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mw-hide-empty-elt ns-12 ns-subject mw-editable page-Help_Find_sources rootpage-Help_Find_sources skin-vector action-view skin-vector-legacy"><div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Help:Find sources</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">  (Redirected from <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FIND&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">Wikipedia:FIND</a>)</span></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Help:Sources" redirects here. For information regarding how to cite sources, see <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources</a>.</div> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twemoji_1f527.svg" class="image"><img alt="Twemoji 1f527.svg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/30px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/45px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"/></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;">It details processes or procedures of some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus#Achieving_consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">vetting</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1007196855">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:FIND&redirect=no">WP:FIND</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1045330069">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output 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.help-box{width:auto;max-width:22em}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks help-box noprint plainlist" style="width:200px"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Editor help</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Wikipedia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:About" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:About">About (overview)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_edit_a_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:How to edit a page">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">Help</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Search</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Navigation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_content" title="Wikipedia:Featured content">Featured content</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Quick_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Quick index">A-Z index</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:HelpTOC" title="Template:HelpTOC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:HelpTOC" title="Template talk:HelpTOC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:HelpTOC&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice nutshell" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/30px-Walnut.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/45px-Walnut.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20220529194611im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Walnut.png/60px-Walnut.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192"/></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This page in a nutshell:</b> About finding sources to support a specific Wikipedia article. For finding a source you have already identified, see <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Find_your_source" title="Wikipedia:Find your source">Wikipedia:Find your source</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources">Independent</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable</a> sources are vital for creating encyclopedia articles. Reliable sources allow editors to <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:V">verify</a> that claims in an article are <i>accurate</i>. The higher the quality of the source for the statement it backs up, the more likely that statement is to be accurate. Independent sources help editors to write <i><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">neutrally</a></i> and to prove that the subject has <i><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:N" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:N">received note</a></i>. Wherever possible, editors should aim to use sources that are independent and highly reliable for the subjects they write about. </p><p>Many of the best sources are not available online, or are only available under subscription. For example, many books are not available online at all, and subscription to academic databases such as <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> can be fairly expensive. However, it is possible to use the open web to find many good sources to use in writing encyclopedia articles. Examples of such sources are news stories from newspapers with a reputation for accuracy, books which have previews on digital libraries, and academic papers which are available <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> in <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Open archives">open archives</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_sources" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Types_of_sources","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false,"name":"h-"}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Types_of_sources"></span>Types of sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Types_of_sources"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Find_sources&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Many types of sources are available, although some are appropriate only in certain situations. </p> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">Scholarly articles</a>: short papers published in <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing" title="Academic publishing">academic journals</a>. They may present original research or review the research of others. Many undergo a process of <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> before publication. Watch two short videos on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dd_0ErD_Gws">traditional peer review</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o25ENtTy2vw">a comparison to open peer review</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a>: longer academic or popular works.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">Textbooks</a>: an instructional or educational manual covering a particular subject area.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedias</a>: reference works containing multiple entries for different words or topics. Wikipedia is an example of an encyclopedia.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archival</a> and other <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>: historic documents. <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">This page</a> outlines appropriate use of primary sources.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazine</a> articles: short papers in popular or trade publications.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspaper</a> articles or <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News" title="News">news</a> reports: writing or multimedia that discusses current events or editorial analysis. <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NEWSORG" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NEWSORG">This page</a> assesses the reliability of news content.</li> <li>Reports and other <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_literature" title="Grey literature">grey literature</a>: a broad category that includes most government documents, conference proceedings, and other writings not provided by traditional publishers.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a>: data, particularly <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> data, and analysis</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertations</a>: works created as a requirement for the completion of an advanced postsecondary degree. <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SCHOLARSHIP">This page</a> describes some of the considerations in using these types of sources.