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href="#From_antiquity_and_the_influence_of_Ovid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>From antiquity and the influence of Ovid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_antiquity_and_the_influence_of_Ovid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Elizabethan_and_Jacobean_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Elizabethan_and_Jacobean_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In Elizabethan and Jacobean England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Elizabethan_and_Jacobean_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Classical_and_Romantic_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Classical_and_Romantic_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>In Classical and Romantic works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Classical_and_Romantic_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>In modern works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="mw-page-title-main">Philomela</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="فيلوميلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلوميلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE)" title="ফিলোমেলা (অ্যাথেন্সের রাজকন্যা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিলোমেলা (অ্যাথেন্সের রাজকন্যা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filom%C3%A9la" title="Filoméla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Filoméla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Philomela" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokne_ja_Philomela" title="Prokne ja Philomela – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prokne ja Philomela" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomelo_(mitologio)" title="Filomelo (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Filomelo (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philom%C3%A8le_et_Procn%C3%A9" title="Philomèle et Procné – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philomèle et Procné" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A1%9C%EB%A9%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="필로멜라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필로멜라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philomela" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Филомела – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Филомела" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Philomela" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ピロメーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピロメーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philomela" title="Philomela – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Philomela" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Филомела – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Филомела" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filom%C3%A9la_(dc%C3%A9ra_Pandi%C3%B3na)" title="Filoméla (dcéra Pandióna) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Filoméla (dcéra Pandióna)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Филомела – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Филомела" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomele" title="Filomele – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Filomele" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filomela" title="Filomela – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filomela" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Філомела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філомела" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B4%9B%E5%A2%A8%E6%8B%89" title="菲洛墨拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Minor figure in Greek mythology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a figure in Greek mythology. For other uses of "Philomela" or "Philomel", see <a href="/wiki/Philomela_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philomela (disambiguation)">Philomela (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philomel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Philomel (disambiguation)">Philomel</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_(temple_of_Apollon)_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg/310px-Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg/465px-Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg/620px-Painted_terracotta_metopes_from_Thermos_%28temple_of_Apollon%29_-_Athens_NAM_AD_2_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4042" data-file-height="3492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a> and Philomela carving up <a href="/wiki/Itys" title="Itys">Itys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermos_(Aetolia)#Temple_of_Apollo" title="Thermos (Aetolia)">Temple of Apollo, Thermos</a>, terracotta <a href="/wiki/Metope" title="Metope">metope</a>, c. 630–625 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg/310px-Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg/465px-Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Virgil_Solis_-_Tereus_Philomela.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", engraved by <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Solis" title="Virgil Solis">Virgil Solis</a> for a 1562 edition of Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> (Book VI, 519–562)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Philomela</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) or <b>Philomel</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BB%CE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:Φιλομήλη">Φιλομήλη</a></span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Philomēlē</i></span>; <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Φιλομήλα</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Philomḗla</i></span>) is a minor figure in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> who is frequently invoked as a direct and figurative <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> in literary and artistic works in the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philomela was the younger of two daughters of <a href="/wiki/Pandion_I" title="Pandion I">Pandion I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Athens">King of Athens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Naiad" title="Naiad">naiad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeuxippe" title="Zeuxippe">Zeuxippe</a>. Her sister, <a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a>, was the wife of King <a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. Philomela's other siblings were <a href="/wiki/Erechtheus" title="Erechtheus">Erechtheus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Butes" title="Butes">Butes</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Teuthras_(mythology)" title="Teuthras (mythology)">Teuthras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the myth has several variations, the general depiction is that Philomela, after being raped and mutilated by her sister's husband, <a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a>, obtains her revenge and is transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightingale">nightingale</a> (<i>Luscinia megarhynchos</i>), a bird renowned for its song. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the song of the nightingale is often depicted or interpreted as a sorrowful <a href="/wiki/Lament" title="Lament">lament</a>. In nature, the female nightingale is mute, and only the male of the species sings.<sup id="cite_ref-birdsong1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdsong1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birdsong2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdsong2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and other writers have made the association that the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of her name was "lover of song", derived from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">φιλο-</span></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μέλος</span></span> ("song") instead of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μῆλον</span></span> ("fruit" or "sheep"), which means "lover of fruit", "lover of apples",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "lover of sheep".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most complete and extant rendering of the story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus can be found in Book VI of the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> of the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 BC – 17/18 AD), where the story reaches its full development during antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that Ovid relied upon Greek and Latin sources that were available in his era such as the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"><i>Bibliotheca</i> of Pseudo-Apollodorus</a> (2nd century BC),<sup id="cite_ref-FrazerBiblioNote2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrazerBiblioNote2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or sources that are no longer extant or exist today only in fragments—especially <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' tragic drama <i><a href="/wiki/Tereus_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tereus (Sophocles)">Tereus</a></i> (5th century BC).<sup id="cite_ref-LloydFragments_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LloydFragments-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzgeraldSophTereus_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzgeraldSophTereus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzpatrickTereus_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzpatrickTereus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Ovid, in the fifth year of Procne's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>, she asked her husband to "Let me at Athens my dear sister see / Or let her come to Thrace, and visit me."<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tereus agreed to travel to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and escort her sister, Philomela, to Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Pandion of Athens, the father of Philomela and Procne, was apprehensive about letting his one remaining daughter leave his home and protection and asks Tereus to protect her as if he were her father.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tereus agrees. However, Tereus <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lusted</a> for Philomela when he first saw her, and that lust grew during the course of the return voyage to Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg/310px-Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg/465px-Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg/620px-Tereus_Philomelam_violavit_et_reclusit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", book 6, plate 59. Engraved by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Baur" title="Johann Wilhelm Baur">Johann Wilhelm Baur</a> for a 1703 edition of Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Arriving in Thrace, he forced her to a cabin or lodge in the woods and <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a> her.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the assault, Tereus threatened her and advised her to keep silent.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philomela was defiant and angered Tereus. In his rage, he cut out her tongue and abandoned her in the cabin.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i>Metamorphoses</i> Philomela's defiant speech is rendered (in an 18th-century English translation) as: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Still my revenge shall take its proper time,<br /> And suit the baseness of your hellish crime.<br /> My self, abandon'd, and devoid of shame,<br /> Thro' the wide world your actions will proclaim;<br /> Or tho' I'm prison'd in this lonely den,<br /> Obscur'd, and bury'd from the sight of men,<br /> My mournful voice the pitying rocks shall move,<br /> And my complainings echo thro' the grove.<br /> Hear me, o Heav'n! and, if a God be there,<br /> Let him regard me, and accept my pray'r.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidDrydenGarth1717_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidDrydenGarth1717-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Philomela was unable to speak because of her injuries, and so she <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">wove</a> a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that told her story and sent it to Procne.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Procne was incensed by her husband's actions and killed their son Itys (or "Itylos") in revenge. She boiled Itys and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">served him as a meal</a> for Tereus.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Tereus ate Itys, the sisters presented Tereus with the severed head of his son, revealing the conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tereus grabbed an axe and chased the sisters intending to kill them.