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This includes prosthetic devices, designed to replace missing body parts. Mummies with wooden digits have been found in Egyptian tombs. </p><p>Luigi Galvani's experiments in the late 1700s led to the exploration of the link between electricity and animal physiology. This led to the study of using the electrical impulses of the body as diagnostic indications of health, such as in electrocardiology. </p><p>Galvani鈥檚 student Alessandro Volta invented the first battery at the beginning of the 18th century, which almost immediately led to application of electricity to therapeutic purposes. The discovery by Wilhelm Roentgen of x-rays in the 19th century led to use of electromagnetic radiation for diagnostic purposes. </p><p>The 20th century has led to many incredible discoveries and breakthroughs, especially regarding the convergence of mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering process into complex medical systems. Such systems included dialysis, the pacemaker and ultimately the artificial heart, prosthetic devices that could respond , and the DNA testing that underlies a range of genetic technologies. As we progress into the 21st century, bioengineering will continue to be an active area for technological breakthroughs and exciting new developments which have the potential to greatly improve the quality of life. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="STARS_Articles">STARS Articles</span></h2> <p>STARS articles are peer-reviewed articles on the history of major developments in technology. Available in the bioengineering category are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/Pacemakers" title="Pacemakers">Pacemakers</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Subcategories">Subcategories</span></h2> <ul><li><b><a href="/Category:Anatomy" title="Category:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></b> - Topics dealing with anatomy, the structure of living things</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Bioinformatics" title="Category:Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></b> - The process of applying computer science and statistics to biology</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biological_topics" title="Category:Biological topics">Biological topics</a></b> - Various topics dealing with general biology including animals, microorganisms and vegetation</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biomedical_computing" title="Category:Biomedical computing">Biomedical computing</a></b> - Topics dealing with the application of computers in the biomedical field</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biomedical_engineering" title="Category:Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></b> - Engineering specifically related to biomedical fields</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biomedical_equipment" title="Category:Biomedical equipment">Biomedical equipment</a></b> - Equipment used in a biomedical settings, such as biomedical electrodes, implants and surgical instruments</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Biomedical_measurements" title="Category:Biomedical measurements">Biomedical measurements</a></b> - Measurements and monitoring instruments in the biomedical field</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Bioterrorism" title="Category:Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></b> - Issues pertaining to biological devices and weapons used in a terrorist setting</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Computational_biology" title="Category:Computational biology">Computational biology</a></b> - The development of data analysis and mathematics to study biological systems</li> <li><b><a href="/Category:Genetics" title="Category:Genetics">Genetics</a></b> - The study of genes in living organisms</li></ul>    </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-subcategories"> <h2>Subcategories</h2> <p>This category has the following 11 subcategories, out of 11 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Anatomy" title="Category:Anatomy">Anatomy</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>B</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Bioinformatics" title="Category:Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biological_topics" title="Category:Biological topics">Biological topics</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biomedical_computing" title="Category:Biomedical computing">Biomedical computing</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biomedical_engineering" title="Category:Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biomedical_equipment" title="Category:Biomedical equipment">Biomedical equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biomedical_measurements" title="Category:Biomedical measurements">Biomedical measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Biopharmaceuticals" title="Category:Biopharmaceuticals">Biopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Bioterrorism" title="Category:Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Computational_biology" title="Category:Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>G</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Category:Genetics" title="Category:Genetics">Genetics</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div><div