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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History and settlement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_settlement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and settlement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indo-European_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indo-European roots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proto-Indo-Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto-Indo-Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Proto-Indo-Iranians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto-Indo-Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintashta–Petrovka_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintashta–Petrovka_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Sintashta–Petrovka culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintashta–Petrovka_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andronovo_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andronovo_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Andronovo culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andronovo_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scythians_and_Persians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scythians_and_Persians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Scythians and Persians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scythians_and_Persians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_and_Eastern_Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Eastern_Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Western and Eastern Iranians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Eastern_Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Western_Iranian_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Iranian_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Western Iranian peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Iranian_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Iranian_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Iranian_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Eastern Iranian peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Iranian_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Later developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Persian nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Cultural assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternal_haplogroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Paternal haplogroups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternal_haplogroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iranian peoples</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irannese_volke" title="Irannese volke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Irannese volke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إيرانيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيرانيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0randilli_xalqlar" title="İrandilli xalqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İrandilli xalqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایران دیللی خالقلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران دیللی خالقلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ирански народи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ирански народи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏ་ཟིག་གི་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏ་ཟིག་གི་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_narodi" title="Iranski narodi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iranski narodi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0nics" title="Irànics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Irànics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rody" title="Íránské národy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Íránské národy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_folkeslag" title="Iranske folkeslag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iranske folkeslag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranische_V%C3%B6lker" title="Iranische Völker – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iranische Völker" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraani_rahvad" title="Iraani rahvad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraani rahvad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ιρανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιρανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_iranios" title="Pueblos iranios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos iranios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranaj_popoloj" title="Iranaj popoloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iranaj popoloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irandar_herriak" title="Irandar herriak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irandar herriak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مردمان ایرانی‌تبار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان ایرانی‌تبار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peuples_iraniens" title="Peuples iraniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peuples iraniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5I%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ХIирана къамаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХIирана къамаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80%EC%A1%B1" title="이란족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_narodi" title="Iranski narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iranski narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_suku_bangsa_Iran" title="Rumpun suku bangsa Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun suku bangsa Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Ирайнаг адæмтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ирайнаг адæмтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranici" title="Iranici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iranici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="איראנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איראנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ირანელი ხალხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანელი ხალხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%C3%AAn_%C3%AEran%C3%AE" title="Gelên îranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelên îranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81%C5%86u_tautas" title="Irāņu tautas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāņu tautas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%C4%97nai" title="Iranėnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iranėnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1ni_n%C3%A9pek" title="Iráni népek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Iráni népek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranianina_(vahoaka)" title="Iranianina (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iranianina (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3)" title="इराणी (निःसंदिग्धीकरण) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराणी (निःसंदिग्धीकरण)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ირანალი კათეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირანალი კათეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ئیرونی تبارون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ئیرونی تبارون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangsa_Iran" title="Bangsa Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bangsa Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraanse_volkeren" title="Iraanse volkeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iraanse volkeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="इरानेली जाति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरानेली जाति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="イラン系民族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン系民族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranske_folk" title="Iranske folk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iranske folk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eroniy_xalqlar" title="Eroniy xalqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eroniy xalqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludy_ira%C5%84skie" title="Ludy irańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludy irańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povos_iranianos" title="Povos iranianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povos iranianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Иранские народы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иранские народы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranik" title="Iranik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iranik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranic_peoples" title="Iranic peoples – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iranic peoples" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_narodi" title="Iranski narodi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iranski narodi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گەلانی ئێرانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەلانی ئێرانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ирански народи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ирански народи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranski_narodi" title="Iranski narodi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iranski narodi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Iran" title="Urang Iran – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Iran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranska_folk" title="Iranska folk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iranska folk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரானிய மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரானிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="กลุ่มชนอิหร่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มชนอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мардумони эронитабор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мардумони эронитабор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_halklar%C4%B1" title="İran halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Indo-European peoples</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the group of Indo-European peoples. For the inhabitants of the modern country of Iran, see <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Ethnicities in Iran</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Iranics" redirects here. For the left-leaning italics, see <a href="/wiki/Italic_type#Iranic_font_style" title="Italic type">Italic type § Iranic font style</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Iranian/Iranic peoples</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Over 170 million[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Anatolia">eastern Anatolia</a> and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>; parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, incl. <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Xinjiang">western Xinjiang</a>; and western parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (Historically also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>) Minorities: <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a> (Historically also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan peoples</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Nuristani_language" title="Proto-Nuristani language">Proto-Nuristani</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Este_culture" title="Este culture">Este</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishkent_culture" title="Bishkent culture">Bishkent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_culture" title="Copper Hoard culture">Copper Hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> Central Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranians</a></li></ul> Nuristanis <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuristani peoples">Nuristanis</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Iranian peoples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004-1">[1]</a> or the Iranic peoples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Schierbrand1922306-2">[2]</a> are the collective <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic group">ethno-linguistic groups</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> who are identified chiefly by their native usage of any of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, which are a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranians</a> are believed to have emerged as a separate branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> around the mid-2nd millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Beckwith58-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallory308-5">[5]</a> At their peak of expansion in the mid-1st millennium BC, the territory of the Iranian peoples stretched across the entire <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>; from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian Plains</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_Plateau" title="Ordos Plateau">Ordos Plateau</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-Harmatta348-6">[6]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">ancient Iranian peoples</a> who emerged after the 1st millennium BC include the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dahae" title="Dahae">Dahae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazmians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sagartians" title="Sagartians">Sagartians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdians</a>, and likely the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, among other Iranian-speaking peoples of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, Central Asia, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe#Mongolian-Manchurian_Steppe_(Eastern_Steppe)" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eastern Steppe</a>. In the 1st millennium AD, their area of settlement, which was mainly concentrated in the steppes and deserts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> was significantly reduced due to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic peoples</a>; many were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Women_in_Russia-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovene_Studies-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Modern Iranian peoples include the <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, the Persians, the <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>. Their current distribution spreads across the Iranian Plateau – stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the north to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> in the south and from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia Region">eastern Anatolia</a> in the west to <a href="/wiki/Tashkurgan_Tajik_Autonomous_County" title="Tashkurgan Tajik Autonomous County">western Xinjiang</a> in the east – covering a region that is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>, representing the extent of the Iranian-speaking peoples and the reach of their geopolitical and cultural influence.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Arya (Iran)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran (word)</a></div> The term <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran</a> derives directly from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Ērān / AEran (𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭) and <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> Aryān.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-15">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a> terms ērān and aryān are oblique plural forms of <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">gentilic</a> ēr- (in Middle Persian) and ary- (in Parthian), both deriving from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> ariya- (𐎠𐎼𐎡𐎹), <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> airiia- (𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀) and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> *arya-.<a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt_Aryans1-16">[16]</a> There have been many attempts to qualify the verbal root of ar- in Old Iranian arya-. The following are according to 1957 and later linguists: <ul><li>Emmanuel Laroche (1957): <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82er-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-">ara- "to fit"</a> ("fitting", "proper"). Old Iranian arya- being descended from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> ar-yo-, meaning "(skillfully) assembler".<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Georges Dumézil (1958): ar- "to share" (as a union).</li> <li>Harold Walter Bailey (1959): ar- "to beget" ("born", "nurturing").</li> <li>Émil Benveniste (1969): <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%82er-" class="extiw" title="wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂er-">ar- "to fit"</a> ("companionable").</li></ul> Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> ārya- (<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>), the Old Iranian term has solely an ethnic meaning.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a> Today, the Old Iranian arya- remains in ethno-linguistic names such as Iran, <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron dialect">Iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacKenzie-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dalby,_Andrew_2004-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Bistun Inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius the Great</a> describes itself to have been composed in Arya [language or script].</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, the gentilic is attested as a self-identifier included in ancient inscriptions and the literature of <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_Arya-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[a]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphically</a> attested reference to the word arya- occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Bistun Inscription</a> of the 6th century BC. The inscription of Bistun (or Behistun; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: Bagastana) describes itself to have been composed in Arya [language or script]. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but Iranian.<a href="#cite_note-Gershevitch-25">[24]</a> In royal Old Persian inscriptions, the term arya- appears in three different contexts:<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-20">[20]</a> <ul><li>As the name of the language of the Old Persian version of the inscription of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> in the Bistun Inscription.</li> <li>As the ethnic background of Darius the Great in inscriptions at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Rustam Relief</a> and Susa (Dna, Dse) and the ethnic background of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> in the inscription from Persepolis (Xph).</li> <li>As the definition of the God of Iranians, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ohrmazd</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> version of the Bistun Inscription.</li></ul> In the Dna and Dse, Darius and Xerxes describe themselves as "an Achaemenid, a Persian, son of a Persian, and an Aryan, of Aryan stock".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[25]</a> Although Darius the Great called his language arya- ("Iranian"),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[25]</a> modern scholars refer to it as Old Persian<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-26">[25]</a> because it is the ancestor of the modern Persian language.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Trilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilingual">trilingual</a> inscription erected by the command of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> gives a more clear description. The languages used are Parthian, Middle Persian, and Greek. In Greek inscription says "ego ... tou Arianon ethnous despotes eimi", which translates to "I am the king of the kingdom (nation) of the Iranians". In Middle Persian, Shapur says "ērānšahr xwadāy hēm" and in Parthian he says "aryānšahr xwadāy ahēm".<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The Avesta clearly uses airiia- as an ethnic name (<a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Videvdat</a> 1; <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a> 13.143–44, etc.), where it appears in expressions such as airyāfi daiŋˊhāvō ("Iranian lands"), airyō šayanəm ("land inhabited by Iranians"), and airyanəm vaējō vaŋhuyāfi dāityayāfi ("Iranian stretch of the good Dāityā").<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a> In the late part of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> (Videvdat 1), one of the mentioned homelands was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Airyanem_Vaejah" title="Airyanem Vaejah">Airyan'əm Vaējah</a> which approximately means "expanse of the Iranians". The homeland varied in its geographic range, the area around <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>'s view) and even the entire expanse of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s designation).<a href="#cite_note-Meyer_1911,_p._742-29">[28]</a> The Old Persian and Avestan evidence is confirmed by the Greek sources.