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fled but were almost overtaken by Tereus at Daulia in Phocis.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sisters desperately prayed to the gods to be turned into birds and escape Tereus' rage and vengeance.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gods transformed Procne into a <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallow</a> and Philomela into a <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightingale">nightingale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the gods transformed Tereus into a <a href="/wiki/Hoopoe" title="Hoopoe">hoopoe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations_on_the_myth">Variations on the myth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Variations on the myth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg/310px-Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg/465px-Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg/620px-Bauer_-_Tereus_Philomela_Procne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Philomela and Procne showing the severed head of Itys to his father Tereus, engraved by Baur for a 1703 edition of Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> (Book VI:621–647)</figcaption></figure> <p>It is typical for myths from antiquity to have been altered over the passage of time or for competing variations of the myth to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the story of Philomela, most of the variations concern which sister became the nightingale or the swallow, and into what type of bird Tereus was transformed. In Greek texts like Achilles Tatius and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Philomela is transformed into a swallow and Procne into a nightingale, but in Latin texts Philomela is the nightingale and Procne is the swallow.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The description of Tereus as an "epops" has generally been translated as a hoopoe (scientific name: <i>Upupa epops</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ArrowsmithAristophanes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrowsmithAristophanes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeLucaDeconstrTereus_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLucaDeconstrTereus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many of the earlier sources are no longer extant, or remain only in fragments, Ovid's version of the myth has been the most lasting and influential upon later works. </p><p>Early Greek sources have it that Philomela was turned into a swallow, which has no song; Procne was turned into a nightingale, singing a beautiful but sad song in remorse.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later sources, among them <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a> and in modern literature the English romantic poets like <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a> write that although she was tongueless, Philomela was turned into a nightingale, and Procne into a swallow.<sup id="cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FieldsKeatsTongueless_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FieldsKeatsTongueless-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eustathius_of_Thessalonica" title="Eustathius of Thessalonica">Eustathius</a>' version of the story has the sisters reversed, so that Philomela married Tereus and that Tereus lusted after Procne.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is salient to note that in <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> name of the martins (the larger-bodied among swallow genera) is <i><a href="/wiki/Progne" title="Progne">Progne</a></i>, a Latinized form of Procne. Other related genera named after the myth include the Crag Martins <i><a href="/wiki/Ptyonoprogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptyonoprogne">Ptyonoprogne</a></i>, and Saw-wings <i><a href="/wiki/Psalidoprocne" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalidoprocne">Psalidoprocne</a></i>. Coincidentally, although most of the depictions of the nightingale and its song in art and literature are of female nightingales, the female of the species does not sing—it is the male of the species who sings its characteristic song.<sup id="cite_ref-birdsong1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdsong1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birdsong2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birdsong2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an early account, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> wrote that Tereus was turned into a large-beaked bird whom some scholars translate as a <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a><sup id="cite_ref-FitzgeraldSophTereus_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzgeraldSophTereus-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hyginus_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyginus-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a number of retellings and other works (including <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' ancient comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i>) hold that Tereus was instead changed into a hoopoe.<sup id="cite_ref-ArrowsmithAristophanes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArrowsmithAristophanes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeLucaDeconstrTereus_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLucaDeconstrTereus-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various later translations of Ovid state that Tereus was transformed into other birds than the hawk and hoopoe, including references by Dryden and Gower to the <a href="/wiki/Lapwing" title="Lapwing">lapwing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OvidDrydenGarth1717_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OvidDrydenGarth1717-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several writers omit key details of the story. According to <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, Tereus was so remorseful for his actions against Philomela and Itys (the nature of the actions is not described) that he kills himself. Then two birds appear as the women lament his death.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many later sources omit Tereus' tongue-cutting mutilation of Philomela altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, Tereus was not King of Thrace, but rather from <a href="/wiki/Daulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daulia">Daulia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phocis" title="Phocis">Phocis</a>, a city inhabited by Thracians. Thucydides cites as proof of this that poets who mention the nightingale refer to it as a "Daulian bird".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that Thucydides commented on the myth in his famous work on the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> because Sophocles' play confused the mythical Tereus with contemporary ruler <a href="/wiki/Teres_I" title="Teres I">Teres I</a> of Thrace.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a variation of the myth set in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, Philomela is called <a href="/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)" title="Chelidon (mythology)">Chelidon</a> ("swallow") and her sister <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABdon" title="Aëdon">Aëdon</a> ("nightingale").<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_borrowed_from_other_myths_and_stories">Elements borrowed from other myths and stories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elements borrowed from other myths and stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus is largely influenced by Sophocles' lost tragedy <i>Tereus</i>. Scholar Jenny Marsh claims Sophocles borrowed certain plot elements from <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' drama <i><a href="/wiki/Medea_(play)" title="Medea (play)">Medea</a></i>—notably a wife killing her child in an act of revenge against her husband—and incorporated them in his tragedy <i>Tereus</i>. She implies that the infanticide of Itys did not appear in the Tereus myth until Sophocles' play and that it was introduced because of what was borrowed from Euripides.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshVases_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshVases-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible that social and political themes have woven their way into the story as a contrast between Athenians who believed themselves to be the hegemonic power in Greece and the more civilized of the Greek peoples, and the Thracians who were considered to be a "barbaric race".<sup id="cite_ref-LloydFragments_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LloydFragments-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzpatrickTereus_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzpatrickTereus-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that these elements were woven into Sophocles' play <i>Tereus</i> and other works of the period. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearances_in_the_Western_canon">Appearances in the Western canon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Appearances in the Western canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The material of the Philomela myth has been used in various creative works—artistic and literary—for the past 2,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChandlerPoetry_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandlerPoetry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, the myth has been associated with the image of the nightingale and its song described as both exceedingly beautiful and sorrowful. The continued use of the image in artistic, literary, and musical works has reinforced this association. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_antiquity_and_the_influence_of_Ovid">From antiquity and the influence of Ovid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: From antiquity and the influence of Ovid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg/330px-Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg/500px-Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg/620px-Philomela_Procne_preparing_to_kill_Itys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Attic wine cup, circa 490 BC, depicting Philomela and Procne preparing to kill Itys. (Louvre, Paris)</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient dramatists and poets evoked the story of Philomela and the nightingale in their works.<sup id="cite_ref-ChandlerPoetry_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChandlerPoetry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably, it was the core of the tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Tereus_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tereus (Sophocles)">Tereus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> (lost, extant only in fragments) and later in a set of plays by <a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a>, the nephew of the great playwright <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>. In Aeschylus's <i><a href="/wiki/Agamemnon_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agamemnon (play)">Agamemnon</a></i>, the prophetess <a href="/wiki/Cassandra" title="Cassandra">Cassandra</a> has a visionary premonition of her own death in which she mentioned the nightingale and Itys, lamenting: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Ah for thy fate, O shrill-voiced nightingale!<br /> Some solace for thy woes did Heaven afford,<br /> Clothed thee with soft brown plumes, and life apart from wail(ing)—<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> points to the "voice of the shuttle" in <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>′ tragedy <i>Tereus</i> as an example of a poetic device that aids in the "recognition"—the change from ignorance to knowledge—of what has happened earlier in the plot. Such a device, according to Aristotle, is ″contrived″ by the poet, and thus is "inartistic".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The connection between the nightingale's song and poetry is evoked by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in his comedy <i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_(play)" title="The Birds (play)">The Birds</a></i> and in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a>. Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> compares the mourning of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> for <a href="/wiki/Eurydice" title="Eurydice">Eurydice</a> to the "lament of the nightingale".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Ovid's retelling of the myth is the more famous version of the story, he had several ancient sources on which to rely before he finished the <i>Metamorphoses</i> in A.D. 8.