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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Objectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yad_Vashem_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yad_Vashem_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span><i>Yad Vashem Studies</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yad_Vashem_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hall_of_Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hall_of_Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Hall of Names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hall_of_Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Righteous_Among_the_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Righteous_Among_the_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Righteous Among the Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Righteous_Among_the_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ładoś_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ładoś_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Ładoś Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ładoś_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_interference_and_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_interference_and_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Political interference and leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_interference_and_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Art gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_at_Yad_Vashem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_at_Yad_Vashem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Monuments at Yad Vashem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_at_Yad_Vashem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes_awarded_by_Yad_Vashem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes_awarded_by_Yad_Vashem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Prizes awarded by Yad Vashem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prizes_awarded_by_Yad_Vashem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_bestowed_upon_Yad_Vashem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_bestowed_upon_Yad_Vashem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Awards bestowed upon Yad Vashem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_bestowed_upon_Yad_Vashem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yad Vashem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ياد فاشيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ياد فاشيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Va%C5%9Fem" title="Yad Vaşem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yad Vaşem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Яд ва-Шэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яд ва-Шэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Яд ва-Шем – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Яд ва-Шем" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iad_va-Xem" title="Iad va-Xem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iad va-Xem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_va%C5%A1em" title="Jad vašem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jad vašem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BC" title="Γιαντ Βασσέμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιαντ Βασσέμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Va%C5%9Dem" title="Jad Vaŝem – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jad Vaŝem" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ید وشم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ید وشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EB%93%9C%EB%B0%94%EC%86%80" title="야드바솀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야드바솀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Յադ Վաշեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յադ Վաշեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="יד ושם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יד ושם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Va%C5%A1em" title="Jad Vašem – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jad Vašem" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Va%C5%A1em" title="Jad Vašem – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jad Vašem" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Vasem" title="Jad Vasem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jad Vasem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Јад Вашем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јад Вашем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85" title="ياد فاشيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ياد فاشيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A0" title="ヤド・ヴァシェム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤド・ヴァシェム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_va-Shem" title="Yad va-Shem – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yad va-Shem" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Waszem" title="Jad Waszem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jad Waszem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4_%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Яд ва-Шем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яд ва-Шем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_va-%C5%A1em" title="Jad va-šem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jad va-šem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Va%C5%A1em" title="Jad Vašem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jad Vašem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Јад Вашем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јад Вашем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad_Va%C5%A1em" title="Jad Vašem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jad Vašem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="யாட் வசெம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யாட் வசெம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Va%C5%9Fem" title="Yad Vaşem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yad Vaşem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Яд Вашем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Яд Вашем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Yad Vashem" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="יד ושם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יד ושם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yad_Vashem&params=31_46_27_N_35_10_32_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°10′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77417°N 35.17556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77417; 35.17556</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected"><img alt="Extended-protected article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Israel's official memorial to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yad Vashem</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יָד וַשֵׁם</span>‎</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg/170px-Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg/255px-Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg/340px-Yad_Vashem_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yad_Vashem_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yad_Vashem_View.jpg/280px-Yad_Vashem_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yad_Vashem_View.jpg/420px-Yad_Vashem_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Yad_Vashem_View.jpg/560px-Yad_Vashem_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6500" data-file-height="4967" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of Yad Vashem</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_1c8fdb199572b1c67b5d3bf7dbb6fa5df906d10c"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Yad_Vashem&revid=1258904528&groups=_1c8fdb199572b1c67b5d3bf7dbb6fa5df906d10c" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Yad_Vashem&revid=1258904528&groups=_1c8fdb199572b1c67b5d3bf7dbb6fa5df906d10c 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 1953</td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality">On the western slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a>, also known as the Mount of Remembrance, a height in western <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, Israel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yad_Vashem&params=31_46_27_N_35_10_32_E_region:IL_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°10′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77417°N 35.17556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77417; 