<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>, remarks about the Iranian Medes that "Medes were called anciently by all people Arians" (7.62).<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-20">[20]</a> In Armenian sources, the Parthians, Medes and Persians are collectively referred to as Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a> (Dubitationes et Solutiones de Primis Principiis, in Platonis Parmenidem) refers to "the Magi and all those of Iranian (áreion) lineage". <a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a> (1.94.2) considers Zoroaster (Zathraustēs) as one of the Arianoi.<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, in his <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a> (1st century AD), mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, Persians, <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> of the Iranian Plateau and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> of antiquity:<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The name of <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a> is further extended to a part of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and of Media, as also to the <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> on the north; for these speak approximately the same language, with but slight variations.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Geographica, 15.8</cite></div></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a> (a Middle Iranian language) <a href="/wiki/Rabatak_inscription" title="Rabatak inscription">inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a> (the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>) at Rabatak, which was discovered in 1993 in an unexcavated site in the Afghan province of <a href="/wiki/Baghlan_Province" title="Baghlan Province">Baghlan</a>, clearly refers to this <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a> as Arya.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> All this evidence shows that the name Arya was a collective definition, denoting peoples who were aware of belonging to the one ethnic stock, speaking a common language, and having a religious tradition that centered on the cult of Ohrmazd.<a href="#cite_note-iranica.com-19">[19]</a> The academic usage of the term Iranian is distinct from the state of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and its various citizens (who are all Iranian by nationality), in the same way that the term Germanic peoples is distinct from <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>. Some inhabitants of Iran are not necessarily ethnic Iranians by virtue of not being speakers of Iranian languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_vs._Iranic">Iranian vs. Iranic</h3></div> Some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/John_R._Perry_(orientalist)" title="John R. Perry (orientalist)">John Perry</a> prefer the term Iranic as the name for the linguistic family of this category (many of which are spoken outside Iran), while Iranian for anything about the country Iran. He uses the same analogue as in differentiating <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> from <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> or differentiating <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> German scholar Martin Kümmel also argues for the same distinction of Iranian from Iranic.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_settlement">History and settlement</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_roots">Indo-European roots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/260px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/390px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Indo-European_migrations.jpg/520px-Indo-European_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppes">Pontic steppes</a> and across Central Asia.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proto-Indo-Iranians">Proto-Indo-Iranians</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Iranian_origins.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/260px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/390px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Indo-Iranian_origins.png/520px-Indo-Iranian_origins.png 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological cultures associated with <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Iranian migration">Indo-Iranian migrations</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">EIEC</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a>, BMAC and <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz cultures</a> have often been associated with it. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">GGC</a> (Swat), <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_Hoard_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Hoard Culture">Copper Hoard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">PGW</a> cultures are candidates for the same associations.</figcaption></figure> The Proto-Indo-Iranians are commonly identified with the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> within the broader Andronovo horizon, and their homeland with an area of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> that borders the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> on the west and the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> on the east. The Indo-Iranian migrations took place in two waves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1999-36">[35]</a> The first wave consisted of the Indo-Aryan migration through the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria-Margiana Culture</a>, also called "Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex," into the Levant, founding the <a href="/wiki/Mittani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittani">Mittani kingdom</a>; and a migration south-eastward of the Vedic people, over the Hindu Kush into northern India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-37">[36]</a> The Indo-Aryans split off around 1800–1600 BC from the Iranians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-38">[37]</a> whereafter they were defeated and split into two groups by the Iranians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20,_p.35-39">[38]</a> who dominated the Central Eurasian steppe zone<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933-40">[39]</a> and "chased [the Indo-Aryans] to the extremities of Central Eurasia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933-40">[39]</a> One group were the Indo-Aryans who founded the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> kingdom in northern Syria;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA454_454]-41">[40]</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 – c. 1300 BC) the other group were the Vedic people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher I. Beckwith</a> suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian</a> people of <a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, were also of Indo-Aryan origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009376-7-43">[42]</a> The second wave is interpreted as the Iranian wave,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory198942–43-44">[43]</a> and took place in the third stage of the Indo-European migrations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-37">[36]</a> from 800 BC onwards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sintashta–Petrovka_culture">Sintashta–Petrovka culture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/280px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/420px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg/560px-From_Corded_Ware_to_Sintashta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>According to Allentoft (2015), the Sintashta culture probably derived from the Corded Ware culture.</figcaption></figure> The Sintashta culture, also known as the Sintashta–Petrovka culture<a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998b-45">[44]</a> or Sintashta–Arkaim culture,<a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998a-46">[45]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> of the northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, dated to the period 2100–1800 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfEK-BkqXfJACpgPA47_47]-47">[46]</a> It is probably the archaeological manifestation of the Indo-Iranian language group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA390_390]_(fig._15.9),_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA406_405–411]-48">[47]</a> The Sintashta culture emerged from the interaction of two antecedent cultures. Its immediate predecessor in the Ural-Tobol steppe was the <a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a>, an offshoot of the cattle-herding <a href="/wiki/Yamna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamna culture">Yamnaya horizon</a> that moved east into the region between 2800 and 2600 BC. Several Sintashta towns were built over older Poltavka settlements or close to Poltavka cemeteries, and Poltavka motifs are common on Sintashta pottery. Sintashta <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> also shows the influence of the late <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> settlements in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">forest steppe</a> zone north of the Sintashta region that were also predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA385_385–388]-49">[48]</a> Allentoft et al. (2015) also found close <a href="/wiki/AuDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="AuDNA">autosomal</a> genetic relationship between peoples of <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> and Sintashta culture.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> have been found in Sintashta burials, and the culture is considered a strong candidate for the origin of the technology, which spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and played an important role in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient warfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kuznetsov_2006-51">[50]</a> Sintashta settlements are also remarkable for the intensity of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> mining and <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> carried out there, which is unusual for a steppe culture.<a href="#cite_note-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009-52">[51]</a> Because of the difficulty of identifying the remains of Sintashta sites beneath those of later settlements, the culture was only recently distinguished from the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998a-46">[45]</a> It is now recognised as a separate entity forming part of the 'Andronovo horizon'.<a href="#cite_note-Koryakova_1998b-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Andronovo_culture">Andronovo culture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andronovo_culture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Andronovo_culture.png/280px-Andronovo_culture.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Andronovo_culture.png/420px-Andronovo_culture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Andronovo_culture.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>The Andronovo culture's approximate maximal extent, with the formative Sintashta-Petrovka culture (red), the location of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spoke</a>-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> finds (purple), and the adjacent and overlapping <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srubna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubna culture">Srubna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a> cultures (green).</figcaption></figure> The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> cultures that flourished c. 1800–900 BC in western <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the west <a href="/wiki/Asian_Steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Steppe">Asiatic steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199720–21-53">[52]</a> It is probably better termed an archaeological complex or <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological horizon">archaeological horizon</a>. The name derives from the village of Andronovo (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iranian_peoples&params=55_53_N_55_42_E_">55°53′N 55°42′E / 55.883°N 55.700°E / 55.883; 55.700</a>), where in 1914, several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The older <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> (2100–1800), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately, but regarded as its predecessor, and accepted as part of the wider Andronovo horizon. At least four sub-cultures of the Andronovo horizon have been distinguished, during which the culture expands towards the south and the east: <ul><li>Sintashta-Petrovka-Arkaim (Southern <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, 2200–1600 BC) <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a> fortification of ca. 1800 BC in <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_Oblast" title="Chelyabinsk Oblast">Chelyabinsk Oblast</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a> fortified settlement in Kazakhstan</li> <li>the nearby <a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a> settlement dated to the 17th century</li></ul></li> <li>Alakul (2100–1400 BC) between <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyzylkum_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyzylkum desert">Kyzylkum desert</a> <ul><li>Alekseyevka (1300–1100 BC "final Bronze") in eastern Kazakhstan, contacts with <a href="/wiki/Namazga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namazga">Namazga</a> VI in Turkmenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingala_Valley" title="Ingala Valley">Ingala Valley</a> in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast" title="Tyumen Oblast">Tyumen Oblast</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fedorovo (1500–1300 BC) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">fire cult</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoffKuz'minaIvantchik1995473-54">[53]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beshkent_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Beshkent district">Beshkent</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vakhsh,_Tajikistan" title="Vakhsh, Tajikistan">Vakhsh</a> (1000–800 BC)</li></ul></li></ul> The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct, <a href="/wiki/Srubna_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Srubna culture">Srubna culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the <a href="/wiki/Minusinsk" title="Minusinsk">Minusinsk</a> depression, with some sites as far west as the southern <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-camhist-55">[54]</a> overlapping with the area of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Afanasevo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Afanasevo culture">Afanasevo culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Additional sites are scattered as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Koppet_Dag" class="mw-redirect" title="Koppet Dag">Koppet Dag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-camhist-55">[54]</a> In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as <a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>. Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a>, though it may have overlapped the early <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a>-speaking area at its northern fringe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scythians_and_Persians">Scythians and Persians</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/170px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/255px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/340px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> horseman, <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a>, from a carpet, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BC</figcaption></figure> From the late 2nd millennium BC to early 1st millennium BC the Iranians had expanded from the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>, and Iranian peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrians</a> populated the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Scythian tribes, along with <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> populated the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">steppes</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> and Sarmatian tribes were spread across <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, South-Eastern Ukraine, Russias <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Uralic</a> regions and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> while other Scythian tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a>, spread as far east as <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_and_Eastern_Iranians">Western and Eastern Iranians</h3></div> The division into an "<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern</a>" and a "<a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Iranian">Western</a>" group by the early 1st millennium is visible in <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>, the two oldest known Iranian languages.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Old Avestan texts known as the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a> are believed to have been composed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz culture</a> (c. 1500 BC – 1100 BC) as a candidate for the development of Eastern Iranian culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuz'mina2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjuivCQAAQBAJpgPA449_449]-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Iranian_peoples">Western Iranian peoples</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_(Shaded_Relief_BG).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/220px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/330px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png/440px-Assimilation_of_Baltic_and_Aryan_Peoples_by_Uralic_Speakers_in_the_Middle_and_Upper_Volga_Basin_%28Shaded_Relief_BG%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Iranic peoples during the Iron Age.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/280px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/420px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg/560px-Map_of_the_Achaemenid_Empire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> at its greatest extent under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> (522 BC to 486 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis-Darafsh_1_(16).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG/170px-Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG/255px-Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG/340px-Persepolis-Darafsh_1_%2816%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>: Persian guards</figcaption></figure> During the 1st centuries of the 1st millennium BC, the ancient Persians established themselves in the western portion of the Iranian Plateau and appear to have interacted considerably with the Elamites and <a href="/wiki/Babylonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonians">Babylonians</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> also entered in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Assyria">Assyrians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> show their common Proto-Iranian roots, emphasized in Strabo and Herodotus' description of their languages as very similar to the languages spoken by the Bactrians and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdians</a> in the east.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer_1911,_p._742-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geo_Strabo-64">[63]</a> Following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Persian language (referred to as "Farsi" in Persian after being changed from Parsi) spread from Pars or <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a> (Persia) to various regions of the Empire, with the modern dialects of Iran, Afghanistan (also known as <a href="/wiki/Dari_(Afghanistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari (Afghanistan)">Dari</a>) and Central-Asia (known as <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a>) descending from Old Persian. At first, the Western Iranian peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> were dominated by the various <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> empires. An alliance of the Medes with the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, and rebelling <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian empire">Babylonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a>, helped the Medes to capture <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> in 612 BC, which resulted in the eventual collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> by 605 BC.