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<li id="toc-Minimal_BASIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimal_BASIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Minimal BASIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimal_BASIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_BASIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_BASIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Full BASIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_BASIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-True_BASIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_BASIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>True BASIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_BASIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Program_editing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_editing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Program editing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_editing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_functionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_functionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basic functionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_functionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_types_and_variables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_types_and_variables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Data types and variables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_types_and_variables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics,_logic_and_matrices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics,_logic_and_matrices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Mathematics, logic and matrices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics,_logic_and_matrices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Strings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Input/Output" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Input/Output"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Input/Output</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Input/Output-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exception_handling_and_debugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exception_handling_and_debugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Exception handling and debugging</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exception_handling_and_debugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Graphics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Graphics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Graphics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Graphics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Real-time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ECMA_vs._ANSI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ECMA_vs._ANSI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ECMA vs. ANSI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ECMA_vs._ANSI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Programming language dialect; international standard</div> <p><b>Full BASIC</b>, sometimes known as <b>Standard BASIC</b> or <b>ANSI BASIC</b>, is an <a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">international standard</a> defining a dialect of the <a href="/wiki/BASIC_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="BASIC programming language">BASIC programming language</a>. It was developed by the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a> (ANSI) X3.60 group in partnership with the European <a href="/wiki/Ecma_International" title="Ecma International">ECMA</a>. It describes an advanced version of BASIC with many features including <a href="/wiki/Structured_programming" title="Structured programming">structured programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrix math</a>, <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> for <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file handling</a>, and many other options. </p><p>ANSI's BASIC standardization was a two-stage process. The first, carried out as <a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a> starting in 1974, was an effort to clearly define and standardize the original <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_BASIC" title="Dartmouth BASIC">Dartmouth BASIC</a> language so it could be correctly implemented on different platforms. After its release in late 1977, attention turned to Full BASIC which would be based on the more powerful Structured BASIC being developed at <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>. The complexity of the system and the many additions promoted by members of the standards committee led to the effort bogging down and the first draft standard was not ready until 1986, four years late. </p><p>The standard was ratified on 26 June 1986 as <b>ECMA-116</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and January 1987 as <b>ANSI X3.113-1987</b>. It was completely ignored; the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> revolution had occurred while the specification was being argued over, and by the early-1980s <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> running on tens of millions of <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> had already come and gone. Watching the process drag on, the Dartmouth participants left to produce <a href="/wiki/True_BASIC" title="True BASIC">True BASIC</a> based on parts of the standard, but this saw little use. <i>De facto</i> standards like Microsoft's dominated the market and formed the basis for newer languages like <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Basic" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Basic">Microsoft Visual Basic</a> which incorporated similar concepts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimal_BASIC">Minimal BASIC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Minimal BASIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a></div> <p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_BASIC" title="Dartmouth BASIC">Dartmouth BASIC</a> in 1964 combined a number of emerging concepts in the computer field, including <a href="/wiki/Timesharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Timesharing">timesharing</a> and direct interaction with the user, known at the time as a "conversational interface". <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, who supplied the <a href="/wiki/GE-200_series" title="GE-200 series">GE 235</a> <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframe</a> computer it ran on, used a modified version of Dartmouth's system to start a <a href="/wiki/Service_bureau" title="Service bureau">service bureau</a> which would eventually evolve into the <a href="/wiki/GEnie" title="GEnie">GEnie</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_service_provider" title="Online service provider">online service</a>. Many other companies, <a href="/wiki/Tymshare" title="Tymshare">Tymshare</a> and <a href="/wiki/CompuServe" title="CompuServe">CompuServe</a> notable among them, quickly introduced hosted BASIC services of their own, following the Dartmouth model.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (HP) introduced the <a href="/wiki/HP_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="HP 2000">HP 2000</a> series <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a>, which offered the same features of the earlier mainframe systems in a rack-mount system that could be configured in a complete form for around $100,000 (equivalent to $876,172 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/HP_Time-Shared_BASIC" title="HP Time-Shared BASIC">HP Time-Shared BASIC</a> had a number of differences from Dartmouth,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and these were soon copied by other mini vendors like <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a>. One holdout was <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), who did not introduce a BASIC of their own design until 1972. This version, <a href="/wiki/BASIC-PLUS" title="BASIC-PLUS">BASIC-PLUS</a> was different from either the HP or Dartmouth dialects. By the early 1970s where were three major dialects and dozens of minor variations being used in the market. </p><p>In January 1974 a new group formed under the ANSI umbrella to define a single standard BASIC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1978iii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1978iii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dartmouth team formed a core part of the group. Dartmouth was working on a greatly expanded version of BASIC known as Structured BASIC (SBASIC) which became the basis for ANSI. At the time, few other dialects supported its many new features. The group decided that a complete standard based on SBASIC would take some time to agree on, so the ANSI BASIC effort was split into two milestones. The first, <a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">Minimal BASIC</a>, would produce a standard that included only the most basic features that would be required of any implementation. Even long-supported features from Dartmouth like <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrix math</a> would be left out. The draft standard for Minimal BASIC was released in January 1976, the final draft in July 1977, and it was ratified that December. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Luehrmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Luehrmann (page does not exist)">Arthur Luehrmann</a>, a physicist from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> who was a proponent of BASIC and part of the ANSI group later stated: </p> <blockquote><p>"X3J2's first few years were spent (in hindsight, some might say 'wasted') on standardizing what amounts to the original 1964 Dartmouth Basic... Minimal Basic was more a toy than an actual language."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984173_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984173-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_BASIC">Full BASIC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Full BASIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The group then turned their attention to Full BASIC. By this time the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> revolution was in full flight, and millions of machines running <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_BASIC" title="Microsoft BASIC">Microsoft BASIC</a> or a similar BASIC were entering the market.