35.17556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Israel's official memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">about 925,000 (2017),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 800,000 (2016 and 2015)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail"><img alt="Light rail interchange" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/18px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/27px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/BSicon_TRAM1.svg/36px-BSicon_TRAM1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> Mt Herzl (<a href="/wiki/Red_Line_(Jerusalem_Light_Rail)" title="Red Line (Jerusalem Light Rail)">JLR Red Line</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/">www<wbr />.yadvashem<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156591#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yad Vashem</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יָד וַשֵׁם</span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">a memorial and a name</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>'s official memorial to the victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. It is dedicated to preserving the memory of the Jews who were murdered; echoing the stories of the survivors; honoring Jews who fought against their <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> oppressors and <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentiles</a> who selflessly aided Jews in need; and researching the phenomenon of the Holocaust in particular and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> in general, with the aim of avoiding such events in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yad Vashem's vision, as stated on its website, is: "To lead the documentation, research, education and commemoration of the Holocaust, and to convey the chronicles of this singular Jewish and human event to every person in Israel, to the Jewish people, and to every significant and relevant audience worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established in 1953, Yad Vashem is located on the Mount of Remembrance, on the western slope of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a>, a height in western <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 804 meters (2,638 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> and adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Forest" title="Jerusalem Forest">Jerusalem Forest</a>. The memorial consists of a 180-dunam (18.0 ha; 44.5-acre) complex containing two types of facilities: some dedicated to the scientific study of the Holocaust, and memorials and museums catering to the needs of the larger public. Among the former there are an International Research Institute for Holocaust Research, an archives, a library, a publishing house and the International School for Holocaust Studies; the latter include the Holocaust History Museum, memorial sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_children_in_Yad_Vashem" title="Monument to the children in Yad Vashem">Children's Memorial</a> and the Hall of Remembrance, the Museum of Holocaust Art, sculptures, outdoor commemorative sites such as the Valley of the Communities, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>. </p><p>A core goal of Yad Vashem's founders was to recognize non-Jews who, at personal risk and without financial or <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelistic</a> motives, chose to save Jews from the ongoing genocide during the Holocaust. Those recognized by Israel as <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> are honored in a section of Yad Vashem known as the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations</a>. </p><p>Yad Vashem is the second-most-visited Israeli tourist site, after the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, with approximately one million visitors each year. It charges no admission fee. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The name "Yad Vashem" is taken from a verse in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Isaiah_56#Verse_5" title="Isaiah 56">56:5</a>): "[To] them will I give in my house and within my walls a [memorial] and a [name], better than sons and daughters; I will give them an everlasting [name], that shall not be cut off [from memory]." <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">וְנָתַתִּי לָהֶם בְּבֵיתִי וּבְחוֹמֹתַי <b>יָד וָשֵׁם</b>, טוֹב מִבָּנִים וּמִבָּנוֹת; שֵׁם עוֹלָם אֶתֶּן לוֹ, אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִכָּרֵת.</span>). Naming the Holocaust memorial "yad vashem" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יָד וָשֵׁם</span>, <i>yād wā-šêm</i>, literally "a memorial and a name") conveys the idea of establishing a national depository for the names of Jewish victims who have no one to carry their name after death. The original verse referred to <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuchs</a> who, although they could not have children, could still live for eternity with the Lord.<sup id="cite_ref-Margalit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margalit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg/220px-ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg/330px-ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg/440px-ISR-2015-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Wagon_monument_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6658" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>The wagon (or <i><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_(rail)" title="Stock car (rail)">cattle car</a></i>) monument in memory of those <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">deported by rail</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The desire to establish a memorial in the historical <a href="/wiki/Jewish_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish homeland">Jewish homeland</a> for Jewish victims of the Nazi Holocaust originated during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, in response to emerging accounts of the mass murder of Jews in Nazi-occupied countries. Yad Vashem was first proposed in September 1942, at a board meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>, by Mordecai Shenhavi, a member of Kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Mishmar_Ha%27emek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishmar Ha'emek">Mishmar Ha'emek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Margalit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margalit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1945, the plan was discussed in greater detail at a <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> meeting in London. A provisional board of Zionist leaders was established that included <a href="/wiki/David_Remez" title="David Remez">David Remez</a> as chairman, <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Zalman_Shragai" title="Shlomo Zalman Shragai">Shlomo Zalman Shragai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Zuckerman" title="Baruch Zuckerman">Baruch Zuckerman</a>, and Shenhavi. In February 1946, Yad Vashem opened an office in Jerusalem and a branch office in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, and in June that year convened its first plenary session. In July 1947, the First Conference on Holocaust Research was held at the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>. However, the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> brought operations to a standstill for two years. </p><p>On 19 August 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, Israel's Parliament, unanimously passed the Yad Vashem Law, establishing the <b>Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority</b>, the aim of which was "the commemoration in the Homeland of all those members of the Jewish people who gave their lives, or rose up and fought the Nazi enemy and its collaborators," and to set up "a memorial to them, and to the communities, organizations and institutions that were destroyed because they belonged to the Jewish people."