</li> <li>Websites, blogs and other user-generated sources: online content from a variety of authors/publishers. Reliability depends on the editorial control of the website. <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">This page</a> discusses issues with user-generated content.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Where_to_look_for_sources" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Where_to_look_for_sources","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false,"name":"h-"}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Where_to_look_for_sources"></span>Where to look for sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Where_to_look_for_sources"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Find_sources&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Where to look for sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a> or other general <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Search engines">search engines</a> are effective for finding online sources in particular, but can also be used for some other kinds of sources depending on the topic area. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBV9HsPKXi0&list=PLF2KCgTC6mbQX8Creoyl4jI8q-xeyfcyj&index=2">This video</a> outlines the fundamentals of "advanced search" techniques. <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Syced/Wikipedia_Reference_Search" title="User:Syced/Wikipedia Reference Search">User:Syced/Wikipedia Reference Search</a> provides a <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Custom_Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Custom Search">Google Custom Search</a> that can be used to efficiently find sources on certain websites that some Wikipedia editors have determined are generally reliable, overall. Some hits (such as opinion pages) may not necessarily comply with <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">WP:RS</a>, so judgment is still needed. Because this search only includes returns from a pre-determined list of candidates it could miss many others possible sources. Nonetheless, this tool can sometimes be a good starting point.</li></ul></li> <li>Several <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_search_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic search engines">general search engines</a> exist for more academic material, particularly scholarly articles, although some content will be behind a paywall: examples are <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASE_(search_engine)" title="BASE (search engine)">BASE</a> and the <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://scholar.archive.org/">https://scholar.archive.org/</a> . <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJH6MfuZs7s">This longer video</a> outlines the use of some Google Scholar features.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> and <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> index millions of books, both academic and popular; however, not all will be available in full text. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dCBy9z3f9Mw">This video</a> introduces the use of Internet Archive for research. <ul><li>Installing the <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a> extension on your browser helps you find the full text of the articles wherever you found them.</li></ul></li> <li>Public or research libraries have both books and research databases, covering a wide variety of subject areas. <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FYL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FYL">Find yours</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources</a> (WP:FENS) provides a list of text-searchable, free (no-pay, non-subscription/-membership/-login) online English newspaper sources.</li> <li>See if any <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TWL/Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TWL/Resources">free resources</a> cover the topic area</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TWL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TWL">The Wikipedia Library</a> is an initiative to help Wikipedians get access to subscription or paid sources to improve Wikipedia articles. Editors can <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library/Journals">apply for access to databases</a>, <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RX" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RX">request specific sources</a>, or <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RD" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RD">request help with research</a>.</li> <li>Bibliographies on a topic outline the main scholarly sources in a subject area and provide a good starting point, where they are available.</li> <li>Once you have found one good scholarly source, you can see what sources it cites and what cited it (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://sydney.edu.au/library/skills/elearning/print/iResearch_Print_CitationChaining.pdf">citation chaining</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m1mu4VZVzk0">This video</a> describes citation chaining using Google Scholar.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Evaluating_sources" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Evaluating_sources","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false,"name":"h-"}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Evaluating_sources"></span>Evaluating sources<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Evaluating_sources"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Find_sources&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evaluating sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Issues to consider in deciding whether a source is <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:RS">reliable</a> include: </p> <ul><li>Who is the author? What are their qualifications and reputation? Do they have any identifiable biases?</li> <li>Who is the publisher? Is the work <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPS">self-published</a>? Does the publisher have a history of editorial reputation? Does the publisher have any biases?</li> <li>When was the source published? Is the information outdated?</li> <li>Does the source cite its own sources? Is it based on facts or opinions?</li> <li>Is the source <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PSTS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PSTS">primary, secondary, or tertiary</a>?</li> <li>Are there any obvious errors or omissions?</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"/><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more information about how Wikipedia policy evaluates sources, see <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources</a>.