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The Medes were subsequently able to establish their Median kingdom (with <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> as their royal centre) beyond their original homeland and had eventually a territory stretching roughly from northeastern Iran to the <a href="/wiki/Halys_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Halys River">Halys River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, between 616 BC and 605 BC, a unified Median state was formed, which, together with <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, became one of the four major powers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> Later on, in 550 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, would overthrow the leading Median rule, and conquer <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Kingdom of Lydia</a> and the Babylonian Empire after which he established the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (or the First Persian Empire), while his successors would dramatically extend its borders. At its greatest extent, the Achaemenid Empire would encompass swaths of territory across three continents, namely Europe, Africa and Asia, stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> proper in the west, to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley">Indus Valley</a> in the east. The largest empire of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>, with their base in <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a> (although the main capital was located in Babylon) the Achaemenids would rule much of the known ancient world for centuries. This First Persian Empire was equally notable for its successful model of a centralised, bureaucratic administration (through <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> under a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Kings" title="King of Kings">king</a>) and a government working to the profit of its subjects, for building infrastructure such as a <a href="/wiki/Chapar_Khaneh" title="Chapar Khaneh">postal system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal road">road systems</a> and the use of an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> across its territories and a large professional army and civil services (inspiring similar systems in later empires),<a href="#cite_note-schmitt-EI-i-66">[65]</a> and for emancipation of slaves including the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Jewish exiles in Babylon</a>, and is noted in Western history as the antagonist of the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Greek city states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_at_Halicarnassus" title="Mausoleum at Halicarnassus">Mausoleum at Halicarnassus</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Wonders_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Seven Wonders of the Ancient World">Seven Wonders of the Ancient World</a>, was built in the empire as well. The Greco-Persian Wars resulted in the Persians being forced to withdraw from their <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> territories, setting the direct further course of history of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the rest of Europe. More than a century later, a prince of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> (which itself was a subject to Persia from the late 6th century BC up to the <a href="/wiki/First_Persian_invasion_of_Greece" title="First Persian invasion of Greece">First Persian invasion of Greece</a>) later known by the name of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, overthrew the incumbent Persian king, by which the Achaemenid Empire was ended. Old Persian is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> (c. 519 BC), recording a proclamation by <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lubotsky-67">[66]</a> In southwestern Iran, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> kings usually wrote their inscriptions in trilingual form (<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Babylonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>)<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> while elsewhere other languages were used. The administrative languages were Elamite in the early period, and later <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic" title="Imperial Aramaic">Imperial Aramaic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a>, making it a widely used <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratic">bureaucratic</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-Iranian,_E._Tucker_2001-70">[69]</a> Even though the Achaemenids had extensive contacts with the Greeks and vice versa, and had conquered many of the Greek-speaking area's both in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> during different periods of the empire, the native Old Iranian sources provide no indication of Greek linguistic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Iranian,_E._Tucker_2001-70">[69]</a> However, there is plenty of evidence (in addition to the accounts of Herodotus) that Greeks, apart from being deployed and employed in the core regions of the empire, also evidently lived and worked in the heartland of the Achaemenid Empire, namely Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Iranian,_E._Tucker_2001-70">[69]</a> For example, Greeks were part of the various ethnicities that constructed Darius' palace in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, apart from the Greek inscriptions found nearby there, and one short Persepolis tablet written in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Iranian,_E._Tucker_2001-70">[69]</a> The early inhabitants of the Achaemenid Empire appear to have adopted the religion of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edinburgh-71">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a> who speak a west Iranian language relate an oral tradition regarding their migration from <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> around the year 1000 AD, whereas linguistic evidence links <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Soranî">Soranî</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zazaki_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zazaki language">Zazaki language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rezakhani-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Iranian_peoples">Eastern Iranian peoples</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balto-Slavic_lng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/280px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/420px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Balto-Slavic_lng.png/560px-Balto-Slavic_lng.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Balto-Slavic">Balto-Slavic</a> dialect continuums in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, the latter with proposed <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">material cultures</a> correlating to speakers of Balto-Slavic in the Bronze Age (white). Red dots = archaic Slavic hydronyms</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/280px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/420px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/560px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Archaeological cultures c. 750 BC at the start of Eastern-Central Europe's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>; the Proto-Scythian culture borders the Balto-Slavic cultures (<a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milograd_culture" title="Milograd culture">Milograd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AzesIITriratna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AzesIITriratna.jpg/220px-AzesIITriratna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AzesIITriratna.jpg/330px-AzesIITriratna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/AzesIITriratna.jpg/440px-AzesIITriratna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Azes_II" title="Azes II">Azes II</a> (reigned c. 35–12 BC). Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Triratna" class="mw-redirect" title="Triratna">triratna</a> symbol in the left field on the reverse</figcaption></figure> While the Iranian tribes of the south are better known through their texts and modern counterparts, the tribes which remained largely in the vast Eurasian expanse are known through the references made to them by the ancient Greeks, Persians, Chinese, and Indo-Aryans as well as by archaeological finds. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> chronicler, <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (5th century BC) makes references to a nomadic people, the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythians</a>; he describes them as having dwelt in what is today southern European Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. He was the first to make a reference to them. Many ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts from a later period make references to such tribes they were witness of pointing them towards the southeasternmost edges of Central Asia, around the <a href="/wiki/Hindukush" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindukush">Hindukush</a> range in northern Pakistan. It is believed that these Scythians were conquered by their eastern cousins, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, who are mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> as the dominant tribe which controlled the southern Russian steppe in the 1st millennium AD. These Sarmatians were also known to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, who conquered the western tribes in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and sent Sarmatian conscripts, as part of Roman legions, as far west as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>. These Iranian-speaking Scythians and Sarmatians dominated large parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> for a millennium, and were eventually absorbed and assimilated (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Proto</a>-<a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> population of the region.<a href="#cite_note-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovene_Studies-11">[11]</a> The Sarmatians differed from the Scythians in their veneration of the god of fire rather than god of nature, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_warfare" title="Women in ancient warfare">women's prominent role</a> in warfare, which possibly served as the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBSarmatian-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuliaev2003-74">[73]</a> At their greatest reported extent, around the 1st century AD, these tribes ranged from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a> to the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and eastward to the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, bordering the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian</a> Seas as well as the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to the south.<a href="#cite_note-75">[b]</a> Their territory, which was known as Sarmatia to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greco-Roman_ethnographers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greco-Roman ethnographers (page does not exist)">Greco-Roman ethnographers</a>, corresponded to the western part of greater Scythia (mostly modern <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Russia</a>, also to a smaller extent north eastern Balkans around <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>). According to authors Arrowsmith, Fellowes and Graves Hansard in their book A Grammar of Ancient Geography published in 1832, Sarmatia had two parts, <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Europea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Europea">Sarmatia Europea</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatia_Asiatica" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatia Asiatica">Sarmatia Asiatica</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> covering a combined area of 503,000 sq mi or 1,302,764 km2. Throughout the 1st millennium AD, the large presence of the Sarmatians who once dominated Ukraine, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>, and swaths of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, gradually started to diminish mainly due to assimilation and absorption by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, especially from the areas near the Roman frontier, but only completely by the Proto-Slavic peoples. The abundant East Iranian-derived <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> proper (e.g. some of the largest rivers; the <a href="/wiki/Dniestr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniestr">Dniestr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dniepr" class="mw-redirect" title="Dniepr">Dniepr</a>), as well as loanwords adopted predominantly through the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Slavic languages">Eastern Slavic languages</a> and adopted aspects of Iranian culture amongst the early Slavs, are all a remnant of this. A connection between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavonic">Proto-Slavonic</a> and Iranian languages is also furthermore proven by the earliest layer of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> in the former.<a href="#cite_note-harvtxt|Sussex|2011|p=109-78">[76]</a> For instance, the Proto-Slavonic words for god (*bogъ), demon (*divъ), house (*xata), axe (*toporъ) and dog (*sobaka) are of <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> The extensive contact between these Scytho-Sarmatian Iranian tribes in Eastern Europe and the (Early) Slavs included religion. After Slavic and Baltic languages diverged the Early Slavs interacted with Iranian peoples and merged elements of Iranian spirituality into their beliefs. For example, both Early Iranian and Slavic supreme gods were considered givers of wealth, unlike the supreme thunder gods in many other European religions. Also, both Slavs and Iranians had demons –- given names from similar linguistic roots, Daêva (Iranian) and Divŭ (Slavic) –- and a concept of <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualism</a>, of good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> The Sarmatians of the east, based in the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a>, who also ventured far and wide, with a branch ending up in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and then <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, as they accompanied the Germanic <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> during their migrations. The modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> are believed to be the direct descendants of the Alans, as other remnants of the Alans disappeared following Germanic, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic</a> and ultimately Slavic migrations and invasions.<a href="#cite_note-ISBN-81">[79]</a> Another group of Alans allied with Goths to defeat the Romans and ultimately settled in what is now called Catalonia (Goth-Alania).<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HormizdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/HormizdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg/220px-HormizdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/HormizdICoinHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a>, Sassanian coin</figcaption></figure> Some of the Saka-Scythian tribes in Central Asia would later move further southeast and invade the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, large sections of present-day <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and finally deep into present day Pakistan (see <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythians</a>). Another Iranian tribe related to the Saka-Scythians were the <a href="/wiki/Parni" title="Parni">Parni</a> in Central Asia, and who later become indistinguishable from the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, speakers of a northwest-Iranian language. Many Iranian tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazm" title="Khwarazm">Khwarazmians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdiana">Sogdians</a>, were assimilated and/or displaced in Central Asia by the migrations of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic people">Turkic</a> tribes emanating out of Xinjiang and Siberia.<a href="#cite_note-Kimball-83">[81]</a> The modern <a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a> in southern Xinjiang and the Ossetians of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>) are remnants of the various Scythian-derived tribes from the vast far and wide territory they once dwelled in. The modern <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> are the descendants of the Alano-Sarmatians,<a href="#cite_note-OEMN-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-encarta2008-85">[83]</a> and their claims are supported by their Northeast Iranian language, while culturally the Ossetians resemble their <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasian</a> neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Kabard" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabard">Kabardians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISBN-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> Various extinct Iranian peoples existed in the eastern Caucasus, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Azari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Azari language">Azaris</a>, while some Iranian peoples remain in the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a><a href="#cite_note-Talysh-87">[85]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a><a href="#cite_note-Tats-88">[86]</a> found in Azerbaijan and as far north as the Russian republic of <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>. A remnant of the Sogdians is found in the Yaghnobi-speaking population in parts of the Zeravshan valley in Tajikistan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h3></div> The main <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">migration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> occurred between the 6th and 10th centuries, when they spread across most of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from being largely <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Iranian</a> into being primarily of East Asian descent.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Starting with the reign of <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar</a> in 634 AD, <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> began a conquest of the Iranian Plateau. The Arabs conquered the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a> of the Persians and seized much of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> populated by the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> and others. Ultimately, the various Iranian peoples, including the Persians, Pashtuns, Kurds and Balochis, converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alans</a> converted to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, thus laying the foundation for the fact that the modern-day Ossetians are <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2022-90">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Iranian peoples would later split along sectarian lines as the Persians adopted the <a href="/wiki/SHIA_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="SHIA Islam">Shi'a</a> sect. As ancient tribes and identities changed, so did the Iranian peoples, many of whom assimilated foreign cultures and peoples.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Later, during the 2nd millennium AD, the Iranian peoples would play a prominent role during the age of Islamic expansion and empire. <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>, a noted adversary of the <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusaders</a>, was an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurd">Kurd</a>, while various empires centered in Iran (including the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>) re-established a modern dialect of Persian as the official language spoken throughout much of what is today Iran and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Iranian influence was also an principal factor in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The Ottoman Turks integrated Persian into their court, governance, and daily life. Supported by the sultans, nobility, and spiritual leaders, Persian was promoted as a second language, intertwining with Turkish and greatly influencing Ottoman cultural traditions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> However, a heavy <a href="/wiki/Turko-Persian_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turko-Persian tradition">Turko-Persian</a> basis in Anatolia was set already by the predecessors of the Ottomans, namely the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Beyliks" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Beyliks">Anatolian Beyliks</a> amongst others) as well to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. All of the major Iranian peoples reasserted their use of Iranian languages following the decline of Arab rule, but would not begin to form modern <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">national</a> identities until the 19th and early 20th centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_nationalism">Persian nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian nationalism">Persian nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: فُرس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Furs, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: فارس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Fars) is more often used in English partly due to the fact that "Iran" was known in the western world as "Persia". In 1959, the government of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, Reza Shah's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.<a href="#cite_note-yarshater1-93">[91]</a> Nowadays, the term "<a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>" mainly refers to those whose <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> is <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a> and those who identify as Persian.