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In spite of this, none of the participants were microcomputer vendors or suppliers. Instead, the participants remained <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframe</a> vendors like <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Control_Data" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Data">Control Data</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> vendors like <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC), <a href="/wiki/Data_General" title="Data General">Data General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Laboratories" title="Wang Laboratories">Wang Laboratories</a>, and other very large companies like <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Express" title="American Express">American Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i,_ii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i,_ii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effort immediately ran afoul of the <a href="/wiki/Second-system_effect" title="Second-system effect">second-system effect</a> as every member began to add their own list of "must have" features. Some wanted the language to continue the tradition of being aimed at educational uses running on small machines and desired a simple language with only rudimentary file support and similar features. Others were <a href="/wiki/Mainframe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainframe">mainframe</a> users that wanted to support loadable modular programs and other expansive programming features to compete with languages like <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> or <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> while offering better <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string manipulation</a>. A third group was primarily interested in business applications, especially European users where BASIC had become a primary business language, and they demanded the system include extensive file handling and decimal math that did not suffer from rounding problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982182,_186_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982182,_186-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_G._Kemeny" title="John G. Kemeny">John G. Kemeny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Kurtz" title="Thomas E. Kurtz">Thomas E. Kurtz</a>, the original designers of BASIC and members of the ANSI group, were critical of the process. In a 1982 article, Kurtz wrote about how even seemingly small issues had turned into major controversies. He used the example of the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION BASE</code> statement. When arrays were first added to BASIC, they started at index 1, such that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM A(3)</code> made an array with three slots, 1, 2 and 3. In some cases, an index 0 is more natural, so <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION BASE 0</code> was added in later versions of the Dartmouth code so the same definition would have four slots, 0 to 3. During Minimal, there was continual debate about what the default base should be, and 0 was finally selected. Five years later, during the Full efforts, it was decided that arrays could define any lower bound using new syntax, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM YEAR(1970 TO 1990)</code>. This eliminated the demand for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION BASE 0</code> and the decision was made to change the default to 1 again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982214_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982214-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the X3.60 group was targeting a summer 1982 date for the first technical review copy, which would be sent to the ANSI X3 committee in the fall. During this period the proposed standard would be sent out, and comments from the public would be accepted. The final draft would be sent back to X3 in 1983 for ratification that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982188_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982188-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proved rather optimistic. The first draft was not released until January 1985<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the final draft in 1986 for ratification in January 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, the standard grew so large that it was ultimately split into a core module and five optional add-ons, which included complex file handling, real-time computing support, fixed decimal math, optional editing commands and even a platform-independent graphics module.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982190_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982190-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The result was criticized during the public comment period. One reviewer noted it had grown so large that "the resulting language rivals any current programming language in complexity" and that "conforming to the entire standard would compare with the most substantial compiler projects ever attempted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198351_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198351-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It goes on to describe, for instance, how there are no less than five different ways to describe a subroutine, three to define a string's maximum length and two ways to define an array.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to the issue of array bounds, it is noted that the committee agreed the adopted solution was "intolerable" and made plans to fix it "later".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198353_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198353-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no evidence that any of the participants actually built a conforming version after the release of the standard and any mention of ongoing effort promptly disappears. From 1987, the only mentions of the standard are that it exists and that True BASIC encompassed some of its features. Additionally, with millions of micros running some variation of MS's <i>de facto standard</i> by this point, the new ANSI standard was seen as the non-standard solution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the original success of BASIC on the micro platforms was that it allowed programs to be typed in from printed <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>, but by the mid-1980s this had been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Shrinkwrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkwrap">shrinkwrap</a> applications and the need for BASIC as a distribution system had faded.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the large-systems side, the original use as a teaching language was being increasingly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal programming language">Pascal</a>, as the external problems BASIC aimed to address, like interactivity and online editing, were now available in most systems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="True_BASIC">True BASIC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: True BASIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The standards process was so slow that even the author of Structured BASIC eventually gave up on it. Stephen Garland was asked to prepare a series of <a href="/wiki/College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a> tests for high school students, and wrote them in <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a> instead. This was somewhat controversial given that many computers in wide use, like the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and <a href="/wiki/TRS-80" title="TRS-80">TRS-80</a> did not have a full implementation of Pascal. Luehrmann, was critical of the effort, suggesting a more general course that would be applicable to more students.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMace198229_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace198229-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became clear to the Dartmouth participants in the ANSI group that the effort had no hope of being completed in any reasonable time period. They left the effort and started a new company to bring their version of the language to market as <a href="/wiki/True_BASIC" title="True BASIC">True BASIC</a>. True BASIC combined many of the features of the core standard but also made a number of changes of its own. Among the most notable was that line numbering was now optional. The language was not well received, with many reviews expressing the same concerns about feature bloat that had been raised about the Full BASIC standard. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a> derided it as "madness"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPournelle1985366_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPournelle1985366-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dvorak" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dvorak">John Dvorak</a> dismissed it as "sad" and "doomed to failure."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvorak198488_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak198488-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Program_editing">Program editing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Program editing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like previous versions of BASIC, Full BASIC was designed to work in a <a href="/wiki/Line_editor" title="Line editor">line editor</a> environment and thus uses <a href="/wiki/Line_number" title="Line number">line numbers</a> to indicate individual or ranges of lines to be edited or removed. Line numbers could range from 1 to 50,000, in contrast to Minimal which was 0 through 9999. This meant that valid Minimal programs using line 0 were invalid in Full. Logical lines were at least 132 characters long. Logical lines could be extended across several physical lines using the "continuation character", the ampersand. Unfortunately, the ampersand was also selected as the string concatenation operator, which complicated the parser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198354_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198354-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional editing commands included <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RENUMBER</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DELETE</code>, which by this time were common on newer microcomputer dialects. A new concept was <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXTRACT</code>, which copied a range of lines into a new file and deleted them from the original program, allowing them to be extracted to a subprogram.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987272_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987272-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These could then be invoked using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHAIN</code> command. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHAIN</code> could also include an optional <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WITH</code> followed by a list of parameters, in which case it was expected to return a value in a variable with the same name as the program (see "Structure", below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987106_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987106-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_functionality">Basic functionality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Basic functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the commonly used keywords found in Minimal or other dialects remained; <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DATA</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code> for instance. There were numerous minor changes to these commands. For instance, at edit time keywords can be typed in upper or lower case, or any mixture. As was the case in the past, they were normally displayed in uppercase, while a new convention was to use <a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">snake case</a> for multi-character variable names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198731_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198731-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dartmouth BASIC introduced the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REM</code> statement for in-line comments and this was universally supported in other dialects. Many dialects also added a short-form, most commonly using the single-quote, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">'</code>, as seen in Microsoft BASIC. For Full, they selected the exclamation mark, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">!</code> for this role,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198729_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198729-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there appears to be no reason not to use the single quote as it is not otherwise used - strings do not allow single-quote delimiters for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198750_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198750-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more controversial change was that the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LET</code> keyword was now required for all assignments in order to make the parsing simpler, whereas in every other dialect <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LET</code> was optional. This included Minimal, so any Minimal code using this short-cut was incompatible with Full.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982196_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982196-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of the relatively small set of 23 keywords and 11 functions from Minimal, Full added dozens of its own, for a total of 176 keywords (defining 161 separate concepts), 38 mathematical functions and 14 string functions if all extensions were included.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple list of the keywords, laid out in three columns, fills two pages in the standards document.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198717–19_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198717–19-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major difference between Full and Minimal was the addition of block-oriented structured programming constructs. In Minimal, and most BASIC interpreters, the program logically consisted of independent lines of code and one could start execution at any point by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GOTO</code>ing any line number. The only exception to this rule was the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOR...NEXT</code> loop, where all of the lines from the FOR to NEXT were logically considered to be a single block of code. Branching into or out of a FOR block would result in odd behaviour, typically implementation dependant but generally some form of error like "NEXT WITHOUT FOR".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Full, branching into a FOR...NEXT block is not allowed, nor is branching out without using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXIT</code> statement. Implementations were supposed to check for such statements and disallow them, for instance, finding cases where to code <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GOTO</code>ed into a loop. Checking for such code is difficult in an interpreter which normally examines the program line-by-line; checking for branches into a block from other code in the program would normally require whole-program parsing like a compiler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Full, several existing keywords were extended, and others added, to provide additional block structures. Notable was the multi-line <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF...THEN...ELSE...END IF</code>, which allowed multiple lines of code to run if the condition was met or failed. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SELECT...CASE...CASE ELSE...END SELECT</code> was added to make decision trees,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198787_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198787-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which formerly would have been implemented using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ON...GOTO</code> or multiple <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IF</code>s to select a line to run. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOR...NEXT</code> loops remained as they were in Minimal, but a new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO...LOOP</code> was added with top tested <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO WHILE...LOOP</code> and bottom tested <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DO...LOOP UNTIL...</code> varieties. All loops could now be safely exited using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXIT FOR</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXIT DO</code> commands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198784_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198784-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of these changes to the block structures, Full also added keywords for defining procedures, functions and program blocks. Programs as a whole were now opened with the optional <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PROGRAM</code> keyword followed by a program name, and ended, as before, with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">END</code>. Routines could be constructed with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUB...END SUB</code> and called using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL name</code>. Multi-line functions were created with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FUNCTION...END FUNCTION</code> and did not declare a return type as that was part of the name - string function names ended with the dollar sign. The return value was provided by setting a variable to the same name as the function, for instance, a function named "DOIT" would contain a line like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LET DOIT=1</code>. Functions could call other functions and themselves, meaning that the language was naturally <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794,_95_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794,_95-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full also retained the earlier style of one-line function definitions using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DEF</code> keyword, but removed the requirement for the function name to start with "FN". For instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DEF AVERAGE(X,Y)=(X+Y)/2</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In previous BASICs, there was no concept of <a href="/wiki/Scope_(computer_science)" title="Scope (computer science)">scope</a> and all variables were <a href="/wiki/Global_variable" title="Global variable">global</a>. This is not adequate for the construction of large modular programs, as one section of code may have been written using common variable names like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">I</code> and might change the value of that variable. As the variable is global, it retains the modified value when it returns to the original code. A key concept of structured programming is the <a href="/wiki/Local_variable" title="Local variable">local variable</a>, which holds its value separate from other variables with the same name in other locations in the composite program. As BASIC did not have the concept of scope, many programs relied on the global behaviour and used variables to pass information in and out of subroutines. To allow both concepts in the new language, Full BASIC added the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXTERNAL</code> keyword that could be added to a function or subroutine and made any variables within in local.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794–100_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794–100-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As BASIC programs generally placed subroutines at the end of the program's source code, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARE</code> keyword was added to provide <a href="/wiki/Forward_declaration" title="Forward declaration">forward declarations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987105_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987105-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_types_and_variables">Data types and variables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Data types and variables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full BASIC introduced long variable names, finally breaking free of the single letter or letter-digit names of the past. It set the new limit at 31 characters. One minor downside to this change was that keywords had to have spaces between them, whereas most earlier versions allowed the spaces to be left out. This was because with single-letter names a line like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORS=1TOA</code> can be parsed as "FORS", which can not possibly be a variable in a two-letter variety of BASIC. In Full, this would have to be typed <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FOR S=1 TO A</code> because "FORS" is a valid variable name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982192_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982192-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was the case in earlier BASICs, data types in Full were denoted by suffixes on the variable name. Minimal had avoided this issue by only having numeric variables, but Full included strings as well, denoted using the dollar-sign, for instance <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">A$</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198731_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198731-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full