</div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Templates" data-mw-comment="{"type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Templates","replies":[],"headingLevel":2,"placeholderHeading":false,"name":"h-"}"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Templates"></span>Templates<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Templates"></span></span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Find_sources&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Templates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>To help find sources, Wikipedians have developed a number of <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Source-finding_templates" title="Category:Source-finding templates">source-finding templates</a> which link to searches most likely to find references suitable for use in articles. The most well-known of these is {{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources" title="Template:Find sources">find sources</a>}}, an inline template which can be used almost anywhere. (But <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ELNO" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ELNO">please don't use it in articles themselves</a>.) This template allows editors to tweak search strings to find the best match for the subject; see the <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources" title="Template:Find sources">documentation</a> for details. Alternatively, users who desire more freedom can use the meta-template {{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources_multi" title="Template:Find sources multi">find sources multi</a>}}, which allows a choice of search engines. </p><p>Example of {{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources" title="Template:Find sources">find sources</a>}}: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{find sources|human disguise}}</code> produces: <span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22human+disguise%22">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22human+disguise%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22human+disguise%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22human+disguise%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?safe=off&tbs=sur:fmc&tbm=isch&q=%22human+disguise%22+-site:wikipedia.org+-site:wikimedia.org">free images</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/custom?hl=en&cx=007734830908295939403%3Agalkqgoksq0&cof=FORID%3A13%3BAH%3Aleft%3BCX%3AWikipedia%2520Reference%2520Search&q=%22human+disguise%22">WP refs</a>) <b>·</b> <span title="Free English newspaper sources" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources">FENS</a></span> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22human+disguise%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> <b>·</b> <span title="The New York Times" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.nytimes.com/search/%22human+disguise%22"><i>NYT</i></a></span> <b>·</b> <span title="The Wikipedia Library" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/search/?q=%22human+disguise%22">WP Library</a></span></span></dd></dl> <p>Example of {{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources_multi" title="Template:Find sources multi">find sources multi</a>}}: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{find sources multi|human disguise|link1=g|link2=gnews|link3=ddg}}</code> produces: <span class="plainlinks" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22human+disguise%22&num=50">Google</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://www.google.com/search?q=%22human+disguise%22&tbm=nws&tbs=ar:1">Google News</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://duckduckgo.com/?q=%22human+disguise%22">DuckDuckGo</a></span></dd></dl> <p>For subjects that have several names or spellings, it may be desirable to use more than one search. This can be as simple as using several {{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Find_sources" title="Template:Find sources">find sources</a>}} templates. </p> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061467846">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_referencing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_referencing&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_referencing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia referencing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LSA_style_citation_templates" title="Category:LSA style citation templates">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist template</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>{{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Edit_refs" title="Template:Edit refs">Edit refs</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref" title="Template:Refref">Refref</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref2" title="Template:Refref2">Refref2</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refstart" title="Template:Refstart">Refstart</a>}}</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">Deprecated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"/></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"/><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_help_pages" title="Template talk:Wikipedia help pages"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_help_pages&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align:center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_help_pages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Directory" title="Help:Directory">Wikipedia help pages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="*Visit_the_Teahouse_or_the_Help_desk_for_an_interactive_Q_&amp;_A_forum._----_*_FAQs_(?)_*_Reference_desks_(?)_*_Noticeboards_(?)_*_Cheatsheet_(?)_*_Directories_(?)"> <ul><li><b>Visit the <i><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Teahouse" title="Wikipedia:Teahouse">Teahouse</a></i> or the <i><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Help_desk" title="Wikipedia:Help desk">Help desk</a></i> for an interactive <abbr title="questions and answers">Q & A</abbr> forum.</b></li></ul> <hr/> <ul><li><b><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ" title="Wikipedia:FAQ">FAQs</a></b> <b><abbr title="This is a list of frequently asked questions about using and contributing to Wikipedia.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference desks</a></b> <b><abbr title="Works like a library reference desk. Ask a question here and Wikipedia volunteers will try to answer it.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Noticeboards" title="Wikipedia:Noticeboards">Noticeboards</a></b> <b><abbr title="Pages where editors can ask questions and request assistance from people who are familiar with the policies and guidelines covered by each individual board.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cheatsheet" title="Help:Cheatsheet">Cheatsheet</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of the most commonly used Wiki markup and templates.">(?)</abbr></b></li> <li><b> <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a></b> <b><abbr title="For a list of Wikipedia's directories and indexes.">(?)</abbr></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's governess and customs">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administration" title="Wikipedia:Administration">Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Purpose" title="Wikipedia:Purpose">Purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Principles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimer</a> (<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Advice_for_parents" title="Wikipedia:Advice for parents">parental advice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Request_directory" title="Wikipedia:Request directory">Making requests</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Who_writes_Wikipedia%3F" title="Wikipedia:Who writes Wikipedia?">Who writes Wikipedia?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reader%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Reader's index to Wikipedia">Help for readers</a> <abbr title="Concerns and questions readers may have about Wikipedia">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Readers">FAQ</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_book_creator_status" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia book creator status">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Copyright" title="Help:Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Navigation" title="Help:Navigation">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Other_languages" title="Help:Other languages">Other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Searching" title="Help:Searching">Searching</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Student_help" title="Help:Student help">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Viewing_media" title="Help:Viewing media">Viewing media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contributing_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Contributing to Wikipedia">Contributing<br/>to Wikipedia</a> <abbr title="Overviews and resources