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</button> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Paus_family_of_Rising_and_Altenburg_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Paus_family_of_Rising_and_Altenburg_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The Paus family of Rising and Altenburg House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Paus_family_of_Rising_and_Altenburg_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knud_Ibsen's_marriage_to_Marichen_Altenburg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knud_Ibsen's_marriage_to_Marichen_Altenburg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Knud Ibsen's marriage to Marichen Altenburg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knud_Ibsen's_marriage_to_Marichen_Altenburg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths_and_reassessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_reassessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Myths and reassessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_reassessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_influence_of_his_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_influence_of_his_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Literary influence of his childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_influence_of_his_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_of_key_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_of_key_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Overview of key figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview_of_key_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1846–1859:_Grimstad_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1846–1859:_Grimstad_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1846–1859: Grimstad years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1846–1859:_Grimstad_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1864–1883:_Established_work_and_acclaim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1864–1883:_Established_work_and_acclaim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1864–1883: Established work and acclaim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1864–1883:_Established_work_and_acclaim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1884–1896:_Later_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1884–1896:_Later_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1884–1896: Later work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1884–1896:_Later_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critical reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Plays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accolades_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accolades_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Accolades and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accolades_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Henrik Ibsen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هنريك إبسن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنريك إبسن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%84_%D4%BB%D5%BA%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հենրիք Իպսեն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հենրիք Իպսեն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হেনৰিক ইবছেন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হেনৰিক ইবছেন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_%C4%B0bsen" title="Henrik İbsen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henrik İbsen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هنریک ایبسن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هنریک ایبسن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="হেনরিক ইবসেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেনরিক ইবসেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Генрик Иоган Ибсен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Генрик Иоган Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%86%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Генрык Ібсен – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрык Ібсен" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%86%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Гэнрык Ібсэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гэнрык Ібсэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хенрик Ибсен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Һенрик Ибсен – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һенрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA_%CE%8A%CF%88%CE%B5%CE%BD" title="Χένρικ Ίψεν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χένρικ Ίψεν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هنریک ایبسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنریک ایبسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हेन्रिक इब्सेन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हेन्रिक इब्सेन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC%ED%81%AC_%EC%9E%85%EC%84%BC" title="헨리크 입센 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리크 입센" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D4%BB%D5%A2%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հենրիկ Իբսեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրիկ Իբսեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="हेनरिक इबसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हेनरिक इबसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="הנריק איבסן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנריק איבסן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D,_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಬ್ಸೆನ್, ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಬ್ಸೆನ್, ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრიკ იბსენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრიკ იბსენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Генрик Ибсен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Генрик Ибсен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Генрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ибсен, Генрик Иоган – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ибсен, Генрик Иоган" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Ibsen" title="Henricus Ibsen – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriks_Ibsens" title="Henriks Ibsens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henriks Ibsens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хенрик Ибзен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хенрик Ибзен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇബ്‌സൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്‌സൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हेन्‍रिक इब्सेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हेन्‍रिक इब्सेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99_%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰენრიკ იბსენი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰენრიკ იბსენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هينريك ايبسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هينريك ايبسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Хенрик Ибсен – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хенрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဟင်းနရစ် အစ်ဗဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်းနရစ် အစ်ဗဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="हेन्रिक इब्सेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हेन्रिक इब्सेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%97%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3" title="ヘンリック・イプセン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリック・イプセン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹੈਨਰਿਕ ਇਬਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਨਰਿਕ ਇਬਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ہینرک ابسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہینرک ابسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هنرېک ايبسن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هنرېک ايبسن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ибсен, Генрик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибсен, Генрик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Ибсен Генрик – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ибсен Генрик" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ھێنریک ئیبسن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنریک ئیبسن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="என்ரிக் இப்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்ரிக் இப்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%98%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Һенрик Ибсен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Һенрик Ибсен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హెన్రిక్ ఇబ్సన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హెన్రిక్ ఇబ్సన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%86%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Генрік Ібсен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генрік Ібсен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%86" title="ہينرک ابسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہينرک ابسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E7%94%9F" title="亨里克·易卜生 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨里克·易卜生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%9F" title="הענריק איבסן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הענריק איבסן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E7%94%9F" title="亨里·易卜生 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨里·易卜生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Henrik Ibsen" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%98%93%E5%8D%9C%E7%94%9F" title="亨里克·易卜生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨里克·易卜生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36661#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ibsen" redirects here. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_(name)" title="Ibsen (name)">Ibsen (name)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ibsen (disambiguation)">Ibsen (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Henrik Ibsen</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait by Eilif Peterssen, 1895"><img alt="Portrait by Eilif Peterssen, 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg/220px-Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg/330px-Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg/440px-Henrik_Ibsen_av_Eilif_Peterssen_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="938" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Eilif_Peterssen" title="Eilif Peterssen">Eilif Peterssen</a>, 1895</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Henrik Johan Ibsen<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1828-03-20</span>)</span>20 March 1828<br /><a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">23 May 1906<span style="display:none">(1906-05-23)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Kristiania</a>, Norway<br /><small>(modern <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Writer, theatre director</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">Drama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">realism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Brand_(play)" title="Brand (play)">Brand</a></i> (1865)<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1867)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> (1879)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i> (1881)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i> (1882)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> (1884)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i> (1886)<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1890)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Thoresen" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzannah Thoresen">Suzannah Thoresen</a> (m. 1858)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Ibsen</a> (father)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen Altenburg</a> (mother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png/150px-Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png/225px-Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Henrik_Ibsen%27s_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="58" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Henrik Johan Ibsen</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Norwegian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="no-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈhɛ̀nrɪk<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɪ̀psn̩]</a></span>; 20 March 1828 – 23 May 1906) was a Norwegian playwright and theatre director. Ibsen is considered the world's pre-eminent dramatist of the 19th century and is often referred to as "the father of modern drama."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pioneered <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatrical realism">theatrical realism</a>, but also wrote lyrical epic works. His major works include <i><a href="/wiki/Brand_(play)" title="Brand (play)">Brand</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Builder" title="The Master Builder">The Master Builder</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Dead_Awaken" title="When We Dead Awaken">When We Dead Awaken</a></i>. Ibsen is the most frequently performed dramatist in the world after <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>A Doll's House</i> was the world's most performed play in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen was born into the merchant elite of the port town of <a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a>, and had strong family ties to the families who had held power and wealth in <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> since the mid-1500s.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both his parents belonged socially or biologically to the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden" class="mw-redirect" title="Altenburggården">Altenburggården</a>—the extended family of the siblings <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Paus" title="Hedevig Paus">Hedevig Paus</a>—and Ibsen described his own background as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_patriciate" title="Norwegian patriciate">patrician</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen established himself as a theater director in Norway during the 1850s and gained international recognition as a playwright with the plays <i>Brand</i> and <i>Peer Gynt</i> in the 1860s. From 1864, he lived for 27 years in Italy and Germany, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, making only brief visits to Norway, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> in 1891. Most of Ibsen's plays are set in Norway, often in bourgeois environments and places reminiscent of Skien, and he frequently drew inspiration from family members. Ibsen's early poetic and cinematic play <i>Peer Gynt</i> has strong <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surreal</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <i>Peer Gynt</i> Ibsen abandoned verse and wrote in realistic prose. Several of his later dramas were considered scandalous to many of his era, when European theatre was expected to model strict morals of family life and propriety. Ibsen's later work examined the realities that lay behind the façades, revealing much that was disquieting to a number of his contemporaries. He had a critical eye and conducted a free inquiry into the conditions of life and issues of morality. In many critics' estimates <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i> are "vying with each other as rivals for the top place among Ibsen's works";<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen himself regarded <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i> as his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">masterpiece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen is considered one of the most important playwrights in the history of world literature,<sup id="cite_ref-Valency_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is widely regarded as the foremost playwright of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Valency_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valency-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> considered him on par with <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> argued that Ibsen had surpassed Shakespeare as the world's pre-eminent dramatist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen influenced other playwrights and novelists such as <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>. Considered a profound poetic dramatist, he is widely regarded as the most important playwright since Shakespeare.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen is commonly described as the most famous Norwegian internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygaard-foredrag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen wrote his plays in <a href="/wiki/Dano-Norwegian" title="Dano-Norwegian">Dano-Norwegian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they were published by the Danish publisher <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal" title="Gyldendal">Gyldendal</a>. He was the father of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a> and a relative of the singer <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus" title="Ole Paus">Ole Paus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skien_1822,_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg/220px-Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg/330px-Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg/440px-Skien_1822%2C_painted_by_Jens_Severin_Schweder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Skien in 1822</figcaption></figure> <p>Henrik Johan Ibsen was born on 20 March 1828 in <i><a href="/wiki/Stockmanng%C3%A5rden" title="Stockmanngården">Stockmanngården</a></i> into an affluent merchant family in the prosperous port town of <a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Bratsberg</a> (Telemark). He was the son of the merchant <a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Plesner Ibsen</a> (1797–1877) and <a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen Cornelia Martine Altenburg</a> (1799–1869), and he grew up socially as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a>, which consisted of the siblings <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Paus" title="Hedevig Paus">Hedevig Paus</a> and their tightly knit families. Ibsen's ancestors were primarily merchants and shipowners in cities such as Skien and Bergen, or members of the "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_officials" title="Aristocracy of officials">aristocracy of officials</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Telemark" title="Upper Telemark">Upper Telemark</a>, the region's civil servant elite. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a> writes that Ibsen "had strong family ties to the families who had held power and wealth in Telemark since the mid-1500s."<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henrik Ibsen himself wrote that "my parents were members on both sides of the most respected families in Skien", and that he was closely related to "just about all the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_patriciate" title="Norwegian patriciate">patrician</a> families who then dominated the place and its surroundings."