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> However, Iran is a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">mosaic of ethnic and linguistic groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> Persians are said to make up roughly half the population (with some estimates reaching 60%), while the rest comprises <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azeris</a>, Arabs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabs" title="Khuzestani Arabs">Khuzestani Arabs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Loris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">others</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> Although many of these groups speak <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (Farsi) and identify as Iranian, their ethnic identity is distinct from being Persian. Additionally, Iran is home to various religious minorities—<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Bahá’ís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrians</a>, and others—some of whom identify as <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> while others do not.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> The denial of this diversity stems not only from ignorance but also from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Persian-centric nationalism</a> rooted in mid-20th century Iranian state policies. This approach, particularly under the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi regime</a>, sought to erase ethnic and linguistic <a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">diversity</a> in favour of an <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">exclusivist Persian identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> Inspired by European and Turkish <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist ideologies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> Pahlavi's regime crafted an artificial narrative of Iranian history centered on Persian ethnic unity over 2,500 years.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> This contradicted the historical reality, as previous Iranian dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavids</a>, were of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azeri Turkish</a> origin, and the Persian Empire itself historically united diverse peoples through imperial administration and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> This nationalistic approach extended as far as to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf Arab states</a> where the Iranian migrants lived; as such, anything that happened in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> that was annoying to <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">these countries</a>, the pressure was immediately put on <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Iranians living in Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">in Kuwait</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">rest of the Gulf</a> in general.<a href="#cite_note-:9-95">[93]</a>: 44–45  Reza Shah's policies were mainly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> linking <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> This framework, which tied the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> to an imagined migration of an Aryan nation, shaped nationalist projects in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a> conveniently justified European colonial views of Indian and Persian civilizations while influencing <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian nationalism</a> to adopt an exclusionary identity framework.<a href="#cite_note-:33-94">[92]</a> Author Mehran Kokherdi [Author of "History of South Fars"] states that the term <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> is used to refer to all groups with original Parsi roots, including the inhabitants of villages scattered across Persia who still speak their <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">ancient Parsi language</a>. However, the term has also come to describe the populations of major cities (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>) more broadly, who consist of a blend of <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">various ethnic groups</a>, all unified by their use of <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">Modern Persian</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">language</a> that incorporates elements from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>, and Parsi. Based on their shared language, the people of Iran generally identify them as <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-96">[94]</a>: 3–4  This leads many scholars to believe that the term "Iranian" is more encompassing and inclusive of these various ethnic groups (Iranic people, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">ethnic groups in Iran</a>).<a href="#cite_note-BozorgMehr2-97">[95]</a> It's worth noting that many groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, do not refer to themselves as such (Persian), despite their Iranic/Iranian roots. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> There are an estimated 150 to 200 million native speakers of Iranian languages, the six major groups of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> accounting for about 90% of this number.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> Currently, most of these Iranian peoples live in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a>, other parts of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> majority populated areas of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>. There are also Iranian peoples living in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabia</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Musandam_Peninsula" title="Musandam Peninsula">northern Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. Due to recent migrations, there are also large communities of speakers of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of Iranian peoples with the respective groups's core areas of settlements and their estimated sizes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>region </th> <th>population (millions) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Persian subgroups: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwar people">Dehwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseri</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, the Caucasus, Uzbekistan, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Iraq" title="Iranians in Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="72">72–85[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achums</a> </td> <td>Mainly <a href="/wiki/Southern_Iran" title="Southern Iran">Southern Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irahistan" title="Irahistan">Irahistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larestan_region" title="Larestan region">Larestan region</a>). Notable presence in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-99">[97]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Arab Gulf states</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a>, Oman).<a href="#cite_note-:82-100">[98]</a> </td> <td>0.5–1<a href="#cite_note-:22-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesc-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilaki people">Gilakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandarani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandarani people">Mazanderanis</a> And <a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnani people</a> </td> <td>Iran </td> <td data-sort-value="5">5–10[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>; <a href="/wiki/Zaza_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaza people">Zaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a> </td> <td>Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Syria, Armenia, Azerbaijan (<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan region</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="25">30–40<a href="#cite_note-CIAonline-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feyli_(tribe)" title="Feyli (tribe)">Feyli</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> </td> <td>Iraq, Iran </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" class="extiw" title="fa:لر بزرگ">Big Lur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a></li> <li>Boueyr Ahmadi</li> <li>Sholestan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasani</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Unclassified: <ul><li>Behbahani<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td> <td>Historical Homeland: <a href="/wiki/Lorestan_province" title="Lorestan province">Lorestan</a>. Notable presence in: <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Bahrain</a><a href="#cite_note-iranians_bhuae-111">[108]</a>: 42  </td> <td><div style="display: none;">026</div> 6[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baluchs</a> </td> <td>Pakistan, Iran, Oman,<a href="#cite_note-auton-112">[109]</a> Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, UAE, <a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> </td> <td><div style="display: none;">15</div> 20–22 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Azerbaijan, Iran </td> <td data-sort-value="1.5">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarbani" title="Sarbani">Sarbani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Durrani</a> or Abdali, <a href="/wiki/Yusufzai" title="Yusufzai">Yusufzai</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettani" title="Bettani">Bettani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Lodi (Pashtun tribe)">Lodi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlani" title="Karlani">Karlani</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Afghanistan, Pakistan </td> <td data-sort-value="35">60-70 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_of_Xinjiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiks of Xinjiang">Sariqoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakhi (ethnic group)">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha-Munji</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Tajikistan, Afghanistan, China (<a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>), Pakistan </td> <td data-sort-value="0.9">0.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jasz</a></li></ul> </td> <td>Georgia (South Ossetia), Russia (<a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="North Ossetia">North Ossetia</a>), Hungary </td> <td data-sort-value="0.7">0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghnobi people">Yaghnobi</a> </td> <td>Uzbekistan and Tajikistan (<a href="/wiki/Zerafshan_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zerafshan River">Zerafshan region</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="0.025">0.025 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzari</a> </td> <td>Oman (<a href="/wiki/Musandam_Governorate" title="Musandam Governorate">Musandam</a>) </td> <td data-sort-value="0.021">0.021 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian groups in South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irani_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irani (India)">Irani</a></li></ul> </td> <td>India, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td>0.075 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Proto-Indo-European society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7,_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%2C_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, an ancient Iranian annual festival that is still widely celebrated throughout the Iranian Plateau and beyond, in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Iranian culture is today considered to be centered in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>, and has its origins tracing back to the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, which is associated with other cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> It was, however, later developed distinguishably from its earlier generations in the Steppe, where a large number of Iranian-speaking peoples (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>) continued to participate, resulting in a differentiation that is displayed in <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian mythology</a> as the contrast between <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Iran and Turan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-114">[111]</a> Like other Indo-Europeans, the early Iranians practiced ritual sacrifice, had a social hierarchy consisting of warriors, clerics, and farmers, and recounted their deeds through poetic hymns and sagas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofindoeu00jpmapage112_112–127]-116">[113]</a> Various common traits can be discerned among the Iranian peoples. For instance, the social event of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> is an ancient Iranian festival that is still celebrated by nearly all of the Iranian peoples. However, due to their different environmental adaptations through migration, the Iranian peoples embrace some degrees of diversity in dialect, social system, and other aspects of culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004-1">[1]</a> With numerous artistic, scientific, architectural, and philosophical achievements and numerous kingdoms and empires that bridged much of the civilized world in antiquity, the Iranian peoples were often in close contact with people from various western and eastern parts of the world. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg/170px-Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg/255px-Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg/340px-Anahita_temple_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Anahita,_Kangavar" title="Temple of Anahita, Kangavar">ruins at Kangavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, presumed to belong to a temple dedicated to the ancient goddess <a href="/wiki/Anahita" title="Anahita">Anahita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> The early Iranian peoples practiced the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">ancient Iranian religion</a>, which, like <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">that of other Indo-European peoples</a>, embraced various male and female deities.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_religion-118">[115]</a> Fire was regarded as an important and highly sacred element, and also <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">a deity</a>. In ancient Iran, fire was kept with great care in <a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">fire temples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_religion-118">[115]</a> Various annual festivals that were mainly related to agriculture and herding were celebrated, the most important of which was the New Year (Nowruz), which is still widely celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-Ancient_religion-118">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, a form of the ancient Iranian religion that is still practiced by some communities,<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> was later developed and spread to nearly all of the Iranian peoples living in the Iranian Plateau. Other religions that had their origins in the Iranian world were <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a>, among others. The various religions of the Iranian peoples are believed by some scholars to have been significant early philosophical influences on <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> Nowadays, most Iranian people follow Islam (Sunnism, followed by Shi'ism), with minorities following Christianity, Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, Iranian religions and various levels of irreligion.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_assimilation">Cultural assimilation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian tradition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SurenaImage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SurenaImage.jpg/170px-SurenaImage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SurenaImage.jpg/255px-SurenaImage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SurenaImage.jpg/340px-SurenaImage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue,_National_Museum_of_Iran_2401" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue, National Museum of Iran 2401">Bronze Statue of a Parthian nobleman</a>, National Museum of Iran</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg/170px-Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg/255px-Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg/340px-Caftan_MET_DT1115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Caftan" class="mw-redirect" title="Caftan">caftan</a> worn by a Sogdian horseman, 8th–10th century</figcaption></figure> Iranian languages were and, to a lesser extent, still are spoken in a wide area comprising regions around the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">northwest of China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-CA-121">[118]</a> This population was linguistically assimilated by smaller but dominant Turkic-speaking groups, while the sedentary population eventually adopted the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a>, which began to spread within the region since the time of the Sasanian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-CA-121">[118]</a> The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an "elite dominance" process.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> Moreover, various Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of the Iranian Plateau are often conversant also in an Iranian language and embrace Iranian culture to the extent that the term <a href="/wiki/Turko-Iranian" title="Turko-Iranian">Turko-Iranian</a> would be applied.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> A number of Iranian peoples were also intermixed with the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-9">[9]</a> and many were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Women_in_Russia-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slovene_Studies-11">[11]</a> The following either partially descend from or are sometimes regarded as descendants of the Iranian peoples. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speakers:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Azeri language">Old Azeri language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Azerbaijanis" title="Origin of the Azerbaijanis">Origin of the Azerbaijanis</a></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>: In spite of being native speakers of a Turkic language (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani Turkic</a>), they are believed to be primarily descended from the earlier Iranian-speakers of the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-roy-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> They are possibly related to the ancient Iranian tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, aside from the rise of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkic elements</a> (changing of the native Iranian language) within their area of settlement,<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> which, prior to the spread of Turkic, was Iranian-speaking.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> Thus, due to their historical, genetic and cultural ties to the Iranians,<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1-130">[127]</a> the Azerbaijanis are often associated with the Iranian peoples. Genetic studies observed that they are also genetically related to the Iranian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>: Genetic studies show that the Turkmens are characterized by the presence of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the eastern Iranian populations, but modest female <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">Mongoloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mtDNA</a> components were observed in Turkmen populations with the frequencies of about 20%.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a>: The unique grammatical and phonetical features of the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> as well as elements within the modern Uzbek culture, reflect the older Iranian roots of the Uzbek people.<a href="#cite_note-Iranica-CA-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> According to recent genetic genealogy testing from a University of Oxford study, the genetic admixture of the Uzbeks clusters somewhere between the Iranian peoples and the Mongols.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a>, the local ancestors of the Turkic-speaking Uzbeks and the Persian-speaking Tajiks, both living in Central Asia, were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Sart" title="Sart">Sarts</a>, while Uzbek and Turk were the names given to the nomadic and semi-nomadic populations of the area. Still, as of today, modern Uzbeks and Tajiks are known to their Turkic neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a>, as Sarts. Some Uzbek scholars also favor the Iranian origin theory.<a href="#cite_note-zbekiston1994-138">[135]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] However, another study, conducted in 2009, claims that Uzbeks and Central Asian Turkic peoples cluster genetically and are far from Iranian groups.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a>: Contemporary scholars consider modern Uyghurs to be the descendants of, apart from the ancient Uyghurs, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian</a>) tribes and other Indo-European peoples who inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> before the arrival of the Turkic tribes.