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Wazalendo — Wikipédia

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title="Wazalendo – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wazalendo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125243620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wazalendo" title="Voir le contenu de la page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussion:Wazalendo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion au sujet de cette page de contenu (page inexistante) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Modifier la variante de langue" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">français</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Affichages"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wazalendo"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=history" title="Historique des versions de cette page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Outils" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Outils</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Outils</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Plus d’options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wazalendo"><span>Lire</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;veaction=edit" title="Modifier cette page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modifier</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=edit" title="Modifier le wikicode de cette page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifier le code</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/Wazalendo" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/Wazalendo" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;oldid=219790065" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&amp;page=Wazalendo&amp;id=219790065&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWazalendo"><span>Obtenir l'URL raccourcie</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWazalendo"><span>Télécharger le code QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimer / exporter </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Livre&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Wazalendo"><span>Créer un livre</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Wazalendo&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Télécharger comme PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;printable=yes" title="Version imprimable de cette page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Version imprimable</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dans d’autres projets </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q125243620" title="Lien vers l’élément dans le dépôt de données connecté [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Élément Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Outils de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/20px-Confusion_colour.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/30px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Confusion_colour.svg/40px-Confusion_colour.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Ne doit pas être confondu avec <a href="/wiki/Alliance_pour_le_changement_et_la_transparence" title="Alliance pour le changement et la transparence">ACT Wazalendo</a>, un parti politique tanzanien. </p> </div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox_v2 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="entete drapeau" style="background-color:#DDD;color:black;">Wazalendo<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r201193681">.mw-parser-output .entete.drapeau{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Picto_infobox_flag.png")}</style> </td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" style="display:none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" width="40%">Idéologie</th> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Objectifs </th> <td>Défense de la patrie </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#EEE; color:#000000">Fondation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Date de formation </th> <td><time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-03" data-sort-value="2022-11-03">3 novembre 2022</time> </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#EEE; color:#000000">Actions</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Zone d'opération </th> <td><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="République démocratique du Congo">République démocratique du Congo</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Période d'activité </th> <td>2022 - </td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="padding:4px; text-align:center; background-color:#EEE; color:#000000">Organisation</th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chefs principaux </th> <td>Guidon Shimiray Mwissa<br />Janvier Karairi Boingo<br />Dominique Ndaruhutse </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Groupe relié </th> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nduma_d%C3%A9fense_du_Congo-R%C3%A9nov%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové (page inexistante)">Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" class="extiw" title="en:Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated&#160;»">(en)</span></a> (NDC-R)<br /><a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_patriotes_pour_un_Congo_libre_et_souverain" title="Alliance des patriotes pour un Congo libre et souverain">Alliance des patriotes pour un Congo libre et souverain</a> (APCLS)<br />Coalition des mouvements pour le changement-Forces de défense du peuple (CMC-FDP)<br /><a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Rwanda" title="Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda">Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda</a> (FDLR)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AF-Ma%C3%AF" title="Maï-Maï">Maï-Maï</a> Mazembe<br />Maï-Maï <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyatura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyatura (page inexistante)">Nyatura</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyatura" class="extiw" title="en:Nyatura"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nyatura&#160;»">(en)</span></a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color:#DDD;"><b><a href="/wiki/Guerre_du_Kivu" title="Guerre du Kivu">Guerre du Kivu</a></b></td> </tr><tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0"><span class="infodoc">modifier</span></a></span>&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Faction_arm%C3%A9e" title="Consultez la documentation du modèle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>Les <b>wazalendo</b>, <i>patriotes</i> en <a href="/wiki/Kiswahili" title="Kiswahili">kiswahili</a><sup id="cite_ref-LEMONDE_20231213_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LEMONDE_20231213-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, est un terme générique désignant des groupes