BASIC required decimal math for the default implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Floating_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Floating point">floating point</a> system. As this was not universally supported in hardware, especially on minis and micros, it also added the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION ARITHMETIC NATIVE</code> which indicates that math should be carried out using the system's default floating point implementation, whatever that may be. It can be returned to BCD mode with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION ARITHMETIC DECIMAL</code>. This is in addition to the fixed-point math option, if installed. Numeric and string variables otherwise worked like those in other BASICs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198749_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198749-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new addition was the fixed-point math extension, which allowed variables to have specified accuracy. This was turned on using the command <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTIONAL ARITHMETIC FIXED</code><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by an asterisk and a format specifier, for instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION ARITHMETIC FIXED*8.2</code> would set all numeric variables to have 8 digits of accuracy and two decimal places. Such a declaration must be placed before any mathematics code in the rest of the program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987262_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987262-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, any single variable could be individually defined using something like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARE NUMERIC*8.2 A, B</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987265_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987265-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most BASICs supported the construction of array variables using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM</code> keyword, for instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM A(5), B(2,2)</code> defines two arrays, the single-dimension A and two-dimension (matrix) B. In Full BASIC, the lower bound of any array was normally 1, so in this case, the variable A has five "slots", numbered 1 though 5. Using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION BASE 0</code> above this declaration would add another slot at index 0.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198766_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198766-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full also added a new system to directly specify the lower and upper bounds using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TO</code> keyword, for instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM A(100 TO 200)</code> which makes a one-dimensional 101-slot array.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198766_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198766-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To further confuse matters, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARE NUMERIC</code> could also be used to create arrays; the same dimensions as the last example could be created with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DECLARE NUMERIC A(100 TO 200)</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics,_logic_and_matrices"><span id="Mathematics.2C_logic_and_matrices"></span>Mathematics, logic and matrices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mathematics, logic and matrices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The list of supported math operators included all of those from Minimal, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">+</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">/</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">^</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198737_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198737-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MOD</code> function returns the remainder of an integer division. The list of logical operators was expanded, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">AND</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OR</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">NOT</code> had been removed from Minimal and now re-added, and the alternative forms of comparison operators were added, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">=<</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">=></code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">><</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The list of primary built-in functions remained similar to previous versions of BASIC, including common examples like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SQR</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ABS</code>. Trig functions were expanded to include <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASIN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ACOS</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ATN</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">COT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CSC</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SEC</code>. The new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ANGLE</code> function returned the angle between the origin and a given X,Y point. BASIC normally calculated angles in radians, but <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTION ANGLE DEGREES</code> would convert all parameters and outputs to degrees, and the system exposed the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PI</code> function which was used in these conversions and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198349_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198349-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dartmouth BASIC had introduced matrix operations relatively early in its evolution, and these were part of Full. These <a href="/wiki/Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">overload</a> the existing math functions, so one can multiply two arrays using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MAT A=A*B</code> or multiply the contents of an array by a scalar if the B parameter is not an array. The system also adds several array-only functions, which includes <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ZER</code>o, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INV</code>ert and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DET</code>erminate, among others. The addition of matrix math also requires modification of existing keywords like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT</code>, which output or input multiple elements as needed to fill the array parameter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198370_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198370-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Matrixes may be redimensioned as part of a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MAT INPUT</code> by specifying the new bounds, like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MAT INPUT A(3.3)</code>. The new dimensions must have a total number of elements equal or smaller than the original <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM</code>, so in this example if the original definition was <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DIM A(2,2)</code>, the input would cause an error.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198371_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198371-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strings">Strings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Strings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early versions of Dartmouth BASIC did not include string variables or manipulation, the only strings in a program were constants like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT "HELLO, WORLD!"</code>. Version 4, of 1968, added string variables and a single method to manipulate them, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHANGE</code>, which converted strings to and from an array containing the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> values of the characters. For instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHANGE "HELLO, WORLD!" TO A</code> would produce an array of values in A, where A(0) was 72, the decimal ASCII value for "H". This made string manipulation fairly difficult, for instance, to extract the "HELLO" from "HELLO, WORLD!", one would have to: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-basic mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nl">10</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">A$</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"HELLO, WORLD!"</span> <span class="nl">20</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">DIM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">A</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">25</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">B</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="il">5</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nl">30</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">CHANGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">A$</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">A</span> <span class="nl">40</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">I</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="il">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="il">5</span> <span class="nl">50</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">B</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">I</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="vg">A</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="vg">I</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="nl">60</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kr">NEXT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">I</span> <span class="nl">70</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">CHANGE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">B</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="vg">B$</span> </pre></div> <p>Many dialects of BASIC had added their own methods of performing more useful string manipulation to avoid such complication. For Full BASIC, the committee selected a variation on the concept introduced by HP, "string slicing". This concept treats the string as an array of characters and can access them using an array-like specification known as a <a href="/wiki/Array_slicing" title="Array slicing">"slice"</a>. To extract "HELLO" from "HELLO, WORLD" in Full, one would use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">B$=A$(1:5)</code>. The concept is similar to that of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CHANGE</code>, but this method produces results that are themselves strings, not numeric values, and thus one can <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT B$</code> to produce "HELLO". One significant difference between Full's approach and previous ones like HP is that it used a different syntax for the slicing, whereas the earlier systems used array syntax. For instance, in HP, the equivalent line is <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">B$=A$(1,5)</code>. As this is the same syntax as array accesses, HP (and similar) generally did not allow string arrays,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas this was allowed in Full.