<a href="#cite_note-xinjiang-140">[137]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian languages">Persian</a>-speakers: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a> are a Persian-speaking ethnic group native to, and primarily residing in, the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a>, in central Afghanistan. Although the origins of the Hazara people have not been fully reconstructed, genetic analysis of the Hazara indicate partial <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> ancestry. Mongol and Turkic invaders (<a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongols</a>) mixed with the local indigenous Turkic and Iranian populations; for example, <a href="/wiki/Qara%27unas" title="Qara'unas">Qara'unas</a> settled in what is now Afghanistan and mixed with the local populations. A second wave of mostly <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai</a> Turco-Mongols came from Central Asia, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurids</a>, all of whom settled in Hazarajat and mixed with the local populations. Phenotype can vary, with some noting that certain Hazaras may resemble peoples native to the Iranian plateau.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a>-speakers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>: Some scholars suggest that the Slavic-speaking Serbs and Croats are descended from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> an ancient Iranian people who once settled in most of southern European Russia and the eastern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and that their ethnonyms are of Iranian origin. It is proposed that the Sarmatian <a href="/wiki/Serboi" title="Serboi">Serboi</a> and alleged Horoathos tribes were assimilated with the numerically superior Slavs, passing on their name. Iranian-speaking peoples did inhabit parts of the Balkans in late classical times, and would have been encountered by the Slavs. An archaeogenetic IBD study found that the Slavs make a specific and recognisable genetic cluster which "was formed by admixture of a Baltic-related group with East Germanic people and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> Although previous direct linguistic, historical, or archaeological proof for such a theory is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-146">[d]</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili</a>-speakers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shirazi_people" title="Shirazi people">Shirazis</a>: The Shirazi are a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili people</a> living on the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, especially on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pemba_Island" title="Pemba Island">Pemba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>. Local traditions about their origin claim they are descended from merchant princes from <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in Iran who settled along the Swahili coast.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> speakers: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sindhis" title="Sindhis">Sindhis</a>: About 40% of Pakistan's Baloch population lives in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, many of whom speak <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdul_Rasheed2017-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXfI-hEI8a9wCpgPA28_28]-148">[144]</a> It is believed that the first Baloch came to Sindh during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>, with further waves of migration during the 18th century. The <a href="/wiki/Talpur_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Talpur Dynasty">Talpur Dynasty</a> was an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Talpur" title="Talpur">Baloch</a> dynasty that ruled much of Sindh and parts of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmed199844-149">[145]</a> The industrialisation of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sind_Division" title="Sind Division">direct British rule in Sindh</a> drew further migrants from Balochistan, including Baloch fleeing <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> and Afro-Baloch <a href="/wiki/Siddi#Pakistan" title="Siddi">Makranis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaher2014-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGayer2014127–129-151">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people_in_Sindh" title="Baloch people in Sindh">Baloch in Sindh</a> are known as the Baruch (ٻروچ).<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png/220px-Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png/330px-Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png/440px-Genetic_distance_of_worldwide_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Population genomic PCA, showing the CIC (Central Iranian cluster) among other worldwide samples.</figcaption></figure> Recent population genomic studies found that the genetic structure of Iranian peoples formed already about 5,000 years ago and show high continuity since then, suggesting that they were largely unaffected by migration events from outside groups. Genetically speaking, Iranian peoples generally cluster closely with <a href="/wiki/European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="European peoples">European</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern peoples">Middle Eastern peoples</a>. Analyzed samples of Iranian <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeris" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeris">Azeris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazanderanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazanderanis">Mazanderanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> cluster tightly together, forming a single cluster known as the CIC (Central Iranian cluster). Compared with worldwide populations, Iranians (CIC) cluster in the center of the wider West-Eurasian cluster, close to Europeans, Middle Easterners, and South-Central Asians. Iranian Arabs and Azeris genetically overlap with Iranian peoples. The genetic substructure of Iranians is low and homogeneous, compared with other "1000G" populations. Europeans, and certain South Asians (specifically the Parsi minority) showed the highest affinity with Iranians, while Sub-Saharan Africans and East Asians showed the highest differentiation with Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tajik_people.jpg/220px-Tajik_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tajik_people.jpg/330px-Tajik_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Tajik_people.jpg/440px-Tajik_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Tajik people from <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tat_people_from_Adur_(Azerbaijan).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg/220px-Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg/330px-Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg/440px-Tat_people_from_Adur_%28Azerbaijan%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Tat men from the village of Adur in the <a href="/wiki/Kuba_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuba Uyezd">Kuba Uyezd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Governorate" title="Baku Governorate">Baku Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paternal_haplogroups">Paternal haplogroups</h3></div> Regueiro et al (2006)<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> and Grugni et al (2012)<a href="#cite_note-Grugni_et_al_2012-155">[151]</a> have performed large-scale sampling of Y chromosome haplogroups of different ethnic groups within Iran. They found that the most common paternal haplogroups were: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018,_Tangi_Sar_village_(13970105000310636575781018607613_30731).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg/220px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg/330px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg/440px-Kurdish_people_celebrating_Nowruz_2018%2C_Tangi_Sar_village_%2813970105000310636575781018607613_30731%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Kurdish people celebrating <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangi_Sar" title="Tangi Sar">Tangi Sar</a> village.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J1" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J1">J1</a>-M267; commonly found among <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic-speaking</a> people, was rarely over 10% in Iranian groups.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J2" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup J2">J2</a>-M172: is the most common Hg in Iran (~23%); almost exclusively represented by J2a-M410 subclade (93%), the other major sub-clade being J2b-M12. Apart from Iranians, J2 is common in northern Arabs, Mediterranean and Balkan peoples (Croats, Serbs, Greeks, Bosniaks, Albanians, Italians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Turks), in the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians, Chechens, Ingush, northeastern Turkey, north/northwestern Iran, Kurds, Persians); whilst its frequency drops suddenly beyond Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-156">[152]</a> In Europe, J2a is more common in southern Greece and southern Italy; whilst J2b (J2-M12) is more common in Thessaly, Macedonia and central – northern Italy. Thus J2a and its subgroups within it have a wide distribution from Italy to India, whilst J2b is mostly confined to the Balkans and Italy,<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> being rare even in Turkey. Whilst closely linked with Anatolia and the Levant; and putative agricultural expansions, the distribution of the various sub-clades of J2 likely represents a number of migrational histories which require further elucidation.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a" title="Haplogroup R1a">R1a</a>-M198: is common in Iran, more so in the east and south rather than the west and north; suggesting a migration toward the south to India then a secondary westward spread across Iran.<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> Whilst the Grongi and Regueiro studies did not define exactly which sub-clades Iranian R1a haplogrouops belong to, private genealogy tests suggest that they virtually all belong to "Eurasian" R1a-Z93.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Indeed, population studies of neighbouring Indian groups found that they all were in R1a-Z93.<a href="#cite_note-Pamjav_et_al_2012-161">[157]</a> This implies that R1a in Iran did not descend from "European" R1a, or vice versa. Rather, both groups are collateral, brother branches which descend from a parental group hypothesized to have initially lived somewhere between central Asia and Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Pamjav_et_al_2012-161">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a> – M269: is widespread from Ireland to Iran, and is common in highland West Asian populations such as Armenians, Turks and Iranians – with an average frequency of 8.5%. Iranian R1b belongs to the L-23 subclade,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> which is an older than the derivative subclade (R1b-M412) which is most common in western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">Haplogroup G</a> and subclades: most concentrated in the Caucasus,<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> it is present in 10% of Iranians.<a href="#cite_note-Grugni_et_al_2012-155">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96" title="Haplogroup E-M96">Haplogroup E</a> and various subclades are frequently found among Middle Easterners, Europeans, northern and eastern African populations. They are present in less than 10% of Iranians.</li></ul> Two large – scale papers by Haber (2012)<a href="#cite_note-Haber_et_al_2012-165">[161]</a> and Di Cristofaro (2013)<a href="#cite_note-Di_Cristofaro_et_al_2013-166">[162]</a> analyzed populations from Afghanistan, where several Iranian-speaking groups are native. They found that different groups (e.g. Baluch, Hazara, Pashtun) were quite diverse, yet overall: <ul><li>R1a (subclade not further analyzed) was the predominant haplogroup, especially amongst Pashtuns, the Baloch and Tajiks.</li> <li>The presence of "East-Eurasian" haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_C3" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup C3">C3</a>, especially in Hazaras (33–40%), in part linked to Mongol expansions into the region.</li> <li>The presence of haplogroup J2, like in Iran, of 5–20%.</li> <li>A relative paucity of "Indian" <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">haplogroup H</a> (< 10%).</li></ul> A 2012 study by Grugni et al. analyzed the haplogroups of 15 different ethnic groups from Iran. They found that about 31.4% belong to J, 29.1% belong to R, 11.8% belong to G, and 9.2% belong to E. They found that Iranian ethnic groups display high haplogroup diversity, compared to other Middle Easterners. The authors concluded that the Iranian gene pool has been an important source for the Middle Eastern and Eurasian Y chromosome diversity, and the results suggest that there was already rather high Y chromosome diversity during the Neolithic period, placing Iranian populations in between Europeans, Middle Easterners and South Asians.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> A 2024 study by Vallini et al. stated that ancient and modern populations in the Iranian plateau have a similar genetic component to the Ancient West Eurasian lineage which stayed in the 'population hub' (WEC2). But they also display some ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Basal_Eurasian" title="Basal Eurasian">Basal Eurasians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_East_Eurasians" title="Ancient East Eurasians">Ancient East Eurasians</a> via contact events starting in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">List of ancient Iranian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_geographic_names_of_Iranian_origin" title="List of geographic names of Iranian origin">List of geographic names of Iranian origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> In the Avesta the airiia- are members of the ethnic group of the Avesta-reciters themselves, in contradistinction to the anairiia-, the "<a href="/wiki/Aniran" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniran">non-Aryas</a>". The word also appears four times in Old Persian: One is in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Behistun inscription">Behistun inscription</a>, where ariya- is the name of a language or script (DB 4.89). The other three instances occur in <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>'s inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a> (DNa 14–15), in Darius I's inscription at Susa (DSe 13–14), and in the inscription of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> (XPh 12–13). In these, the two Achaemenid dynasts describe themselves as pārsa pārsahyā puça ariya ariyaciça "a Persian, son of a Persian, an Ariya, of Ariya origin." "The phrase with ciça, "origin, descendance", assures that it [i.e. ariya] is an ethnic name wider in meaning than pārsa and not a simple adjectival epithet".<a href="#cite_note-Bailey_Arya-23">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Rhodes" title="Apollonius of Rhodes">Apollonius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a>, iii) envisaged the Sauromatai as the bitter foe of King <a href="/wiki/Aietes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aietes">Aietes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a> (modern Georgia). </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> There is a conflict on their classification </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Serbs" title="Origin hypotheses of the Serbs">Origin hypotheses of the Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origin hypotheses of the Croats</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrye2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye2004_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrye2004_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrye2004">Frye 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Schierbrand1922306-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Schierbrand1922306_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Schierbrand1922">von Schierbrand 1922</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYoung1988" class="citation book cs1">Young, T. Cuyler Jr. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C&pg=PR5">"The Early History of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid Empire to the Death of Cambyses"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Boardman_(art_historian)" title="John Boardman (art historian)">Boardman, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Hammond, N. G. L.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Malcolm_Lewis" title="David Malcolm Lewis">Lewis, D. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ostwald" title="Martin Ostwald">Ostwald, M.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNDpPqeDjo0C">Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525 to 479 B.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Ancient_History" title="The Cambridge Ancient History">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 11 (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2"><bdi>0-521-22804-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Iranians are one of the three major ethno-linguistic groups who define the modern Near East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+the+Medes+and+the+Persians+and+the+Achaemenid+Empire+to+the+Death+of+Cambyses&rft.btitle=Persia%2C+Greece+and+the+Western+Mediterranean+c.+525+to+479+B.C.&rft.series=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-22804-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=T.+Cuyler+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnNDpPqeDjo0C%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith58-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith58_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, pp. 58–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallory308-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallory308_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 308–311 </li> <li id="cite_note-Harmatta348-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Harmatta348_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarmatta1992">Harmatta 1992</a>, p. 348: "From the first millennium b.c., we have abundant historical, archaeological and linguistic sources for the location of the territory inhabited by the Iranian peoples. In this period the territory of the northern Iranians, they being equestrian nomads, extended over the whole zone of the steppes and the wooded steppes and even the semi-deserts from the Great Hungarian Plain to the Ordos in northern China." </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314840382">"A Persian view of Steppe Iranians"</a>. ResearchGate. Retrieved 10 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=A+Persian+view+of+Steppe+Iranians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F314840382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Sarmatians,_600_BC-AD_450_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiMielczarek2002" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). The Sarmatians, 600 BC-AD 450. Osprey Publishing. p. 39. <q>(...) Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatians%2C+600+BC-AD+450&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Mielczarek%2C+Mariusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 523. <q>(...) In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Women_in_Russia-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_Russia_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Women_in_Russia_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinsonDallinLapidus1977" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Dorothy; Dallin, Alexander; Lapidus, Gail Warshofsky, eds. (1977). Women in Russia. Stanford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0910-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0910-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-0910-1</bdi></a>. <q>(...) Ancient accounts link the Amazons with the Scythians and the Sarmatians, who successively dominated the south of Russia for a millennium extending back to the seventh century B.C. The descendants of these peoples were absorbed by the Slavs who came to be known as Russians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Russia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0910-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovene_Studies-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slovene_Studies_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slovene_Studies_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slovene_Studies_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Slovene Studies. Vol. 9–11. Society for Slovene Studies. 1987. p. 36. <q>(...) For example, the ancient Scythians, Sarmatians (amongst others) and many other attested but now extinct peoples were assimilated in the course of history by Proto-Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slovene+Studies&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Society+for+Slovene+Studies&rft.date=1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2007" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C">The New Central Asia: Geopolitics and the Birth of Nations</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-552-4</bdi></a>. <q>The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the thirteenth century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Central+Asia%3A+Geopolitics+and+the+Birth+of+Nations&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-552-4&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMcn6Ik1v0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611050028/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+vii.