needed to comprehend, comment on, and edit">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_for_younger_editors" title="Wikipedia:Guidance for younger editors">Advice for young editors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoiding_common_mistakes" title="Wikipedia:Avoiding common mistakes">Avoiding common mistakes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Simplified Manual of Style</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_ruleset" title="Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset">Simplified rule-set</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">"Ignore all rules"</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_rules_are_principles" title="Wikipedia:The rules are principles">"The rules are principles"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Style-tips</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tip_of_the_day" title="Wikipedia:Tip of the day">Tip of the day</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Your_first_article" title="Help:Your first article">Your first article</a> (<a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">article wizard</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Getting_started" title="Help:Getting started">Getting started</a> <abbr title="Introductions and tutorials">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">Why create an account?</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Introductions by topic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Graphics_tutorials" title="Wikipedia:Graphics tutorials">Graphics tutorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pictures" title="Help:Pictures">Picture tutorial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial" title="Wikipedia:IRC/Tutorial">IRC <span style="font-size:85%;">(live chat)</span> tutorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User_guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor/User guide">VisualEditor user guide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia policies, guidelines, and formatting standards in bullet points">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biography_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biography dos and don'ts">Biographies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons dos and don'ts">Biographies (living)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Categorization dos and don'ts">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Consensus dos and don'ts">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Talk dos and don'ts">Discussions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation dos and don'ts">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Lead dos and don'ts">Leads</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linking_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Linking dos and don'ts">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:List dos and don'ts">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">References</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Table_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Table dos and don'ts">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_title_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Article title dos and don'ts">Titles (of articles)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_how-to" title="Category:Wikipedia how-to">How-to pages</a> and<br/><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_information_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia information pages">information pages</a> <abbr title="Topic specific informative and instructional pages">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">Appealing blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Guide to deletion">Article deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations/references</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Referencing for beginners</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Convert" title="Help:Convert">Convert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Diff" title="Help:Diff">Diff</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Minor_edit" title="Help:Minor edit">Minor edit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_toolbar" title="Help:Edit toolbar">toolbar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_conflict" title="Help:Edit conflict">edit conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Files" title="Help:Files">Files</a></li> <li><a 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href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Archiving_a_talk_page" title="Help:Archiving a talk page">archiving</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Archiving_(plain_and_simple)" title="Help:Archiving (plain and simple)">simple archiving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:User_contributions" title="Help:User contributions">User contributions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:WP_search_protocol" title="Help:WP search protocol">WP search protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">Coding</a> <abbr title="Wikitext information consists of the syntax used to format a page">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">Wiki markup</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Barchart" title="Help:Barchart">Barcharts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Calculation" title="Help:Calculation">Calculations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">Characters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Columns" title="Help:Columns">Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Magic_words" title="Help:Magic words">Magic words</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Musical_symbols" title="Help:Musical symbols">Music symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">Sections</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Sound_file_markup" title="Help:Sound file markup">Sounds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Table" title="Help:Table">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">Templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Transclusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Transclusion">Transclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:URL" title="Help:URL">URL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Visual_file_markup" title="Help:Visual file markup">Visual files</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Directories_and_indexes" title="Wikipedia:Directories and indexes">Directories</a> <abbr title="Wikipedia's directories and indexes">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Wikipedia abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Wikipedia:Contents">Contents</a> <small>(Encyclopedia proper)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Department_directory" title="Wikipedia:Department directory">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editor%27s_index_to_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Editor's index to Wikipedia">Editor's index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Essay_directory" title="Wikipedia:Essay directory">Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Index">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Glossary" title="Wikipedia:Glossary">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Manual of Style </a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Maintenance" title="Wikipedia:Maintenance">Tasks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tips" title="Wikipedia:Tips">Tips</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tools" title="Wikipedia:Tools">Tools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><b> <a href="/web/20220529194611/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Wikipedia:_The_Missing_Manual" title="Help:Wikipedia: The Missing Manual">Missing Manual</a></b> <hr/> <span class="noprint plainlinks" title="Edit 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