<sup id="cite_ref-FrazerBiblioNote2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrazerBiblioNote2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these sources were doubtless available to Ovid during his lifetime but have been lost or come to us at present only in fragments. In his version, Ovid recast and combined many elements from these ancient sources. Because his is the most complete, lasting version of the myth, it is the basis for many later works. </p><p>In the 12th century, French <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvère</a> (troubadour) <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>, adapted many of the myths recounted in Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i> into <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>. However, de Troyes was not alone in adapting Ovid's material. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> recounted the story in his unfinished work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Good_Women" title="The Legend of Good Women">The Legend of Good Women</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and briefly alluded to the myth in his epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Criseyde" title="Troilus and Criseyde">Troilus and Criseyde</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a> included the tale in his <i><a href="/wiki/Confessio_Amantis" title="Confessio Amantis">Confessio Amantis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> References to Philomela are common in the <a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">motets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">ars nova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">ars subtilior</a>, and ars mutandi musical eras of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Elizabethan_and_Jacobean_England">In Elizabethan and Jacobean England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Elizabethan and Jacobean England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the late Renaissance and Elizabethan eras, the image of Philomela and the nightingale incorporated elements of mourning and beauty after being subjected to an act of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>. In his long poem "The Steele Glas" (1576), poet <a href="/wiki/George_Gascoigne" title="George Gascoigne">George Gascoigne</a> (1535–1577) depicts "Philomel" as the representative of poetry (Poesys), her sister Progne as satire (Satyra), and Tereus as "vayne Delight".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characterization of Philomela and the nightingale was that of a woman choosing to exercise her will in recovering her voice and resisting those forces which attempts to silence her. Critics have pointed to Gascoigne's use of the Philomela myth as a personal appeal and that he was fighting in verse a battle with his enemies who violently opposed his poems.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Gascoigne's poem "The complaynt of Philomene" (1576), the myth is employed to depict punishment and control.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In "<a href="/wiki/The_Nymph%27s_Reply_to_the_Shepherd" title="The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd">The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd</a>", Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> (1554–1618) relays consolation regarding the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">nymph</a>'s harsh rejection of the shepherd's romantic advances in the spirit of "time heals all wounds" by citing in the second stanza (among several examples) that eventually, with the passage of time, Philomel would become "dumb" to her own pain and that her attention would be drawn away from the pain by the events of life to come.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a>'s (1554–1586) <a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">courtly love</a> poem "The Nightingale", the narrator, who is in love with a woman he cannot have, compares his own romantic situation to that of Philomela's plight and claims that he has more reason to be sad. However, recent literary criticism has labelled this claim as <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexist</a> and an unfortunate marginalization of the traumatic rape of Philomela. Sidney argues that the rape was an "excess of love" and less severe than being deprived of love as attested by the line, "Since wanting is more woe than too much having."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Playwright and poet <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> (1564–1616) makes frequent use of the Philomela myth—most notably in his tragedy <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i> (c. 1588–1593) where characters directly reference Tereus and Philomela in commenting on rape and mutilation of Lavinia by Aaron, Chiron, and Demetrius.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent allusions to Philomela also occur in the depiction of Lucrece in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the depiction of Imogen in <i><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a>,</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Titania_(A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream)" title="Titania (A Midsummer Night's Dream)">Titania</a>'s lullaby in <i><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></i> where she asks Philomel to "sing in our sweet lullaby".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sonnet_102" title="Sonnet 102">Sonnet 102</a>, Shakespeare addresses his lover (the "fair youth") and compares his love poetry to the song of the nightingale, noting that "her mournful hymns did hush the night" (line 10), and that as a poet would "hold his tongue" (line 13) in deference to the more beautiful nightingale's song so that he "not dull you with my song" (line 14).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Lanier" title="Emilia Lanier">Emilia Lanier</a> (1569–1645), a poet who is considered by some scholars to be the woman referred to in the poetry of William Shakespeare as "<a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Lady" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Lady">Dark Lady</a>", makes several references to Philomela in her patronage poem "The Description of Cookeham" in <i>Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum</i> (1611). Lanier's poem, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clifford,_Countess_of_Cumberland" title="Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland">Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland</a> and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Lady_Anne_Clifford" title="Lady Anne Clifford">Lady Anne Clifford</a> refers to Philomela's "sundry layes"(line 31) and later to her "mournful ditty" (line 189).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The image of the nightingale appears frequently in poetry of the period with it and its song described by poets as an example of "joyance" and gaiety or as an example of melancholy, sad, sorrowful, and mourning. However, many use the nightingale as a symbol of sorrow but without a direct reference to the Philomela myth.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Classical_and_Romantic_works">In Classical and Romantic works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Classical and Romantic works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tereo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tereo.jpg/310px-Tereo.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tereo.jpg/465px-Tereo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Tereo.jpg/620px-Tereo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption><i>Tereus Confronted with the Head of his Son Itylus</i> (oil on canvas, painted 1636–1638), one of the late works of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) (Prado, Madrid)</figcaption></figure> <p>Poets in the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Era</a> recast the myth and adapted the image of the nightingale with its song to be a poet and "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse. <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a> (1795–1821), in "<a href="/wiki/Ode_to_a_Nightingale" title="Ode to a Nightingale">Ode to a Nightingale</a>" (1819) idealizes the nightingale as a poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats himself longs to write. Keats directly employs the Philomel myth in "<a href="/wiki/The_Eve_of_St._Agnes" title="The Eve of St. Agnes">The Eve of St. Agnes</a>" (1820) where the rape of Madeline by Porphyro mirrors the rape of Philomela by Tereus.<sup id="cite_ref-FieldsKeatsTongueless_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FieldsKeatsTongueless-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keats' contemporary, poet <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (1792–1822) invoked a similar image of the nightingale, writing in his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Defence_of_Poetry" title="A Defence of Poetry">A Defence of Poetry</a></i> that "a poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, <i><a href="/wiki/Philom%C3%A8le" title="Philomèle">Philomèle</a></i> was an <a href="/wiki/French_opera" title="French opera">operatic</a> stage production of the story, produced by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lacoste_(composer)" title="Louis Lacoste (composer)">Louis Lacoste</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. </p><p>First published in the collection <i>Lyrical Ballads</i>, "The Nightingale" (1798) is an effort by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a> (1772–1834) to move away from associations that the nightingale's song was one of melancholy and identified it with the joyous experience of nature. He remarked that "in nature there is nothing melancholy", (line 15) expressing hope "we may not thus profane / Nature's sweet voices, always full of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once,<br /> Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently,<br /> While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,'<br /> Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!—<br /> It is a father's tale: But if that Heaven<br /> Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up<br /> Familiar with these songs, that with the night<br /> He may associate joy.—<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Coleridge and his friend <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> (1770–1850), who called the nightingale a "fiery heart",<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicted it "as an instance of natural poetic creation", and the "voice of nature".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable mentions include: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>'s 1847–1848 <a href="/wiki/Serial_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial novel">serial</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)" title="Vanity Fair (novel)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Becky_Sharp_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Becky Sharp (character)">Becky Sharp</a> performs <a href="/wiki/Charades" title="Charades">charades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clytemnestra" title="Clytemnestra">Clytemnestra</a> (kingslayer) and Philomela (the ravished mute of king, who prompted his slaying) before the <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">Prince Regent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>. Further, her performance of Philomela is styled after <a href="/wiki/Philom%C3%A8le" title="Philomèle">the play</a> from the era of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>, alluding to the possibility of her becoming another <a href="/wiki/Marquise_de_Maintenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquise de Maintenon">Marquise de Maintenon</a>.</li> <li>In the poem "Philomela" (1853) by English poet <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a> (1822–1888), the poet asks upon hearing the crying of a fleeing nightingale if it can find peace and healing in the English countryside far away from Greece, although lamenting its pain and passion "eternal".</li> <li>In his 1881 poem "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Burden_of_Itys" class="extiw" title="s:The Burden of Itys">The Burden of Itys</a>", <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> describes Itys as the symbol of Greek art and pleasure is contrasted with Christ. The landscape of Greece is also compared to the landscape of England, specifically Kent and Oxford.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne" title="Algernon Charles Swinburne">Algernon Charles Swinburne</a> (1837–1909) wrote a poem called "Itylus" based on the story in which Philomela and Procne, after being transformed into the nightingale and swallow, ask when they will be able to forget the grief of having slain Itylus—the answer being they will forget when the world ends. He also wrote the lyrical tragedy <i>Erechtheus</i> (1876) which concerns Philomela's brother.