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198774_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198774-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach should be contrasted with the solution selected by DEC, the use of functions that return new strings, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LEFT$</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MID$</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RIGHT$</code>. This was the solution picked up by Microsoft when they wrote their BASIC on the <a href="/wiki/PDP-10" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a>. Converting between the two can be error prone, to perform the equivalent of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RIGHT$(n)</code>, Full would use <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DEF Right$(A$, n) = A$(Len(A$)-n+l)</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Input/Output"><span id="Input.2FOutput"></span>Input/Output</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Input/Output"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another area of focus for Full BASIC was <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> (I/O). Minimal BASIC's only I/O was the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code> commands and the ability to hard-code data using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DATA</code> statements and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code> it. Almost all practical dialects added <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPEN</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLOSE</code> to create a "channel" that was then used to refer to that particular file or device. </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT</code> now included an optional <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PROMPT</code>, followed by a string, a colon and then the input variables, for instance <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT PROMPT "What is your age? " : A</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time almost all BASICs included a similar feature without the word <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PROMPT</code> and using the existing print separator semicolon instead of colon, for instance in MS BASIC the same line would be <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT "What is your age? "; A</code>. On top of this, Full also added the new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TIMEOUT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELAPSED</code> keywords: <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT TIMEOUT 30, ELAPSED T, PROMPT "What is your age? ": A</code>, which will continue execution after 30 seconds even if the user enters nothing, and will put the time it took, possibly the 30 seconds, into the variable T. For systems lacking a clock (which was not uncommon at the time), T would always return -1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111,_112_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111,_112-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code>ing was similarly expanded with the optional <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USING</code> statement, which had already appeared on a number of implementations. The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USING</code> was normally followed by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Format_string&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Format string (page does not exist)">format string</a> using number signs, asterisks and percent signs to mark decimal places. The format string could be placed in a string variable and then referred to, or an optional separate line containing a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMAGE :</code> could be referred to by line number.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987123_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987123-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full also added new commands to set the printing area, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET MARGIN</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET ZONEWIDTH</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987164_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987164-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current values of these various settings (and others) could be returned using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASK</code>. For instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SET MARGIN 10</code> followed by <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASK MARGIN J</code> would set J to 30.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987151_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987151-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full supported file operations with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPEN</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLOSE</code> and a channel number prefixed with a number sign, for instance, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPEN #3: NAME "afile"</code>. Data can then be written using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INPUT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">READ</code> and the new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987142_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987142-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional file handling commands included <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ERASE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">REWRITE</code>, and all of these commands had numerous options and modes. Much of this stemmed from the different types of physical devices that were still common in the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">magnetic tape</a>, for instance, could only be accessed sequentially so the new standard offered options for <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SEQUENTIAL</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STREAM</code>, etc. The list of options and their interactions and limitations covers many pages in the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987141–154_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987141–154-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, it is possible to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code> to a file of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DISPLAY</code> type, but not <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">INTERNAL</code> type, which required <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WRITE</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987144_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987144-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exception_handling_and_debugging">Exception handling and debugging</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Exception handling and debugging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like many BASICs of the era, Full added the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TRACE ON</code> command which would print out line numbers as the program executed. It could also redirect the printing of the line numbers to another device or file using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TRACE ON TO #3</code>, where #3 was a previously opened channel. It also added the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DEBUG ON</code> and related <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">BREAK</code> statement, the latter of which would cause an exception if debugging had previously turned on. Debugging status was limited to a particular program, so it could be turned on in one program and off in a subprogram, for instance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987195_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987195-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, Full added true exception handlers, based on the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN EXCEPTION...END WHEN</code> block. There were two ways to use this, if the code block started with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN EXCEPTION IN</code> the following code was executed as a block and any exception within it would cause it to jump to the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">USE</code> section, which operates similar to an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ELSE</code>. It can also be used by defining a separate subroutine-like block using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">HANDLER name</code> which would then be called by name using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN EXCEPTION USE name</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987187–188_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987187–188-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code could test which exception had occurred using the meta-variables <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXTYPE</code> or the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EXTEXT$</code>, neither of which needed an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ASK</code>. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">RETRY</code> exited the error handler and returned to the line of the error, while <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CONTINUE</code> could be used within the mainline code to ignore errors even within <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WHEN</code> blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987188_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987188-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics">Graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the same time that Full was being designed, a parallel effort was underway to define the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Kernel_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics Kernel System">Graphics Kernel System</a>, or GKS. This was offered as one of the optional modules in Full. This added dozens of special keywords like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">LINE STYLE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WINDOW</code> with syntax that did not match that of the other modules in the standard. For instance, the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLIP</code> command turned on clipping to the current viewport such that items drawn outside its boundaries would not be visible; this took a string value instead of a boolean, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CLIP "On"</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987199_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987199-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several common image modification commands were added, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SHIFT</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SCALE</code>, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ROTATE</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SHEAR</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987230_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987230-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As images are often built up from common elements, Full added the new <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE</code> block structure, which is otherwise similar to a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SUB</code> and invoked with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DRAW</code> rather than <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CALL</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference is that the output of a picture block can be modified with the modification using <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WITH</code>. For instance, if one defined a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PICTURE CIRCLE</code> which produced a circle of radius one, a smaller circle could be drawn and moved to the side with <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DRAW CIRCLE WITH SHIFT(2) * SCALE(.4)</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time">Real-time</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Real-time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Full's real-time module added the concept of "parallel sections", through the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PARACT</code> keyword. These looked like subroutines (and pictures) but had a number of additional keywords that controlled their invocation. For instance, one could define code that would respond to an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EVENT</code> and then cause it to run by issuing a <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">MESSAGE</code> elsewhere in the code. The messages could invoke multiple handlers using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SHARED</code> ports concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system also allowed these blocks and objects to be connected to external code that would create these messages. One could, for instance, have code that waited on a device that periodically created text output, and then the appropriate handler would automatically be called when new text was available. Because the actual data from such devices tends to be multi-part, not something simple like a string or number, the real-time library also added the ability to define <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">STRUCTURE</code>s that could then be read or written as an atomic unit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239–240_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239–240-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were then read and written using the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IN FROM</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OUT TO</code> commands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987248_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987248-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or if the data was <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">SHARED</code>, the otherwise similar <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">GET FROM</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PUT TO</code>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987250_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987250-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many real-time programs can be modelled as a system simply responding to external events, it is also common for the program itself to periodically post these events. For this, Full added the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">START</code> command and the associated <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">WAIT</code> which would pause execution for a given <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">DELAY</code> (a number of seconds) or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">TIME</code> (an explicit time-of-day) or until an <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">EVENT</code> was seen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987244_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987244-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ECMA_vs._ANSI">ECMA vs. ANSI</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: ECMA vs. ANSI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ECMA and ANSI standards were not developed jointly but in parallel, though with overlapping committee membership. Conversely, the ISO working group for BASIC did not develop a standard of their own, instead planning to adopt either the ECMA or ANSI standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Independently of ANSI, the ECMA committee responsible for the BASIC standard split it in two: ECMA BASIC-1 and ECMA BASIC-2. BASIC-1 included some of the file manipulation system but lacked the exception handling, while BASIC-2 added the full suite of file commands, fixed decimal math and the exception handling system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in BASIC-1 all fundamental keywords like <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">PRINT</code> were reserved words which simplified the parser, while in BASIC-2 they followed the ANSI pattern and could be used within user-created subroutines and functions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ISO working group had initially planned to use ECMA's standard. Faced with the problem of two different candidate standards, in September 1987 it was directed to develop a single international standard unifying the two. This was accomplished by specifying that compliance to either standard could be claimed as comformance to the ISO standard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an article in 1984, Luehrmann estimated there to be 10 million such machines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984152_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984152-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">OPTIONAL</code> keywords does not appear in the examples in the standards document<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987263_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987263-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is required.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">IMAGE</code> works in the same way that <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">FORMAT</code> does in FORTRAN.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1986i_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFECMA1986">ECMA 1986</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2014" class="citation magazine cs1">McCracken, Harry (29 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/69316/basic/">"Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal"</a>. <i>Time</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Fifty+Years+of+BASIC%2C+the+Programming+Language+That+Made+Computers+Personal&rft.date=2014-04-29&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F69316%2Fbasic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sWeKU3wFLREC&pg=PA15">"IBM VS the World: That's How It Is"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. 5 December 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=IBM+VS+the+World%3A+That%27s+How+It+Is&rft.date=1973-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsWeKU3wFLREC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibson2017" class="citation web cs1">Leibson, Steve (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hp9825.com/html/hp_2116.html">"HP: The Accidentally, On-Purpose Computer Company"</a>. <i>HP9825.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HP9825.COM&rft.atitle=HP%3A+The+Accidentally%2C+On-Purpose+Computer+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Leibson&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hp9825.com%2Fhtml%2Fhp_2116.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s3data.computerhistory.org/brochures/hp.2100.1972.102646165.pdf">"Hewlett-Packard 2100 Processor Description, 1972"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hewlett-Packard+2100+Processor+Description%2C+1972&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs3data.computerhistory.org%2Fbrochures%2Fhp.2100.1972.102646165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEECMA1978iii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECMA1978iii_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFECMA1978">ECMA 1978</a>, p. iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984173-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984173_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuehrmann1984">Luehrmann 1984</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984152-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuehrmann1984152_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuehrmann1984">Luehrmann 1984</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i,_ii-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i,_ii_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. i, ii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982182,_186-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982182,_186_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, pp. 182, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982214-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982214_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982188-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982188_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, pp. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987i_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. i.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982190-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982190_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198351-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198351_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198352_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198353-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198353_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5dYmhF7jc4C&pg=PA68">"Viewpoints"</a>. <i>PC Mag</i>. 