id="mw-pages"> <h2>Pages in category "Bioengineering"</h2> <p>The following 186 pages are in this category, out of 186 total. </p><div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>A</h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:A_Real_First-Hand_Account_of_the_Startup_Phase_of_Cetus" title="First-Hand:A Real First-Hand Account of the Startup Phase of Cetus">First-Hand:A Real First-Hand Account of the Startup Phase of Cetus</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:Active_Shielding_of_Superconducting_Magnets,_1984-1989" title="Milestones:Active Shielding of Superconducting Magnets, 1984-1989">Milestones:Active Shielding of Superconducting Magnets, 1984-1989</a></li> <li><a href="/Takuo_Aoyagi" title="Takuo Aoyagi">Takuo Aoyagi</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Applying_digital_television_technology_to_medical_imaging_%3D_x-ray_dosage_reduction_and_non-invasive_angiography" title="First-Hand:Applying digital television technology to medical imaging = x-ray dosage reduction and non-invasive angiography">First-Hand:Applying digital television technology to medical imaging = x-ray dosage reduction and non-invasive angiography</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Tatsuo_Arai" title="Oral-History:Tatsuo Arai">Oral-History:Tatsuo Arai</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Arzbaecher" title="Oral-History:Robert Arzbaecher">Oral-History:Robert Arzbaecher</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Eric_Ash" title="Oral-History:Eric Ash">Oral-History:Eric Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Automation_for_Health" title="Archives:Automation for Health">Archives:Automation for Health</a></li> <li><a href="/Roger_E._Avery" title="Roger E. Avery">Roger E. Avery</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>B</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Albert_%22Les%22_Babb" title="Oral-History:Albert "Les" Babb">Oral-History:Albert "Les" Babb</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:James_J._Bailey_and_Rosalie_Dunn" title="Oral-History:James J. Bailey and Rosalie Dunn">Oral-History:James J. Bailey and Rosalie Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/Earl_Bakken" title="Earl Bakken">Earl Bakken</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Earl_Bakken" title="Oral-History:Earl Bakken">Oral-History:Earl Bakken</a></li> <li><a href="/Harrison_H._Barrett" title="Harrison H. Barrett">Harrison H. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:James_Bassingthwaighte" title="Oral-History:James Bassingthwaighte">Oral-History:James Bassingthwaighte</a></li> <li><a href="/Berger_Publishes_Paper_on_Electroencephalogram" title="Berger Publishes Paper on Electroencephalogram">Berger Publishes Paper on Electroencephalogram</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gottfried_Biegelmeier" title="Oral-History:Gottfried Biegelmeier">Oral-History:Gottfried Biegelmeier</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:A_Bio-Medical_Engineering_Career" title="Archives:A Bio-Medical Engineering Career">Archives:A Bio-Medical Engineering Career</a></li> <li><a href="/Otis_Boykin" title="Otis Boykin">Otis Boykin</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Brad_Nelson" title="Oral-History:Brad Nelson">Oral-History:Brad Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/Thomas_F._Budinger" title="Thomas F. Budinger">Thomas F. Budinger</a></li> <li><a href="/Building_Blocks_of_Nanotechology" title="Building Blocks of Nanotechology">Building Blocks of Nanotechology</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Arthur_Burks" title="Oral-History:Arthur Burks">Oral-History:Arthur Burks</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>C</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Norm_Caplan" title="Oral-History:Norm Caplan">Oral-History:Norm Caplan</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Alicia_Casals" title="Oral-History:Alicia Casals">Oral-History:Alicia Casals</a></li> <li><a href="/CAT,_MRI,_and_Ultrasound" title="CAT, MRI, and Ultrasound">CAT, MRI, and Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Milton_Chaffee" title="Oral-History:Milton Chaffee">Oral-History:Milton Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Challenges_IEEE_Faced_Supporting_Ethical_Behavior_and_Professionalism" title="First-Hand:Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism">First-Hand:Challenges IEEE Faced Supporting Ethical Behavior and Professionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_C._Chato" title="Oral-History:John C. Chato">Oral-History:John C. Chato</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Shu_Chien" title="Oral-History:Shu Chien">Oral-History:Shu Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Clark_Colton" title="Oral-History:Clark Colton">Oral-History:Clark Colton</a></li> <li><a href="/William_Coolidge" title="William Coolidge">William Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/Rory_A._Cooper" title="Rory A. Cooper">Rory A. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/Allan_Cormack" title="Allan Cormack">Allan Cormack</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:William_E._Cory" title="Oral-History:William E. Cory">Oral-History:William E. Cory</a></li> <li><a href="/Walter_B._Cozzens" title="Walter B. Cozzens">Walter B. Cozzens</a></li> <li><a href="/Imre_Csiszar" title="Imre Csiszar">Imre Csiszar</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>D</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Paolo_Dario" title="Oral-History:Paolo Dario">Oral-History:Paolo Dario</a></li> <li><a href="/Defibrillator" title="Defibrillator">Defibrillator</a></li> <li><a href="/Dendrimers" title="Dendrimers">Dendrimers</a></li> <li><a href="/DNA_-_From_Nature_to_Technology" title="DNA - From Nature to Technology">DNA - From Nature to Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Dov_Jaron" title="Oral-History:Dov Jaron">Oral-History:Dov Jaron</a></li> <li><a href="/Guillaume_Duchenne" title="Guillaume Duchenne">Guillaume Duchenne</a></li> <li><a href="/Floyd_Dunn" title="Floyd Dunn">Floyd Dunn</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>E</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Murray_Eden" title="Oral-History:Murray Eden">Oral-History:Murray Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></li> <li><a href="/Electricity_%26_Life" title="Electricity & Life">Electricity & Life</a></li> <li><a href="/Electrocardiography" title="Electrocardiography">Electrocardiography</a></li> <li><a href="/Electromagnetic_Environmental_Effects_(E3)" title="Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3)">Electromagnetic Environmental Effects (E3)</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Electrophysiology_and_Defense,_EKGs,_Electroshock_Therapy,_and_Antisubmarine_Weaponry" title="First-Hand:Electrophysiology and Defense, EKGs, Electroshock Therapy, and Antisubmarine Weaponry">First-Hand:Electrophysiology and Defense, EKGs, Electroshock Therapy, and Antisubmarine Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society_History" title="IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society History">IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society History</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:IEEE_Engineering_in_Medicine_and_Biology_Society_Oral_Histories" title="Oral-History:IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Oral Histories">Oral-History:IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Oral Histories</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:New_Applications_of_the_Computer:_Thelma_Estrin_and_Biomedical_Engineering" title="Archives:New Applications of the Computer: Thelma Estrin and Biomedical Engineering">Archives:New Applications of the Computer: Thelma Estrin and Biomedical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Thelma_Estrin_(1992)" title="Oral-History:Thelma Estrin (1992)">Oral-History:Thelma Estrin (1992)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>F</h3> <ul><li><a href="/F._Stuart_Foster" title="F. Stuart Foster">F. Stuart Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/Katherine_Whittaker_Ferrara" title="Katherine Whittaker Ferrara">Katherine Whittaker Ferrara</a></li> <li><a href="/Field_X-Rays" title="Field X-Rays">Field X-Rays</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:First_External_Cardiac_Pacemaker,_1950" title="Milestones:First External Cardiac Pacemaker, 1950">Milestones:First External Cardiac Pacemaker, 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/William_Fry" title="William Fry">William Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/James_G._Fujimoto" title="James G. Fujimoto">James G. Fujimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Bert_Fung" title="Oral-History:Bert Fung">Oral-History:Bert Fung</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Future_of_Medical_Information_Systems" title="Archives:Future of Medical Information Systems">Archives:Future of Medical Information Systems</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>G</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Uzia_Galil" title="Oral-History:Uzia Galil">Oral-History:Uzia Galil</a></li> <li><a href="/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a></li> <li><a href="/Leslie_A._Geddes" title="Leslie A. Geddes">Leslie A. Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Leslie_Geddes" title="Oral-History:Leslie Geddes">Oral-History:Leslie Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:David_Geselowitz" title="Oral-History:David Geselowitz">Oral-History:David Geselowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/John_Heysham_Gibbon" title="John Heysham Gibbon">John Heysham Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Frank_W._Godsey" title="Oral-History:Frank W. Godsey">Oral-History:Frank W. Godsey</a></li> <li><a href="/Harold_S._Goldberg" title="Harold S. Goldberg">Harold S. Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Alfred_N._Goldsmith" title="Oral-History:Alfred N. Goldsmith">Oral-History:Alfred N. Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Martin_Graham" title="Oral-History:Martin Graham">Oral-History:Martin Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_M._Gray_(1991)" title="Oral-History:Robert M. Gray (1991)">Oral-History:Robert M. Gray (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_M._Gray_(1998)" title="Oral-History:Robert M. Gray (1998)">Oral-History:Robert M. Gray (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Wilson_Greatbatch" title="Oral-History:Wilson Greatbatch">Oral-History:Wilson Greatbatch</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>H</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Abraham_H._Haddad" title="Oral-History:Abraham H. Haddad">Oral-History:Abraham H. Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Papers_of_William_Joseph_Hammer" title="Archives:Papers of William Joseph Hammer">Archives:Papers of William Joseph Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/Bin_He" title="Bin He">Bin He</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Engineering_in_the_Health_Industry" title="Archives:Engineering in the Health Industry">Archives:Engineering in the Health Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/Julia_F._Herrick" title="Julia F. Herrick">Julia F. Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/Erwin_Hochmair" title="Erwin Hochmair">Erwin Hochmair</a></li> <li><a href="/Ingeborg_J._Hochmair" title="Ingeborg J. Hochmair">Ingeborg J. Hochmair</a></li> <li><a href="/Leroy_Hood" title="Leroy Hood">Leroy Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ayanna_Howard" title="Oral-History:Ayanna Howard">Oral-History:Ayanna Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/H._Malcolm_Hudson" title="H. Malcolm Hudson">H. Malcolm Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/Mark_S._Humayun" title="Mark S. Humayun">Mark S. Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/C._Warren_Hurley" title="C. Warren Hurley">C. Warren Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/Brian_F._Hutton" title="Brian F. Hutton">Brian F. Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/Hyperthermia:_Microwaves_as_Cancer_Treatment" title="Hyperthermia: Microwaves as Cancer Treatment">Hyperthermia: Microwaves as Cancer Treatment</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>I</h3> <ul><li><a href="/First-Hand:Changes_In_IEEE_Are_Needed_To_Create_A_%22Self_Directed_Professional_Society%22" title="First-Hand:Changes In IEEE Are Needed To Create A "Self Directed Professional Society"">First-Hand:Changes In IEEE Are Needed To Create A "Self Directed Professional Society"</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>J</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_K._Jarvik" title="Robert K. Jarvik">Robert K. Jarvik</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:John_Webster_visits_China_in_June,_1980" title="First-Hand:John Webster visits China in June, 1980">First-Hand:John Webster visits China in June, 1980</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Richard_J._Johns" title="Oral-History:Richard J. Johns">Oral-History:Richard J. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/Thomas_Jukes" title="Thomas Jukes">Thomas Jukes</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>K</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:James_Kaiser" title="Oral-History:James Kaiser">Oral-History:James Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/Dean_Kamen" title="Dean Kamen">Dean Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:In-Ku_Kang" title="Oral-History:In-Ku Kang">Oral-History:In-Ku Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Sung_Mo_(Steve)_Kang" title="Oral-History:Sung Mo (Steve) Kang">Oral-History:Sung Mo (Steve) Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/Walter_J._Karplus" title="Walter J. Karplus">Walter J. Karplus</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:J._Lawrence_Katz" title="Oral-History:J. Lawrence Katz">Oral-History:J. Lawrence Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Kenji_Kazato_and_Kazuo_Ito" title="Oral-History:Kenji Kazato and Kazuo Ito">Oral-History:Kenji Kazato and Kazuo Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/William_B._Kouwenhoven" title="William B. Kouwenhoven">William B. Kouwenhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/Kannan_M._Krishnan" title="Kannan M. Krishnan">Kannan M. Krishnan</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>L</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Robert_Langer" title="Robert Langer">Robert Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/Laser_Surgery" title="Laser Surgery">Laser Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/Paul_C._Lauterbur" title="Paul C. Lauterbur">Paul C. Lauterbur</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Gerard_Lehmann" title="Oral-History:Gerard Lehmann">Oral-History:Gerard Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/Herbert_Lissner" title="Herbert Lissner">Herbert Lissner</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Bede_Liu" title="Oral-History:Bede Liu">Oral-History:Bede Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/Lee_Lusted" title="Lee Lusted">Lee