CINXE.COM
Santhosh Sivasubramani
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class="blurb"> </div> </div> <div class="hero-hdr white"> <div class="hero-logo"><img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/ieee-impact-creators-logo-color-sanitized.svg" width="167" height="83" alt="" /></div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-l"> <div class="bio-hdr"> <div class="bio-pic"> <img src="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/IEEE-Headshot-Santhosh-Sivasubramani-400x400-1.jpg" width="92" height="92" alt=""> </div> <div class="bio-details"> <h3>Santhosh Sivasubramani</h3> <p>IEEE Senior Member, IEEE Electron Devices Society, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, IEEE Communications Society, IEEE Power & Energy Society, IEEE Vehicular Technology Society</p> </div> </div> <div class="bio-description"> <p><strong>Q: </strong>What is the most significant impact technology will make to improve the lives of the world鈥檚 citizens in the future?</p> <p><strong>A:</strong> In envisioning the future, technology’s most significant impact lies in its power to converge fields like nanotechnology, artificial intelligence and computing. Through my roles in the IEEE Nanotechnology Council, IEEE Electron Devices Society, IEEE Computer Society Task Force on Rebooting Computing, and more, I see the potential for groundbreaking advancements.</p> <p>These advancements align with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, and the impact of these advancements extends to creating more powerful and efficient computing systems, particularly in promoting health and well-being, industry innovation and sustainable cities.</p> </div> <div class="posts-list"> <!-- full banner type --> <div class="feature-banner"> <div class="feature-blurb "> <a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/the-brain-computer-interface-signals-future-quality-of-life-improvements/" class="img lazyload " data-bg="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IEEE-Brain-computer-interface-lab-equipments-2024-1800x650-1-850x420.jpg" style="background: center top no-repeat; background-size: cover;"><span class="screen-reader-text">Read more about The Brain-Computer Interface Signals Future Quality of Life Improvements</span></a> <div class="intro"> <h4><span>STEM</span></h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/the-brain-computer-interface-signals-future-quality-of-life-improvements/">The Brain-Computer Interface Signals Future Quality of Life Improvements</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <!-- half banners type --> <div class="feature-half" id="feat2"> <div class="half-l"> <div class="feat"> <a class="img lazyload " href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/the-rise-of-humanoid-robots/" data-bg="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/IEEE-Header-Human-Vs-Robot-2024-1800x650-1-300x300.jpg" style="background: center top no-repeat; background-size: cover;"><span class="screen-reader-text">Read more about The Rise of Humanoid Robots</span></a> <div class="feature-blurb"><div> <h4><span>STEM</span></h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/the-rise-of-humanoid-robots/">The Rise of Humanoid Robots</a></p> </div></div> </div> <div class="feat"> <a class="img lazyload " href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-jobs-revolution-evolution-or-something-else/" data-bg="https://transmitter.ieee.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/IEEE-Header-Female-automation-engineer-2024-1800x650-1-300x300.jpg" style="background: center top no-repeat; background-size: cover;"><span class="screen-reader-text">Read more about AI Jobs: Revolution, Evolution or Something Else?</span></a> <div class="feature-blurb"><div> <h4><span>Artificial Intelligence (AI)</span></h4> <p><a href="https://transmitter.ieee.org/ai-jobs-revolution-evolution-or-something-else/">AI Jobs: Revolution, Evolution or Something Else?</a></p> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content-r"> <div class="related" reposition-element-large-insertafter=".callout-banner" reposition-element-medium-insertafter=".callout-banner" reposition-element-small-insertafter=".callout-banner" reposition-element=""> <div class="centered"> <p>IEEE Impact Creators inspire a global community to innovate for a better tomorrow. 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