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg/220px-YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg/330px-YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg/440px-YadVashem_Valley_of_the_Communities_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Valley of the (Destroyed) Communities</figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 July 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone" title="Cornerstone">cornerstone</a> for the Yad Vashem building was laid on a hill in western Jerusalem, to be known as the Mount of Remembrance (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <i lang="he" dir="rtl">Har HaZikaron</i>); the organization had already begun projects to <a href="/wiki/Page_of_Testimony" title="Page of Testimony">collect the names of individuals killed in the Holocaust</a>; acquire Holocaust documentation and personal testimonies of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">survivors</a> for the Archives and Library; and develop research and publications. The memorial and museum opened to the public in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-YVQ2003-6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YVQ2003-6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Naor1954_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naor1954-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The location of Yad Vashem on the western side of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> – an area devoid of weighty historical associations, distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_the_Holocaust" title="Chamber of the Holocaust">Chamber of the Holocaust</a>, founded in 1948 on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – was chosen because it was far from the Jerusalem city center, and the founders of the memorial site did not want to erect a grim, sorrowful memorial, amidst population concentration. The conceptual connection of "From Holocaust to Rebirth" was made only with hindsight: Only in 2003 the Connecting Path between Yad Vashem and the National Cemetery in Mount Herzl was created and paved.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Valley of the Communities" monument at Yad Vashem commemorates over 5,000 Jewish communities destroyed or damaged during the Holocaust, the names of which are engraved on its towering walls. The position of Yad Vashem is that the Holocaust is incomparable to any other calamity previously inflicted on the Jewish people, and therefore the Holocaust cannot be regarded as a continuation of the death and destruction that plagued Jewish communities over the centuries, but rather as a unique phase in history, an unprecedented endeavor to totally annihilate the Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sallyann_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sallyann-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1982, Yad Vashem sponsored the <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Holocaust_and_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="International Conference on Holocaust and Genocide">International Conference on Holocaust and Genocide</a>, which included six presentations on the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. It later withdrew from the conference after threats by the Turkish government that Jewish lives would be put in danger if the conference went ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 March 2005, a new Museum complex four times larger than the old one opened at Yad Vashem.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included the Holocaust History Museum with a new <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Names" title="Hall of Names">Hall of Names</a>, a Museum of Holocaust Art, an Exhibitions Pavilion, a Learning Center and a Visual Center.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Yad Vashem museum was designed by <a href="/wiki/Israeli-Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli-Canadian">Israeli-Canadian</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>, replacing the previous 30-year-old exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the culmination of a $100 million decade-long expansion project.<sup id="cite_ref-Ser_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ser-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div> <p>In November 2008, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Meir_Lau" title="Yisrael Meir Lau">Yisrael Meir Lau</a> was appointed chairman of Yad Vashem's council, replacing <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lapid" title="Tommy Lapid">Tommy Lapid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vice chairman of the council is <a href="/wiki/Viatcheslav_Moshe_Kantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Viatcheslav Moshe Kantor">Moshe Kantor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a> was vice chairman until his death on May 6, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a> was vice chairman of the council until his death on 2 July 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Arad" title="Yitzhak Arad">Yitzhak Arad</a> served as the chairman of the directorate from 1972 to 1993. He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Avner_Shalev" title="Avner Shalev">Avner Shalev</a>, who served as chairman until February 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shalev was succeeded as chairman by <a href="/wiki/Dani_Dayan" title="Dani Dayan">Dani Dayan</a> in August 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members of the Yad Vashem directorate are Yossi Ahimeir, Daniel Atar, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cohen_(politician)" title="Michael Cohen (politician)">Michal Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Duvdevani" title="Avraham Duvdevani">Avraham Duvdevani</a>, Boleslaw (Bolek) Goldman, Vera H. Golovensky, Shlomit Kasirer, Yossi Katribas, <a href="/wiki/Yehiel_Leket" title="Yehiel Leket">Yehiel Leket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalit_Stauber" title="Dalit Stauber">Dalit Stauber</a>, Zehava Tanne, Shoshana Weinshall, and Dudi Zilbershlag.<sup id="cite_ref-YVMag_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YVMag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former deceased members were <a href="/wiki/Matityahu_Drobles" title="Matityahu Drobles">Matityahu Drobles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ha-Elion" title="Moshe Ha-Elion">Moshe Ha-Elion</a> and Baruch Shub. </p><p>The CEO is Tzvika Fayirizen.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Director of the International Institute for Holocaust Research is Iael Nidam-Orvieto.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chair for Holocaust studies is Dan Michman. Prof. <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Yehuda Bauer</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Prof. <a href="/wiki/Dina_Porat" title="Dina Porat">Dina Porat</a> are Senior Academic Advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prof. Porat also served as Chief Historian between the years 2011-2022.<sup id="cite_ref-YVMag_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YVMag-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg/220px-Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg/330px-Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg/440px-Eternal_Flame_and_Concentration_Camp_Victims_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Eternal_flame" title="Eternal flame">eternal flame</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The aims of Yad Vashem are education, research and documentation, and commemoration.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yad Vashem organizes professional development courses for educators both in Israel and throughout the world; develops age-appropriate study programs, curricula, and educational materials for Israeli and foreign schools in order to teach students of all ages about the Holocaust; holds exhibitions about the Holocaust; collects the names of Holocaust victims;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> collects photos, documents, and personal artifacts; and collects <a href="/wiki/Pages_of_Testimony" class="mw-redirect" title="Pages of Testimony">Pages of Testimony</a> memorializing victims of the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yad Vashem seeks to preserve the memory and names of the six million Jews murdered during the Holocaust, and the numerous Jewish communities destroyed during that time. It holds ceremonies of remembrance and commemoration; supports Holocaust research projects; develops and coordinates symposia, workshops, and international conferences; and publishes research, memoirs, documents, albums, and diaries related to the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yad Vashem also honors non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust. </p><p>The International Institute for Holocaust Studies at Yad Vashem, founded in 1993, offers guides and seminars for students, teachers, and educators, and develops pedagogic tools for use in the classroom. Yad Vashem trains thousands domestic and foreign teachers every year.