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">baptised</a> at home in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Lutheran state church</a>—membership of which was mandatory—on 28 March and the baptism was confirmed in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian%27s_Church_(Skien)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian's Church (Skien) (page does not exist)">Christian's Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianskirken_(Skien)" class="extiw" title="no:Christianskirken (Skien)">no</a>]</span> on 19 June.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ibsen was born, Skien had for centuries been one of Norway's most important and internationally oriented cities, and a centre of seafaring, timber exports and early industrialization that had made Norway the developed and prosperous part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygaard-foredrag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Paus_family_of_Rising_and_Altenburg_House">The Paus family of Rising and Altenburg House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Paus family of Rising and Altenburg House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ole_Paus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/170px-Ole_Paus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/255px-Ole_Paus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/340px-Ole_Paus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> (1766–1855), Ibsen's social grandfather; an ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus" title="Ole Paus">the singer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ibsen's parents, <a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen</a>, grew up as close relatives, sometimes referred to as "near-siblings," and both belonged to the tightly intertwined <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altenburg_House" title="Altenburg House">Altenburg House</a> – that is, the extended family of the sibling pair <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> (1766–1855) and <a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Paus" title="Hedevig Paus">Hedevig Paus</a> (1763–1848).<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburg2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/220px-Altenburg2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/330px-Altenburg2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/440px-Altenburg2.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Silhouette" title="Silhouette">silhouette</a> (ca. 1820) of the Altenburg/Paus family in <a href="/wiki/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden" class="mw-redirect" title="Altenburggården">Altenburggården</a>, with Ibsen's mother (far right), maternal grandparents (centre) and other relatives. It is the only existing portrait of either of Ibsen's parents.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg/220px-Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg/330px-Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg/440px-Rising_i_Gjerpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising, Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Ibsen</a>'s childhood home. The farm was bought by his stepfather <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> in 1799, on the same day he sold the Ibsen house in Løvestrædet, which he had inherited from his wife <a href="/wiki/Johanne_Plesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanne Plesner">Johanne's</a> first husband <a href="/wiki/Henrich_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrich Ibsen">Henrich Ibsen</a>. Rising was the home of Henrik Ibsen's grandparents during his childhood and, along with Venstøp, stands as one of the two most significant preserved landmarks of his childhood environment.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Knud's father <a href="/wiki/Henrich_Johan_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrich Johan Ibsen">Henrich Johan Ibsen</a> (1765–1797) died at sea when Knud was newborn in 1797, his mother Johanne Plesner (1770–1847) married captain <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> (1766–1855) the following year. Like Henrich Johan Ibsen before him, Paus thus became the brother-in-law of Skien's wealthiest man, <a href="/wiki/Diderik_von_Cappelen" title="Diderik von Cappelen">Diderik von Cappelen</a>. In 1799, Ole Paus sold the Ibsen House in Skien's Løvestrædet (Lion's Street), which he had inherited from his wife's first husband, and bought the estate <a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising</a> outside Skien from a sister of his brother-in-law von Cappelen. Knud grew up at Rising with most of his many half-siblings, among them the later governor <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cornelius_Paus" title="Christian Cornelius Paus">Christian Cornelius Paus</a> and the shipowner <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Blom_Paus" title="Christopher Blom Paus">Christopher Blom Paus</a>. In the 1801 census the Paus family of Rising had seven servants.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marichen grew up in the stately <a href="/wiki/Altenburg_House" title="Altenburg House">Altenburg House</a> in the center of Skien with her parents Hedevig Paus and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Altenburg" title="Johan Andreas Altenburg">Johan Andreas Altenburg</a>. Altenburg was a shipowner, timber merchant, and owned a large liquor distillery at Lundetangen and a farm outside of town, and after his death, Hedevig took over the business in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siblings Ole and Hedevig Paus were born in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A5rdal" title="Lårdal">Lårdal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Telemark" title="Upper Telemark">Upper Telemark</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a> belonged to the region's elite, the "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_of_officials" title="Aristocracy of officials">aristocracy of officials</a>," and had moved to Skien at a young age with their oldest sister, joining Skien's merchant elite with the support of their relatives in the family <a href="/wiki/Blom_(family_from_Skien)" title="Blom (family from Skien)">Blom</a>. The children from Ole's and Hedevig's homes maintained close contact throughout Knud's and Marichen's childhood; notably, Ole's oldest son, Knud's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus">Henrik Johan Paus</a>, was raised in Hedevig's home. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knud_Ibsen's_marriage_to_Marichen_Altenburg"><span id="Knud_Ibsen.27s_marriage_to_Marichen_Altenburg"></span>Knud Ibsen's marriage to Marichen Altenburg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Knud Ibsen's marriage to Marichen Altenburg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg/220px-Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg/330px-Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg/440px-Altenburgg%C3%A5rden_i_Skien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The roof and one of the windows of Altenburggården can be seen in the middle of the picture. Altenburggården was Marichen Altenburg's childhood home, and Henrik Ibsen lived there aged 3–8.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venstoep_Skien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venstoep_Skien.jpg/220px-Venstoep_Skien.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venstoep_Skien.jpg/330px-Venstoep_Skien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Venstoep_Skien.jpg/440px-Venstoep_Skien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Venstøp outside Skien, originally the Ibsen family's summer house, where they lived permanently 1836–1843. It was a reasonably large farm with large, representative buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1825, Henrik's father Knud acquired the burghership of Skien and established an independent business as a timber and luxury goods merchant there, with his younger brother, Christopher Blom Paus, then aged 15, as his apprentice. The two brothers moved into the Stockmanngården building, where they rented a part of the building and lived with a maid. On the first floor the brothers sold foreign wines and a variety of luxury items, while also engaging in wholesale export of timber in cooperation with their first cousin Diderik von Cappelen (1795–1866). On 1 December 1825, Knud married his stepfather's niece Marichen, who then moved in with them. Henrik was born there in 1828. In 1830, Marichen's mother Hedevig left Altenburggården and her properties and business ventures to her son-in-law Knud, and the Ibsen family moved to Marichen's childhood home in 1831. During the 1820s and 1830s, Knud was a wealthy young merchant in Skien, and he was the city's 16th largest taxpayer in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Older Ibsen scholars have claimed that Henrik Ibsen was fascinated by his parents' "strange, almost incestuous marriage", and he would treat the subject of incestuous relationships in several plays, notably in his masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a> points out that his parents' close relationship was not that unusual among the Skien elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his unfinished biography <i>From Skien to Rome,</i> Henrik Ibsen wrote about the Skien of his childhood: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In my childhood, Skien was an extremely joyful and festive town, quite the opposite of what it would later become. Many highly cultured, prosperous families at that time lived partly in the city itself, partly on large farms in the area. Close or more remote kinship connected most of these families amongst themselves, and balls, dinner parties, and musical soirées came one after another in rapid succession both during winters and summers. [...] Visits from strangers were almost a constant occurrence at our spacious farmhouse and especially around Christmastime and the market days, our townhouse was full and the table was set from morning to nightfall.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Henrik Ibsen<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Haave writes that the sources who knew Henrik in childhood described him as "a boy who was pampered by his father, who enjoyed being creative in solitude, and who provoked peers with his superiority and arrogance."<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henrik engaged in model theater, which was particularly popular among boys from bourgeois homes in Europe in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to his father, who was described as sociable and playful with a cheerful and friendly demeanor, Henrik was depicted as a more introverted personality. This trait was said to be shared with several relatives in the Paus family, and later with his own son, <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd</a>. Johan Kielland Bergwitz claimed that "it is with the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a> that Henrik Ibsen has the most pronounced temperament traits in common."<sup id="cite_ref-Bergwitz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergwitz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referring to the Paus side of the family, Hedvig Ibsen remarked, "we belong to a silent family," playfully echoing the similarity between "taus" (silent) and "Paus."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the Cudrio sisters from the neighboring farm, who knew Henrik Ibsen in childhood, said, "he was immensely cunning and malicious, and he even beat us. But when he grew up, he became incredibly handsome, yet no one liked him because he was so malicious. No one wanted to be with him."<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Henrik Ibsen was around seven years old, his father's fortunes took a turn for the worse, and in 1835 the family was forced to sell Altenburggården. The following year they moved to their stately summer home and farm, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venst%C3%B8p&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venstøp (page does not exist)">Venstøp</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venst%C3%B8p" class="extiw" title="no:Venstøp">no</a>]</span></i>, outside of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were still relatively affluent, had four servants,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and socialised with other members of the Skien elite, e.g. through lavish parties; their closest neighbours on Southern Venstøp were former shipowner and mayor of Skien Ulrich Frederik Cudrio and his family, who also had been forced to sell their townhouse.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, after Henrik left home, the Ibsen family moved to a townhouse at Snipetorp, owned by Knud Ibsen's half-brother and former apprentice Christopher Blom Paus, who had established himself as an independent merchant in Skien in 1836 and who eventually became one of the city's leading shipowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Templeton_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Templeton-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knud continued to struggle to maintain his business and had some success in the 1840s, but in the 1850s his business ventures and professional activities came to an end, and he became reliant on support from his successful younger half-brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myths_and_reassessment">Myths and reassessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Myths and reassessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, Ibsen's background was romanticized or dramatized to align with the mythos of the self-made <a href="/wiki/Genius" title="Genius">genius</a>. Early biographical accounts, like Henrik Jæger’s seminal biography, often emphasized a narrative of adversity: a descent from privilege into hardship, culminating in Ibsen’s artistic triumph. This interpretation positioned Ibsen’s works as expressions of personal struggle against societal and familial constraints, resonating with his broader critique of bourgeois morality. The depiction of Ibsen’s father as a failed merchant and tyrannical figure who fell into alcoholism, combined with the narrative of the family's social decline, provided a lens through which many early scholars interpreted themes in Ibsen’s plays, such as financial ruin, family dysfunction, and hidden moral conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern scholarship frames Henrik Ibsen not as a self-made artist rising from hardship, but as a product of Norway's patrician elite whose critique of society reflected his privileged yet transitional upbringing. Ibsen scholar Ellen Rees notes that historical and biographical research into Ibsen's life in the 21st century has been marked by a "revolution" that has debunked numerous myths previously taken for granted.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older Ibsen historiography has often claimed that Knud Ibsen experienced financial ruin and became an alcoholic tyrant, that the family lost contact with the elite it had belonged to, and that this had a strong influence on Henrik Ibsen's biography and work. Newer Ibsen scholarship—in particular <a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Jon Nygaard</a>'s book on Ibsen's wider social milieu and ancestry<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Family" title="The Ibsen Family">The Ibsen Family</a></i> (<i>Familien Ibsen</i>)—has refuted such claims, and Haave has pointed out that older biographical works have uncritically repeated numerous unfounded myths about both of Ibsen's parents, and about the playwright's childhood and background in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haave points out that Knud Ibsen's economic problems in the 1830s were mainly the result of the difficult times and something the Ibsen family had in common with most members of the bourgeoisie; Haave further argues that Henrik Ibsen had a happy and comfortable childhood as a member of the upper class, even after the family moved to Venstøp, and that they were able to maintain their lifestyle and patrician identity with the help of their extended family and accumulated cultural capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the incorrect claims that Ibsen had been born in a small or remote town, Haave points out that Skien had been Eastern Norway's leading commercial city for centuries, and a centre of seafaring, timber exports, and early industrialization that had made Norway the developed and prosperous part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rees characterizes Ibsen's family as upper class rather than middle class, and part of "the closest thing Norway had to an aristocracy, albeit one that lost most of its power during his lifetime."<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen scholar <a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Jon Nygaard</a> stated that Ibsen has an "exceptional upper-class background" and is a result of Norway being a wealthy country for a very long time.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygaard-foredrag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haave points out that virtually all of Ibsen's ancestors had been wealthy burghers and higher government officials, and members of the local and regional elites in the areas they lived, often of continental European ancestry. He argues that "the Ibsen family belonged to an elite that distanced itself strongly from the common farmer population, and considered itself part of an educated European culture" and that "it was this patrician class that formed his cultural identity and upbringing."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haave points to many examples of both Henrik Ibsen and other members of his family having a condescending attitude towards common Norwegian farmers, viewing them as "some sort of primitive indigenous population,"<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and being very conscious of their own identity as members of the sophisticated upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haave points out that Ibsen's most immediate family—Knud, Marichen and Henrik's siblings—disintegrated financially and socially in the 1850s, but that it happened after Henrik had left home, at a time when he was establishing himself as a successful man of theatre, while his extended family, such as his uncles <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus">Henrik Johan Paus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cornelius_Paus" title="Christian Cornelius Paus">Christian Cornelius Paus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Blom_Paus" title="Christopher Blom Paus">Christopher Blom Paus</a>, were firmly established in Skien's elite as lawyers, government officials and wealthy shipowners.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haave argues that the story of the Ibsen family is the story of the slow collapse of a patrician merchant family amid the emergence of a new democratic society in the 19th century, and that Henrik Ibsen, like others of his class, had to find new opportunities to maintain his social position.