</li> <li>English poet <a href="/wiki/Ann_Yearsley" title="Ann Yearsley">Ann Yearsley</a> (1753–1806) in lamenting the sufferings of African slaves invokes the myth and challenges that her song "<i>shall teach sad Philomel a louder note,</i>" in her abolitionist poem "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788)<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In "A la Juventud Filipina", Filipino national hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> (1861–1896), used the image of Philomel as inspiration for young Filipinos to use their voices to speak of Spanish injustice and colonial oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern_works">In modern works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In modern works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Philomela myth is perpetuated largely through its appearance as a powerful device in poetry. In the 20th century, American-British poet <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (1888–1965) directly referenced the myth in his most famous poem, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> (1922), where he describes, </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king<br /> So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale<br /> Filled all the desert with inviolable voice<br /> And still she cried, and still the world pursues,<br /> "Jug Jug" to dirty ears.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Eliot employs the myth to depict themes of sorrow, pain, and that the only recovery or regeneration possible is through revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these mentions reference other poets' renderings of the myth, including those of Ovid and Gascoigne. Eliot's references to the nightingales singing by the convent in "Sweeney and the Nightingales" (1919–1920) is a direct reference to the murder of <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon" title="Agamemnon">Agamemnon</a> in the tragedy by Aeschylus—wherein the Greek dramatist directly evoked the Philomela myth. The poem describes Sweeney as a brute and that two women in the poem are conspiring against him for his mistreatment of them. This mirrors not only the elements of Agamemnon's death in Aeschylus' play but the sister's revenge against Tereus in the myth. </p><p>In the poem "To the Nightingale", Argentine poet and fabulist, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> (1899–1986), compares his efforts as a poet to the bird's lament though never having heard it. He describes its song as "encrusted with mythology" and that the evolution of the myth has distorted it—that the opinions of other poets and writers have kept both poet and reader from actually hearing the original sound and knowing the essence of the song.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several artists have applied Ovid's account to new translations or reworkings, or adapted the story for the stage. Leonard Quirino notes that the plot of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> "is modeled on the legend of Tereus".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British poet <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a> (1930–1998) used the myth in his 1997 work <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Ovid" title="Tales from Ovid">Tales from Ovid</a></i> (1997) which was a loose translation and retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's <i>Metamorphoses</i>. Both Israeli dramatist <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Levin" title="Hanoch Levin">Hanoch Levin</a> (in <i>The Great Whore of Babylon</i>) and English playwright <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Laurens" title="Joanna Laurens">Joanna Laurens</a> (in <i>The Three Birds</i>) wrote plays based on the story. The story was adapted into an opera by Scottish composer <a href="/wiki/James_Dillon_(composer)" title="James Dillon (composer)">James Dillon</a> in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 1964 <a href="/wiki/Philomel_(Babbitt)" title="Philomel (Babbitt)">vocal composition</a> by American composer <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with text by <a href="/wiki/John_Hollander" title="John Hollander">John Hollander</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reference to Philomela also exists in the name of a Bengali music troupe in Calcutta, India, called <i>Nagar Philomel</i><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The city that loves song), formed in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several female writers have used the Philomela myth in exploring the subject of rape, women and power (<a href="/wiki/Empowerment#Empowerment_of_women" title="Empowerment">empowerment</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> themes, <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">including novelist <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> in her novella "Nightingale" published in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tent_(Atwood_book)" title="The Tent (Atwood book)">The Tent</a></i> (2006), <a href="/wiki/Emma_Tennant" title="Emma Tennant">Emma Tennant</a> in her story "Philomela", <a href="/wiki/Jeannine_Hall_Gailey" title="Jeannine Hall Gailey">Jeannine Hall Gailey</a> who uses the myth in several poems published in <i><a href="/wiki/Becoming_the_Villainess" title="Becoming the Villainess">Becoming the Villainess</a></i> (2006)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, and <a href="/wiki/Timberlake_Wertenbaker" title="Timberlake Wertenbaker">Timberlake Wertenbaker</a> in her play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Love_of_the_Nightingale" title="The Love of the Nightingale">The Love of the Nightingale</a></i> (1989) (later adapted into an <a href="/wiki/The_Love_of_the_Nightingale_(opera)" title="The Love of the Nightingale (opera)">opera of the same name</a> composed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mills_(composer)" title="Richard Mills (composer)">Richard Mills</a>). <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Canadian playwright <a href="/wiki/Erin_Shields" title="Erin Shields">Erin Shields</a> adapted the myth in her play <i>If We Were Birds</i> (2011), which won the <a href="/wiki/2011_Governor_General%27s_Awards" title="2011 Governor General's Awards">2011 Governor General's Award for Drama</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More recently, poet and author <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Studdard" title="Melissa Studdard">Melissa Studdard</a> brought new life to the myth in her poem "Philomela's tongue says" (2019), published in <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a></i> magazine's May 2019 edition.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_cannibalism" title="Child cannibalism">Child cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rape_victims_from_ancient_history_and_mythology" title="List of rape victims from ancient history and mythology">List of rape victims from ancient history and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/196_Philomela" title="196 Philomela">196 Philomela</a>, main-belt asteroid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.15.1">3.15.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, <i>Ethnica</i> s.v. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241#Th310.9">Thespeia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birdsong1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birdsong1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birdsong1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2009" class="citation web cs1">Kaplan, Matt (4 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030131846/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090304-nightingale-night-singing.html">"Male Nightingales Explore by Day, Seduce by Night"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/03/090304-nightingale-night-singing.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Male+Nightingales+Explore+by+Day%2C+Seduce+by+Night&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F03%2F090304-nightingale-night-singing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birdsong2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birdsong2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birdsong2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2011-11-nightingale-sang-experienced-males-territories.html">"And a nightingale sang... experienced males 'show off' to protect their territories"</a>. <i>phys.org</i>. 9 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=And+a+nightingale+sang...+experienced+males+%27show+off%27+to+protect+their+territories&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2011-11-nightingale-sang-experienced-males-territories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defining φιλόμηλος as "fond of apples or fruit", see Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; and Jones, Henry Stuart. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 1843, 9th Ed. 1925, 1996). (<a href="/wiki/LSJ" class="mw-redirect" title="LSJ">LSJ</a>) found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archimedes.fas.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/dict?name=lsj&lang=el&word=filo%2fmhlos&filter=CUTF8">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806073559/http://archimedes.fas.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/dict?name=lsj&lang=el&word=filo%2fmhlos&filter=CUTF8">Archived</a> 6 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; citing "Doroth.Hist. ap. Ath. 7.276f". (Retrieved 7 October 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite1884" class="citation book cs1">White, John T., ed. (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTL4lFhc1wIC&q=philomela+%22lover+of+sheep%22&pg=PA78"><i>The Fourth Book of Virgil's Georgics: With a Vocabulary</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 78<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourth+Book+of+Virgil%27s+Georgics%3A+With+a+Vocabulary&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTL4lFhc1wIC%26q%3Dphilomela%2B%2522lover%2Bof%2Bsheep%2522%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OvidPhilomela-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidPhilomela_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i> Book VI, lines 424–674. (Line numbers vary among translations.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrazerBiblioNote2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FrazerBiblioNote2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FrazerBiblioNote2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus, <i>Library</i> in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). See note 2 to section 3.14.8, citing Pearson, A. C. (editor) <i>The Fragments of Sophocles</i>, II:221ff. (found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D8">here</a> – retrieved 23 November 2012), where Frazer points to several other ancient source materials regarding the myth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LloydFragments-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LloydFragments_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LloydFragments_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sophocles. <i>Tereus</i> (translated by Lloyd-Jones, Hugh) in <i>Sophocles Fragments</i> (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard College, 1996), 290–299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitzgeraldSophTereus-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FitzgeraldSophTereus_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FitzgeraldSophTereus_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2001" class="citation journal cs1">Fitzpatrick, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556330">"Sophocles' "Tereus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The Classical Quarterly">The Classical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">90–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcq%2F51.1.90">10.1093/cq/51.1.90</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3556330">3556330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Sophocles%27+%22Tereus%22&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcq%2F51.1.90&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3556330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FitzpatrickTereus-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FitzpatrickTereus_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FitzpatrickTereus_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitzpatrick, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.open.ac.uk/ClassicalStudies/GreekPlays/Practitioners/issue1/Fitzpatrick.pdf">"Reconstructing a Fragmentary Tragedy 2: Sophocles' <i>Tereus</i>"</a> in <i>Practitioners Voices in Classical Reception Studies</i> 1:39–45 (November 2007) – retrieved 23 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)"><i>Bibliotheca</i> of Pseudo-Apollodorus</a> (Book III, chapter 14, section 8), in the translation by Sir James George Frazer, Pandion fought a war with Labdacus, King of Thebes and married his daughter Procne to Tereus to secure and alliance and obtain his assistance in fighting Thebes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OvidDrydenGarth1717-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OvidDrydenGarth1717_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OvidDrydenGarth1717_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dryden, John; Addison, Joseph; Eusden, Laurence; Garth, Sir Samuel (translators). Ovid. <i>Ovid's Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books, translated by the most eminent hands</i> (London: Jacob Tonson, 1717) Volume II, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BibliothecaFrazer-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BibliothecaFrazer_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Pseudo-Apollodorus, <i>Bibliotheca</i></a>, 3.14.8; in Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus, <i>Library</i> in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). (found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D3%3Achapter%3D14%3Asection%3D8">online</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2012). Notes on this passage include references several variations on the myth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note though that earlier Greek accounts say the opposite (Procne as the nightingale, the "tongueless" Philomela as the silent swallow) and are more consistent with the facts of the myth. Frazer in his translation of the <i>Bibliotheca</i> [Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus, <i>Library</i> in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921), in note 2 to section 3.14.8] comments that the Roman mythographers "somewhat absurdly inverted the transformation of the two sisters".