29 September 1987. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Mag&rft.atitle=Viewpoints&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1987-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5dYmhF7jc4C%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis2019" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary (26 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-basic-programming-language-1991662">"The History of the BASIC Programming Language"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+BASIC+Programming+Language&rft.date=2019-01-26&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fhistory-basic-programming-language-1991662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregorWatt1981" class="citation journal cs1">McGregor, J.J; Watt, A.H. (October 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3617129">"PASCAL Rules O.K.?: A Comparison of PASCAL and BASIC as Languages for Teaching Computer Programming to Novices"</a>. <i>The Mathematical Gazette</i>. <b>65</b> (433): 171–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3617129">10.2307/3617129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3617129">3617129</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:64737920">64737920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mathematical+Gazette&rft.atitle=PASCAL+Rules+O.K.%3F%3A+A+Comparison+of+PASCAL+and+BASIC+as+Languages+for+Teaching+Computer+Programming+to+Novices&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=433&rft.pages=171-182&rft.date=1981-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A64737920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3617129%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3617129&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=J.J&rft.au=Watt%2C+A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3617129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMace198229-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMace198229_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMace1982">Mace 1982</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPournelle1985366-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPournelle1985366_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPournelle1985">Pournelle 1985</a>, p. 366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvorak198488-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvorak198488_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDvorak1984">Dvorak 1984</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198354-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198354_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987272-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987272_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987106-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987106_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198731-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198731_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198731_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198729-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198729_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198750-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198750_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982196-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982196_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198355_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198717–19-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198717–19_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vba/language/reference/user-interface-help/next-without-for">"Next without For"</a>. <i>Microsoft Build</i>. 13 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Build&rft.atitle=Next+without+For&rft.date=2021-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Foffice%2Fvba%2Flanguage%2Freference%2Fuser-interface-help%2Fnext-without-for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198787-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198787_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198784-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198784_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794,_95-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794,_95_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 94, 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198794–100-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198794–100_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 94–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987105-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987105_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982192-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1982192_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1982">Kurtz 1982</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198749-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198749_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987263-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987263_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987262-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987262_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987265-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987265_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198766-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198766_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198766_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198737-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198737_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198349-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198349_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198370-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198370_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198371-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntheroth198371_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGuntheroth1983">Guntheroth 1983</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrannon1981" class="citation magazine cs1">Brannon, Charles (April 1981). "String Arrays in Atari BASIC". <i>Compute!</i>. p. 103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compute%21&rft.atitle=String+Arrays+in+Atari+BASIC&rft.pages=103&rft.date=1981-04&rft.aulast=Brannon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard198774-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard198774_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111,_112-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987111,_112_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 111, 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987123-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987123_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987164-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987164_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987151-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987151_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987142-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987142_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987141–154-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987141–154_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 141–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987144-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987144_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987195-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987195_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987187–188-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987187–188_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987188-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987188_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987199-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987199_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987230-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987230_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987229_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239–240-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987239–240_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, pp. 239–240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987248-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987248_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987250-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987250_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandard1987244-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandard1987244_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandard1987">Standard 1987</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKurtz1994478_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKurtz1994">Kurtz 1994</a>, p. 478.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandard1987" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalinformat6821nati_0"><i>ANSI Programming Languages: Full BASIC</i></a>. ANSI. January 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ANSI+Programming+Languages%3A+Full+BASIC&rft.pub=ANSI&rft.date=1987-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalinformat6821nati_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFECMA1986" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111014140105/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-116,%201st%20edition,%20June%201986.pdf"><i>Standard ECMA-116: BASIC</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ECMA. June 1986. 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"Bringing Up BASIC". In Ditlea, Steve (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atariarchives.org/deli/basic.php"><i>Digital Deli</i></a>. Workman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780894805912" title="Special:BookSources/9780894805912"><bdi>9780894805912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bringing+Up+BASIC&rft.btitle=Digital+Deli&rft.pub=Workman&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780894805912&rft.aulast=Kemeny&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fdeli%2Fbasic.