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yad Vashem operates a web site in several languages, including English,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hebrew,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 Yad Vashem launched an online campaign in Arabic, promoting Yad Vashem's website. The campaign reached over 2.4 million Arabic speakers from around the globe, and the traffic to Yad Vashem's website was tripled.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The institution's policy is that the Holocaust "cannot be compared to any other event". In 2009 Yad Vashem fired a docent for comparing the trauma Jews suffered in the Holocaust to the trauma Palestinians suffered during <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yad_Vashem_Studies"><i>Yad Vashem Studies</i></h3></div> <p><i>Yad Vashem Studies</i> is a peer-reviewed semi-annual scholarly journal on the Holocaust. Published since 1957, it appears in both English and Hebrew editions.<sup id="cite_ref-YVStudies_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YVStudies-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Museum">Museum</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg/220px-YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg/330px-YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg/440px-YadVashemMar042023_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>View of Yad Vashem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg/220px-Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg/330px-Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg/440px-Yad_Vashem_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Yad Vashem Holocaust Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg/220px-ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg/330px-ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg/440px-ExteriorHolocaustHistoryMuseumYadVashemMar112023_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Exterior of the new Holocaust History Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Yad Vashem building on the Mount of Remembrance was inaugurated in 1957. Its first exhibits, opened on 1958, focused on documentation of the Holocaust. The second exhibition, opened in 1959, presented paintings from the Holocaust Ghettos and camps.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ours_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ours-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, planning began for a larger, more technologically advanced museum to replace the old one. The new building, designed by Canadian-Israeli architect <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>, consists of a long corridor connected to 10 exhibition halls, each dedicated to a different chapter of the Holocaust. The museum combines the personal stories of 90 Holocaust victims and survivors and presents approximately 2,500 personal items including artwork and letters donated by survivors and others. The old historical displays revolving around <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> have been replaced by exhibits that focus on the personal stories of Jews killed in the Holocaust. According to <a href="/wiki/Avner_Shalev" title="Avner Shalev">Avner Shalev</a>, the museum's curator and chairman, a visit to the new museum revolves around "looking into the eyes of the individuals. There weren't six million victims, there were six million individual murders."<sup id="cite_ref-ours_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ours-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new museum was dedicated on 15 March 2005 in the presence of leaders from 40 states and then <a href="/wiki/Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General">Secretary General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katzav" class="mw-redirect" title="Moshe Katzav">Moshe Katzav</a> said that Yad Vashem serves as "an important signpost to all of humankind, a signpost that warns how short the distance is between hatred and murder, between racism and genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2019, Yad Vashem started a new collection center to house and conserve millions of artifacts from the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel-2013(2)-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg/220px-Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg/330px-Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg/440px-Israel-2013%282%29-Jerusalem-Yad_Vashem-Prism_Skylight_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10048" data-file-height="7169" /></a><figcaption>Prism skylight</figcaption></figure> <p>The first architect involved in the design of Yad Vashem was <a href="/wiki/Munio_Weinraub" title="Munio Weinraub">Munio Weinraub</a>, who worked on the project from 1943 till the 1960s, together with his architectural partner <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mansfeld" title="Alfred Mansfeld">Al Mansfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1942plan_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1942plan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was approached for this purpose by Mordechai Shenhavi, the initiator and first director of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-1942plan_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1942plan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weinraub's plans were not realised as a whole, but some of his ideas are visible in Yad Vashem today.<sup id="cite_ref-1942plan_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1942plan-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Holocaust History Museum, designed by <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a>, is shaped like a triangular concrete <a href="/wiki/Prism_(optics)" title="Prism (optics)">prism</a> that cuts through the landscape, illuminated by a 200-meter-long (656 ft) skylight. Visitors follow a preset route that takes them through underground galleries that branch off from the main hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Ser_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ser-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safdie is also the architect behind the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_children_in_Yad_Vashem" title="Monument to the children in Yad Vashem">Children's Memorial</a> and the Deportees (cattle-car) Memorial. </p><p>The gates are the work of the sculptor David Palombo (1920–1966). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hall_of_Names">Hall of Names</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Names" title="Hall of Names">Hall of Names</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hall_of_Names.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hall_of_Names.jpg/220px-Hall_of_Names.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hall_of_Names.jpg/330px-Hall_of_Names.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hall_of_Names.jpg/440px-Hall_of_Names.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The Hall of Names containing Pages of Testimony commemorating the millions of Jews who were murdered during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hall of Names is a memorial to the six million Jews who were murdered in the Holocaust. The main hall is composed of two cones: one ten meters high, with a reciprocal well-like cone excavated into the underground rock, its base filled with water. On the upper cone is a display featuring 600 photographs of Holocaust victims and fragments of <a href="/wiki/Page_of_Testimony" title="Page of Testimony">Pages of Testimony</a>. These are reflected in the water at the bottom of the lower cone, commemorating those victims whose names remain unknown. Surrounding the platform is the circular repository, housing the approximately 2.7 million Pages of Testimony collected to date,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with empty spaces for those yet to be submitted. </p><p>Since the 1950s, Yad Vashem has collected approximately 110,000 audio, video, and written testimonies by Holocaust survivors. As the survivors age, the program has expanded to visiting survivors in their homes, to tape interviews. Adjoining the hall is a study area with a computerized data bank where visitors can do online searches for the names of Holocaust victims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2></div> <p>The Archive is the oldest department of Yad Vashem. Before presenting an exhibition, Yad Vashem collects items. The best known of these are the historical photographs, as well as the Pages of Testimonies collected from survivors. The latter is a database of personal information about those who survived and those who were murdered in the Holocaust. Yad