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMagoulick" class="citation web cs1">Magoulick, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807181158/http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm">"What is Myth?"</a>. <i>faculty.de.gcsu.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.de.gcsu.edu/~mmagouli/defmyth.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=faculty.de.gcsu.edu&rft.atitle=What+is+Myth%3F&rft.aulast=Magoulick&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.de.gcsu.edu%2F~mmagouli%2Fdefmyth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honko, Lauri. "The Problem of Defining Myth" in Dundes, Alan (editor) <i>Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 41–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArrowsmithAristophanes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArrowsmithAristophanes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArrowsmithAristophanes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arrowsmith, William (editor). <i>Aristophanes: Three Comedies: The Birds, The Clouds, The Wasps</i>. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 14, 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLucaDeconstrTereus-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeLucaDeconstrTereus_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeLucaDeconstrTereus_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLuca, Kenneth (Hampden-Sydney College). "Deconstructing Tereus: An Introduction to Aristophanes' Birds" (paper prepared for the American Political Science Association Convention Chicago 2007). Found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/1/1/7/2/pages211725/p211725-1.php">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721025548/http://citation.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/1/1/7/2/pages211725/p211725-1.php">Archived</a> 21 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FieldsKeatsTongueless-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FieldsKeatsTongueless_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FieldsKeatsTongueless_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fields, Beverly. "Keats and the Tongueless Nightingale: Some Unheard Melodies in 'The Eve of Saint Agnes'". <i>Wordsworth Circle</i> 19 (1983), 246–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the comparison between Homer's version and Eusthathius' version of the myth, see: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SyAOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139">Notes to Book XIX (regarding line 605&c.)</a> in Pope, Alexander. <i>The Odyssey of Homer, translated by A. Pope</i>, Volume V. (London: F. J. DuRoveray, 1806), 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halmamann, Carolin. "Sophoclean Fragments" in Ormand, Kirk (editor). <i>A Companion to Sophocles</i>. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyginus-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyginus_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">compare with the "hawk" in Hyginus (Gaius Julius Hyginus ). <i>Fabulae</i>, 45. Hyginus based his interpretation on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Aesch._Supp._60&lang=original">Aesch.Supp.60</a> from Smyth, Herbert Weir (translator); Aeschylus. <i>Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, PhD in two volumes.</i> in <i>Volume 2. Suppliant Women.</i> (Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower, John. <i>Confessio Amantis</i> Book V, Lines 6041–6046, refer to a "lappewincke" or "lappewinge"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i>, 1:41 sections 8 and 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Delany, Chaucer barely mentions it and the Chretien de Troyes omits the "grotesquerie" entirely. Delany, Sheila. <i>The Naked Text: Chaucer's Legend of Good Women</i>. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 216–217, and <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a></i>. 2.29. In the version translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> (London: Bohn, 1843). (found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Thuc.2.29&lang=original">here</a> – retrieved 23 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster, Thomas B. L. <i>An Introduction to Sophocles</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 3, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Liberalis" title="Antoninus Liberalis">Antoninus Liberalis</a>, <i>Metamorphoses </i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/216#11">11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarshVases-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarshVases_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marsh, Jenny. "Vases and Tragic Drama" in Rutter, N.K. and Sparkes, B.A. (editors) <i>Word and Image in Ancient Greece</i> (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2000) 121–123, 133–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burnett, A. P. <i>Revenge in Attic and later tragedy</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) 180–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salisury, Joyce E. <i>Women in the Ancient World</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2001), 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChandlerPoetry-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChandlerPoetry_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChandlerPoetry_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandler1934" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, Albert R. (November 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3289944">"The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Classical_Journal" title="The Classical Journal">The Classical Journal</a></i>. <b>30</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3289944">3289944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nightingale+in+Greek+and+Latin+Poetry&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1934-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3289944%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Albert+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3289944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer. <i>The Odyssey</i> Book XIX, lines 518–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aeschylus, <i>Agamemnon</i> (found online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greektexts.com/library/Aeschylus/Agamemnon/eng/print/25.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122152327/http://www.greektexts.com/library/Aeschylus/Agamemnon/eng/print/25.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). (Retrieved 23 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a>, 54b.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i> XIV:4:568 (Houston, Texas: Rice University, 1974) <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/449753">449753</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gila Aloni, "Palimpsestic Philomela: Reinscription in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women'", in <i>Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England</i>, eds. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Carruthers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Carruthers (page does not exist)">Leo Carruthers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Carruthers" class="extiw" title="fr:Leo Carruthers">fr</a>]</span>, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 157–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaucer, Geoffrey. <i>Troilus and Criseyde</i> Book II, lines 64–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gower, John. <i>Confessio Amantis</i> Book VIII, lines 5545–6075.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eva_Leach" title="Elizabeth Eva Leach">Elizabeth Eva Leach</a>, <i>Sung Birds: Music, Nature, and Poetry in the Later Middle Ages</i> (Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olson, Rebecca. <i>Behind the Arras: Tapestry Ekphrasis in Spenser and Shakespeare</i> (ProQuest, 2008), p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maslen, R. W., "Myths Exploited: the Metamorphoses of Ovid in Early Elizabethan England" in Taylor, A. B. (ed.), <i>Shakespeare's Ovid: The Metamorphoses in the Plays and Poems</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henderson, Diana E. <i>Passion Made Public: Elizabethan Lyric, Gender, and Performance</i>. (University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunter, Lynette, and Lichtenfels, Peter. <i>Negotiating Shakespeare's Language in Romeo and Juliet: Reading Strategies from Criticism, Editing and the Theatre</i>. (Farnham, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009), p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lourenco, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helum.com/items/879551-poetry-analysis-the-nymphs-reply-to-the-shepherd-by-william-raleigh">Poetry analysis: The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, by William Raleigh</a> (<i>sic</i>). Retrieved 9 January 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raleigh, Sir Walter "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), lines 5–8: "Time drives the flocks from field to fold / When rivers rage and rocks grow cold, / And Philomel becometh dumb; / The rest complains of cares to come."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAddison2009" class="citation journal cs1">Addison, Catherine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alternation.ukzn.ac.za/Files/docs/16.2/13%20Addison%20F.PDF">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Darkling I Listen': The Nightingale's Song In and Out of Poetry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Alternation</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">190–</span>220<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternation&rft.atitle=%27Darkling+I+Listen%27%3A+The+Nightingale%27s+Song+In+and+Out+of+Poetry&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E220&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Addison&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falternation.ukzn.ac.za%2FFiles%2Fdocs%2F16.2%2F13%2520Addison%2520F.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oakley-Brown, Liz. <i>Ovid And the Cultural Politics of Translation in Early Modern England</i>. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), 26–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Newman, Jane O. "'And Let Mild Women to Him Lose Their Mildness': Philomela, Female Violence, and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece" <i>Shakespeare Quarterly</i> Vol. 45, No. 3 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 304–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheney, Patrick (ed.) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Companion_to_Shakespeare%27s_Poetry" title="The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry">The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry</a></i>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 94–95, 105 and 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare, William. "Cymbeline", Act II, Scene ii, and Act III, Scene iv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemp, Theresa D. <i>Women in the Age of Shakespeare</i> (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010), pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2011" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Nicole (4 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.articlemyriad.com/significance-philomel-midsummer-nights-dream/">"The Significance of the Reference to Philomel in 'A Midsummer Night's Dream' by Shakespeare"</a>. <i>Article Myriad</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Article+Myriad&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+the+Reference+to+Philomel+in+%27A+Midsummer+Night%27s+Dream%27+by+Shakespeare&rft.date=2011-12-04&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.articlemyriad.com%2Fsignificance-philomel-midsummer-nights-dream%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cheney, Patrick. <i>Shakespeare, National Poet-Playwright</i>. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luckyj, Christina. <i>"A Moving Rhetoricke": Gender and Silence in Early Modern England</i>. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Patricia A. <i>Shakespeare and the Question of Theory</i> (New York: Methuen, 1985), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lanyer, Emilia. "The Description of Cookeham" in <i>Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum</i> (1611).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAddison2009">Addison 2009</a> cites examples including <a href="/wiki/William_Drummond_of_Hawthornden" title="William Drummond of Hawthornden">William Drummond of Hawthornden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Turner_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte Turner Smith">Charlotte Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a>. However, he cites later examples like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bridges" title="Robert Bridges">Robert Bridges</a> where an indirect reference to the myth may be called a "dark nocturnal secret".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shippey, Thomas. "Listening to the Nightingale" in <i>Comparative Literature</i> XXII:1 (1970), pp. 46–60 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1769299">1769299</a> – retrieved 24 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in <i>SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900</i> XIV:4 (1974), 570 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/449753">449753</a>– retrieved 24 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelley, Percy Bysshe. <i>A Defense of Poetry</i> (Boston: Ginn & Company, 1903), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ashton, Rosemary. <i>The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge</i>. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 136–139; Mays, J. C. C. (editor). <i>The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I</i> (Volume I, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Philomela" (1798), lines 102–109 in Volume I of <i>Lyrical Ballads with a few other poems</i> (with William Wordsworth) (London: J. & A. Arch, 1798)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wordsworth, William. "O Nightingale, thou surely art" (1807), line 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rana, Sujata; Dhankhar, Pooja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2011/sujatabirdimagery.pdf">"Bird Imagery in Keats's 'Ode to a Nightingale' and Yeats's 'The Wild Swans at Coole': A Comparative Study"</a> in <i>Language in India</i>, vol. 11 (12 December 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yearsley, Ann. "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788) lines 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaide, Gregorio. <i>Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero</i> (Manila, Philippines: All Nations Publishing Co., 1994).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns). "The Waste Land" (New York: Horace Liveright, 1922), lines 98–103. See also lines 203–206, 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donnell, Sean M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcamino.edu/faculty/sdonnell/waste_land.htm">Notes on T. S. Eliot's <i>The Waste Land</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226202111/http://www.elcamino.edu/Faculty/sdonnell/waste_land.htm">Archived</a> 26 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (retrieved 24 November 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuirino1984" class="citation journal cs1">Quirino, Leonard (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1100001571/LitRC">"The Cards Indicate a Voyage on <i>A Streetcar Named Desire</i>"</a>. <i>Contemporary Literary Criticism</i>. <b>30</b>. Gale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Literary+Criticism&rft.atitle=The+Cards+Indicate+a+Voyage+on+A+Streetcar+Named+Desire&rft.volume=30&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Quirino&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.gale.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FH1100001571%2FLitRC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span>, originally published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJac_Tharpe1977" class="citation book cs1">Jac Tharpe, ed. (1977). <i>Tennessee Williams: A Tribute</i>. University Press of Mississippi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tennessee+Williams%3A+A+Tribute&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stating that it was adapted from Sophocles, Thales, Eva Hesse, R. Buckminster Fuller, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://composers21.com/compdocs/dillonj.htm">The Living Composers Project: James Dillon</a>. (Retrieved 22 December 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hair, Graham, and Stephen Arnold. "Some Works of Milton Babbitt, Reviewed", <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(journal)" title="Tempo (journal)">Tempo</a></i> new series, no. 90 (1969): 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hollander, John. "A Poem for Music: Remarks on the Composition of <i>Philomel</i>", pp. 289–306 in <i>Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/how-bengal-woke-up-to-band-culture-in-the-1970s-paving-the-way-for-a-bona-fide-rock-movement-in-bangla-9639501.html">"How Bengal woke up to 'band' culture in the 1970s, paving the way for a bona fide rock movement in Bangla"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=How+Bengal+woke+up+to+%27band%27+culture+in+the+1970s%2C+paving+the+way+for+a+bona+fide+rock+movement+in+Bangla&rft.date=2021-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fart-and-culture%2Fhow-bengal-woke-up-to-band-culture-in-the-1970s-paving-the-way-for-a-bona-fide-rock-movement-in-bangla-9639501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar" class="citation web cs1">Sarkar, Roushni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jun/22/21057/i-try-my-best-to-use-live-music-within-the-limitations-of-budget-and-time-prabuddha-banerjee">"I try my best to use live music, within the limitations of budget and time: Prabuddha Banerjee"</a>. <i>Cinestaan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120231238/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/jun/22/21057/i-try-my-best-to-use-live-music-within-the-limitations-of-budget-and-time-prabuddha-banerjee">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cinestaan&rft.atitle=I+try+my+best+to+use+live+music%2C+within+the+limitations+of+budget+and+time%3A+Prabuddha+Banerjee&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Roushni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinestaan.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2Fjun%2F22%2F21057%2Fi-try-my-best-to-use-live-music-within-the-limitations-of-budget-and-time-prabuddha-banerjee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStuddard2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Melissa_Studdard" title="Melissa Studdard">Studdard, Melissa</a> (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/poems/149724/philomelas-tongue-says">"Philomela's tongue says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)">Poetry</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry&rft.atitle=Philomela%27s+tongue+says&rft.date=2019-05&rft.aulast=Studdard&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoetrymagazine%2Fpoems%2F149724%2Fphilomelas-tongue-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilomela" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Apollodorus</a>, <i>The Library</i> with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99135-4">0-674-99135-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021">Greek text available from the same website</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey"><i>The Odyssey</i></a> with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674995611" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674995611">978-0674995611</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0136">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135">Greek text available from the same website</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i> with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99328-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99328-4">0-674-99328-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0160">Online version at the Perseus Digital Library</a></li> <li>Pausanias, <i>Graeciae Descriptio.</i> <i>3 vols</i>. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0159">Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, <i>Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt,</i> edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topostext.org/work/241">Online version at the Topos Text Project.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philomela&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Philomela_and_Procne" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Philomela and Procne">Philomela and Procne</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Template talk:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Metamorphoses in Greek mythology">Metamorphoses in Greek mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthis_(mythology)" title="Acanthis (mythology)">Acanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthus_(son_of_Autonous)" title="Acanthus (son of Autonous)">Acanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acmon" title="Acmon">Acmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABdon" title="Aëdon">Aëdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegolius_(mythology)" title="Aegolius (mythology)">Aegolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegypius_(mythology)" title="Aegypius (mythology)">Aegypius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtos" title="Aëtos">Aëtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesacus" title="Aesacus">Aesacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrius_and_Oreius_(mythology)" title="Agrius and Oreius (mythology)">Agrius and Oreius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agron_(mythology)" title="Agron (mythology)">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcander_(mythology)" title="Alcander (mythology)">Alcander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_(daughter_of_Sciron)" title="Alcyone (daughter of Sciron)">Alcyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyone_and_Ceyx" title="Alcyone and Ceyx">Alcyone and Ceyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcyonides" title="Alcyonides">Alcyonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alectryon_(mythology)" title="Alectryon (mythology)">Alectryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthus_(mythology)" title="Anthus (mythology)">Anthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Sithonis" title="Arne Sithonis">Arne Sithonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemiche" title="Artemiche">Artemiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalaphus_(son_of_Acheron)" title="Ascalaphus (son of Acheron)">Ascalaphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonous" title="Autonous">Autonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botres" title="Botres">Botres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulis_(mythology)" title="Bulis (mythology)">Bulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssa_(mythology)" title="Byssa (mythology)">Byssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celeus_(Crete)" title="Celeus (Crete)">Celeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Greek_myth)" title="Cerberus (Greek myth)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelidon_(mythology)" title="Chelidon (mythology)">Chelidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinyras" title="Cinyras">Cinyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinis" title="Clinis">Clinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combe_(mythology)" title="Combe (mythology)">Combe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corone_(crow)" title="Corone (crow)">Corone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesylla" title="Ctesylla">Ctesylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Apollo)" title="Cycnus (son of Apollo)">Cycnus (son of Apollo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Ares)" title="Cycnus (son of Ares)">Cycnus (son of Ares)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Poseidon)" title="Cycnus (son of Poseidon)">Cycnus (son of Poseidon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycnus_(son_of_Sthenelus)" title="Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)">Cycnus (son of Sthenelus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalion" title="Daedalion">Daedalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinoma" title="Erinoma">Erinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erodius" title="Erodius">Erodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelus" title="Eumelus">Eumelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerana" title="Gerana">Gerana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmotho%C3%AB" title="Harmothoë">Harmothoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyce_(daughter_of_Clymenus)" title="Harpalyce (daughter of Clymenus)">Harpalyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpasus" title="Harpasus">Harpasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpe_(mythology)" title="Harpe (mythology)">Harpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierax_(mythology)" title="Hierax (mythology)">Hierax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippodamia_(wife_of_Autonous)" title="Hippodamia (wife of Autonous)">Hippodamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperippe" title="Hyperippe">Hyperippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyria_(mythology)" title="Hyria (mythology)">Hyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ictinus_(mythology)" title="Ictinus (mythology)">Ictinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idas_(mythology)" title="Idas (mythology)">Idas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ino_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ino (Greek mythology)">Ino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itys" title="Itys">Itys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iynx" title="Iynx">Iynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laius_(Crete)" title="Laius (Crete)">Laius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelante" title="Lelante">Lelante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">Lycius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycus_(mythology)" title="Lycus (mythology)">Lycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaletor" title="Megaletor">Megaletor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleagrids" title="Meleagrids">Meleagrids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnon" title="Memnon">Memnonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis_(mythology)" title="Meropis (mythology)">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merops_(mythology)" title="Merops (mythology)">Merops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munichus" title="Munichus">Munichus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neophron_(Greek_myth)" title="Neophron (Greek myth)">Neophron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisos" title="Nisos">Nisus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaea" title="Nyctaea">Nyctaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctimene_(mythology)" title="Nyctimene (mythology)">Nyctimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenoe_(mythology)" title="Oenoe (mythology)">Oenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenotropae" title="Oenotropae">Oenotropae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortygius" title="Ortygius">Ortygius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelia_(mythology)" title="Pelia (mythology)">Pelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdix_(mythology)" title="Perdix (mythology)">Perdix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphas_(king_of_Attica)" title="Periphas (king of Attica)">Periphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peristera_(mythology)" title="Peristera (mythology)">Peristera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picus" title="Picus">Picus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierides_(mythology)" title="Pierides (mythology)">Pierides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phene_(mythology)" title="Phene (mythology)">Phene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philaeus_(mythology)" title="Philaeus (mythology)">Philaeus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philomela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphonte" title="Polyphonte">Polyphonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnus" title="Polytechnus">Polytechnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procne" title="Procne">Procne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhexenor" title="Rhexenor">Rhexenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoeneus" title="Schoeneus">Schoeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla_(daughter_of_Nisus)" title="Scylla (daughter of Nisus)">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereus" title="Tereus">Tereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timandra_(mother_of_Neophron)" title="Timandra (mother of Neophron)">Timandra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#cef2e0;">Non-avian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abas_(mythology)" title="Abas (mythology)">Abas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actaeon" title="Actaeon">Actaeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachne" title="Arachne">Arachne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcas" title="Arcas">Arcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arge" title="Arge">Arge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristaeus_(Giant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristaeus (Giant)">Aristaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascalabus" title="Ascalabus">Ascalabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta" title="Atalanta">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calchus" title="Calchus">Calchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(mythology)" title="Callisto (mythology)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephissus_(mythology)" title="Cephissus (mythology)">Cephissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerambus" title="Cerambus">Cerambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelone_(mythology)" title="Chelone (mythology)">Chelone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korybantes" title="Korybantes">Curetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynosura_(nymph)" title="Cynosura (nymph)">Cynosura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanthis" title="Galanthis">Galanthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(mythology)" title="Gale (mythology)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Hecuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helice_(mythology)" title="Helice (mythology)">Helice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippomenes" title="Hippomenes">Hippomenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaon_(king_of_Arcadia)" title="Lycaon (king of Arcadia)">Lycaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_peasants" title="Lycian peasants">Lycian peasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncus" title="Lyncus">Lyncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megisto_(mythology)" title="Megisto (mythology)">Megisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanippe" title="Melanippe">Melanippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorion_(mythology)" title="Euphorion (mythology)">Melian nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melissa" title="Melissa">Melissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyades" title="Minyades">Minyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myia_(mythology)" title="Myia (mythology)">Myia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmex_(Attic_woman)" title="Myrmex (Attic woman)">Myrmex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFs_(mythology)" title="Naïs (mythology)">Naïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerites_(mythology)" title="Nerites (mythology)">Nerites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocyrhoe" title="Ocyrhoe">Ocyrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentheus" title="Pentheus">Pentheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_(mythology)" title="Phalanx (mythology)">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus" title="Phineus">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(mythology)" title="Phoenice (mythology)">Phoenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompilus_(mythology)" title="Pompilus (mythology)">Pompilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete" title="Taygete">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophane" title="Theophane">Theophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanis_(mythology)" title="Titanis (mythology)">Titanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonus" title="Tithonus">Tithonus</a></li> <li>Tyrrhenian pirates <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aethalides_(mythology)" title="Aethalides (mythology)">Aethalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcimedon" title="Alcimedon">Alcimedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictys" title="Dictys">Dictys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epopeus" title="Epopeus">Epopeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_(mythology)" title="Melas (mythology)">Melas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medon_(mythology)" title="Medon (mythology)">Medon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opheltes_(mythology)" title="Opheltes (mythology)">Opheltes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pygmalion_(Raoux).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pygmalion and Galatea"><img alt="Pygmalion and Galatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/120px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg/250px-Pygmalion_%28Raoux%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1898" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_and_Daphne_(Bernini).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Apollo and Daphne"><img alt="Apollo and Daphne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/90px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/135px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg/180px-Apollo_and_Daphne_%28Bernini%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="7800" /></a></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Io_changed_into_a_cow,_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Io"><img alt="Io" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/90px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/135px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg/180px-Io_changed_into_a_cow%2C_Mercury_cuts_of_Argus%27s_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1913" data-file-height="2645" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Base appearance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_(son_of_Zeus)" title="Achilles (son of Zeus)">Achilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_of_Troy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone of Troy">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia" title="Lamia">Lamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusa" title="Medusa">Medusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Mulberry fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaon" title="Phaon">Phaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Sirens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycius_(son_of_Clinis)" title="Lycius (son of Clinis)">White raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Humanoids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arne_(daughter_of_Aeolus)" title="Arne (daughter of Aeolus)">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoce_(mythology)" title="Cymodoce (mythology)">Cymodoce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcesius" title="Arcesius">Cephalus' wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatea_(mythology)" title="Galatea (mythology)">Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leleges" title="Leleges">Leleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmidons" title="Myrmidons">Myrmidons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephele" title="Nephele">Nephele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartoi">Spartoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weasel_and_Aphrodite" title="The Weasel and Aphrodite">Weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Inanimate objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconteus" title="Aconteus">Aconteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglaurus,_daughter_of_Cecrops" title="Aglaurus, daughter of Cecrops">Aglaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcmene" title="Alcmene">Alcmene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaxarete" title="Anaxarete">Anaxarete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsino%C3%AB_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoë of Cyprus">Arsinoë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspalis" title="Aspalis">Aspalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battus_(mythology)" title="Battus (mythology)">Battus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britomartis" title="Britomartis">Britomartis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calydon_(son_of_Ares)" title="Calydon (son of Ares)">Calydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cragaleus" title="Cragaleus">Cragaleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnis" title="Daphnis">Daphnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodame" title="Iodame">Iodame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laelaps_(mythology)" title="Laelaps (mythology)">Laelaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethaea" title="Lethaea">Lethaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyco_and_Orphe" title="Lyco and Orphe">Lyco and Orphe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olenus" title="Olenus">Olenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas_(Giant)" title="Pallas (Giant)">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandareus" title="Pandareus">Pandareus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phineus_(son_of_Belus)" title="Phineus (son of Belus)">Phineus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polydectes" title="Polydectes">Polydectes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proetus_(son_of_Abas)" title="Proetus (son of Abas)">Proetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoetides" title="Propoetides">Propoetides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_(mythology)" title="Pyrrhus (mythology)">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teumessian_fox" title="Teumessian fox">Teumessian fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamathe_(Nereid)" title="Psamathe (Nereid)">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheron" title="Acheron">Acheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea" title="Acis and Galatea">Acis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aea_(mythology)" title="Aea (mythology)">Aea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alope" title="Alope">Alope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_(deity)" title="Alpheus (deity)">Alpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(Boeotia)" title="Arethusa (Boeotia)">Arethusa (Boeotia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(mythology)" title="Arethusa (mythology)">Arethusa (Elis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteria" title="Asteria">Asteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblis" title="Byblis">Byblis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliste_(mythology)" title="Calliste (mythology)">Calliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalia" title="Castalia">Castalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chione_(daughter_of_Callirrhoe)" title="Chione (daughter of Callirrhoe)">Chione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleite" title="Cleite">Cleite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comaetho_(lover_of_Cydnus)" title="Comaetho (lover of Cydnus)">Comaetho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane" title="Cyane">Cyane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirce" title="Dirce">Dirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichas" title="Lichas">Lichas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilaeus_(mythology)" title="Lilaeus (mythology)">Lilaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manto_(daughter_of_Tiresias)" title="Manto (daughter of Tiresias)">Manto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsyas" title="Marsyas">Marsyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menippe_and_Metioche" title="Menippe and Metioche">Menippe and Metioche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimele" title="Perimele">Perimele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirene_(nymph)" title="Pirene (nymph)">Pirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramus_and_Thisbe" title="Pyramus and Thisbe">Pyramus and Thisbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(mythology)" title="Rhodope (mythology)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopis_and_Euthynicus" title="Rhodopis and Euthynicus">Rhodopis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangarius_(mythology)" title="Sangarius (mythology)">Sangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selemnus_(god)" title="Selemnus (god)">Selemnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_(mythology)" title="Sybaris (mythology)">Sybaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Opposite sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caeneus" title="Caeneus">Caeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditus" title="Hermaphroditus">Hermaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iphis" title="Iphis">Iphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus_of_Crete" title="Leucippus of Crete">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmacis" title="Salmacis">Salmacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siproites" title="Siproites">Siproites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithon_(mythology)" title="Sithon (mythology)">Sithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiresias" title="Tiresias">Tiresias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agdistis" title="Agdistis">Agdistis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajax_the_Great" title="Ajax the Great">Ajax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaracus" title="Amaracus">Amaracus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_(Hyades)" title="Ambrosia (Hyades)">Ambrosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampelos" title="Ampelos">Ampelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anethus" title="Anethus">Anethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baucis_and_Philemon" title="Baucis and Philemon">Baucis and Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpos" title="Karpos">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_of_Laconia" title="Carya of Laconia">Carya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cissus_(mythology)" title="Cissus (mythology)">Cissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clytie_(Oceanid)" title="Clytie (Oceanid)">Clytie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_(mythology)" title="Crocus (mythology)">Crocus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyparissus" title="Cyparissus">Cyparissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne" title="Daphne">Daphne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopatra_(mythology)" title="Diopatra (mythology)">Diopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryope_(daughter_of_Dryops)" title="Dryope (daughter of Dryops)">Dryope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaea_(mythology)" title="Elaea (mythology)">Elaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elate_(mythology)" title="Elate (mythology)">Elate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocles_of_Orchomenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eteocles of Orchomenus">Eteocleides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliades" title="Heliades">Heliades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxippe" title="Dioxippe">Dioxippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampetia" title="Lampetia">Lampetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merope_(Greek_myth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merope (Greek myth)">Merope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethusa" title="Phaethusa">Phaethusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(mythology)" title="Phoebe (mythology)">Phoebe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperides" title="Hesperides">Hesperides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegle_(mythology)" title="Aegle (mythology)">Aegle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erytheia_(mythology)" title="Erytheia (mythology)">Erytheia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyacinth_(mythology)" title="Hyacinth (mythology)">Hyacinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamos" title="Kalamos">Kalamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuce_(mythology)" title="Leuce (mythology)">Leuce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucothoe_(daughter_of_Orchamus)" title="Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)">Leucothoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanus_(mythology)" title="Libanus (mythology)">Libanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotis_(mythology)" title="Lotis (mythology)">Lotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Thrace">Lycurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecon_(mythology)" title="Mecon (mythology)">Mecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melos_of_Delos" class="mw-redirect" title="Melos of Delos">Melos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_shepherds" title="Messapian shepherds">Messapians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minthe" title="Minthe">Minthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrice_(mythology)" title="Myrice (mythology)">Myrice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrina_(priestess)" title="Myrina (priestess)">Myrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrsine_(mythology)" title="Myrsine (mythology)">Myrsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oechalides" title="Oechalides">Oechalides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philyra_(Oceanid)" title="Philyra (Oceanid)">Philyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_(mythology)" title="Phyllis (mythology)">Phyllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picolous" title="Picolous">Picolous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitys_(mythology)" title="Pitys (mythology)">Pitys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanus_(mythology)" title="Platanus (mythology)">Platanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalacantha" title="Psalacantha">Psalacantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Saliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_(daughter_of_Ictinus)" title="Side (daughter of Ictinus)">Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_(mythology)" title="Smilax (mythology)">Smilax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrha" title="Myrrha">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syceus" title="Syceus">Syceus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrinx" title="Syrinx">Syrinx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Voluntary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gods">Greek gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestra" title="Mestra">Mestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periclymenus" title="Periclymenus">Periclymenus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumaean_Sibyl" title="Cumaean Sibyl">Cumaean Sibyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(mythology)" title="Echo (mythology)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyades_(mythology)" title="Hyades (mythology)">Hyades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hylas" title="Hylas">Hylas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_of_Hera" title="Milk of Hera">Milk of Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(Greek_mythology)" title="Pleiades (Greek mythology)">Pleiades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cef2e0;width:1%">False myths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acantha" title="Acantha">Acantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyste" title="Amethyste">Amethyste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)" title="Orchis (mythology)">Orchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodanthe_(mythology)" title="Rhodanthe (mythology)">Rhodanthe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#cef2e0"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata941" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115449#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata941" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115449#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150819080">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150819080">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/131358391">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/114635692">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philomela&oldid=1272662424">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philomela&oldid=1272662424</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princesses_in_Greek_mythology" title="Category:Princesses in Greek mythology">Princesses in Greek mythology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mythological_rape_victims" title="Category:Mythological rape victims">Mythological rape 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