Framework">UMDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Forms" title="Windows Forms">Windows Forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Presentation_Foundation" title="Windows Presentation Foundation">Windows Presentation Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Template_Library" title="Windows Template Library">Windows Template Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_UI_Library" title="Windows UI Library">Windows UI Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinJS" title="WinJS">WinJS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinObjC" class="mw-redirect" title="WinObjC">WinObjC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiX" title="WiX">WiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDP_for_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="XDP for Windows">XDP for Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSP_(software)" title="XSP (software)">XSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XUnit.net" title="XUnit.net">xUnit.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z3_Theorem_Prover" title="Z3 Theorem Prover">Z3 Theorem Prover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operating systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> (v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChronoZoom" title="ChronoZoom">ChronoZoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Storage_Engine" title="Extensible Storage Engine">Extensible Storage Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlexWiki" class="mw-redirect" title="FlexWiki">FlexWiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FourQ" title="FourQ">FourQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gollum_(software)" title="Gollum (software)">Gollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mu" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Mu">Project Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReactiveX" title="ReactiveX">ReactiveX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TLAPS" class="mw-redirect" title="TLAPS">TLAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPM_2.0_Reference_Implementation" class="mw-redirect" title="TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation">TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiBhasha" title="WikiBhasha">WikiBhasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th 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