Vashem has also acquired access to the database of the <a href="/wiki/International_Tracing_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="International Tracing Service">International Tracing Service</a> of Bad Arolsen of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>, and these two databases complement each other for research purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Righteous_Among_the_Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg/220px-Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg/330px-Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg/440px-Holy_Land_Pilgrimage_2017_P090_Yad_Vashem_Irena_Sendlerowa_Tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Tree, memorial honoring <a href="/wiki/Irena_Sendler" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a> (Polish social worker who smuggled more than 2,500 Jewish children out of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG/220px-Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG/330px-Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG/440px-Yad_Vashem_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3085" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a> and the children</i>, memorial</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_12503_childrens_memorial_at_yad_vashem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the Jewish children murdered by the Nazis</figcaption></figure> <p>One of Yad Vashem's tasks is to honor non-Jews who risked their lives, liberty, or positions to save Jews during the Holocaust. To this end, a special independent commission, headed by a retired Supreme Court justice, was established. The commission members, including historians, public figures, lawyers, and Holocaust survivors, examine and evaluate each case according to a well-defined set of criteria and regulations. The Righteous receive a certificate of honor and a medal, and their names are commemorated in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Mount of Remembrance, Yad Vashem. This is an ongoing project that will continue for as long as there are valid requests, substantiated by testimonies or documentation. Five hundred and fifty-five individuals were recognized during 2011, and as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yad_Vashem&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 27,921 individuals have been recognized as Righteous Among the Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yad Vashem's declared policy is not to provide meaningful recognition, even in a possible new category, to Jews who rescued Jews, regardless of the number of people their activism saved. The stated reason is that Jews had an obligation to save fellow Jews and do not deserve recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ładoś_Group"><span id=".C5.81ado.C5.9B_Group"></span>Ładoś Group</h3></div> <p>In April 2019 the Yad Vashem granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Konstanty_Rokicki" title="Konstanty Rokicki">Konstanty Rokicki</a> and offered "appreciation" to <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_%C5%81ado%C5%9B" title="Aleksander Ładoś">Aleksander Ładoś</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Ryniewicz" title="Stefan Ryniewicz">Stefan Ryniewicz</a> arguing that Rokicki headed the <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ado%C5%9B_Group" title="Ładoś Group">Ładoś Group</a>. The document erroneously called Ładoś and Ryniewicz "consuls".<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision sparked outrage and frustration among the family members of the two other late Polish diplomats, and among survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty one of them signed an open letter to Yad Vashem.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rokicki's cousin refused to accept the medal until two other Polish diplomats, Rokicki's superior are recognized as Righteous Among The Nations, too. Polish Ambassador to Switzerland <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Kumoch" title="Jakub Kumoch">Jakub Kumoch</a> who contributed to the discovery of Rokicki also refuted the Yad Vashem's interpretation stating that Rokicki worked under Ładoś and Ryniewicz.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eldad Beck of <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a></i> suggested that this decision was politically inspired and related to the worsening of <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Israel–Poland relations">Israel-Poland relations</a> due to the controversy over the <a href="/wiki/Amendment_to_the_Act_on_the_Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance">Amendment to the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_interference_and_leadership">Political interference and leadership</h3></div> <p>In summer 2023, a number of scholars, politicians and media figures have criticized Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> and Education Minister <a href="/wiki/Yoav_Kisch" title="Yoav Kisch">Yoav Kisch</a> for an attempt to remove Yad Vashem Chairman <a href="/wiki/Dani_Dayan" title="Dani Dayan">Dani Dayan</a> from his position, noting that this reduces the independence and hence, credibility, of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism of Yad Vashem leadership in the context of political appointments and alleged politicization of the institution have taken place before. In 2020 plans to appoint <a href="/wiki/Effi_Eitam" title="Effi Eitam">Effi Eitam</a> to head the institutions have been criticized, due to alleged racist remarks made by the appointee.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_gallery">Art gallery</h2></div> <p>Yad Vashem houses the world's largest collection of artwork produced by Jews and other victims of Nazi occupation in 1933–1945. The Yad Vashem Art Department supervises a 10,000-piece collection, adding 300 pieces a year, most of them donated by survivors' families or discovered in attics.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included in the collection are works by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogen" title="Alexander Bogen">Alexander Bogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Lok_Cahana" title="Alice Lok Cahana">Alice Lok Cahana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bak" title="Samuel Bak">Samuel Bak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Nussbaum" title="Felix Nussbaum">Felix Nussbaum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monuments_at_Yad_Vashem">Monuments at Yad Vashem</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yad_Vashem&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The monument to the heroes of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rapoport" title="Nathan Rapoport">Nathan Rapoport</a>, a version of the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Ghetto_Heroes" title="Monument to the Ghetto Heroes">Monument to the Ghetto Heroes</a> from Warsaw.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a> and the Children</i>, memorial to the educator and the children he refused to leave</li> <li>Memorial to the Jewish children murdered in the Holocaust</li> <li><i>The Memorial to the Deportees</i>, aka "train monument", in memory of the Jews taken to the extermination camps by cattle cars</li> <li><i>Valley of the (Destroyed) Communities</i>, in memory of the Jewish communities of Europe which ceased to exist after the Holocaust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes_awarded_by_Yad_Vashem"><span class="anchor" id="Prizes_by_Yad_Vashem"></span> Prizes awarded by Yad Vashem</h2></div> <p>Yad Vashem awards the following book prizes: </p> <ul><li>Yad Vashem Prize for Children's Holocaust Literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem_International_Book_Prize_for_Holocaust_Research" title="Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research">Yad Vashem International Book Prize for Holocaust Research</a>, established in 2011 in memory of Abraham Meir Schwartzbaum, Holocaust survivor, and his family who was murdered in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2018 the prize is awarded in memory of Benny and Tilly Joffe z"l, Holocaust survivors, and their family who was murdered in the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is awarded annually in recognition of high scholarly research and writing on the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sussman Prize for Paintings of the <a href="/wiki/Shoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoah">Shoah</a>. Recipients include: <ul><li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Gluska" title="Aharon Gluska">Aharon