+The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrye2005">Frye 2005</a>, p. xi: "Iran means all lands and people where Iranian languages were and are spoken, and where in the past, multi-faceted Iranian cultures existed." </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKenzie-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacKenzie_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313095654/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">"Ērān, Ērānšahr"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">the original</a> on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%92r%C4%81n%2C+%C4%92r%C4%81n%C5%A1ahr&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=David+Niel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feran-eransah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitt_Aryans1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_Aryans1_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1987" class="citation cs2">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">"Aryans"</a>, Encyclopedia Iranica, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420222159/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019, retrieved 15 January 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E684-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faryans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Laroche. 1957. <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a> *arya- descends from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> (PIE) *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>"), Latin ars "art", etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> G. Gnoli, "Iranian Identity as a Historical Problem: the Beginnings of a National Awareness under the Achaemenians", in The East and the Meaning of History. International Conference (23–27 November 1992), Roma, 1994, pp. 147–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica.com-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iranica.com_19-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnoli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gnoli, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period">"Iranian Identity ii. Pre-Islamic Period"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117041244/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian+Identity+ii.+Pre-Islamic+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Gnoli&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firanian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_20-2">c</a> H. W. Bailey, "Arya" in Encyclopedia Iranica. Excerpt: "ARYA an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103161308/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet-in-the-achaemenid-inscriptions-and-in-the-zoroastrian-avestan-tradition">"Arya an ethnic epithet in the Achaemenid inscriptions and in the Zoroastrian Avestan tradition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet-in-the-achaemenid-inscriptions-and-in-the-zoroastrian-avestan-tradition">the original</a> on 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arya+an+ethnic+epithet+in+the+Achaemenid+inscriptions+and+in+the+Zoroastrian+Avestan+tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farya-an-ethnic-epithet-in-the-achaemenid-inscriptions-and-in-the-zoroastrian-avestan-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> Also accessed online in May 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby,_Andrew_2004-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Dalby,_Andrew_2004_21-0">^</a> Dalby, Andrew (2004), Dictionary of Languages, Bloomsbury, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-7683-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-7683-1">0-7475-7683-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Gnoli" class="citation web cs1">G. Gnoli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/er-er-mazdesn">"ēr, ēr mazdēsn"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517150548/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/er-er-mazdesn">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%93r%2C+%C4%93r+mazd%C4%93sn&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.au=G.+Gnoli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fer-er-mazdesn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey_Arya-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_Arya_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">Bailey, Harold Walter</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194904/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet">"Arya"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 681–683. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arya-an-ethnic-epithet">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arya&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E681-%3C%2Fspan%3E683&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Harold+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farya-an-ethnic-epithet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gershevitch-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Gershevitch_25-0">^</a> cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershevitch1968" class="citation book cs1">Gershevitch, Ilya (1968). "Old Iranian Literature". Handbuch der Orientalistik, Literatur I. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Iranian+Literature&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+Orientalistik%2C+Literatur+I&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Gershevitch&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988">, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_26-2">c</a> R. G. Kent. Old Persian. Grammar, texts, lexicon. 2nd ed., New Haven, Conn. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazard1975" class="citation book cs1">Lazard, G. (1975). "The Rise of the New Persian Language". The Cambridge History of Iran. pp. 595–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521200936.021">10.1017/CHOL9780521200936.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05496-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05496-6"><bdi>978-1-139-05496-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+the+New+Persian+Language&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E595-%3C%2Fspan%3E632&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521200936.021&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05496-6&rft.aulast=Lazard&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> MacKenzie D.N. Corpus inscriptionum Iranicarum Part. 2., inscription of the Seleucid and Parthian periods of Eastern Iran and Central Asia. Vol. 2. Parthian, London, P. Lund, Humphries 1976–2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer_1911,_p._742-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_1911,_p._742_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_1911,_p._742_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Meyer, Eduard (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Iran">"Iran" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 742 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 742.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=742&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> R.W. Thomson. History of Armenians by Moses Khorenat’si. Harvard University Press, 1978. Pg 118, pg 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> The "Aryan" Language, Gherardo Gnoli, Instituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, Roma, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> N. Sims-Williams, "Further notes on the Bactrian inscription of Rabatak, with the Appendix on the name of Kujula Kadphises and VimTatku in Chinese". Proceedings of the Third European Conference of Iranian Studies (Cambridge, September 1995). Part 1: Old and Middle Iranian Studies, N. Sims-Williams, ed. Wiesbaden, pp 79-92 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry1998">Perry 1998</a>, p. 517: ""Iranian" is still the more commonly used term; I prefer "Iranic," as being more consistent with analogous categories such as "Turkic" and "Germanic" and unambiguous with "Iranian" in the sense "pertaining to the country or state of Iran": cf. Indic/Indian, Italic/Italian" </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKümmel2018">Kümmel 2018</a>, p. 3: "Iranic for Iranian[:] To avoid confusion with terms related to the country or territory of Iran (especially in recent geneticist papers speaking of prehistoric "Iranian" populations almost certainly not "Iranian" in the linguistic sense)" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrow1973_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrow1973">Burrow 1973</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParpola1999-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParpola1999_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParpola1999">Parpola 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007408_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20,_p.35-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20,_p.35_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 33 note 20, p.35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA454_454]-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA454_454]_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA454">454</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200933_note_20_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 33 note 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009376-7-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009376-7_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 376-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory198942–43-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory198942–43_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryakova_1998b-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998b_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998b_45-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoryakova1998b">Koryakova 1998b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryakova_1998a-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koryakova_1998a_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoryakova1998a">Koryakova 1998a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfEK-BkqXfJACpgPA47_47]-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfEK-BkqXfJACpgPA47_47]_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2009">Anthony 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fEK-BkqXfJAC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA390_390]_(fig._15.9),_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA406_405–411]-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA390_390]_(fig._15.9),_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA406_405–411]_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA390">390</a> (fig. 15.9), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA406">405–411</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA385_385–388]-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnthony2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0FDqf415wqgCpgPA385_385–388]_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnthony2007">Anthony 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0FDqf415wqgC&pg=PA385">385–388</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllentoftSikoraSjögrenRasmussen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Allentoft, Morten E.; 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Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Population+genomics+of+Bronze+Age+Eurasia&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4399103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26062507&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..167A&rft.aulast=Allentoft&rft.aufirst=Morten+E.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Martin&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6gren%2C+Karl-G%C3%B6ran&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Morten&rft.au=Stenderup%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Damgaard%2C+Peter+B.&rft.au=Schroeder%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Ahlstr%C3%B6m%2C+Torbj%C3%B6rn&rft.au=Vinner%2C+Lasse&rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Margaryan%2C+Ashot&rft.au=Higham%2C+Tom&rft.au=Chivall%2C+David&rft.au=Lynnerup%2C+Niels&rft.au=Harvig%2C+Lise&rft.au=Baron%2C+Justyna&rft.au=Casa%2C+Philippe+Della&rft.au=D%C4%85browski%2C+Pawe%C5%82&rft.au=Duffy%2C+Paul+R.&rft.au=Ebel%2C+Alexander+V.&rft.au=Epimakhov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Frei%2C+Karin&rft.au=Furmanek%2C+Miros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Gralak%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Gromov%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Gronkiewicz%2C+Stanis%C5%82aw&rft.au=Grupe%2C+Gisela&rft.au=Hajdu%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&rft.au=Jarysz%2C+Rados%C5%82aw&rft.au=Khartanovich%2C+Valeri&rft.au=Khokhlov%2C+Alexandr&rft.au=Kiss%2C+Vikt%C3%B3ria&rft.au=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99%2C+Jan&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft.au=Lasak%2C+Irena&rft.au=Longhi%2C+Cristina&rft.au=McGlynn%2C+George&rft.au=Merkevicius%2C+Algimantas&rft.au=Merkyte%2C+Inga&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Mkrtchyan%2C+Ruzan&rft.au=Moiseyev%2C+Vyacheslav&rft.au=Paja%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft.au=P%C3%A1lfi%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft.au=Pokutta%2C+Dalia&rft.au=Pospieszny%2C+%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Price%2C+T.+Douglas&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lehti&rft.au=Sablin%2C+Mikhail&rft.au=Shishlina%2C+Natalia&rft.au=Smr%C4%8Dka%2C+V%C3%A1clav&rft.au=Soenov%2C+Vasilii+I.&rft.au=Szever%C3%A9nyi%2C+Vajk&rft.au=T%C3%B3th%2C+Guszt%C3%A1v&rft.au=Trifanova%2C+Synaru+V.&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Vicze%2C+Magdolna&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+Levon&rft.au=Zhitenev%2C+Vladislav&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=Sicheritz-Pont%C3%A9n%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Brunak%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+Kristian&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdepot.ceon.pl%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuznetsov_2006-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuznetsov_2006_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuznetsov2006">Kuznetsov 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Hanks_&_Linduff_2009_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanksLinduff2009">Hanks & Linduff 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory199720–21-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory199720–21_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1997">Mallory 1997</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiakonoffKuz'minaIvantchik1995473-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiakonoffKuz'minaIvantchik1995473_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiakonoffKuz'minaIvantchik1995">Diakonoff, Kuz'mina & Ivantchik 1995</a>, p. 473. </li> <li id="cite_note-camhist-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-camhist_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOkladnikov1994" class="citation cs2">Okladnikov, A. 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American Slavic and East European Review. 5 (1/2): 51–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2491581">10.2307/2491581</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2491581">2491581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Primitive+Civilization+of+the+Eastern+Slavs&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2491581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2491581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cross&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISBN-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISBN_81-1">b</a> A History of Russia by Nicholas Riasanovsky, pp. 11–18, Russia before the Russians, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515394-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515394-4">0-19-515394-4</a> . Retrieved 4 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> The Sarmatians: 600 BC-AD 450 (Men-at-Arms) by Richard Brzezinski and Gerry Embleton, 19 August 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimball-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Kimball_83-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirteen.org/pressroom/release.php?get=1272">"Jeannine Davis-Kimball, Archaeologist"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219215744/http://www.thirteen.org/pressroom/release.php?get=1272">Archived</a> 19 February 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Thirteen WNET New York. Retrieved 4 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-OEMN-84"><a href="#cite_ref-OEMN_84-0">^</a> James Minahan, "One Europe, Many Nations", Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. pg 518: "The Ossetians, calling themselves Iristi and their homeland Iryston are the most northerly Iranian people. ... They are descended from a division of Sarmatians, the Alans who were pushed out of the Terek River lowlands and in the Caucasus foothills by invading Huns in the 4th century CE. </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta2008-85"><a href="#cite_ref-encarta2008_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ossetians". Encarta. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ossetians&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> From Scythia to Camelot by Littleton and Malcor, pp. 40–43, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-3566-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-3566-0">0-8153-3566-0</a> . Retrieved 4 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Talysh-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Talysh_87-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tly">"Report for Talysh"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212848/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tly">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tats-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Tats_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttt">"Report for Tats"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321162724/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttt">Archived</a> 21 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Ethnologue. . Retrieved 4 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamgaardMarchiRasmussenPeyrot2018" class="citation journal cs1">Damgaard, Peter de Barros; Marchi, Nina; Rasmussen, Simon; Peyrot, Michaël; Renaud, Gabriel; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Pedersen, Mikkel Winther; Goldberg, Amy; Usmanova, Emma; Baimukhanov, Nurbol (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">"137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 557 (7705): 369–374. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.557..369D">2018Natur.557..369D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2">10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3202709">1887/3202709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29743675">29743675</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13670282">13670282</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200221160318/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0094-2">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2022. <q>pp. 4–5. "The wide distribution of the Turkic languages from Northwest China, Mongolia and Siberia in the east to Turkey and Bulgaria in the west implies large-scale migrations out of the homeland in Mongolia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=137+ancient+human+genomes+from+across+the+Eurasian+steppes&rft.volume=557&rft.issue=7705&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3202709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13670282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.557..369D&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29743675&rft.aulast=Damgaard&rft.aufirst=Peter+de+Barros&rft.au=Marchi%2C+Nina&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Peyrot%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=Renaud%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Mikkel+Winther&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Amy&rft.au=Usmanova%2C+Emma&rft.au=Baimukhanov%2C+Nurbol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-018-0094-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoltz2022-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoltz2022_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoltz2022">Foltz 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates by Hugh Kennedy, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-40525-4">0-582-40525-4</a> (retrieved 4 June 2006), p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInan2019" class="citation book cs1">Inan, Murat Umut (2019). "Imperial Ambitions, Mystical Aspirations: Persian Learning in the Ottoman World". In Green, Nile (ed.