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nygaard summarized the revolution in the understanding of Ibsen's childhood and background as all the popular notions about Ibsen being wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygaard-foredrag-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_influence_of_his_childhood">Literary influence of his childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary influence of his childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Ibsen scholars have compared characters and themes in his plays to his family and upbringing; his themes often deal with issues of financial difficulty as well as moral conflicts stemming from dark secrets hidden from society. Ibsen himself confirmed that he both modeled and named characters in his plays after his own family.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Meyers_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Meyers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i> include numerous references to Ibsen's relatives, family history, and childhood memories. However, despite Ibsen's use of his family as an inspiration for his plays, Haave criticizes the uncritical use of Ibsen's dramas as biographical sources and the "naive" readings of them as literal representations of his family members, in particular his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview_of_key_figures">Overview of key figures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Overview of key figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibsen grew up in the tightly-knit extended family of the siblings <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Christine_Paus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedevig Christine Paus">Hedevig Paus</a>, his social paternal grandfather and biological maternal grandmother. His parents were socially considered first cousins. A blue background indicates that the person lived in <a href="/wiki/Altenburg_House" title="Altenburg House">Altenburg House</a>. The silhouettes are from the family portrait in Altenburg House, circa 1820. </p> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Paus_(civil_servant)" title="Cornelius Paus (civil servant)">Cornelius Paus</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1726–1799</span><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;">from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Telemark" title="Upper Telemark">Upper Telemark</a></span><br /><span style="white-space: nowrap;">died at <a href="/wiki/Altenburg_House" title="Altenburg House">Altenburg House</a></span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henrich_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrich Ibsen">Henrich<br />Johan Ibsen</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1765–1797</span><br />died at sea</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Johanne_Plesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanne Plesner">Johanne<br />Plesner</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1770–1847</span><br />married Ibsen<br />and Paus</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/65px-Ole_Paus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/98px-Ole_Paus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ole_Paus3.jpg/130px-Ole_Paus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="624" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1766–1855</span><br />buys <a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Christine_Paus" title="Hedevig Christine Paus"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Altenburg2_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="75" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="75" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Christine_Paus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedevig Christine Paus">Hedevig Paus</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1763–1848</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Altenburg" title="Johan Andreas Altenburg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Silhouette_of_Johan_Andreas_Altenburg_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="66" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Altenburg" title="Johan Andreas Altenburg">Johan Andreas<br />Altenburg</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1763–1824</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Silhouette_of_Henrik_Johan_Paus_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="62" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus">Henrik<br />Johan<br />Paus</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1799–1893</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Ibsen</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1797–1877</span><br />Ole Paus'<br />stepson<br />raised at<br /><a href="/wiki/Rising,_Norway" title="Rising, Norway">Rising</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Marichen_Altenburg_2_%28cropped%29.png/65px-Marichen_Altenburg_2_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Marichen_Altenburg_2_%28cropped%29.png/98px-Marichen_Altenburg_2_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Marichen_Altenburg_2_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="112" data-file-height="132" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen<br />Cornelia<br />Altenburg</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1799–1869</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christine_Altenburg_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Christine_Altenburg_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="68" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="68" /></a></span><br />Christine<br />Altenburg<br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1798–</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Ole Paus<br />Ibsen<br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1835–1917</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen,_1863-64_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="plain"><img alt="plain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/65px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/98px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/130px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="1675" /></a></span><br /><b>Henrik Johan Ibsen</b><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1828–1906</span></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #d6eaf8;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Ibsen" title="Hedvig Ibsen"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg/65px-Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg" decoding="async" width="65" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg/98px-Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg/130px-Hedvig_Ibsen.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="955" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Ibsen" title="Hedvig Ibsen">Hedvig Ibsen</a><br /><span style="font-size: smaller; white-space: nowrap;">1831–1920</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1846–1859:_Grimstad_years"><span id="1846.E2.80.931859:_Grimstad_years"></span>1846–1859: Grimstad years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1846–1859: Grimstad years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At fifteen, Ibsen left school. He moved to the small town of <a href="/wiki/Grimstad" title="Grimstad">Grimstad</a> to become an apprentice <a href="/wiki/Pharmacist" title="Pharmacist">pharmacist</a>. At that time he began writing plays. In 1846, when Ibsen was 18, he had a liaison with Else Sophie Jensdatter Birkedalen which produced a son, Hans Jacob Hendrichsen Birkdalen, whose upbringing Ibsen paid for until the boy was fourteen, though Ibsen never saw the child. Ibsen went to <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> (later spelled Kristiania and then renamed Oslo) intending to matriculate at the university. He soon rejected the idea (his earlier attempts at entering university were blocked as he did not pass all his entrance exams), preferring to commit himself to writing. His first play, the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Catilina_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catilina (play)">Catilina</a></i> (1850), was published under the pseudonym "Brynjolf Bjarme", when he was only 22, but it was not performed. His first play to be staged, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burial_Mound" title="The Burial Mound">The Burial Mound</a></i> (1850), received little attention. Still, Ibsen was determined to be a playwright, although the numerous plays he wrote in the following years remained unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen's main inspiration in the early period, right up to <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i>, was apparently the Norwegian author <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_folk_tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian folk tales">Norwegian folk tales</a> as collected by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>. In Ibsen's youth, Wergeland was the most acclaimed, and by far the most read, Norwegian poet and playwright.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibsen spent the next several years employed at <a href="/wiki/Det_norske_Theater_(Bergen)" title="Det norske Theater (Bergen)">Det norske Theater (Bergen)</a>, where he was involved in the production of more than 145 plays as a writer, director, and producer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During this period, he published five new—though largely unremarkable—plays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite Ibsen's failure to achieve success as a playwright, he gained a great deal of practical experience at the Norwegian Theater, experience that was to prove valuable when he continued writing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ibsen returned to Christiania in 1858 to become the creative director of the <a href="/wiki/Christiania_Theatre" title="Christiania Theatre">Christiania Theatre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He married <a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Ibsen" title="Suzannah Ibsen">Suzannah Thoresen</a> on 18 June 1858 and she gave birth to their only child <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd</a> on 23 December 1859.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The couple lived in difficult financial circumstances and Ibsen became very disenchanted with life in Norway.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1864–1883:_Established_work_and_acclaim"><span id="1864.E2.80.931883:_Established_work_and_acclaim"></span>1864–1883: Established work and acclaim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1864–1883: Established work and acclaim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen,_1863-64_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1863-64_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1381" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>One of the oldest photographs of Ibsen from ca. 1863/64, around the time he began writing <i>Brand</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg/220px-Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg/330px-Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg/440px-Henrik_Ibsen_with_friends_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Ibsen (far left) with friends in Rome, ca. 1867</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he left Christiania and went to <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a> in Italy in self-imposed exile.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He spent the next 27 years in Italy and Germany and only visited Norway a few times during those years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His next play, <i><a href="/wiki/Brand_(play)" title="Brand (play)">Brand</a></i> (1865), brought him the critical acclaim he sought, along with a measure of financial success, as did the following play, <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1867), to which <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a> composed <a href="/wiki/Incidental_music" title="Incidental music">incidental music</a> and songs. Although Ibsen read excerpts of the Danish philosopher <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> and traces of the latter's influence are evident in <i>Brand</i>, it was not until after <i>Brand</i> that Ibsen came to take Kierkegaard seriously. Initially annoyed with his friend Georg Brandes for comparing Brand to Kierkegaard, Ibsen nevertheless read <i><a href="/wiki/Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a></i>. Ibsen's next play <i>Peer Gynt</i> was consciously informed by Kierkegaard.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With success, Ibsen became more confident and began to introduce more and more of his own beliefs and judgements into the drama, exploring what he termed the "drama of ideas". His next series of plays are often considered his Golden Age, when he entered the height of his power and influence, becoming the center of dramatic controversy across Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibsen moved from Italy to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany, in 1868, where he spent years writing the play he regarded as his main work, <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i> (1873), dramatizing the life and times of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>. Although Ibsen himself always looked back on this play as the cornerstone of his entire works, very few shared his opinion, and his next works would be much more acclaimed. Ibsen moved to <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in 1875 and began work on his first contemporary realist drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Society" title="The Pillars of Society">The Pillars of Society</a></i>, first published and performed in 1877.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> followed in 1879. This play is a scathing criticism of the marital roles accepted by men and women which characterized Ibsen's society. Ibsen was already in his fifties when <i>A Doll's House</i> was published. He himself saw his latter plays as a series. At the end of his career, he described them as "that series of dramas which began with <i>A Doll's House</i> and which is now completed with <i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Dead_Awaken" title="When We Dead Awaken">When We Dead Awaken</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was the reception of <i>A Doll's House</i> which brought Ibsen international acclaim. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i> followed in 1881, another scathing commentary on the morality of Ibsen's society, in which a widow reveals to her pastor that she had hidden the evils of her marriage for its duration. The pastor had advised her to marry her fiancé despite his philandering, and she did so in the belief that her love would reform him. But his philandering continued right up until his death, and his vices are passed on to their son in the form of syphilis. The mention of venereal disease alone was scandalous, but to show how it could poison a respectable family was considered intolerable.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i> (1882), Ibsen went even further. In earlier plays, controversial elements were important and even pivotal components of the action, but they were on the small scale of individual households. In <i>An Enemy</i>, controversy became the primary focus, and the antagonist was the entire community. One primary message of the play is that the individual, who stands alone, is more often "right" than the mass of people, who are portrayed as ignorant and sheeplike. Contemporary society's belief was that the community was a noble institution that could be trusted, a notion Ibsen challenged. In <i>An Enemy of the People</i>, Ibsen chastised not only the conservatism of society, but also the liberalism of the time. He illustrated how people on both sides of the social spectrum could be equally self-serving. <i>An Enemy of the People</i> was written as a response to the people who had rejected his previous work, <i>Ghosts</i>. The plot of the play is a veiled look at the way people reacted to the plot of <i>Ghosts</i>. The protagonist is a physician in a vacation spot whose primary draw is a public bath. The doctor discovers that the water is contaminated by the local <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tannery</a>. He expects to be acclaimed for saving the town from the nightmare of infecting visitors with disease, but instead he is declared an 'enemy of the people' by the locals, who band against him and even throw stones through his windows. The play ends with his complete ostracism. It is obvious to the reader that disaster is in store for the town as well as for the doctor. </p><p>As audiences by now expected, Ibsen's next play again attacked entrenched beliefs and assumptions; but this time, his attack was not against society's mores, but against overeager reformers and their idealism. Always an iconoclast, Ibsen saw himself as an objective observer of society, "like a lone franc tireur in the outposts", playing a lone hand, as he put it.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen, perhaps more than any of his contemporaries, relied upon immediate sources such as newspapers and second-hand report for his contact with intellectual thought. He claimed to be ignorant of books, leaving them to his wife and son, but, as <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a> described, "he seemed to stand in some mysterious correspondence with the fermenting, germinating ideas of the day."