d'autodéfense actifs en <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="République démocratique du Congo">république démocratique du Congo</a> (RDC), constitués de civils engagés pour la défense de leur pays, et de combattants de milices armés convertis en supplétifs des <a href="/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo">Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo</a> (FARDC). </p><p> Les premiers groupes de wazalendo apparaissent à la suite de l'appel de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a> du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-03" data-sort-value="2022-11-03">3 novembre 2022</time>, demandant à la jeunesse congolaise d'organiser des <i>groupes de vigilance</i> et de soutenir les forces armées de la république contre le <a href="/wiki/Mouvement_du_23_mars" title="Mouvement du 23 mars">mouvement du 23 mars</a> (M23)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p><blockquote> <p>«&#160;en réponse à la forte demande de la jeunesse, [...], j’invite celle-ci à s’organiser en groupes de vigilance en vue d’appuyer, d’accompagner et de soutenir nos forces armées&#160;»<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p style="margin:-0.7em 0 0.3em 6em">—&#160;<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Tshisekedi" title="Félix Tshisekedi">Félix Tshisekedi</a></p><p>À la suite du décret gouvernemental du <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-09-03" data-sort-value="2023-09-03">3 septembre 2023</time>, qui légalise la présence de milices au sein des <a href="/wiki/Forces_arm%C3%A9es_de_la_r%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo">Forces armées de la république démocratique du Congo</a> (FARDC), un grand nombre des groupes armés présents dans l'est de la RDC, combattus auparavant par l'armée congolaise, se rallient sous la bannière des wazalendo, dont les milices <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AF_Ma%C3%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Maï Maï">Maï Maï</a>, les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nyatura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nyatura (page inexistante)">Nyatura</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyatura" class="extiw" title="en:Nyatura"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nyatura&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, et selon un rapport de l'ONU les <a href="/wiki/Forces_d%C3%A9mocratiques_de_lib%C3%A9ration_du_Rwanda" title="Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda">Forces démocratiques de libération du Rwanda</a> (FDLR), un groupe armé, composé de hutus, opposé au président rwandais <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a><sup id="cite_ref-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et dont certains des fondateurs auraient pris part au <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9nocide_des_Tutsi_au_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda">génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda</a> en 1994<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Fin septembre 2023, le gouvernement congolais s'appuie sur des groupes armés du Nord-Kivu pour former une force supplétive officielle nommé les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volontaires_pour_la_d%C3%A9fense_de_la_patrie_(RDC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie (RDC) (page inexistante)">Volontaires pour la défense de la patrie</a> (VDP), constitué de 8&#160;000 combattants wazalendo<sup id="cite_ref-(S/2023/990)2023S/2023/99012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(S/2023/990)2023S/2023/99012-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, dont le commandement est confié à Guidon Shimiray Mwissa, chef du groupe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nduma_d%C3%A9fense_du_Congo-R%C3%A9nov%C3%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové (page inexistante)">Nduma défense du Congo-Rénové</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nduma_Defense_of_Congo-Renovated" class="extiw" title="en:Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Nduma Defense of Congo-Renovated&#160;»">(en)</span></a> (NDC-R), Janvier Karairi Boingo leader de l’<a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_patriotes_pour_un_Congo_libre_et_souverain" title="Alliance des patriotes pour un Congo libre et souverain">Alliance des patriotes pour un Congo libre et souverain</a> (APCLS), et Dominique Ndaruhutse de la Coalition des mouvements pour le changement-Forces de défense du peuple (CMC-FDP)<sup id="cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les VDP, dont les commandants sont soumis à des sanctions internationales<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et leurs groupes respectifs accusés de violations des droits humains et d'abus à l’encontre des civils<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, sont approvisionnés en armes et moyens logistiques par les FARDC<sup id="cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, et utilisés pour combattre le M23 et les forces rwandaises aux cotés des forces congolaises, des FDLR et des autres wazalendo<sup id="cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> </div><div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LEMONDE_20231213-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-LEMONDE_20231213_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierret2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Coralie_Pierret2023">Coralie Pierret, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Les «&#160;wazalendo&#160;», des «&#160;patriotes&#160;» en guerre dans l’est de la RDC</cite>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-12-13" data-sort-value="2023-12-13">13 décembre 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/12/13/les-wazalendo-des-patriotes-en-guerre-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc_6205635_3212.html">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Les+%C2%AB+wazalendo+%C2%BB%2C+des+%C2%AB+patriotes+%C2%BB+en+guerre+dans+l%E2%80%99est+de+la+RDC&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.aulast=Pierret&amp;rft.aufirst=Coralie&amp;rft.date=2023-12-13&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AWazalendo"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20221104-rdc-f%C3%A9lix-tshisekedi-appelle-la-jeunesse-%C3%A0-se-mobiliser-face-%C3%A0-la-r%C3%A9bellion-du-m23"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RDC&#160;: Félix Tshisekedi appelle la jeunesse à se mobiliser face à la rébellion du M23</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-04" data-sort-value="2022-11-04">4 novembre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:DW_WAZALENDO_ALLIES_FARDC_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Amadou2024"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nafissa_Amadou2024">Nafissa Amadou, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/fr/les-wazalendo-ennemis-d-hier-devenus-des-alli%C3%A9s/a-68451579"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Les