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. pp. 88–89. <q>As the Ottoman Turks learned Persian, the language and the culture it carried seeped not only into their court and imperial institutions but also into their vernacular language and culture. The appropriation of Persian, both as a second language and as a language to be steeped together with Turkish, was encouraged notably by the sultans, the ruling class, and leading members of the mystical communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+Ambitions%2C+Mystical+Aspirations%3A+Persian+Learning+in+the+Ottoman+World&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World%3A+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Inan&rft.aufirst=Murat+Umut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-yarshater1-93"><a href="#cite_ref-yarshater1_93-0">^</a> Yarshater, Ehsan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Persia or Iran, Persian or Farsi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024033230/http://www.iran-heritage.org/interestgroups/language-article5.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Iranian Studies, vol. XXII no. 1 (1989) </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:33_94-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShams2012" class="citation web cs1">Shams, Alex (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajammc.com/2012/05/18/a-persian-iran-challenging-the-aryan-myth-and-persian-ethnocentrism/">"A "Persian" Iran?: Challenging the Aryan Myth and Persian Ethnocentrism"</a>. Ajam Media Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914152615/https://ajammc.com/2012/05/18/a-persian-iran-challenging-the-aryan-myth-and-persian-ethnocentrism/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ajam+Media+Collective&rft.atitle=A+%22Persian%22+Iran%3F%3A+Challenging+the+Aryan+Myth+and+Persian+Ethnocentrism&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Shams&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajammc.com%2F2012%2F05%2F18%2Fa-persian-iran-challenging-the-aryan-myth-and-persian-ethnocentrism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamedkenani.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/d8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf">"تاريخ العرق الفارسي في البحرين"</a> [History of the Persian race in Bahrain] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqt" title="Al-Waqt">Al-Waqt</a> (1346). 28 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/20240903_20240903_2041/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Waqt&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86&rft.issue=1346&rft.date=2009-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhamedkenani.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F04%2Fd8aad8a7d8b1d98ad8ae-d8a7d984d8b9d8b1d982-d8a7d984d981d8a7d8b1d8b3d98a-d981d98a-d8a7d984d8a8d8add8b1d98ad986.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-96"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokherdi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kokherdi, Mehran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobon.com/item.php?item_id=98258">تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان و بستك</a> [History of South Persia Laristan and Bastak] (in Arabic) (1st ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8+%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3+%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%D9%88+%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%83&rft.edition=1st&rft.aulast=Kokherdi&rft.aufirst=Mehran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobon.com%2Fitem.php%3Fitem_id%3D98258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BozorgMehr2-97"><a href="#cite_ref-BozorgMehr2_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozorgmehr2009" class="citation book cs1">Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z-y_q4J_eCEC">"Iran"</a>. In Mary C. Waters; Reed Ueda; Helen B. Marrow (eds.). The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration since 1965. Harvard University Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04493-7"><bdi>978-0-674-04493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iran&rft.btitle=The+New+Americans%3A+A+Guide+to+Immigration+since+1965&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04493-7&rft.aulast=Bozorgmehr&rft.aufirst=Mehdi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz-y_q4J_eCEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Raymond G. 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Retrieved 22 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Report+for+Iranian+languages&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_family.asp%3Fsubid%3D90019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-99"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimbert2014" class="citation web cs1">Limbert, John W. (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1699797">"Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce"</a>. pp. 11, 15, 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranian-and-arab-in-the-gulf-endangered-language-windtowers-and-fish-sauce">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+and+Arab+in+the+Gulf+%3A+endangered+language%2C+windtowers%2C+and+fish+sauce&rft.pages=11%2C+15%2C+16&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Limbert&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdurham-repository.worktribe.com%2Foutput%2F1699797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:82-100"><a href="#cite_ref-:82_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaherkhaniOurang2013" class="citation journal cs1">Taherkhani, Neda; Ourang, Muhammed (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jofamericanscience.org/journals/am-sci/am0911s/008_21547am0911s_38_45.pdf">"A Study of Derivational Morphemes in Lari & Tati as Two Endangered Iranian Languages: An Analytical Contrastive Examination with Persian"</a> (PDF). Journal of American Science. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1545-1003">1545-1003</a>. <q>Lari is of the SW branch of Middle Iranian languages, Pahlavi, in the Middle period of Persian Language Evolution and consists of nine dialects, which are prominently different in pronunciation (Geravand, 2010). Being a branch of Pahlavi language, Lari has several common features with it as its mother language. The ergative structure (the difference between the conjugation of transitive and intransitive verbs) existing in Lari can be mentioned as such an example. The speech community of this language includes Fars province, Hormozgan province and some of the Arabic-speaking countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, and Oman (Khonji, 2010, p. 15).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Science&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Derivational+Morphemes+in+Lari+%26+Tati+as+Two+Endangered+Iranian+Languages%3A+An+Analytical+Contrastive+Examination+with+Persian&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1545-1003&rft.aulast=Taherkhani&rft.aufirst=Neda&rft.au=Ourang%2C+Muhammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jofamericanscience.org%2Fjournals%2Fam-sci%2Fam0911s%2F008_21547am0911s_38_45.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-101"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoridi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Moridi, Behzad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703812">"The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)"</a>. Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338410X12625876281389">10.1163/157338410X12625876281389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1609-8498">1609-8498</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25703812">25703812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+%26+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=The+Dialects+of+Lar+%28The+State+of+Research%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E340&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1609-8498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703812%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338410X12625876281389&rft.aulast=Moridi&rft.aufirst=Behzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25703812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue-102"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/language/lrl">"Lari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Lari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Flrl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesc-103"><a href="#cite_ref-unesc_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/larestani">"Larestani"</a>. UNESCO WAL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241119235307/https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/larestani">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+WAL&rft.atitle=Larestani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Flarestani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasidzeQuinqueOzturkBendukidze2005" class="citation journal cs1">Nasidze, Ivan; Quinque, Dominique; Ozturk, Murat; Bendukidze, Nina; Stoneking, Mark (1 July 2005). "MtDNA and Y-chromosome Variation in Kurdish Groups". Ann. Hum. Genet. 69 (4): 401–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00174.x">10.1046/j.1529-8817.2005.00174.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15996169">15996169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23771698">23771698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Hum.+Genet.&rft.atitle=MtDNA+and+Y-chromosome+Variation+in+Kurdish+Groups&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E401-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2005-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23771698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15996169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1529-8817.2005.00174.x&rft.aulast=Nasidze&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Quinque%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Ozturk%2C+Murat&rft.au=Bendukidze%2C+Nina&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaya, Mehmed S. (15 June 2011). The Zaza Kurds of Turkey: A Middle Eastern Minority in a Globalised Society. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845118754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845118754"><bdi>978-1845118754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zaza+Kurds+of+Turkey%3A+A+Middle+Eastern+Minority+in+a+Globalised+Society&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2011-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1845118754&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Mehmed+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAonline-106"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAonline_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106114713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a> (Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8133">1553-8133</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">the original</a> on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.place=Langley%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=US+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1553-8133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> A rough estimate in this edition gives populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in Kurdistan or in adjacent regions. The CIA estimates are as of August 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_peoples&action=edit">[update]</a> – Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15–20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://failykurds.org/history/">"History – Faili Kurds Association"</a>. failykurds.org. Retrieved 4 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=failykurds.org&rft.atitle=History+%E2%80%93+Faili+Kurds+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffailykurds.org%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contributionstoa291fiel/page/209/mode/1up">"Gilehdar Sedentary Population"</a>. 1939. p. 209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gilehdar+Sedentary+Population&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontributionstoa291fiel%2Fpage%2F209%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1939" class="citation journal cs1">Field, Henry (1939). "Contributions to the anthropology of Iran". Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series. 29 (1): 1–507. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29782234">29782234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Field+Museum+of+Natural+History.+Anthropological+Series&rft.atitle=Contributions+to+the+anthropology+of+Iran&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E507&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29782234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zum">"Kumzari"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120212091416/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zum">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kumzari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dzum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranians_bhuae-111"><a href="#cite_ref-iranians_bhuae_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoy2008" class="citation book cs1">McCoy, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf">Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates: Migration, Minorities, and Identities in the Persian Gulf Arab States</a> (PDF). The University of Arizona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780549935070" title="Special:BookSources/9780549935070"><bdi>9780549935070</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/659750775">659750775</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240805072620/https://repository.arizona.edu/bitstream/handle/10150/193398/azu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranians+in+Bahrain+and+the+United+Arab+Emirates%3A+Migration%2C+Minorities%2C+and+Identities+in+the+Persian+Gulf+Arab+States&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F659750775&rft.isbn=9780549935070&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.arizona.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F193398%2Fazu_etd_10189_sip1_m.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auton-112"><a href="#cite_ref-auton_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.E._Peterson" class="citation web cs1">J.E. Peterson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/oman_diverse_society_northern_oman.pdf">"Oman's Diverse Society"</a> (PDF). p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090611200608/http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/Oman_Diverse_Society_Northern_Oman.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 1 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oman%27s+Diverse+Society&rft.pages=4&rft.au=J.E.+Peterson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jepeterson.net%2Fsitebuildercontent%2Fsitebuilderfiles%2Foman_diverse_society_northern_oman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasan2015" class="citation news cs1">Hasan, Syed shoaib (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW104-Conflict-Dynamics-in-Sindh-Final.pdf">"Conflict dynamics in sindh"</a> (PDF). United states institute of peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230617101508/https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/PW104-Conflict-Dynamics-in-Sindh-Final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=United+states+institute+of+peace&rft.atitle=Conflict+dynamics+in+sindh&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hasan&rft.aufirst=Syed+shoaib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FPW104-Conflict-Dynamics-in-Sindh-Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LANDS_OF_IRAN-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LANDS_OF_IRAN_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANDS_OF_IRAN_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LANDS_OF_IRAN_114-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanhol" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Planhol, Xavier de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran">"IRAN i. LANDS OF IRAN"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XIII. pp. 204–212. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160517050350/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-i-lands-of-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAN+i.+LANDS+OF+IRAN&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.aulast=Planhol&rft.aufirst=Xavier+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firan-i-lands-of-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanhol2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Planhol, Xavier de (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/geography-i">"Evolution of geographical knowledge"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. X. pp. 426–431. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824000418/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/geography-iv-cartography-of-persia-">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+geographical+knowledge&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E431&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Planhol&rft.aufirst=Xavier+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeography-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofindoeu00jpmapage112_112–127]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallory1989[httpsarchiveorgdetailsinsearchofindoeu00jpmapage112_112–127]_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallory1989">Mallory 1989</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/112">112–127</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiss2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kleiss, Wolfram (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kangavar-1">"KANGAVAR – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XV. pp. 496–497. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191815/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kangavar-1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=KANGAVAR+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E496-%3C%2Fspan%3E497&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.aulast=Kleiss&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkangavar-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient_religion-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_religion_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_religion_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_religion_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalandra" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Malandra, William W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Iranian-religion">"Ancient Iranian religion"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234110/https://www.britannica.com/topic/ancient-Iranian-religion">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Iranian+religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Malandra&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fancient-Iranian-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchesne-Guillemin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zoroastrianism">"Zoroastrianism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408140014/http://britannica.com/topic/Zoroastrianism">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zoroastrianism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Duchesne-Guillemin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FZoroastrianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman,_Steven1982" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1982). The Medieval Manichee: A Study of the Christian Dualist Heresy. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28926-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-28926-9"><bdi>978-0-521-28926-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Manichee%3A+A+Study+of+the+Christian+Dualist+Heresy&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-521-28926-9&rft.au=Runciman%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-CA-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-CA_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-CA_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-CA_121-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteblin-Kamenskij2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Steblin-Kamenskij, Ivan M. (30 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-xiii">"CENTRAL ASIA xiii. Iranian Languages"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. V. pp. 223–226. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517034338/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-xiii">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=CENTRAL+ASIA+xiii.+Iranian+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2012-12-30&rft.aulast=Steblin-Kamenskij&rft.aufirst=Ivan+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcentral-asia-xiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNauta1972" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nauta, Ane H. (1972). "Der Lautwandel von a > o and von a > ä in der özbekischen Schriftsprache" [The sound change from a> o and from a> ä in the written Özbek language]. Central Asiatic Journal (in German). 16 (2): 104–118. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41926941">41926941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+Asiatic+Journal&rft.atitle=Der+Lautwandel+von+a+%3E+o+and+von+a+%3E+%C3%A4+in+der+%C3%B6zbekischen+Schriftsprache&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41926941%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Nauta&rft.aufirst=Ane+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun1969" class="citation book cs1">Raun, A. (1969). Basic course in Uzbek. Bloomington.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+course+in+Uzbek&rft.pub=Bloomington&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanfield2002" class="citation book cs1">Canfield, Robert L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5sMszLuioC">Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52291-5"><bdi>978-0-521-52291-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turko-Persia+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52291-5&rft.aulast=Canfield&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZu5sMszLuioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinorsky" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Minorsky, V. "Azerbaijan". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; Donzel, E. van; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Brill&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-126"><a href="#cite_ref-roy_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy,_Olivier2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olivier Roy (professor)">Roy, Olivier</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eMcn6Ik1v0C&pg=PA7">The new Central Asia</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-552-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-552-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 May 2020. <q>The mass of the Oghuz who crossed the Amu Darya towards the west left the Iranian Plateau, which remained Persian, and established themselves more to the west, in Anatolia. Here they divided into Ottomans, who were Sunni and settled, and Turkmens, who were nomads and in part Shiite (or, rather, Alevi). The latter were to keep the name 'Turkmen' for a long time: from the 13th century onwards they 'Turkised' the Iranian populations of Azerbaijan (who spoke west Iranian languages such as Tat, which is still found in residual forms), thus creating a new identity based on Shiism and the use of Turkish. These are the people today known as Azeris.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+new+Central+Asia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-552-4&rft.au=Roy%2C+Olivier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eMcn6Ik1v0C%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater1988" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (15 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611050028/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+vii.+The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1988-12-15&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people">"Azerbaijani"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530170423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Azerbaijani-people">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAzerbaijani-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarshater2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Yarshater, Ehsan (18 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">"AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan"</a>. Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. III. pp. 238–245. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611050028/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-vii">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AZERBAIJAN+vii.+The+Iranian+Language+of+Azerbaijan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E245&rft.date=2011-08-18&rft.aulast=Yarshater&rft.aufirst=Ehsan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fazerbaijan-vii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia1-130"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia1_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517091025/http://www.bartleby.com/65/az/Azerbaij.html">"The Columbia Encyclopedia: Azerbaijan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/az/Azerbaij.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia%3A+Azerbaijan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Faz%2FAzerbaij.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarjadianGhaderi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Farjadian, S.; Ghaderi, A. (4 October 2007). "HLA class II similarities in Iranian Kurds and Azeris". 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PLOS Genetics. 15 (9): e1008385. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008385">10.1371/journal.pgen.1008385</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6759149">6759149</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31550250">31550250</a>. <q>Seven groups (Iranian Arabs, Azeris, Gilaks, Kurds, Mazanderanis, Lurs and Persians) strongly overlapped in their overall autosomal diversity in an MDS analysis (Fig 1B), suggesting the existence of a Central Iranian Cluster (CIC), notably also including Iranian Arabs and Azeris. On a global scale (Fig 2 including "Old World" populations only; see S2 Fig for all 1000G populations), CIC Iranians closely clustered with Europeans, while Iranian Turkmen showed similar yet distinct degrees of admixture compared to other South Asians. A local comparison corroborated the distinct genetic diversity of CIC Iranians relative to other geographically close populations [2, 6, 44] (Fig 3 and S3 Fig). Still, genetic substructure was much smaller among Iranian groups than in relation to any of the 1000G populations, supporting the view that the CIC groups form a distinct genetic entity, despite internal heterogeneity. European (FST~0.0105–0.0294), South Asians (FST~0.0141–0.0338), but also some Latin American populations (Puerto Ricans: FST~0.0153–0.0228; Colombians: FST~0.0170–0.0261) were closest to Iranians, whereas Sub-Saharan Africans and admixed Afro-Americans (FST~0.0764–0.1424) as well as East Asians (FST ~ 0.0645–0.1055) showed large degrees of differentiation with Iranians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Distinct+genetic+variation+and+heterogeneity+of+the+Iranian+population&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e1008385&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6759149%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31550250&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1008385&rft.aulast=Mehrjoo&rft.aufirst=Zohreh&rft.au=Fattahi%2C+Zohreh&rft.au=Beheshtian%2C+Maryam&rft.au=Mohseni%2C+Marzieh&rft.au=Poustchi%2C+Hossein&rft.au=Ardalani%2C+Fariba&rft.au=Jalalvand%2C+Khadijeh&rft.au=Arzhangi%2C+Sanaz&rft.au=Mohammadi%2C+Zahra&rft.au=Khoshbakht%2C+Shahrouz&rft.au=Najafi%2C+Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6759149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegueiroCadenasGaydenUnderhill2006" class="citation journal cs1">Regueiro, M.; Cadenas, A.M.; Gayden, T.; Underhill, P.A.; Herrera, R.J. 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Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sintashta-Arkaim+Culture&rft.pub=The+Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Eurasian+Nomads+%28CSEN%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Koryakova&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csen.org%2Fkoryakova2%2FKorya.Sin.Ark.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoryakova1998b" class="citation web cs1">Koryakova, L. (1998b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csen.org/Koryakova/korya.andronovo.html">"An Overview of the Andronovo Culture: Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia"</a>. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190228105312/http://www.csen.org/Koryakova/korya.andronovo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2019. Retrieved 16 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overview+of+the+Andronovo+Culture%3A+Late+Bronze+Age+Indo-Iranians+in+Central+Asia&rft.pub=The+Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Eurasian+Nomads+%28CSEN%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Koryakova&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csen.org%2FKoryakova%2Fkorya.andronovo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKümmel2018" class="citation web cs1">Kümmel, Martin Joachim (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia801207.us.archive.org/15/items/dokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east/dokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east.pdf">"Areal developments in the history of Iranic: West vs. East"</a> (PDF). Tallinn: 51st Annual Meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Societas_Linguistica_Europaea" title="Societas Linguistica Europaea">Societas Linguistica Europaea</a>. Retrieved 8 November 2024 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Areal+developments+in+the+history+of+Iranic%3A+West+vs.+East&rft.place=Tallinn&rft.pub=51st+Annual+Meeting+of+the+Societas+Linguistica+Europaea&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCmmel&rft.aufirst=Martin+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fia801207.us.archive.org%2F15%2Fitems%2Fdokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east%2Fdokumen.tips_areal-developments-in-the-history-of-iranic-west-vs-east.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuz'mina2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Efimovna_Kuzmina" title="Elena Efimovna Kuzmina">Kuz'mina, Elena E.</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (ed.). The Origin of the Indo-Iranians. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 3. Translated by Pitina, S.; Prudovsky, P. (eBook ed.). Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2Fej.9789004160545.i-763">10.1163/ej.9789004160545.i-763</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2071-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2071-2"><bdi>978-90-474-2071-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Indo-Iranians&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Leiden+Indo-European+Etymological+Dictionary+Series&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2Fej.9789004160545.i-763&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2071-2&rft.aulast=Kuz%27mina&rft.aufirst=Elena+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznetsov2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kuznetsov, P.F. (September 2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00094096">10.1017/S0003598X00094096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162580424">162580424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+Bronze+Age+chariots+in+eastern+Europe&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=309&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E638-%3C%2Fspan%3E645&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00094096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162580424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kuznetsov&rft.aufirst=P.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaher2014" class="citation web cs1">Maher, Mahim (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh">"From Zardaris to Makranis: how the Baloch came to Sindh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607102652/https://tribune.com.pk/story/688234/from-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=From+Zardaris+to+Makranis%3A+how+the+Baloch+came+to+Sindh&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Maher&rft.aufirst=Mahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F688234%2Ffrom-zardaris-to-makranis-how-the-baloch-came-to-sindh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma">In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth</a>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-27616-7"><bdi>978-0-500-27616-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans%3A+Language%2C+Archaeology%2C+and+Myth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-500-27616-7&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1884964985" title="Special:BookSources/978-1884964985"><bdi>978-1884964985</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1884964985&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lr62GwAACAAJ">The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500283721" title="Special:BookSources/9780500283721"><bdi>9780500283721</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780500283721&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlr62GwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpola1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Parpola, Asko</a> (1999). "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language. Vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts. London and New York: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+formation+of+the+Aryan+branch+of+Indo-European&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Language&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Asko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Perry_(orientalist)" title="John R. Perry (orientalist)">Perry, John R.</a> (Summer–Fall 1998). <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Amanat, Abbas</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_L._Hanaway" title="William L. Hanaway">Hanaway, William L.</a> (eds.). "Languages and Dialects: Islamic Period". Iranian Studies. 31 (3–4, A Review of the Encyclopaedia Iranica): 517–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00210869808701929">10.1080/00210869808701929</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-0862">0021-0862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311186">4311186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=Languages+and+Dialects%3A+Islamic+Period&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4%2C+A+Review+of+the+%27%27Encyclopaedia+Iranica%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E525&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0021-0862&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4311186%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00210869808701929&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas. A History of Russia, Oxford University Press, Oxford (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515394-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515394-4">0-19-515394-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenker2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_M._Schenker" title="Alexander M. Schenker">Schenker, Alexander M.</a> (2008). "Proto-Slavonic". In Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (eds.). The Slavonic Languages. Routledge. pp. 60–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28078-5"><bdi>978-0-415-28078-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-Slavonic&rft.btitle=The+Slavonic+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28078-5&rft.aulast=Schenker&rft.aufirst=Alexander+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Schierbrand1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">von Schierbrand, Wolf (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer15unse/page/306/">"Iranian"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Rines" title="George Edwin Rines">Rines, George Edwin</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. 15. New York: Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. pp. 306–307. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/22001305">22001305</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2926217">2926217</a>. Retrieved 8 November 2024 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iranian&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E307&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana+Corporation&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2926217&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F22001305&rft.aulast=von+Schierbrand&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaamer15unse%2Fpage%2F306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussexCubberley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roland_Sussex" title="Roland Sussex">Sussex, Roland</a>; Cubberley, Paul (2011). The Slavic Languages. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29448-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slavic+Languages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29448-5&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft.au=Cubberley%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanMason2006" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC">Encyclopedia of European Peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438129181" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438129181"><bdi>978-1438129181</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1438129181&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Mason%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dt>General references</dt></dl> <ul><li>Banuazizi, Ali and Weiner, Myron (eds.). The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East), Syracuse University Press (August 1988). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2448-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2448-4">0-8156-2448-4</a>.</li> <li>Derakhshani, Jahanshah. Die Arier in den nahöstlichen Quellen des 3. und 2. Jahrtausends v. Chr., 2nd edition (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/964-90368-6-5" title="Special:BookSources/964-90368-6-5">964-90368-6-5</a>.</li> <li>Frye, Richard. Persia, Schocken Books, Zurich (1963). ASIN B0006BYXHY.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Khoury" title="Philip S. Khoury">Khoury, Philip S.</a> & Kostiner, Joseph. Tribes and State Formation in the Middle East, University of California Press (1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07080-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07080-1">0-520-07080-1</a>.</li> <li>McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds, I.B. Tauris, 3rd Rev edition (2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-416-6">1-85043-416-6</a>.</li> <li>Nassim, J. Afghanistan: A Nation of Minorities, Minority Rights Group, London (1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946690-76-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-946690-76-6">0-946690-76-6</a>.</li> <li>Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Indo-Iranian Languages and People, British Academy (2003). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-726285-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-726285-6">0-19-726285-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Iranians" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Iranians">Iranians</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Balanovsky, Oleg, et al. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0122968">Deep phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup G1 provides estimates of SNP and STR mutation rates on the human Y-chromosome and reveals migrations of Iranic speakers</a>." PLoS One 10.4 (2015): e0122968.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_peoples104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_peoples" title="Template talk:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_peoples104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iranian peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_people" title="Achomi people">Achomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baloch_tribes" title="List of Baloch tribes">Baloch tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_people" title="Bashkardi people">Bashkardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwar" title="Dehwar">Dehwaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farsiwan" title="Farsiwan">Farsiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_people" title="Kumzari people">Kumzaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_tribes" title="Kurdish tribes">Kurdish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_people" title="Bakhtiari people">Bakhtiaris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shehni" title="Shehni">Shehnis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyli_Lurs" title="Feyli Lurs">Feyli Lurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadavand_tribe" title="Hadavand tribe">Hadavand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanvand" title="Hasanvand">Hasanvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Lurs" title="Southern Lurs">Southern Lurs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasani_(tribe)" title="Mamasani (tribe)">Mamasanis</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazanderanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasz_people" title="Jasz people">Jaszs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks_in_China" title="Tajiks in China">Chinese Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_people" title="Shughni people">Shughnis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badzhui_people" title="Badzhui people">Badzhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshoris" title="Oroshoris">Oroshoris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_people" title="Wakhi people">Wakhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha-Munji_people" title="Yidgha-Munji people">Yidgha–Munji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab-Persians" title="Arab-Persians">Arab-Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basseri" title="Basseri">Basseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistani_Persians" title="Sistani Persians">Sistanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_people" title="Semnani people">Semnanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaks" title="Shabaks">Shabaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talyshs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Iran)" title="Tat people (Iran)">Tats of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Bahrain" title="Ajam of Bahrain">Ajam of Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajam_of_Kuwait" title="'Ajam of Kuwait">'Ajam of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Iranians in the United Arab Emirates">Iranians in the United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Qatar" title="Iranians in Qatar">Iranians in Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaras" title="Hazaras">Hazaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihuh" title="Shihuh">Shihuh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Iranian_peoples" title="List of ancient Iranian peoples">Ancient Iranian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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