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1884–1896:_Later_work"><span id="1884.E2.80.931896:_Later_work"></span>1884–1896: Later work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1884–1896: Later work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christopher_Paus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christopher_Paus.jpg/220px-Christopher_Paus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christopher_Paus.jpg/330px-Christopher_Paus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Christopher_Paus.jpg/440px-Christopher_Paus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>Count <a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Paus" title="Christopher de Paus">Christopher Paus</a> paid an extended visit to Ibsen in Rome in 1884, when Ibsen was working on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i>, an intimate play that draws inspiration from his own family. It was the only meeting between Ibsen and his family from Skien during Ibsen's years in exile. Ibsen had not been this close to his own family since he left his hometown over 30 years ago, and was eager to hear news from his family and hometown. Shortly after the visit Ibsen declared that he had overcome a <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> (1884) is by many considered Ibsen's finest work, and it is certainly one of the most complex, alongside <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i>. When working on the play, Ibsen received his only visit from a relative during his decades in exile, when 21-year old (Count) <a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Paus" title="Christopher de Paus">Christopher Paus</a> paid an extended visit to him in Rome. <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a> notes that Ibsen "had not been this close to his own family since he left his hometown over 30 years ago," and he was eager to hear news from his family and hometown. Shortly after the visit Ibsen declared that he had overcome a <a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_block" title="Writer's block">writer's block</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wild Duck draws inspiration from Ibsen's family and tells the story of Gregers Werle – described by Ibsen scholar <a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Jon Nygaard</a> as representing the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a><sup id="cite_ref-Nygaard2012_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nygaard2012-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a young man who returns to his hometown after an extended exile, and who is reunited with his boyhood friend Hjalmar Ekdal. Over the course of the play, the many secrets that lie behind the Ekdals' apparently happy home are revealed to Gregers, who insists on pursuing the absolute truth, or the "Summons of the Ideal". Among these truths: Gregers' father impregnated his servant Gina, then married her off to Hjalmar to legitimize the child. Another man has been disgraced and imprisoned for a crime the elder Werle committed. Furthermore, while Hjalmar spends his days working on a wholly imaginary "invention", his wife is earning the household income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibsen displays masterly use of irony: despite his dogmatic insistence on truth, Gregers never says what he thinks but only insinuates, and is never understood until the play reaches its climax. Gregers hammers away at Hjalmar through innuendo and coded phrases until he realizes the truth: that Gina's daughter, Hedvig, is not his child. Blinded by Gregers' insistence on absolute truth, Hjalmar disavows the child. Seeing the damage he has wrought, Gregers determines to repair things, and suggests to Hedvig that she sacrifice the wild duck, her wounded pet, to prove her love for Hjalmar. Hedvig, alone among the characters, recognizes that Gregers always speaks in code, and looking for the deeper meaning in the first important statement Gregers makes which does not contain one, kills herself rather than the duck in order to prove her love for him in the ultimate act of self-sacrifice. Only too late do Hjalmar and Gregers realize that the absolute truth of the "ideal" is sometimes too much for the human heart to bear.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwriting2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handwriting2.jpg/300px-Handwriting2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handwriting2.jpg/450px-Handwriting2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Handwriting2.jpg/600px-Handwriting2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Letter from Ibsen to his English reviewer and translator <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>: "30.8.[18]99. Dear Mr. Edmund Gosse! It was to me a hearty joy to receive your letter. So I will finally personally meet you and your wife. I am at home every day in the morning until 1 o'clock. I am happy and surprised at your excellent Norwegian! Your amicably obliged Henrik Ibsen."</figcaption></figure> <p>Late in his career, Ibsen turned to a more introspective drama that had much less to do with denunciations of society's moral values and more to do with the problems of individuals. In such later plays as <i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1890) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Builder" title="The Master Builder">The Master Builder</a></i> (1892), Ibsen explored psychological conflicts that transcended a simple rejection of current conventions. Many modern readers, who might regard anti-Victorian didacticism as dated, simplistic or hackneyed, have found these later works to be of absorbing interest for their hard-edged, objective consideration of interpersonal confrontation. <i>Hedda Gabler</i> and <i>A Doll's House</i> are regularly cited as Ibsen's most popular and influential plays,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the title role of Hedda regarded as one of the most challenging and rewarding for an actress even in the present day. </p><p>Ibsen had completely rewritten the rules of drama with a <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">realism</a> which was to be adopted by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Chekhov</a> and others, and which we see in the theatre to this day. From Ibsen forward, challenging assumptions and directly speaking about issues has been considered one of the factors that makes a play art rather than entertainment<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. His works were brought to an English-speaking audience, largely thanks to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">William Archer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>. These in turn had a profound influence on the young James Joyce who venerates Ibsen in his early autobiographical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hero" title="Stephen Hero">Stephen Hero</a></i>. Ibsen returned to Norway in 1891, but it was in many ways not the Norway he had left. Indeed, he had played a major role in the changes that had happened across society. Modernism was on the rise, not only in the theatre, but across public life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Ibsen intentionally obscured his influences. However, asked later what he had read when he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Catiline_(play)" title="Catiline (play)">Catiline</a></i>, Ibsen replied that he had read only the Danish <a href="/wiki/Norse_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse saga">Norse saga</a>-inspired <a href="/wiki/Romantic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic period">Romantic</a> tragedian <a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Adam Oehlenschläger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>, "the Scandinavian Molière".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major influence on Ibsen were Danish writers, such as <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%AFr_Aron_Goldschmidt" title="Meïr Aron Goldschmidt">Meïr Aron Goldschmidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as his collaboration and friendship with the early Realist Swedish poet <a href="/wiki/Carl_Snoilsky" title="Carl Snoilsky">Carl Snoilsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glavan-Ibsen_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glavan-Ibsen-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrik_Ibsen,_1898_(4706077084).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg/170px-Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg/255px-Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg/340px-Henrik_Ibsen%2C_1898_%284706077084%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Ibsen, late in his career</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 May 1906, Ibsen died in his home at Arbins gade 1 in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Kristiania</a> (now Oslo)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a series of strokes in March 1900. When, on 22 May, his nurse assured a visitor that he was a little better, Ibsen spluttered his last words "On the contrary" ("Tvertimod!"). He died the following day at 2:30 pm.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen was buried in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5r_Frelsers_gravlund" class="mw-redirect" title="Vår Frelsers gravlund">Vår Frelsers gravlund</a> ("The Graveyard of Our Savior") in central Oslo. </p><p>The 100th anniversary of Ibsen's death in 2006 was commemorated with an "Ibsen year" in Norway and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, the homebuilding company Selvaag also opened <a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_Sculpture_Park" title="Peer Gynt Sculpture Park"><i>Peer Gynt</i> Sculpture Park</a> in Oslo, Norway, in Henrik Ibsen's honour, making it possible to follow the dramatic play <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i> scene by scene. <a href="/wiki/Will_Eno" title="Will Eno">Will Eno</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen">Ibsen</a>'s <i>Peer Gynt</i>, titled <i>Gnit</i>, had its world premiere at the 37th Humana Festival of New American Plays in March 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 May 2006, <a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Museum_(Oslo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ibsen Museum (Oslo)">The Ibsen Museum</a> in Oslo re-opened to the public, with the house, where Ibsen had spent his last eleven years, completely restored with the original interior, colours, and decor.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivo_de_Figueiredo" title="Ivo de Figueiredo">Ivo de Figueiredo</a> argues that "today, Ibsen belongs to the world. But it is impossible to understand [Ibsen's] path out there without knowing the Danish cultural sphere from which he sprang, from which he liberated himself and which he ended up shaping. Ibsen developed as a person and artist in a dialogue with Danish theater and literature that was anything but smooth."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Ibsen's death in 2006, the Norwegian government organised the <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen Year">Ibsen Year</a>, which included celebrations around the world. The <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> produced a miniseries on Ibsen's childhood and youth in 2006, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Immortal_Man" title="An Immortal Man">An Immortal Man</a></i>. Several prizes are awarded in his name, among them the <a href="/wiki/International_Ibsen_Award" title="International Ibsen Award">International Ibsen Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ibsen_Award" title="Norwegian Ibsen Award">Norwegian Ibsen Award</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Centennial_Commemoration_Award" title="Ibsen Centennial Commemoration Award">Ibsen Centennial Commemoration Award</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_to_Ibsen,_Oslo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg/170px-Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg/255px-Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg/340px-Plaque_to_Ibsen%2C_Oslo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to Ibsen, Oslo marking his home from 1828-1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Every year, since 2008, the annual "Delhi Ibsen Festival", is held in <a href="/wiki/Delhi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi, India">Delhi, India</a>, organized by the Dramatic Art and Design Academy (DADA) in collaboration with The Royal Norwegian Embassy in India. It features plays by Ibsen, performed by artists from various parts of the world in varied languages and styles.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ibsen Society of America (ISA) was founded in 1978 at the close of the Ibsen Sesquicentennial Symposium held in New York City to mark the 150th anniversary of Henrik Ibsen's birth. Distinguished Ibsen translator and critic <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Fjelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolf Fjelde">Rolf Fjelde</a>, Professor of Literature at <a href="/wiki/Pratt_Institute" title="Pratt Institute">Pratt Institute</a> and the chief organizer of the Symposium, was elected Founding President. In December 1979, the ISA was certified as a non-profit corporation under the laws of the State of New York. Its purpose is to foster through lectures, readings, performances, conferences, and publications an understanding of Ibsen's works as they are interpreted as texts and produced on stage and in film and other media. An annual newsletter, <i>Ibsen News and Comment,</i> is distributed to all members.<sup id="cite_ref-Schanke_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schanke-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henrik_Ibsen_Vanity_Fair_1901-12-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Henrik_Ibsen_Vanity_Fair_1901-12-12.jpg/160px-Henrik_Ibsen_Vanity_Fair_1901-12-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Henrik_Ibsen_Vanity_Fair_1901-12-12.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Ibsen caricatured by SNAPP for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time when Ibsen was writing, literature was emerging as a formidable force in 19th century society.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the vast increase in literacy towards the end of the century, the possibilities of literature being used for subversion struck horror into the heart of the Establishment. Ibsen's plays, from <i>A Doll's House</i> onwards, caused an uproar—not just in Norway, but throughout Europe, and even across the Atlantic in America. No other artist, apart from <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, had such an effect internationally, inspiring almost blasphemous adoration and hysterical abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the publication of <i>Ghosts</i>, he wrote: "while the storm lasted, I have made many studies and observations and I shall not hesitate to exploit them in my future writings."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, his next play, <i>An Enemy of the People,</i> was initially regarded by the critics to be simply his response to the violent criticism which had greeted <i>Ghosts</i>. Ibsen expected criticism; as he wrote to his publisher: "<i>Ghosts</i> will probably cause alarm in some circles, but it can't be helped. If it did not, there would have been no necessity for me to have written it."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen didn't just read the critical reaction to his plays, he actively corresponded with critics, publishers, theatre directors, and newspaper editors on the subject. The interpretation of his work, both by critics and directors, concerned him greatly. He often advised directors on which actor or actress would be suitable for a particular role. An example of this is a letter he wrote to Hans Schroder in November 1884, with detailed instructions for the production of <i>The Wild Duck</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen's plays initially reached a far wider audience as read plays rather than in performance. It was 20 years, for instance, before the authorities would allow <i>Ghosts</i> to be performed in Norway. Each new play that Ibsen wrote, from 1879 onwards, had an explosive effect on intellectual circles. This was greatest for <i>A Doll's House</i> and <i>Ghosts</i>, and it did lessen with the later plays, but the translation of Ibsen's works into German, French, and English during the decade following the initial publication of each play—as well as frequent new productions as and when permission was granted—meant that Ibsen remained a topic of lively conversation throughout the latter decades of the 19th century. When <i>A Doll's House</i> was published, it had an explosive effect: it was the centre of every conversation at every social gathering in Christiania. One hostess even wrote on the invitations to her soirée, "You are politely requested not to mention Mr Ibsen's new play".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1902, 1903, and 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibsen was also a key figure in Japanese drama and greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Shingeki" title="Shingeki">Shingeki</a> movement; <a href="/wiki/Kunio_Yanagita" title="Kunio Yanagita">Kunio Yanagita</a> established the Ipusen-kai, an Ibsen Society in 1903, and shortly before Ibsen's death, <a href="/wiki/Hogetsu_Shimamura" title="Hogetsu Shimamura">Hogetsu Shimamura</a> declared an "Age of Ibsen" in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibsen's <i>Borkman</i> was a particularly well received play with several contemporary translations, including one by <a href="/wiki/Mori_%C5%8Cgai" title="Mori Ōgai">Mori Ōgai</a>. Amidst different schools of thought between Ōgai and <a href="/wiki/Tsubouchi_Sh%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Tsubouchi Shōyō">Tsubouchi Shōyō</a> over if respectively, Ibsen or Shakespeare would be best to bridge differences between Japanese and European theatre, the scholarly consensus has been that, "Ibsen marked the birth of modern drama in Japan."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibsen_monogram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ibsen_monogram.svg/220px-Ibsen_monogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ibsen_monogram.svg/330px-Ibsen_monogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ibsen_monogram.svg/440px-Ibsen_monogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="135" data-file-height="127" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">Monogram</a> of Henrik Ibsen</figcaption></figure> <p>Ibsen's ancestry has been a much studied subject, due to both his perceived foreignness<sup id="cite_ref-Bergwitz_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergwitz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the influence of his biography and family on his plays. Ibsen often made references to his family in his plays, sometimes by name, or by modelling characters after them. </p><p>The oldest documented member of the <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen family">Ibsen family</a> was ship's captain Rasmus Ibsen (1632–1703) from <a href="/wiki/Stege,_Denmark" title="Stege, Denmark">Stege, Denmark</a>. His son, ship's captain Peder Ibsen, became a <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">burgher</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> in Norway in 1726.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henrik Ibsen had Danish, German, Norwegian, and some distant Scottish ancestry. Most of his ancestors belonged to the merchant class of original Danish and German extraction, and many of his ancestors were ship's captains. </p><p>Ibsen's biographer <a href="/wiki/Henrik_J%C3%A6ger" title="Henrik Jæger">Henrik Jæger</a> famously wrote in 1888 that Ibsen did not have a drop of Norwegian blood in his veins, stating that "the ancestral Ibsen was a Dane". This, however, is not completely accurate; notably through his grandmother Hedevig Paus, Ibsen was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a>, often considered one of the oldest families in Norway. Ibsen's ancestors had mostly lived in Norway for several generations, even though many had foreign ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Ibsen is originally a <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, meaning "son of Ib" (Ib is a Danish variant of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jacob</a>). The patronymic became "frozen", i.e. it became a permanent <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a>, in the 17th century. The phenomenon of patronymics becoming frozen started in the 17th century in bourgeois families in Denmark, and the practice was only widely adopted in Norway from around 1900. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Ibsen" title="Suzannah Ibsen">Suzannah Thoresen</a>, Ibsen had one son, lawyer, government minister, and Norwegian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a>. Sigurd Ibsen married Bergljot Bjørnson, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>. Their son was <a href="/wiki/Tancred_Ibsen" title="Tancred Ibsen">Tancred Ibsen</a>, who became a film director and was married to <a href="/wiki/Lillebil_Ibsen" title="Lillebil Ibsen">Lillebil Ibsen</a>; their only child was diplomat <a href="/wiki/Tancred_Ibsen,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Tancred Ibsen, Jr.">Tancred Ibsen, Jr.