wazalendo sont devenus les alliés de l’armée congolaise</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-03-06" data-sort-value="2024-03-06">6 mars 2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2022">«&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">En RDC, le président Félix Tshisekedi appelle les jeunes à «&#160;s’organiser en groupes de vigilance&#160;»</cite>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i>,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-11-04" data-sort-value="2022-11-04">4 novembre 2022</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2022/11/04/en-rdc-le-president-felix-tshisekedi-appelle-les-jeunes-a-s-organiser-en-groupes-de-vigilance_6148459_3212.html">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-07-08" data-sort-value="2024-07-08">8 juillet 2024</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=En+RDC%2C+le+pr%C3%A9sident+F%C3%A9lix+Tshisekedi+appelle+les+jeunes+%C3%A0+%C2%AB+s%E2%80%99organiser+en+groupes+de+vigilance+%C2%BB&amp;rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&amp;rft.date=2022-11-04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AWazalendo"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/fr/rdc-wazalendo-m23-fardc-rwanda/a-67157666"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RDC&#160;: le M23 en déroute face aux "patriotes" congolais</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-10-20" data-sort-value="2023-10-20">20 octobre 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(S/2023/990)2023S/2023/99012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-(S/2023/990)2023S/2023/99012_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#(S/2023/990)2023">S/2023/990</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;12. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-(S/2024/432)2024S/2024/43217-18_7-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#(S/2024/432)2024">S/2024/432</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;17-18. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2023/07/31/lue-sanctionne-des-officiers-congolais-et-rwandais"><cite style="font-style:normal;">L’UE sanctionne des officiers congolais et rwandais</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-07-30" data-sort-value="2023-07-30">30 juillet 2023</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2024">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actualite.cd/2024/07/26/rdc-lue-sanctionne-deux-representants-des-wazalendo-dont-jean-claude-habyarimana-dit"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RDC&#160;: l’UE sanctionne deux représentants des wazalendo dont Jean Claude Habyarimana dit Jules Mulumba</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Actualite.cd" title="Actualite.cd">Actualite.cd</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-07-26" data-sort-value="2024-07-26">26 juillet 2024</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2020">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/fr/news/2020/10/20/rd-congo-recherche-guidon-continue-de-semer-la-terreur"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RD Congo&#160;: Recherché, Guidon continue de semer la terreur</cite></a>&#160;» <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>, sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-20" data-sort-value="2020-10-20">20 octobre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-08-07" data-sort-value="2024-08-07">7 août 2024</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2023">«&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20231006-rdc-des-combats-entre-le-m23-et-les-milices-wazalendo-signal%C3%A9s-dans-le-masisi"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RDC: des combats entre le M23 et les milices Wazalendo signalés dans le Masisi</cite></a>&#160;», Radio France internationale, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-10-06" data-sort-value="2023-10-06">6 octobre 2023</time></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wazalendo&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="(S/2024/432)2024">(S/2024/432), <cite class="italique">Rapport final du groupe d’experts sur la république démocratique du Congo</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_nations_unies" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil de sécurité des nations unies">Conseil de sécurité des nations unies</a>, <time>2024</time>, 299&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ds.static.rtbf.be/article/attachment/11404000/2/5/a/b031fd0e9ad5c2d6b41467ce53ebc2d3.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rapport+final+du+groupe+d%E2%80%99experts+sur+la+r%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&amp;rft.pub=Conseil+de+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+des+nations+unies&amp;rft.au=%28S%2F2024%2F432%29&amp;rft.date=2024&amp;rft.tpages=299&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AWazalendo"></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="(S/2023/990)2023">(S/2023/990), <cite class="italique">Rapport à mi-parcours du groupe d’experts sur la république démocratique du Congo</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_nations_unies" class="mw-redirect" title="Conseil de sécurité des nations unies">Conseil de sécurité des nations unies</a>, <time>2023</time>, 163&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.droitcongolais.info/files/Expertsonusion-15.12.23.pdf">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rapport+%C3%A0+mi-parcours+du+groupe+d%E2%80%99experts+sur+la+r%C3%A9publique+d%C3%A9mocratique+du+Congo&amp;rft.pub=Conseil+de+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+des+nations+unies&amp;rft.au=%28S%2F2023%2F990%29&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.tpages=163&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AWazalendo"></span></span>.<span class="nowrap" title="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article">&#160;<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Ouvrage utilisé pour la rédaction de l&#39;article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Histoire_militaire" title="Portail de l’histoire militaire"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/43px-Military_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Military_symbol.svg/65px-Military_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/59px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="Portail:République démocratique du Congo">République démocratique du Congo</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐5dc468848‐jz2bg Cached time: 20241124153450 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.275 seconds Real time usage: 0.400 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2259/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 38507/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6795/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 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