Lusted</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>M</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:J._Ross_Macdonald" title="Oral-History:J. Ross Macdonald">Oral-History:J. Ross Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/R._Stuart_Mackay" title="R. Stuart Mackay">R. Stuart Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/Albert_Macovski" title="Albert Macovski">Albert Macovski</a></li> <li><a href="/Horace_Magoun" title="Horace Magoun">Horace Magoun</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Mates" title="Oral-History:Robert Mates">Oral-History:Robert Mates</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Edward_Merrill" title="Oral-History:Edward Merrill">Oral-History:Edward Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Russell_Mersereau" title="Oral-History:Russell Mersereau">Oral-History:Russell Mersereau</a></li> <li><a href="/Webb_Miller" title="Webb Miller">Webb Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Jerry_B._Minter" title="Oral-History:Jerry B. Minter">Oral-History:Jerry B. Minter</a></li> <li><a href="/Charles_A._Mistretta" title="Charles A. Mistretta">Charles A. Mistretta</a></li> <li><a href="/William_P._Murphy_Jr." title="William P. Murphy Jr.">William P. Murphy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/Eugene_W._Myers" title="Eugene W. Myers">Eugene W. Myers</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>N</h3> <ul><li><a href="/H._Troy_Nagle" title="H. Troy Nagle">H. Troy Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Troy_Nagle" title="Oral-History:Troy Nagle">Oral-History:Troy Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/Miguel_A._L._Nicolelis" title="Miguel A. L. Nicolelis">Miguel A. L. Nicolelis</a></li> <li><a href="/Wesley_L._Nyborg" title="Wesley L. Nyborg">Wesley L. Nyborg</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>O</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Takanori_Okoshi" title="Oral-History:Takanori Okoshi">Oral-History:Takanori Okoshi</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>P</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Milestones:First_Wearable_Cardiac_Pacemaker,_1957-1958" title="Milestones:First Wearable Cardiac Pacemaker, 1957-1958">Milestones:First Wearable Cardiac Pacemaker, 1957-1958</a></li> <li><a href="/Pacemakers" title="Pacemakers">Pacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Nicholas_Peppas" title="Oral-History:Nicholas Peppas">Oral-History:Nicholas Peppas</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_Plonsey" title="Robert Plonsey">Robert Plonsey</a></li> <li><a href="/Michael_Pupin" title="Michael Pupin">Michael Pupin</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Papers_of_Michael_I._Pupin" title="Archives:Papers of Michael I. Pupin">Archives:Papers of Michael I. Pupin</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>R</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Biological_Effects_of_Electromagnetic_Radiation" title="Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation">Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/Nirmala_(Nimmi)_Ramanujam" title="Nirmala (Nimmi) Ramanujam">Nirmala (Nimmi) Ramanujam</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Buddy_Ratner" title="Oral-History:Buddy Ratner">Oral-History:Buddy Ratner</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Re-Establishing_IEEE_Members%27_Right_to_Ethical_Support_in_Employee-Employer_Professional/Ethical_Disputes" title="First-Hand:Re-Establishing IEEE Members' Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes">First-Hand:Re-Establishing IEEE Members' Right to Ethical Support in Employee-Employer Professional/Ethical Disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Robert_Rediker" title="Oral-History:Robert Rediker">Oral-History:Robert Rediker</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_M._Reid" title="Oral-History:John M. Reid">Oral-History:John M. Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/Rebecca_Richards-Kortum" title="Rebecca Richards-Kortum">Rebecca Richards-Kortum</a></li> <li><a href="/Wilhelm_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Roentgen">Wilhelm Roentgen</a></li> <li><a href="/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Charles Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/Walter_A._Rosenblith" title="Walter A. Rosenblith">Walter A. Rosenblith</a></li> <li><a href="/Robert_Rushmer" title="Robert Rushmer">Robert Rushmer</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>S</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Murray_Sachs" title="Oral-History:Murray Sachs">Oral-History:Murray Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/Scanning_Probe_Microscopy" title="Scanning Probe Microscopy">Scanning Probe Microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/Otto_Schmitt" title="Otto Schmitt">Otto Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Herman_Schwan_(1992)" title="Oral-History:Herman Schwan (1992)">Oral-History:Herman Schwan (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Herman_Schwan_(1999)" title="Oral-History:Herman Schwan (1999)">Oral-History:Herman Schwan (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:Working_to_Establish_a_New_Discipline:_Herman_P._Schwan_and_the_Roots_of_Biomedical_Engineering" title="Archives:Working to Establish a New Discipline: Herman P. Schwan and the Roots of Biomedical Engineering">Archives:Working to Establish a New Discipline: Herman P. Schwan and the Roots of Biomedical Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/Nadrian_Seeman" title="Nadrian Seeman">Nadrian Seeman</a></li> <li><a href="/Terrence_Sejnowski" title="Terrence Sejnowski">Terrence Sejnowski</a></li> <li><a href="/Ascher_Shapiro" title="Ascher Shapiro">Ascher Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/Lawrence_A._Shepp" title="Lawrence A. Shepp">Lawrence A. Shepp</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Ralph_M._Showers" title="Oral-History:Ralph M. Showers">Oral-History:Ralph M. Showers</a></li> <li><a href="/K._Kirk_Shung" title="K. Kirk Shung">K. Kirk Shung</a></li> <li><a href="/Richard_Skalak" title="Richard Skalak">Richard Skalak</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Allan_Whitenack_Snyder" title="Oral-History:Allan Whitenack Snyder">Oral-History:Allan Whitenack Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmerring" title="Samuel Thomas von S枚mmerring">Samuel Thomas von S枚mmerring</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:John_Staehlin" title="Oral-History:John Staehlin">Oral-History:John Staehlin</a></li> <li><a href="/First-Hand:Starting_Up_Cetus,_the_First_Biotechnology_Company_-_1973_to_1982" title="First-Hand:Starting Up Cetus, the First Biotechnology Company - 1973 to 1982">First-Hand:Starting Up Cetus, the First Biotechnology Company - 1973 to 1982</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Karl_Ulrich_Stein" title="Oral-History:Karl Ulrich Stein">Oral-History:Karl Ulrich Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/Milestones:String_Galvanometer,_1901-1905" title="Milestones:String Galvanometer, 1901-1905">Milestones:String Galvanometer, 1901-1905</a></li> <li><a href="/Takashi_Sugiyama" title="Takashi Sugiyama">Takashi Sugiyama</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>T</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Samuel_A._Talbot" title="Samuel A. Talbot">Samuel A. Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Benjamin_R._Teare_Jr." title="Oral-History:Benjamin R. Teare Jr.">Oral-History:Benjamin R. Teare Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/Archives:The_Coulter_Principle:_For_the_Good_of_Humankind" title="Archives:The Coulter Principle: For the Good of Humankind">Archives:The Coulter Principle: For the Good of Humankind</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Leonard_Thomas_Sr." title="Oral-History:Leonard Thomas Sr.">Oral-History:Leonard Thomas Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/Shirley_M._Tilghman" title="Shirley M. Tilghman">Shirley M. Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Matthew_Tirrell" title="Oral-History:Matthew Tirrell">Oral-History:Matthew Tirrell</a></li> <li><a href="/Christofer_Toumazou" title="Christofer Toumazou">Christofer Toumazou</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>V</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Max_Valentinuzzi" title="Oral-History:Max Valentinuzzi">Oral-History:Max Valentinuzzi</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>W</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Oral-History:Prinda_Wanakule" title="Oral-History:Prinda Wanakule">Oral-History:Prinda Wanakule</a></li> <li><a href="/Lihong_Wang" title="Lihong Wang">Lihong Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/Yulun_Wang" title="Yulun Wang">Yulun Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/S._Reid_Warren" title="S. Reid Warren">S. Reid Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/John_G._Webster" title="John G. Webster">John G. Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/Oral-History:Walter_Welkowitz" title="Oral-History:Walter Welkowitz">Oral-History:Walter Welkowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/Willis_R._Whitney" title="Willis R. Whitney">Willis R. Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/Sir_Ian_Wilmut" title="Sir Ian Wilmut">Sir Ian Wilmut</a></li> <li><a href="/Savio_Woo" title="Savio Woo">Savio Woo</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>X</h3> <ul><li><a href="/X-Rays" title="X-Rays">X-Rays</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>Z</h3> <ul><li><a href="/Vladimir_Zworykin" title="Vladimir Zworykin">Vladimir Zworykin</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div></div></div><div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bioengineering&oldid=193863">https://ethw.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bioengineering&oldid=193863</a>"</div>   <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <p><div id="banner-slideshow"><a href="https://www.aiaa.org/SciTech" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad banner-slideshow--ad-1" style="display: none;"></a><a href="https://www.smeannualconference.com/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="banner-slideshow--ad 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" 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