</a> His male line together with the male-descended lines of the wider Ibsen family he belonged to will end with the deaths of Tancred Jr.'s two daughters. Sigurd Ibsen's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Ibsen_Bille" title="Irene Ibsen Bille">Irene Ibsen</a>, married Josias Bille, a member of the Danish ancient noble Bille family; their son was Danish actor <a href="/wiki/Joen_Bille" title="Joen Bille">Joen Bille</a>. Ibsen had an illegitimate child early in his life, not entitled to the family name or inheritance. This line ended with his biological grandchildren. <sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_views">Political views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a letter to George Brandes shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, Ibsen expressed <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> views that Brandes later positively related to the Paris Commune. Ibsen wrote that the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> "is the curse of the individual.… The state must be abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brandes related that Ibsen "presented to me as political ideals, conditions and ideas whose nature did not seem to me quite clear, but which were unquestionably akin to those that were proclaimed precisely one month later, in an extremely distorted form, by the Parisian commune."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And in another letter shortly before the Commune came to an end, Ibsen expressed a disappointment with the Commune, insofar as it did not go far enough in its anarchism in its rejection of the state and private property. Ibsen wrote, "Is it not impudent of the commune in Paris to go and destroy my admirable state theory, or rather no state theory? The idea is now ruined for a long time to come, and I cannot even set it forth in verse with any propriety." However, Ibsen nevertheless expressed an optimism, asserting that his "no state theory" bears "within itself a healthy core" and that some day "it will be practised without any caricature."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Plays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plays entirely or partly in verse are marked <sup>v</sup>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ul><li>1850 <i><a href="/wiki/Catiline_(play)" title="Catiline (play)">Catiline</a></i> (<i>Catilina</i>)<sup>v</sup>. First published under pseudonym of Brynjolf Bjarme.</li> <li>1850 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burial_Mound" title="The Burial Mound">The Burial Mound</a></i> also known as <i>The Warrior's Barrow</i> (<i>Kjæmpehøjen</i>)<sup>v</sup></li> <li>1852 <i><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Eve_(play)" title="St. John's Eve (play)">St. John's Eve</a></i> (<i>Sancthansnatten</i>)<sup>v</sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1854 <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Inger_of_Oestraat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Inger of Oestraat">Lady Inger of Oestraat</a></i> (<i>Fru Inger til Østeraad</i>)</li> <li>1855 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_at_Solhaug" title="The Feast at Solhaug">The Feast at Solhaug</a></i> (<i>Gildet paa Solhaug</i>)<sup>v</sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1856 <i><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Liljekrans" title="Olaf Liljekrans">Olaf Liljekrans</a></i> (<i>Olaf Liljekrans</i>)<sup>v</sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1858 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_at_Helgeland" title="The Vikings at Helgeland">The Vikings at Helgeland</a></i> (<i>Hærmændene paa Helgeland</i>)</li> <li>1862 <i><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Comedy" title="Love's Comedy">Love's Comedy</a></i> (<i>Kjærlighedens Komedie</i>)<sup>v</sup></li> <li>1863 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pretenders_(play)" title="The Pretenders (play)">The Pretenders</a></i> (<i>Kongs-Emnerne</i>)<sup>v</sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1866 <i><a href="/wiki/Brand_(play)" title="Brand (play)">Brand</a></i> (<i>Brand</i>)<sup>v</sup></li> <li>1867 <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i> (<i>Peer Gynt</i>)<sup>v</sup></li> <li>1869 <i><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Youth" title="The League of Youth">The League of Youth</a></i> (<i>De unges Forbund</i>)</li> <li>1873 <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></i> (<i>Kejser og Galilæer</i>)</li> <li>1877 <i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillars of Society">Pillars of Society</a></i> (<i>Samfundets Støtter</i>)</li> <li>1879 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> (<i>Et Dukkehjem</i>)</li> <li>1881 <i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i> (<i>Gengangere</i>)</li> <li>1882 <i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i> (<i>En Folkefiende</i>)</li> <li>1884 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i> (<i>Vildanden</i>)</li> <li>1886 <i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i> (<i>Rosmersholm</i>)</li> <li>1888 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_the_Sea" title="The Lady from the Sea">The Lady from the Sea</a></i> (<i>Fruen fra Havet</i>)</li> <li>1890 <i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (<i>Hedda Gabler</i>)</li> <li>1892 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Builder" title="The Master Builder">The Master Builder</a></i> (<i>Bygmester Solness</i>)</li> <li>1894 <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Eyolf" title="Little Eyolf">Little Eyolf</a></i> (<i>Lille Eyolf</i>)</li> <li>1896 <i><a href="/wiki/John_Gabriel_Borkman" title="John Gabriel Borkman">John Gabriel Borkman</a></i> (<i>John Gabriel Borkman</i>)</li> <li>1899 <i><a href="/wiki/When_We_Dead_Awaken" title="When We Dead Awaken">When We Dead Awaken</a></i> (<i>Når vi døde vaagner</i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1851 <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(play)" title="Norma (play)">Norma or a Politician's Love</a></i> (<i>Norma eller en Politikers Kjaerlighed</i>), an eight-page political parody<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1871 <i><a href="/wiki/Digte" title="Digte">Digte</a></i> – only released collection of poetry, included <i><a href="/wiki/Terje_Vigen" title="Terje Vigen">Terje Vigen</a></i> (written in 1862 but published in <i><a href="/wiki/Digte" title="Digte">Digte</a></i> from 1871)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_translations">English translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major translation projects include:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>The Collected Works of Henrik Ibsen</i>, in twelve volumes, edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Archer_(critic)" title="William Archer (critic)">William Archer</a> (Heinemann, 1906-1912). 21 plays.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Ibsen" title="The Oxford Ibsen">The Oxford Ibsen</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/James_McFarlane" title="James McFarlane">James McFarlane</a> (Oxford, 1960-1977). The most comprehensive version available.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meyer_(translator)" title="Michael Meyer (translator)">Michael Meyer</a>'s translations (1960-1986). Fourteen plays.</li> <li><i>Ibsen: The Complete Major Prose Plays</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Rolf_G._Fjelde" title="Rolf G. Fjelde">Rolf G. Fjelde</a> (Plume, 1978). Twelve plays.</li> <li><i>Eight Plays</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Eva_Le_Gallienne" title="Eva Le Gallienne">Eva Le Gallienne</a> (Modern Library, 1982).</li> <li><i>Ibsen's Selected Plays: A Norton Critical Edition</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnston_(literary_researcher)" title="Brian Johnston (literary researcher)">Brian Johnston</a>, with translations by Brian Johnston and Rick Davis (W. W. Norton, 2004). Five plays.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ibsen – 3 Plays</i> (Kenneth McLeish & Stephen Mulrine, translators (<a href="/wiki/Nick_Hern_Books" title="Nick Hern Books">Nick Hern Books</a>, 2005)</li> <li><i>The New Penguin Ibsen</i>, in four volumes, edited by Tore Rem, with translations by Anne-Marie Stanton-Ife, Barbara Haveland, Deborah Dawkin, Erik Skuggevik and Geoffrey Hill (Penguin, 2014-2019). Fourteen plays.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accolades_and_honours">Accolades and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Accolades and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibsen was decorated Knight in 1873, Commander in 1892, and with the Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a> in 1893. He received the Grand Cross of the Danish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a>, and the Grand Cross of the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Polar_Star" title="Order of the Polar Star">Order of the Polar Star</a>, and was Knight, First Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Vasa" title="Order of Vasa">Order of Vasa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stoo_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stoo-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well known stage directors in Austria and Germany such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_Lobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor Lobe (page does not exist)">Theodor Lobe</a> (1833–1905), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Barnay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Barnay (page does not exist)">Paul Barnay</a> (1884–1960), <a href="/wiki/Max_Burckhard" title="Max Burckhard">Max Burckhard</a> (1854–1912), <a href="/wiki/Otto_Brahm" title="Otto Brahm">Otto Brahm</a> (1856–1912), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Heine_(producer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Heine (producer) (page does not exist)">Carl Heine</a> (1861–1927), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Albert_Glaeser-Wilken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Albert Glaeser-Wilken (page does not exist)">Paul Albert Glaeser-Wilken</a> (1874–1942), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Barnowsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Barnowsky (page does not exist)">Victor Barnowsky</a> (1875–1952), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Robert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Robert (page does not exist)">Eugen Robert</a> (1877–1944), <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Jessner" title="Leopold Jessner">Leopold Jessner</a> (1878–1945), <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Barnay" title="Ludwig Barnay">Ludwig Barnay</a> (1884–1960), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rotter" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Rotter">Alfred Rotter</a> (1886–1933), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Rotter_(Theaterunternehmer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Rotter (Theaterunternehmer) (page does not exist)">Fritz Rotter</a> (1888–1939), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Rose_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Rose (actor) (page does not exist)">Paul Rose</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rose" class="extiw" title="de:Paul Rose">de</a>]</span> (1900–1973) and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Zadek" title="Peter Zadek">Peter Zadek</a> (1926–2009), all directed productions of Ibsen's work. </p><p>In 2011 <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Anton_Fagar%C3%A5s" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon Anton Fagarås">Håkon Anton Fagerås</a> made two busts in bronze of Ibsen—one for Parco Ibsen in <a href="/wiki/Sorrento" title="Sorrento">Sorrento</a>, Italy, and one in <a href="/wiki/Skien" title="Skien">Skien</a> kommune.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Anton_Fagar%C3%A5s" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon Anton Fagarås">Håkon Anton Fagerås</a> sculpted a statue in marble of Ibsen for the <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Ibsen Museum (Oslo)">Ibsen Museum</a> in Oslo.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some other things named after Ibsen include: </p> <ul><li>2006 was declared the <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen Year">Ibsen Year</a> by the Norwegian government</li> <li>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/5696_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="5696 Ibsen">5696 Ibsen</a>, named in his memory in 1995</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_(crater)" title="Ibsen (crater)">Ibsen</a> crater on the planet Mercury</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ibsenhuset" title="Ibsenhuset">Ibsenhuset</a> arts complex in Oslo, Norway</li> <li>The ship <a href="/wiki/MS_Henrik_Ibsen" title="MS Henrik Ibsen">MS Henrik Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ibsen" title="Lake Ibsen">Lake Ibsen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ibsen_Township,_Benson_County,_North_Dakota" title="Lake Ibsen Township, Benson County, North Dakota">Lake Ibsen Township</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Henrik_Ibsen" title="Bust of Henrik Ibsen">Bust of Henrik Ibsen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacoma">Tacoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">USA</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_quotes,_Oslo" title="Ibsen quotes, Oslo">Ibsen quotes, Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_Sculpture_Park" title="Peer Gynt Sculpture Park">Peer Gynt Sculpture Park</a> was created in honour of Ibsen</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/28px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png/42px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.png 1.5x, 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for Ibsen Studies">Centre for Ibsen Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Studies" title="Ibsen Studies">Ibsen Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ibsen_Award" title="Norwegian Ibsen Award">Norwegian Ibsen Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(theatre)" title="Naturalism (theatre)">Naturalism (theatre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth-century_theatre" title="Nineteenth-century theatre">Nineteenth-century theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_play" title="Problem play">Problem play</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At the time, Norway shared its main written language—now often referred to as Dano-Norwegian—with Denmark, and this written language was referred to by contemporaries as Danish in Denmark and as Norwegian in Norway. During Ibsen's lifetime, Dano-Norwegian underwent spelling reforms in both Denmark and Norway, but the modernization of the language occurred largely in parallel throughout his life. There were nevertheless minor differences between the form used in Denmark and the form used in Norway, including some vocabulary and expressions more characteristic of Norway. Only in 1907 did Norwegian start to diverge from Danish to the degree that it became considered a separate, but still very similar written language. Compare <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaugen1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Einar_Haugen" title="Einar Haugen">Haugen, Einar</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibsensdramaautho0000haug">"The Nuances of Norwegian"</a></span>. <i>Ibsen's Drama: Author to Audience</i>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ibsensdramaautho0000haug/page/99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0896-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-0896-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nuances+of+Norwegian&rft.btitle=Ibsen%27s+Drama%3A+Author+to+Audience&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0896-6&rft.aulast=Haugen&rft.aufirst=Einar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fibsensdramaautho0000haug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Only the prologue is in verse, the rest is in prose.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a combination of prose and verse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a combination of prose and verse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mainly in prose, with a few speeches in verse.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though sometimes identified as a play, <i>Norma</i> was never intended for performance. This "juvenile polemical work" was an attack on the Norwegian parliament or <i><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a></i>, identifying several legislators by name as "fortune hunters". It first appeared anonymously in the satirical magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Andhrimner" title="Andhrimner">Andhrimner</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using play-like dialog and the names of characters from Bellini's opera <i><a href="/wiki/Norma_(opera)" title="Norma (opera)">Norma</a></i>, Ibsen's hero chooses the "passive" female who represents the government over the heroic title character representing the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Hjorth_Boyesen" title="Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen">Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/commentaryonwrit00boyeuoft"><i>A Commentary on the Works of Henrik Ibsen</i></a> (New York: Macmillan, 1894)</li> <li>Ferguson, Robert (2001) <i>Henrik Ibsen: A New Biography</i>. New York: Dorset Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0760720940" title="Special:BookSources/0760720940">0760720940</a></li> <li>Goldman, Michael, <i>Ibsen: The Dramaturgy of Fear</i>, Columbia University Press, 1998</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ibsen, Henrik"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ibsen,_Henrik">"Ibsen, Henrik" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">224–</span>226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibsen%2C+Henrik&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haugan" title="Jørgen Haugan">Haugan, Jørgen</a>,<i> Henrik Ibsens Metode:Den Indre Utvikling Gjennem Ibsens Dramatikk</i> (Norwegian: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Haave, Jørgen</a>, <i>Familien Ibsen</i>, Museumsforlaget, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788283050455" title="Special:BookSources/9788283050455">9788283050455</a>.</li> <li>Hjemdahl, Anne-Sofie (ed.), <i>A Thing or Two About Ibsen: His Possessions, Dramatic Poetry and Life</i>, Oslo: Andrimne, 2006.</li> <li>Jensen, Morten Høi, "Escape Artist" (review of <a href="/wiki/Ivo_de_Figueiredo" title="Ivo de Figueiredo">Ivo de Figueiredo</a>, <i>Henrik Ibsen: The Man and the Mask</i>, translated from the Norwegian by Robert Ferguson, Yale University Press, 694 pp.), <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 17 (7 November 2019), pp. 26–28.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnston_(literary_researcher)" title="Brian Johnston (literary researcher)">Johnston, Brian</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Cycle" title="The Ibsen Cycle">The Ibsen Cycle</a></i>, Pennsylvania State University Press 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnston_(literary_researcher)" title="Brian Johnston (literary researcher)">Johnston, Brian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBHH478sXUsC"><i>To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Plays</i></a>, University of Minnesota Press (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Johnston_(literary_researcher)" title="Brian Johnston (literary researcher)">Johnston, Brian</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTHbcdkThUEC"><i>Text and Supertext in Ibsen's Drama</i></a>, Pennsylvania State Press (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halvdan_Koht" title="Halvdan Koht">Koht, Halvdan</a>. <i>The Life of Ibsen</i> translated by Ruth Lima McMahon and Hanna Astrup Larsen. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1931</li> <li>Krys, Svitlana, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/crcl/article/view/10728">A Comparative Feminist Reading of Lesia Ukrainka's and Henrik Ibsen's Dramas</a>.</i> Canadian Review of Comparative Literature 34.4 (Dec. 2007 [Sept 2008]): pp. 389–409</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._L._Lucas" title="F. L. Lucas">Lucas, F. L.</a> <i>The Drama of Ibsen and Strindberg</i>, Cassell, London, 1962. (A useful introduction, giving the biographical background to each play and detailed play-by-play summaries and discussion for the theatre-goer, including the less well-known plays)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meyer_(translator)" title="Michael Meyer (translator)">Meyer, Michael</a>. <i>Ibsen</i>. History Press Ltd., Stroud, reprinted 2004</li> <li>Mørkhagen, Sverre. <i><a href="/wiki/Ibsen:_%22%E2%80%A6_den_m%C3%A6rkelige_mand%22" title="Ibsen: "… den mærkelige mand"">Ibsen: "… den mærkelige mand"</a></i>. Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2019.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toril_Moi" title="Toril Moi">Moi, Toril</a> (2006) <i>Henrik Ibsen and the Birth of Modernism: Art, Theater, Philosophy</i>. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920259-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920259-1">978-0-19-920259-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Quintessence_of_Ibsenism" title="Quintessence of Ibsenism">The Quintessence of Ibsenism</a></i> (1891). The classic introduction, setting the playwright in his time and place.</li> <li>Sprinchorn, Evert, <i><a href="/wiki/Ibsen%27s_Kingdom:_The_Man_and_His_Works" title="Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works">Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works</a></i>, Yale University Press, 2021. ISBN 9780300228663 <ul><li>The book has been criticized for perpetuating outdated and debunked myths about Ibsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It relies on a biographical reading of his plays, an approach that has been criticized in recent Ibsen scholarship<sup id="cite_ref-Haave_6-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ibsen">"Ibsen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Ibsen's role as "father of modern drama", see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212001849/http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/events/archives/003725.shtml">"Ibsen Celebration to Spotlight 'Father of Modern Drama'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Bowdoin College. 23 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/events/archives/003725.shtml">the original</a> on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibsen+Celebration+to+Spotlight+%27Father+of+Modern+Drama%27&rft.pub=Bowdoin+College&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bowdoin.edu%2Fnews%2Fevents%2Farchives%2F003725.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span>; on Ibsen's relationship to modernism, see Moi (2006, 1–36)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190214204210/http://www.shakespearetheatre.org/_pdf/first_folio/folio_enemy_about.pdf">"shakespearetheatre.org"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shakespearetheatre.org/_pdf/first_folio/folio_enemy_about.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=shakespearetheatre.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shakespearetheatre.org%2F_pdf%2Ffirst_folio%2Ffolio_enemy_about.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919081112/http://www.norway.lk/ARKIV/Old_web/ibsen/Ibsen_events_in_Sri_Lanka/Ibsen_launching/">"Henrik Ibsen – book launch to commemorate the 'Father of Modern Drama'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.lk/ARKIV/Old_web/ibsen/Ibsen_events_in_Sri_Lanka/Ibsen_launching/">the original</a> on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henrik+Ibsen+%E2%80%93+book+launch+to+commemorate+the+%27Father+of+Modern+Drama%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.lk%2FARKIV%2FOld_web%2Fibsen%2FIbsen_events_in_Sri_Lanka%2FIbsen_launching%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonnie G. Smith, "A Doll's House", in <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History</i>, Vol. 2, p. 81, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haave-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haave_6-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaave2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Haave, Jørgen</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Family" title="The Ibsen Family">Familien Ibsen</a></i>. Museumsforlaget. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788283050455" title="Special:BookSources/9788283050455"><bdi>9788283050455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familien+Ibsen&rft.pub=Museumsforlaget&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9788283050455&rft.aulast=Haave&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B8rgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus Van Den Berg, "Peer Gynt" (review), <i>Theatre Journal</i> 58.4 (2006) 684–687</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McFarlane, James (1999). "Introduction". In: Ibsen, Henrik, <i>An Enemy of the People; The Wild Duck; Rosmersholm</i>. Oxford World Classics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. ix. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192839438" title="Special:BookSources/0192839438">0192839438</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192839435" title="Special:BookSources/9780192839435">9780192839435</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Normann Waage (1986). "Henrik Ibsen og Keiser Julian". <i>Libra</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valency-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valency_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valency_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Valency, Maurice. <i>The Flower and the Castle</i>. Schocken, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByatt2006" class="citation news cs1">Byatt, AS (15 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/dec/16/stage.asbyatt">"The age of becoming"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+age+of+becoming&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft.aulast=Byatt&rft.aufirst=AS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2006%2Fdec%2F16%2Fstage.asbyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snl.no/Henrik_Ibsen">"Henrik Ibsen"</a>. Store norske leksikon. 10 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henrik+Ibsen&rft.pub=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.date=2024-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsnl.no%2FHenrik_Ibsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grady, Hugh (2001). "Shakespeare criticism, 1600–1900" (p. 276). In de Grazia, Margreta; Wells, Stanley (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 265–278. doi:10.1017/CCOL0521650941.017. ISBN 978-1-139-00010-9. OCLC 44777325 – via Cambridge Core.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valency, Maurice. <i>The Flower and the Castle</i>. Schocken, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Hornby, Ibsen Triumphant, The Hudson Review, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter, 2004), pp. 685-691</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nygaard-foredrag-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nygaard-foredrag_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Jon Nygaard</a> (2016): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/video/alt-du-vet-om-ibsen-er-feil_261040">Alt du vet om Ibsen er feil</a>", <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibsen.uio.no/BREV_1880-1889ht%7cB18820921GB.xhtml">"Henrik Ibsens skrifter: Brev til GEORG BRANDES (21. september 1882)"</a>. <i>www.ibsen.uio.no</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibsen.uio.no&rft.atitle=Henrik+Ibsens+skrifter%3A+Brev+til+GEORG+BRANDES+%2821.+september+1882%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsen.uio.no%2FBREV_1880-1889ht%257cB18820921GB.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haugen (1979: 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbsen1888" class="citation web cs1">Ibsen, Henrik (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibsen.uio.no/SAK_P18810117Barnd.xhtml">"Barndomsminder"</a>. <i>Henrik Ibsens skrifter</i>. University of Oslo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Henrik+Ibsens+skrifter&rft.atitle=Barndomsminder&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Ibsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibsen.uio.no%2FSAK_P18810117Barnd.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergwitz-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergwitz_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergwitz_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Kielland Bergwitz, <i>Henrik Ibsen i sin avstamning: norsk eller fremmed?</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal_Norsk_Forlag" title="Gyldendal Norsk Forlag">Gyldendal Norsk Forlag</a>, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mosfjeld 1949, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meyers. <i>Henrik Ibsen</i>, Chapter one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Haave" title="Jørgen Haave">Jørgen Haave</a> (2013): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.telemarkmuseum.no/wp-content/uploads/Haave-Jorgen.-Bidrag-til-antologien-Norsk-havekunst-2013.-Utsikten-fra-Ibsens-gutterom-1.pdf">Utsikten fra Ibsens gutterom</a>," in Einar Sørensen (ed.), <i>Norsk havekunst under europeisk himmel</i>, Scandinavian Academic Press/Spartacus forlag</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Templeton-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Templeton_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Templeton, Joan (1997). <i>Ibsen's Women</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rees, Ellen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/869129">"Tropes Revisited: Evert Sprinchorn's <i>Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works</i> and Recent Historical Research in Ibsen Studies"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Studies</i>. <b>94</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">530–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2F21638195.94.4.06">10.5406/21638195.94.4.06</a> (inactive 14 January 2025). <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253371741">253371741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Studies&rft.atitle=Tropes+Revisited%3A+Evert+Sprinchorn%27s+Ibsen%27s+Kingdom%3A+The+Man+and+His+Works+and+Recent+Historical+Research+in+Ibsen+Studies&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E530-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2F21638195.94.4.06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253371741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F869129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_January_2025" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2025">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Nygaard, Jon</a> (2013). <i>"...af stort est du kommen" – Henrik Ibsen og Skien</i>. <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ibsen_Studies" title="Centre for Ibsen Studies">Centre for Ibsen Studies</a>. ISBN 9788291540122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ibsens barneår var bedre enn antatt". <i>Varden</i>. 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Varden&rft.atitle=Ibsens+barne%C3%A5r+var+bedre+enn+antatt&rft.date=2016-05-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Meyers-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Meyers_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meyers. <i>Henrick Ibsen</i>. Chapter one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Bernhard Jaeger, <i>Henrik Ibsen, 1828–1888: et literært livsbillede</i>, Copenhagen, <a href="/wiki/Gyldendal" title="Gyldendal">Gyldendal</a>, 1888</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meyes. <i>Henrik Ibsen</i>. Chapters corresponding to individual early plays.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Michael. <i>Ibsen: A Biography</i>. 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Doubleday and Company. p. 500.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibsen%3A+A+biography&rft.pages=500&rft.pub=Doubleday+and+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nygaard2012-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nygaard2012_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygaard2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Nygaard" title="Jon Nygaard">Nygaard, Jon</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.nb.no/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2018030781098_001">"Henrik Ibsen og Skien: «... af stort est du kommen, og till stort skalst du vorde engang!»"</a>. <i>Bøygen</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=B%C3%B8ygen&rft.atitle=Henrik+Ibsen+og+Skien%3A+%C2%AB...+af+stort+est+du+kommen%2C+og+till+stort+skalst+du+vorde+engang%21%C2%BB&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Nygaard&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.nb.no%2FURN%3ANBN%3Ano-nb_digitidsskrift_2018030781098_001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaskett2019" class="citation web cs1">Paskett, Zoe (11 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/go/london/theatre/henrik-ibsen-plays-a-dolls-house-hedda-gabler-a4233501.html">"Henrik Ibsen's greatest plays, from A Doll's House to Hedda Gabler"</a>. <i>Evening Standard</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Standard&rft.atitle=Henrik+Ibsen%27s+greatest+plays%2C+from+A+Doll%27s+House+to+Hedda+Gabler&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft.aulast=Paskett&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.standard.co.uk%2Fgo%2Flondon%2Ftheatre%2Fhenrik-ibsen-plays-a-dolls-house-hedda-gabler-a4233501.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b42q58">"In Our Time: Henrik Ibsen: Audio podcast"</a>. <i>BBC Radio 4</i>. 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ardent Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+of+Henrik+Ibsen&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ibsen&rft.aufirst=Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glavan-Ibsen-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glavan-Ibsen_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlavan2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glavan, Mihael (June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hippocampus.si/ISSN/2590-9754/29-2019/index.html#p=166">"Henrik Ibsen in Carl Snoilsky"</a> [Henrik Ibsen and Carl Snoilsky]. <i>Stati inu obstati: Revija za vprašanja protestantizma</i> (in Slovenian). <b>29</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">164–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2590-9754">2590-9754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stati+inu+obstati%3A+Revija+za+vpra%C5%A1anja+protestantizma&rft.atitle=Henrik+Ibsen+in+Carl+Snoilsky&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=2019-06&rft.issn=2590-9754&rft.aulast=Glavan&rft.aufirst=Mihael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hippocampus.si%2FISSN%2F2590-9754%2F29-2019%2Findex.html%23p%3D166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">since 2006 <a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Museum_(Oslo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ibsen Museum (Oslo)">The Ibsen Museum (Oslo)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meyer, <i>Ibsen – A Biography</i>, Doubleday 1971, p. 807</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110062149/http://www.norges-bank.no/templates/article____16310.aspx">"Norges Bank"</a>. <i>www.norges-bank.no</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norges-bank.no/templates/article____16310.aspx">the original</a> on 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.norges-bank.no&rft.atitle=Norges+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norges-bank.no%2Ftemplates%2Farticle____16310.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918182915/http://www.norway.sk/ARKIV/Old_web/ibsen/year/gala/">"norway.sk"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.sk/ARKIV/Old_web/ibsen/year/gala/">the original</a> on 18 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=norway.sk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway.sk%2FARKIV%2FOld_web%2Fibsen%2Fyear%2Fgala%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mazur, G.O. <i>One Hundred Year Commemoration to the Life of Henrik Ibsen</i>, Semenenko Foundation, Andreeff Hall, 12, rue de Montrosier, 92200 Neuilly, Paris, France, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gioia, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.playbill.com/news/article/175974-Premiere-of-Will-Enos-Gnit-Adaptation-of-Peer-Gynt-Directed-by-Les-Waters-Opens-March-17-at-Humana-Fest">"Premiere of Will Eno's <i>Gnit</i>, Adaptation of <i>Peer Gynt</i> Directed by Les Waters, Opens March 17 at Humana Fest"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108213741/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/175974-Premiere-of-Will-Enos-Gnit-Adaptation-of-Peer-Gynt-Directed-by-Les-Waters-Opens-March-17-at-Humana-Fest">Archived</a> 8 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> playbill.com, 17 March 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nb.no/forskning/ibsen/">"Henrik Ibsen"</a>. <i>Nasjonalbiblioteket</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nasjonalbiblioteket&rft.atitle=Henrik+Ibsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nb.no%2Fforskning%2Fibsen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredo2019" class="citation book cs1">Figueiredo, Ivo de (2019). <i>Henrik Ibsen: Mennesket og masken</i>. Rosinante & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788763861830" title="Special:BookSources/9788763861830"><bdi>9788763861830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henrik+Ibsen%3A+Mennesket+og+masken&rft.pub=Rosinante+%26+Co&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788763861830&rft.aulast=Figueiredo&rft.aufirst=Ivo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227063726/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art/ibsen-time-of-the-year-again/article1-962902.aspx">"Ibsen time of the year again – Hindustan Times"</a>. 22 November 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art/ibsen-time-of-the-year-again/article1-962902.aspx">the original</a> on 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibsen+time+of+the+year+again+%E2%80%93+Hindustan+Times&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Flifestyle%2Fart%2Fibsen-time-of-the-year-again%2Farticle1-962902.