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Kurtz, Thomas (June 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tech-insider.org/personal-computers/research/acrobat/8206.pdf">"On the Way to Standard BASIC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Byte</i>. pp. 182–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=On+the+Way+to+Standard+BASIC&rft.pages=182-218&rft.date=1982-06&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tech-insider.org%2Fpersonal-computers%2Fresearch%2Facrobat%2F8206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuehrmann1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Luehrmann, Arthur (May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/creativecomputing-1984-05/page/n159/">"Structured Programming in BASIC; Part 1"</a>. <i>Creative Computing</i>. pp. 152–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creative+Computing&rft.atitle=Structured+Programming+in+BASIC%3B+Part+1&rft.pages=152-156&rft.date=1984-05&rft.aulast=Luehrmann&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcreativecomputing-1984-05%2Fpage%2Fn159%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMace1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Mace, Scott (6 September 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA29">"College Board developing Pascal-based AP course"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=College+Board+developing+Pascal-based+AP+course&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1982-09-06&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDAEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPournelle1985" class="citation magazine cs1">Pournelle, Jerry (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1985-09/1985_09_BYTE_10-09_Homebrewing#page/n349/">"PCs, Peripherals, Programs, and People"</a>. <i>Byte</i>. pp. 366–373<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byte&rft.atitle=PCs%2C+Peripherals%2C+Programs%2C+and+People&rft.pages=366-373&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Pournelle&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1985-09%2F1985_09_BYTE_10-09_Homebrewing%23page%2Fn349%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd1988" class="citation magazine cs1">Todd, Mike (19 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mDoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA78">"Potentially Powerful Language Comes Up Short"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. pp. 78–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Potentially+Powerful+Language+Comes+Up+Short&rft.pages=78-80&rft.date=1988-09-19&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmDoEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, Thomas E. (1994). "The programming language standards scene, ten years on Paper 8: Basic". <i>Computer Standards & Interfaces</i>. <b>16</b> (5–6). Elsevier: 477–480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0920-5489%2894%2990028-0">10.1016/0920-5489(94)90028-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Standards+%26+Interfaces&rft.atitle=The+programming+language+standards+scene%2C+ten+years+on+Paper+8%3A+Basic&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=477-480&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0920-5489%2894%2990028-0&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemenyKurtz1987" class="citation book cs1">Kemeny, John; Kurtz, Thomas (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P0ggAQAAIAAJ"><i>Structured BASIC Programming</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471810872" title="Special:BookSources/9780471810872"><bdi>9780471810872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structured+BASIC+Programming&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780471810872&rft.aulast=Kemeny&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Kurtz%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP0ggAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFull+BASIC" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Full_BASIC&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://decimalbasic.web.fc2.com/English/">Decimal BASIC</a> - a relatively complete implementation of Full BASIC and its graphics modules</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">NFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband">UWB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">ECMA-35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSON" title="JSON">JSON</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ecma_standards" title="List of Ecma standards">List of Ecma standards</a> (1961 – present)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISO_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISO standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ISO_standards_by_standard_number" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Template talk:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_IEC_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of IEC standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IEC_standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60027" title="IEC 60027">60027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60034" title="IEC 60034">60034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60038" title="IEC 60038">60038</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKM_code" title="RKM code">60062</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E_series_of_preferred_numbers" title="E series of preferred numbers">60063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60068" title="IEC 60068">60068</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Tracking_Index" title="Comparative Tracking Index">60112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60228" title="IEC 60228">60228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60269" title="IEC 60269">60269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">60297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60309" title="IEC 60309">60309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60320" title="IEC 60320">60320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">60364</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60446" title="IEC 60446">60446</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">60559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60601" title="IEC 60601">60601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870" title="IEC 60870">60870</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-5" title="IEC 60870-5">60870-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60870-6" title="IEC 60870-6">60870-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60906-1" title="IEC 60906-1">60906-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">60908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60929" title="IEC 60929">60929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES3" title="AES3">60958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IEC_60980-344&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEC 60980-344 (page does not exist)">60980-344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61030" title="IEC 61030">61030</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131" title="IEC 61131">61131</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61131-3" title="IEC 61131-3">61131-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IO-Link" title="IO-Link">61131-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61162" title="IEC 61162">61162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61334" title="IEC 61334">61334</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61355" title="IEC 61355">61355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61360" title="IEC 61360">61360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61400" title="IEC 61400">61400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61499" title="IEC 61499">61499</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61508" title="IEC 61508">61508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61511" title="IEC 61511">61511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">61784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61850" title="IEC 61850">61850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61851" title="IEC 61851">61851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61883" title="IEC 61883">61883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_nomenclature" title="Battery nomenclature">61960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61968" title="IEC 61968">61968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_61970" title="IEC 61970">61970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP-XACT" title="IP-XACT">62014-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">62026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62056" title="IEC 62056">62056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62061" title="IEC 62061">62061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62196" title="IEC 62196">62196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_62262" title="EN 62262">62262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62264" title="IEC 62264">62264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62304" title="IEC 62304">62304</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62325" title="IEC 62325">62325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62351" title="IEC 62351">62351</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AES47" title="AES47">62365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62366" title="IEC 62366">62366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62379" title="IEC 62379">62379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Addressable_Lighting_Interface" title="Digital Addressable Lighting Interface">62386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62455" title="IEC 62455">62455</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">62680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62682" title="IEC 62682">62682</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_62700" title="IEC 62700">62700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63110" title="IEC 63110">63110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63119" title="IEC 63119">63119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_63382" title="IEC 63382">63382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ISO/IEC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10021" title="ISO/IEC 10021">10021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">13346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">13522-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19788" title="ISO/IEC 19788">19788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24727" title="ISO/IEC 24727">24727</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_24744" title="ISO/IEC 24744">24744</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Remote_Console" title="Universal Remote Console">24752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000-series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27040" title="ISO/IEC 27040">27040</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_29119" title="ISO/IEC 29119">29119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_33001" title="ISO/IEC 33001">33001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_81346" title="IEC 81346">81346</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">International 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