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftuar2012" class="citation news cs1">Daftuar, Swati (24 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/showcase-reinventing-ibsen/article4126276.ece">"Showcase: Reinventing Ibsen"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Showcase%3A+Reinventing+Ibsen&rft.date=2012-11-24&rft.aulast=Daftuar&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffriday-review%2Ftheatre%2Fshowcase-reinventing-ibsen%2Farticle4126276.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schanke-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schanke_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchanke1988" class="citation book cs1">Schanke, Robert A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibsen+in+America%3A+A+Century+of+Change&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0810820999&rft.aulast=Schanke&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeoOL_Uufu94C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2002" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, H. Stuart (2002). <i>Consciousness and Society: the Reorientation of European Social Thought</i>. 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The World's Classics. pp. Introduction.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henrik+Ibsen%3A+Four+Major+Plays+%28Introduction%29&rft.pages=Introduction&rft.pub=The+World%27s+Classics&rft.aulast=MacFarlane&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/">"Nomination Archive"</a>. NobelPrize.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+Archive&rft.pub=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulton2010" class="citation book cs1">Poulton, M. Cody (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/a-beggars-art-scripting-modernity-in-japanese-drama-1900-1930/"><i>A Beggar's Art: Scripting Modernity in Japanese Drama, 1900-1930</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3452-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-3452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beggar%27s+Art%3A+Scripting+Modernity+in+Japanese+Drama%2C+1900-1930&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3452-4&rft.aulast=Poulton&rft.aufirst=M.+Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fa-beggars-art-scripting-modernity-in-japanese-drama-1900-1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulton2010" class="citation book cs1">Poulton, M. Cody (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uhpress.hawaii.edu/title/a-beggars-art-scripting-modernity-in-japanese-drama-1900-1930/"><i>A Beggar's Art: Scripting Modernity in Japanese Drama, 1900-1930</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi_Press" title="University of Hawaiʻi Press">University of Hawaiʻi Press</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3452-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-3452-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Beggar%27s+Art%3A+Scripting+Modernity+in+Japanese+Drama%2C+1900-1930&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%CA%BBi+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3452-4&rft.aulast=Poulton&rft.aufirst=M.+Cody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuhpress.hawaii.edu%2Ftitle%2Fa-beggars-art-scripting-modernity-in-japanese-drama-1900-1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerje_Bratberg2018" class="citation web cs1">Terje Bratberg (15 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snl.no/Ibsen/norsk_slekt_som_stammer_fra_skipper_Rasmus_Ibsen">"Ibsen – norsk slekt"</a>. <i>Store norske leksikon</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Store+norske+leksikon&rft.atitle=Ibsen+%E2%80%93+norsk+slekt&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft.au=Terje+Bratberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snl.no%2FIbsen%2Fnorsk_slekt_som_stammer_fra_skipper_Rasmus_Ibsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_J%C3%A6ger" title="Henrik Jæger">Henrik Jaeger</a>, <i>Henrik Ibsen. A Critical Biography</i>, Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergwitz, Joh. K, <i>Henrik Ibsen i sin avstamning. Norsk eller fremmed?</i>, Nordisk forlag, Gyldendalske boghandel, Christiania and Copenhagen, 1916</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFROTTEM2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ROTTEM, ØYSTEIN (8 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagbladet.no/kultur/nytt-lys-over-ibsen/65799583">"Nytt lys over Ibsen"</a>. <i>dagbladet.no</i> (in Norwegian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dagbladet.no&rft.atitle=Nytt+lys+over+Ibsen&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft.aulast=ROTTEM&rft.aufirst=%C3%98YSTEIN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fkultur%2Fnytt-lys-over-ibsen%2F65799583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes1886" class="citation book cs1">Brandes, Georg (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=InJLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA430"><i>Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century: Literary Portraits</i></a>. T, Y, Crowell & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eminent+Authors+of+the+Nineteenth+Century%3A+Literary+Portraits&rft.pub=T%2C+Y%2C+Crowell+%26+Company&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Brandes&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DInJLAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2020" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Emma (28 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZEiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT7"><i>The Social Significance of the Modern Drama</i></a>. Library of Alexandria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-9740-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-9740-3"><bdi>978-1-4655-9740-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Significance+of+the+Modern+Drama&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-9740-3&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ZEiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaeger1890" class="citation book cs1">Jaeger, Henrik Bernhard (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenrikibsen00gossgoog"><i>The Life of Henrik Ibsen</i></a>. London: William Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehenrikibsen00gossgoog/page/n80">64</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Henrik+Ibsen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Henrik+Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifehenrikibsen00gossgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTempleton1997" class="citation book cs1">Templeton, Joan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ouBuYXeTTsC&pg=PA340"><i>Ibsen's Women</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 340. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521001366" title="Special:BookSources/9780521001366"><bdi>9780521001366</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibsen%27s+Women&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780521001366&rft.aulast=Templeton&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ouBuYXeTTsC%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanssen2005" class="citation web cs1">Hanssen, Jens-Morten (10 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibsen.nb.no/id/530.0">"Facts about Norma"</a>. National Library of Norway<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+Norma&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Norway&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft.aulast=Hanssen&rft.aufirst=Jens-Morten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibsen.nb.no%2Fid%2F530.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibsensociety.org/in-english-translation/">"English Translations : Ibsen Society of America"</a>. <i>ibsensociety.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwnorton.com&rft.atitle=Ibsen%27s+Selected+Plays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwnorton.com%2Fbooks%2FIbsens-Selected-Plays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stoo-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stoo_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmundsen1947" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Delphin_Amundsen" title="Otto Delphin Amundsen">Amundsen, O. Delphin</a> (1947). <i>Den kongelige norske Sankt Olavs Orden 1847–1947</i> (in Norwegian). Oslo: Grøndahl. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Den+kongelige+norske+Sankt+Olavs+Orden+1847%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B8ndahl&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Amundsen&rft.aufirst=O.+Delphin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitaltmuseum.no/021048321633/henrik-ibsen-1828-1906-skulptur">"Henrik Ibsen 1828-1906 [Skulptur]"</a>. <i>digitaltmuseum.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aftenposten.no&rft.atitle=Polfarere+i+bronse&rft.date=2011-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aftenposten.no%2Fkultur%2Fi%2F1nARQ%2Fpolfarere-i-bronse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenrik+Ibsen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<dl><dt>Digital collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibsen.uio.no">Digital Scholarly Edition of Henrik Ibsen's complete works</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ibsen_Studies" title="Centre for Ibsen Studies">Centre for Ibsen Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henrik-ibsen">Works by Henrik Ibsen in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/861">Works by Henrik Ibsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20Johan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20H%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henrik%20Johan%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henrik%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Henrik%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henrik%20Johan%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henrik%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22H%2E%20Johan%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20Johan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20H%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20H%2E%20Johan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Henrik%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henrik%20Johan%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henrik%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20title%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Henrik%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henrik%20Johan%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henrik%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22H%2E%20J%2E%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20Johan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%20J%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Henrik%20Ibsen%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ibsen%2C%20Henrik%22%29%20OR%20%28%221828-1906%22%20AND%20Ibsen%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Henrik Ibsen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/477">Works by Henrik Ibsen</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.hf.uio.no/polyglotta/index.php?page=library&bid=10">Multilingual edition of all Ibsen Plays in the Bibliotheca Polyglotta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nb.no/nbsok/search?action=search&lang=en&mediatype=bøker&format=Digitalt%20tilgjengelig&searchString=creator:%22ibsen,henrik%22">Digitized books and manuscripts by Ibsen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Norway" title="National Library of Norway">National Library of Norway</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Scholarly work</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/sibs">Ibsen Studies</a></i>: The only international academic journal devoted to Ibsen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701182611/http://ibsenvoyages.com/">Online course by Ibsen scholar Brian Johnston author of <i>The Ibsen Cycle</i> and <i>To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Drama</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204010/http://www.city-journal.org/html/15_3_urbanities-isben.html">"Ibsen and His Discontents"</a> – a critical, conservative view of Ibsen's works, written by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Theodore Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/henrikibsencrit00brangoog#page/n9/mode/1up"><i>Henrik Ibsen: Critical Studies</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Brandes" title="Georg Brandes">Georg Brandes</a> (1899). Retrieved 5 January 2017.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theobjectivestandard.com/2021/05/ibsens-kingdom-the-man-and-his-works-by-evert-sprinchorn/">Ibsen's Kingdom: The Man and His Works</a> - a review of the book of that title, as well as discussions of "Brand", "A Doll's House", and "Ghosts".</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other biographies</dt></dl> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/8152">Henrik Ibsen</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> (the biography by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Edmund Gosse</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17719">Henrik Ibsen – A Bibliography of Criticism and Biography</a>, by Ina Ten Eyck Firkins, from Project Gutenberg</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibsensociety.org/">The Ibsen Society of America Official Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibsen.nb.no/index.gan?id=11111004&subid=0">ibsen.nb.no</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231132835/http://www.ibsenworldwide.info/">Extensive resource in several languages from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116212732/http://www.ljhammond.com/cwgt/06.htm#18">Ibsen's Influence on Hitler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928122325/https://norskfolkemuseum.no/en/Related-units/The-Ibsen-Museum/">Ibsen Museum</a> – Former home of the famous playwright is situated in Henrik Ibsen's gate 26, across from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Oslo" title="Royal Palace, Oslo">Royal Palace</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Henrik_Ibsen35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Olaf_Liljekrans" title="Olaf Liljekrans">Olaf Liljekrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vikings_at_Helgeland" title="The Vikings at Helgeland">The Vikings at Helgeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Bird" title="The Mountain Bird">The Mountain Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Comedy" title="Love's Comedy">Love's Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pretenders_(play)" title="The Pretenders (play)">The Pretenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_(play)" title="Brand (play)">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_League_of_Youth" title="The League of Youth">The League of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_and_Galilean" title="Emperor and Galilean">Emperor and Galilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pillars_of_Society" title="The Pillars of Society">The Pillars of Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lady_from_the_Sea" title="The Lady from the Sea">The Lady from the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Builder" title="The Master Builder">The Master Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Eyolf" title="Little Eyolf">Little Eyolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gabriel_Borkman" title="John Gabriel Borkman">John Gabriel Borkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_We_Dead_Awaken" title="When We Dead Awaken">When We Dead Awaken</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Digte" title="Digte">Digte</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Terje_Vigen" title="Terje Vigen">Terje Vigen</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_quotes,_Oslo" title="Ibsen quotes, Oslo">Ibsen quotes, Oslo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Ibsen" title="The Oxford Ibsen">The Oxford Ibsen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ibsen_Studies" title="Centre for Ibsen Studies">Centre for Ibsen Studies</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Studies" title="Ibsen Studies">Ibsen Studies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Ibsen Museum (Oslo)">Ibsen Museum, Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_Sculpture_Park" title="Peer Gynt Sculpture Park"><i>Peer Gynt</i> Sculpture Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ibsen_Award" title="Norwegian Ibsen Award">Norwegian Ibsen Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Ibsen_Award" title="International Ibsen Award">International Ibsen Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen Year">Ibsen Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Little_Ibsen" title="The Death of Little Ibsen"><i>The Death of Little Ibsen</i> (2006 play)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_family156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Henrik_Ibsen%27s_family" title="Template:Henrik Ibsen's family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Henrik_Ibsen%27s_family" title="Template talk:Henrik Ibsen's family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Henrik_Ibsen%27s_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Henrik Ibsen's family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_family156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancestors and birth relatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Grandparents <a href="/wiki/Henrich_Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henrich Ibsen">Henrich Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johanne_Plesner" class="mw-redirect" title="Johanne Plesner">Johanne Plesner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johan_Andreas_Altenburg" title="Johan Andreas Altenburg">Johan Andreas Altenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Paus" title="Hedevig Paus">Hedevig Paus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> (step grandfather), parents <a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen Altenburg</a>, sister <a href="/wiki/Hedvig_Ibsen" title="Hedvig Ibsen">Hedvig Ibsen</a>, uncles <a href="/wiki/Christian_Cornelius_Paus" title="Christian Cornelius Paus">Christian Cornelius Paus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus">Henrik Johan Paus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Blom_Paus" title="Christopher Blom Paus">Christopher Blom Paus</a>, great-aunt <a href="/wiki/Kristine_Cathrine_Ploug" title="Kristine Cathrine Ploug">Kristine Cathrine Ploug</a> (née Altenburg), first cousin <a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(factory_owner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ole Paus (factory owner)">Ole Paus</a>, nephew <a href="/wiki/Carl_Stousland" title="Carl Stousland">Carl Stousland</a>, first cousin once removed <a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Paus" title="Christopher de Paus">Christopher de Paus</a>, great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Paus_(civil_servant)" title="Cornelius Paus (civil servant)">Cornelius Paus</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altenburg2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/110px-Altenburg2.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/165px-Altenburg2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/220px-Altenburg2.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wife, family-in-law and issue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Wife <a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Ibsen" title="Suzannah Ibsen">Suzannah Ibsen</a> (née Thoresen), step mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_Thoresen" title="Magdalene Thoresen">Magdalene Thoresen</a>, son <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a>, daughter-in-law <a href="/wiki/Bergliot_Ibsen" title="Bergliot Ibsen">Bergliot Ibsen</a> (née Bjørnson), grandson <a href="/wiki/Tancred_Ibsen" title="Tancred Ibsen">Tancred Ibsen</a>, granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Irene_Ibsen_Bille" title="Irene Ibsen Bille">Irene Ibsen Bille</a> (née Ibsen), grandson's wife <a href="/wiki/Lillebil_Ibsen" title="Lillebil Ibsen">Lillebil Ibsen</a> (née Krohn), great-grandsons <a href="/wiki/Tancred_Ibsen_Jr." title="Tancred Ibsen Jr.">Tancred Ibsen Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joen_Bille" title="Joen Bille">Joen Bille</a>, great-great-granddaughters <a href="/wiki/Nora_Ibsen" title="Nora Ibsen">Nora Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beate_Bille_(actress)" title="Beate Bille (actress)">Beate Bille</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Ibsen_(family)" title="Ibsen (family)">Ibsen family</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paus_family131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paus_family" title="Template:Paus family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Paus_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Paus family (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paus_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paus family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paus_family131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paus_family" title="Paus family">Paus family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early<br />members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Sir</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Olufsson" title="Hans Olufsson">Hans Olufsson</a> (<i>ca.</i> 1500), cleric</li> <li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Povelsson_Paus_the_Elder" title="Hans Povelsson Paus the Elder">Hans Povelsson Paus the Elder</a> (1587), cleric</li> <li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Peder_Povelsson_Paus" title="Peder Povelsson Paus">Peder Povelsson Paus</a> (1590), cleric</li> <li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Povel_Hansson_Paus" title="Povel Hansson Paus">Povel Hansson Paus</a> (1620), cleric</li> <li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Povel_Pedersson_Paus" title="Povel Pedersson Paus">Povel Pedersson Paus</a> (1625), cleric</li> <li><i>Sir</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Povelsson_Paus" title="Hans Povelsson Paus">Hans Povelsson Paus</a> (1656), cleric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Povelsson_Paus" title="Cornelius Povelsson Paus">Cornelius Povelsson Paus</a> (1662), judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peder_Hansson_Paus" title="Peder Hansson Paus">Peder Hansson Paus</a> (1691), judge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Pedersson_Paus" title="Hans Pedersson Paus">Hans Pedersson Paus</a> (1721), judge</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paus_family#Skien_branch" title="Paus family">Skien<br />branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="float:right; margin:10px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paus_arms_(simplified).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg/50px-Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg/75px-Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg/100px-Paus_arms_%28simplified%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1691" /></a></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Paus_(civil_servant)" title="Cornelius Paus (civil servant)">Cornelius Paus</a> (1726), civil servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedevig_Paus" title="Hedevig Paus">Hedevig Paus</a> (1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(shipowner)" title="Ole Paus (shipowner)">Ole Paus</a> (1766), shipowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Johan_Paus" title="Henrik Johan Paus">Henrik Johan Paus</a> (1799), lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Cornelius_Paus" title="Christian Cornelius Paus">Christian Cornelius Paus</a> (1800), governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Blom_Paus" title="Christopher Blom Paus">Christopher Blom Paus</a> (1810), shipowner</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrik Ibsen</a> (1828), playwright</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Altenborg_Paus" title="Johan Altenborg Paus">Johan Altenborg Paus</a> (1834), war commissioner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(businessman)" title="Ole Paus (businessman)">Ole Paus</a> (1846), industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L._Paus" title="Karl L. Paus">Karl L. Paus</a> (1856), industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lintrup_Paus" title="Christopher Lintrup Paus">Christopher Lintrup Paus</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span></span> (1881), British diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Paus" title="Thorleif Paus">Thorleif (von) Paus</a> (1881), diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wegner_Paus" title="George Wegner Paus">George Wegner Paus</a> (1882), lawyer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Wangensten_Paus" title="Hans Wangensten Paus">Hans Wangensten Paus</a> (1891), engineer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paus_Platt" title="Robert Paus Platt">Robert Paus Platt</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></span></span> (1905), British diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvig_Paus_(painting)" title="Helvig Paus (painting)">Helvig (von) Paus</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(general)" title="Ole Paus (general)">Ole (von) Paus</a> (1910), general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Paus" title="Per Paus">Per Paus</a> (1910), industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorleif_Lintrup_Paus" title="Thorleif Lintrup Paus">Thorleif Lintrup Paus</a> (1912), diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecilie_Paus" title="Cecilie Paus">Cecilie Paus</a> (1943), shipping magnate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peder_Paus_(businessman)" title="Peder Paus (businessman)">Peder Paus</a> (1945), businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus" title="Ole Paus">Ole Paus</a> (1947), singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontine_Paus" title="Pontine Paus">Pontine Paus</a> (1973), shipping heir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Paus" title="Olympia Paus">Olympia Paus</a> (1976), shipping heir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Paus" title="Marcus Paus">Marcus Paus</a> (1979), composer</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="of_Herresta43" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paus_family#Herresta_branch" title="Paus family">of Herresta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Count <a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Paus" title="Christopher de Paus">Christopher (de) Paus</a> (1862), philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Paus" title="Herman Paus">Herman Paus</a> (1897), skier, estate owner</li> <li>Countess <a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Tolstoy-Paus" title="Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus">Tatiana Tolstoy-Paus</a> (1914)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Henrik_Ibsen_40px&#124;link=Henrik_Ibsen#Family_and_childhood129" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Family_and_childhood">Henrik Ibsen</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen#Family_and_childhood" title="Henrik Ibsen"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/40px-Altenburg2.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/60px-Altenburg2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Altenburg2.png/80px-Altenburg2.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knud_Ibsen" title="Knud Ibsen">Knud Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marichen_Altenburg" title="Marichen Altenburg">Marichen Altenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Ibsen" title="Sigurd Ibsen">Sigurd Ibsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altenburgg%C3%A5rden" class="mw-redirect" title="Altenburggården">Altenburggården</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ibsen_Family" title="The Ibsen Family">The Ibsen Family</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paus_family#In_Henrik_Ibsen's_plays" title="Paus family">Paus family in fiction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosmersholm" title="Rosmersholm">Rosmersholm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Enemy_of_the_People" title="An Enemy of the People">An Enemy of the People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paus_family#Drammen_branch" title="Paus family">Drammen<br />branch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Pauss" title="Bernhard Pauss">Bernhard Cathrinus Pauss</a> (1839), theologian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriette_Pauss" title="Henriette Pauss">Henriette Pauss</a> (1841), teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olav_Pauss" title="Olav Pauss">Olav Pauss</a> (1863), shipowner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nissen_Paus" title="Nikolai Nissen Paus">Nikolai Nissen Paus</a> (1877), surgeon/humanitarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Paus" title="Augustin Paus">Augustin Paus</a> (1881), industrialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Paus" title="Bernhard Paus">Bernhard Paus</a> (1910), surgeon/humanitarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Paus" title="Vilhelm Paus">Vilhelm Paus</a> (1915), diplomat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brita_Collett_Paus" title="Brita Collett Paus">Brita Collett Paus</a> (1917), humanitarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Paus" title="Nikolai Paus">Nikolai Paus</a> (1944), businessman</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauspur" title="Pauspur">Pauspur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paus_collection" title="Paus collection">Paus collection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paus_Trajan" title="Paus Trajan">Paus Trajan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herresta" title="Herresta">Herresta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvesarum_Castle" title="Kvesarum Castle">Kvesarum Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Paus" title="Villa Paus">Villa Paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esviken" title="Esviken">Esviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paus_%26_Paus" title="Paus & Paus">Paus & Paus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Paus_(businessman)" title="Ole Paus (businessman)">Ole Paus Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilh._Wilhelmsen" title="Wilh. Wilhelmsen">Wilh. Wilhelmsen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_A_Doll&#039;s_House_(1879)78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:A_Doll%27s_House" title="Template:A Doll's House"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:A_Doll%27s_House" title="Template talk:A Doll's House"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:A_Doll%27s_House" title="Special:EditPage/Template:A Doll's House"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_A_Doll&#039;s_House_(1879)78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a></i> (1879)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1917_film)" title="A Doll's House (1917 film)">1917 silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1918_film)" title="A Doll's House (1918 film)">1918 silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1922_film)" title="A Doll's House (1922 film)">1922 silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1973_Garland_film)" title="A Doll's House (1973 Garland film)">1973, dir. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1973_Losey_film)" title="A Doll's House (1973 Losey film)">1973, dir. Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_(1992_film)" title="Sara (1992 film)"><i>Sara</i> (1993)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1959_film)" title="A Doll's House (1959 film)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House_(1992_film)" title="A Doll's House (1992 film)">1992</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nora_(EWTC_show)" title="Nora (EWTC show)">Nora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_Life" title="A Doll's Life">A Doll's Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House,_Part_2" title="A Doll's House, Part 2">A Doll's House, Part 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_happens_after_Nora_leaves_home" title="What happens after Nora leaves home">"What happens after Nora leaves home"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_Hedda_Gabler_(1891)67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hedda_Gabler" title="Template:Hedda Gabler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hedda_Gabler" title="Template talk:Hedda Gabler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hedda_Gabler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hedda Gabler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_Hedda_Gabler_(1891)67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1891)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler_(1920_film)" title="Hedda Gabler (1920 film)">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler_(1925_film)" title="Hedda Gabler (1925 film)">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler_(1961_film)" title="Hedda Gabler (1961 film)">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_(1975_film)" title="Hedda (1975 film)">Hedda</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler_(2016_film)" title="Hedda Gabler (2016 film)">Hedda Gabler</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedda_(upcoming_film)" title="Hedda (upcoming film)">Hedda</a></i> (TBA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heddatron" title="Heddatron">Heddatron</a></i> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler_filmography" title="Hedda Gabler filmography">Filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_Peer_Gynt_(1876)75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peer_Gynt" title="Template:Peer Gynt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peer_Gynt" title="Template talk:Peer Gynt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peer_Gynt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peer Gynt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henrik_Ibsen&#039;s_Peer_Gynt_(1876)75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1876)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspirations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Per_Gynt" title="Per Gynt">Per Gynt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Gjende" title="Jo Gjende">Jo Gjende</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(1915_film)" title="Peer Gynt (1915 film)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(1919_film)" title="Peer Gynt (1919 film)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(1934_film)" title="Peer Gynt (1934 film)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1934)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(opera)" title="Peer Gynt (opera)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1938 Egk opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(1998_adaptation)" title="Peer Gynt (1998 adaptation)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1998 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt_(Grieg)" title="Peer Gynt (Grieg)">Peer Gynt</a></i> (1875 incidental music) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Hall_of_the_Mountain_King" title="In the Hall of the Mountain King">In the Hall of the Mountain King</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Morning_Mood" title="Morning Mood">Morning Mood</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swinging_Suites_by_Edward_E._and_Edward_G." title="Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.">Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Trying_To_Be_Me" title="Trying To Be Me">Trying To Be Me</a>" (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8yg" title="Bøyg">Bøyg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36661#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4950" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36661#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4950" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36661#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118555286">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79070050">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119081540">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119081540">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00444186">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ibsen, Henrik"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV008640">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35217716">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003874&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX883971">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/23683">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068982550">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90061718">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000011741&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000032016&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036641">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61886">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000073365">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199613297">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtvk2z3gvrr32">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810616539805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/124393">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262869105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000184960">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519869506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14124029">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00825835?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500330924">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/ef9e60c9-c738-4f61-8c1d-ece78093a613">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/463754">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/77da8af9-222f-4cea-8869-1ec51f32da0e">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/124486">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/322359">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118555286">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/869737">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118555286.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118555286">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325032">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mw2fst">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=14116">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/109915">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&oldid=1276991950">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henrik_Ibsen&oldid=1276991950</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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