Gluska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kupferman" title="Moshe Kupferman">Moshe Kupferman</a></li></ul></li> <li>The annual Buchman Foundation Memorial Prize, for writers and scholars for Holocaust-related works. Recipients include:<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Bartov" title="Hanoch Bartov">Hanoch Bartov</a>, for <i>Beyond the Horizon, Across the Street</i></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Aronson_(historian)" title="Shlomo Aronson (historian)">Shlomo Aronson</a>, for <i>Hitler, the Allies and the Jews</i></li> <li>Earlier: <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Appelfeld" title="Aharon Appelfeld">Aharon Appelfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alona_Frankel" title="Alona Frankel">Alona Frankel</a> (2005),<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ida_Fink" title="Ida Fink">Ida Fink</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dina_Porat" title="Dina Porat">Dina Porat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Doron" title="Lizzie Doron">Lizzie Doron</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Gutfreund" title="Amir Gutfreund">Amir Gutfreund</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Itamar_Levin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itamar Levin (page does not exist)">Itamar Levin</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_bestowed_upon_Yad_Vashem">Awards bestowed upon Yad Vashem</h2></div> <ul><li>In 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Pinkas_HaKehillot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinkas HaKehillot">Pinkas HaKehillot</a> (Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities) project of Yad Vashem was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Prize" title="Israel Prize">Israel Prize</a>, for its special contribution to society and the State.<sup id="cite_ref-prize_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prize-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2003, Yad Vashem was awarded the Israel Prize, for lifetime achievement and its special contribution to society and the State.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In September 2007, Yad Vashem received the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince of Asturias Award</a> for Concord.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince of Asturias Awards are presented in eight categories. The Award for Concord is bestowed upon a person, persons, or institution whose work has made an exemplary and outstanding contribution to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence among men, to the struggle against injustice or ignorance, to the defense of freedom, or whose work has widened the horizons of knowledge or has been outstanding in protecting and preserving mankind's heritage.</li> <li>On 25 October 2007, Yad Vashem Chairman <a href="/wiki/Avner_Shalev" title="Avner Shalev">Avner Shalev</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Légion d'honneur</a> for his "extraordinary work on behalf of Holocaust remembrance worldwide." French President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> presented Shalev with the award in a special ceremony at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lys%C3%A9e_Palace" title="Élysée Palace">Élysée Palace</a>.</li> <li>In 2011, Shalev received the City of Jerusalem's Patron of Jerusalem Award in recognition of his work in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_the_Fragments" title="Gathering the Fragments">Gathering the Fragments</a> – campaign by Yad Vashem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Remembrance_Day" title="International Holocaust Remembrance Day">International Holocaust Remembrance Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipients" title="List of Israel Prize recipients">List of Israel Prize recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Righteous_Among_the_Nations_by_country" title="List of Righteous Among the Nations by country">List of Righteous Among the Nations by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_History_Project" title="The Holocaust History Project">The Holocaust History Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem:_Preserving_the_Past_to_Ensure_the_Future" title="Yad Vashem: Preserving the Past to Ensure the Future">Yad Vashem: Preserving the Past to Ensure the Future</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah</a> – commemoration day in Israel</li></ul> <dl><dt>Similar institutions outside Israel</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a> – Armenian Genocide memorial complex est. in 1967 after a similar concept</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">List of Holocaust memorials and museums</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/pressroom/highlights/2017.html"><i>Highlights</i></a>, Yad vashem, 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights&rft.pub=Yad+vashem&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpressroom%2Fhighlights%2F2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/pressroom/highlights/2016.html"><i>Highlights</i></a>, Yad vashem, 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights&rft.pub=Yad+vashem&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpressroom%2Fhighlights%2F2016.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/pressroom/highlights/2015.html"><i>Highlights</i></a>, Yad vashem, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights&rft.pub=Yad+vashem&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpressroom%2Fhighlights%2F2015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/about/yad-vashem.html">"What Is Yad Vashem"</a>. <i>yadvashem.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Yad+Vashem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fabout%2Fyad-vashem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/about/mission-statement.html">Vision and Mission of Yad Vashem</a>, Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Isaiah.56.5?ven=The_Holy_Scriptures:_A_New_Translation_(JPS_1917)&lang=bi."><i>The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Scriptures%3A+A+New+Translation&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1917&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FIsaiah.56.5%3Fven%3DThe_Holy_Scriptures%3A_A_New_Translation_%28JPS_1917%29%26lang%3Dbi.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emendations based on Ibn Ezra and Metzudat David, as quoted by sefaria.org, and on modern usage, c.f. Kennedy Memorial יָד קֶנַדִי.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margalit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Margalit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Margalit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargalit2002" class="citation book cs1">Margalit, Avishai (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHG5mRuVXN4C&pg=PA22"><i>The Ethics of Memory</i></a>. Harvard University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Memory&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Margalit&rft.aufirst=Avishai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHG5mRuVXN4C%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2008). <i>Israel: A History</i> (rev. & upd. ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68812363-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68812363-5"><bdi>978-0-68812363-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=288&rft.edition=rev.+%26+upd.&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-68812363-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YVQ2003-6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YVQ2003-6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberklang2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Silberklang" class="mw-redirect" title="David Silberklang">Silberklang, David</a> (Fall 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/sites/default/files/yv_magazine31.pdf">"More Than a Memorial: The Evolution of Yad Vashem"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yad Vashem Quarterly Magazine</i> (Special Commemorative ed). Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">IL</a>: Yad Vashem: 6–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Quarterly+Magazine&rft.atitle=More+Than+a+Memorial%3A+The+Evolution+of+Yad+Vashem&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=Special+Commemorative+ed&rft.pages=6-7&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Silberklang&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fyv_magazine31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naor1954-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Naor1954_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaor1998" class="citation book cs1">Naor, Mordechai (1998). "1954". <i>The Twentieth Century in Eretz Israel</i>. Translated by Krausz, Judith. Cologne, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Konenmann Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 317–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89508595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89508595-6"><bdi>978-3-89508595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1954&rft.btitle=The+Twentieth+Century+in+Eretz+Israel&rft.place=Cologne%2C+DE&rft.pages=317-18&rft.pub=Konenmann+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-89508595-6&rft.aulast=Naor&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdrei2007" class="citation book cs1">Edrei, Arye (7 June 2007). "Holocaust Memorial". In Doron Mendels (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBE_q09a5mgC&pg=PA43"><i>On Memory: An Interdisciplinary Approach</i></a>. Peter Lang. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-064-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-064-3"><bdi>978-3-03911-064-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Memorial&rft.btitle=On+Memory%3A+An+Interdisciplinary+Approach&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-064-3&rft.aulast=Edrei&rft.aufirst=Arye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBE_q09a5mgC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2008" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Yehudit (6 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/shiurtimes/docs/may2008">"60 Years of Commemorating the Holocaust"</a>. <i>Shiur Times</i>: 36–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shiur+Times&rft.atitle=60+Years+of+Commemorating+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=36-37&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Yehudit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fshiurtimes%2Fdocs%2Fmay2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackie Feldman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2312409/Between_Yad_Vashem_and_Mt_Herzl_Changing_Inscriptions_of_Sacrifice_on_Jerusalems_Mountain_of_Memory">"Between Yad Vashem and Mt. Herzl: Changing Inscriptions of Sacrifice on Jerusalem’s 'Mountain of Memory'"</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Quarterly" title="Anthropological Quarterly">Anthropological Quarterly</a></i>, p. 1155. 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The Holocaust Resource Center</a> – Question 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sallyann-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sallyann_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmdur_Sack1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sallyann_Amdur_Sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallyann Amdur Sack">Amdur Sack, Sallyann</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fG8WAQAAIAAJ"><i>A guide to Jewish genealogical research in Israel</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Avotaynu" title="Avotaynu">Avotaynu</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-96263737-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-96263737-8"><bdi>0-96263737-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+guide+to+Jewish+genealogical+research+in+Israel&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Avotaynu&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-96263737-8&rft.aulast=Amdur+Sack&rft.aufirst=Sallyann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfG8WAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsEberSilvani1998" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Daniel; Eber, Shirley; Silvani, Francesca (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRc9ea_CKOUC&pg=PA371"><i>Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide</i></a>. Rough Guides. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828248-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828248-9"><bdi>1-85828248-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Territories%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85828248-9&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Eber%2C+Shirley&rft.au=Silvani%2C+Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRc9ea_CKOUC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStauber2007" class="citation book cs1">Stauber, Roni (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FOckAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA99"><i>The Holocaust in Israeli Public Debate in the 1950s: Ideology and memory</i></a>. Vallentine Mitchell. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85303723-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85303723-1"><bdi>978-0-85303723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+in+Israeli+Public+Debate+in+the+1950s%3A+Ideology+and+memory&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Vallentine+Mitchell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85303723-1&rft.aulast=Stauber&rft.aufirst=Roni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFOckAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuron2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yair_Auron" title="Yair Auron">Auron, Yair</a> (2003). "The Israeli Academy and the Armenian Genocide". <i>The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide</i>. Rutgers University Press. pp. 217–225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0834-X"><bdi>0-7658-0834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Israeli+Academy+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Banality+of+Denial%3A+Israel+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=217-225&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7658-0834-X&rft.aulast=Auron&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaer2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_David_Baer" title="Marc David Baer">Baer, Marc D.</a> (2020). <i>Sultanic Saviors and Tolerant Turks: Writing Ottoman Jewish History, Denying the Armenian Genocide</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 126–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04542-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-04542-3"><bdi>978-0-253-04542-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultanic+Saviors+and+Tolerant+Turks%3A+Writing+Ottoman+Jewish+History%2C+Denying+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-253-04542-3&rft.aulast=Baer&rft.aufirst=Marc+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_Aharon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ben Aharon, Eldad (2015). "A Unique Denial: Israel's Foreign Policy and the Armenian Genocide". <i>British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 638–654. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1043514">10.1080/13530194.2015.1043514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1353-0194">1353-0194</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218602513">218602513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Unique+Denial%3A+Israel%27s+Foreign+Policy+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=638-654&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218602513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1353-0194&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13530194.2015.1043514&rft.aulast=Ben+Aharon&rft.aufirst=Eldad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/15-march-2005-12-04.html">The new Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem – FACTS & FIGURES</a>, Yad Vashem press releases, 15 March 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/15/international/middleeast/new-holocaus-holocaust-museum-opens-in-jerusalem.html">"New Holocaust Museum Opens in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 15 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Holocaust+Museum+Opens+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F15%2Finternational%2Fmiddleeast%2Fnew-holocaus-holocaust-museum-opens-in-jerusalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/15-march-2005-12-04.html">"The new Holocaust History Museum at Yad Vashem – Facts & Figures"</a> (press release). Yad Vashem. 15 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+new+Holocaust+History+Museum+at+Yad+Vashem+%E2%80%93+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpress-release%2F15-march-2005-12-04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits" class="citation web cs1">Lefkovits, Etgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525225645/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-109780569.html">"Jerusalem: Yad Vashem"</a>. Forward. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-109780569.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%3A+Yad+Vashem&rft.pub=Forward&rft.aulast=Lefkovits&rft.aufirst=Etgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-109780569.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ser-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ser_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ser_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSer" class="citation web cs1">Ser, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525211753/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-105361590.html">"New Yad Vashem museum to emphasize 'human story'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Post">Jerusalem Post</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-105361590.html">the original</a> on 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Yad+Vashem+museum+to+emphasize+%27human+story%27&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Post&rft.aulast=Ser&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P1-105361590.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/09-november-2008-09-30.html">"Rabbi Israel Meir Lau Appointed Chairman of the Yad Vashem Council"</a>. .yadvashem.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Israel+Meir+Lau+Appointed+Chairman+of+the+Yad+Vashem+Council&rft.pub=.yadvashem.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpress-release%2F09-november-2008-09-30.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/donors/moshe-kantor.html">Moshe Kantor</a> on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/06-may-2021-11-57.html">Yad Vashem Mourns the Passing of Renowned Holocaust Survivor, Historian and Former Yad Vashem Chairman, Dr. Yitzhak Arad (1926-2021)</a>, on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/03-july-2016-12-04.html">Yad Vashem mourns the loss of a dear friend and colleague, Holocaust survivor Professor Elie Wiesel</a>, on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/events/09-march-2021.html">"Three Decades Dedicated to Shoah Commemoration"</a>. <i>yadvashem.org</i>. 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yadvashem.org&rft.atitle=Three+Decades+Dedicated+to+Shoah+Commemoration&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fevents%2F09-march-2021.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/vowing-to-reject-holocaust-distortion-dani-dayan-appointed-head-of-yad-vashem/">"Vowing to reject Holocaust 'distortion,' Dani Dayan appointed head of Yad Vashem"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. 22 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Vowing+to+reject+Holocaust+%27distortion%2C%27+Dani+Dayan+appointed+head+of+Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fvowing-to-reject-holocaust-distortion-dani-dayan-appointed-head-of-yad-vashem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YVMag-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YVMag_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YVMag_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/sites/default/files/yv_magazine80_1.pdf">Yad Vashem Magazine. Volume 80</a>. June 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/21-october-2021-11-36.html">Tzvika Fayirizen Appointed as Director General of Yad Vashem</a>, Yad Vashem website, 21 October 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/research/about/nidam-orvieto.html">About Dr. Iael Nidam-Orvieto</a>, Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/articles/interviews/baruch-bauer.html">Professor Yehuda Bauer</a> on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/author/dina-porat.html">Professor Dina Porat</a> on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/education.html">"The International School for Holocaust Studies"</a>. .yadvashem.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+School+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft.pub=.yadvashem.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Feducation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names.html">About: The Central Database of Shoah Victims Names</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171218090828/http://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names.html">Archived</a> 18 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yvng.yadvashem.org/">The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names</a>, on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EUzcIZklD3oC&pg=PA7"><i>Our Memory of the Past and for the Future: Based on the Proceedings of an International Forum in Jerusalem, Israel, 15–21 September 2003</i></a>. Council of Europe. 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Memory+of+the+Past+and+for+the+Future%3A+Based+on+the+Proceedings+of+an+International+Forum+in+Jerusalem%2C+Israel%2C+15%E2%80%9321+September+2003&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEUzcIZklD3oC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/education/seminars.html">International Seminars at Yad Vashem</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/education/about-school.html">About the International School for Holocaust Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/international/21584008-study-holocaust-expanding-worldwidefor-differing-reasons-bearing-witness-ever">"Remembering the Holocaust: Bearing witness ever more"</a>. Economist.com. 24 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+Holocaust%3A+Bearing+witness+ever+more&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2F21584008-study-holocaust-expanding-worldwidefor-differing-reasons-bearing-witness-ever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/">Yad Vashem website</a> in English</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/de.html">Yad Vashem website in German</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/he.html">Yad Vashem website in Hebrew</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/fa/index.asp">Yad Vashem website in Persian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/fr.html">Yad Vashem website in French</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/ru.html">Yad Vashem website in Russian</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/es.html">Yad Vashem website in Spanish</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/ar.html">Yad Vashem website in Arabic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOfer_Aderet2014" class="citation web cs1">Ofer Aderet (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/.premium-1.573513">"Yad Vashem finds Muslim clicks on Facebook"</a>. haaretz.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+finds+Muslim+clicks+on+Facebook&rft.pub=haaretz.com&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft.au=Ofer+Aderet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F.premium-1.573513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoav Stern. "Yad Vashem fires employee who compared Holocaust to Nakba". <i>Haaretz</i>, 23 April 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/yad-vashem-fires-employee-who-compared-holocaust-to-nakba-1.274624">"Yad Vashem Fires Employee Who Compared Holocaust to Nakba"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729005750/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/yad-vashem-fires-employee-who-compared-holocaust-to-nakba-1.274624">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Yad+Vashem+Fires+Employee+Who+Compared+Holocaust+to+Nakba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fyad-vashem-fires-employee-who-compared-holocaust-to-nakba-1.274624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YVStudies-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YVStudies_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/research/about/studies">"Yad Vashem Studies"</a>. The International Institute for Holocaust Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+for+Holocaust+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fresearch%2Fabout%2Fstudies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bella Gutterman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.yadvashem.org/he/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9D-%D7%99%D7%93-%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9D-16"><b>Yad Vashem: 60 years of remembrance, documentation, research, and education</b></a> - the chapter regarding the 1950s, p. 93 (Yad Vashem, 2013, in Hebrew)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ours-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ours_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ours_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_McGreal2005" class="citation news cs1">Chris McGreal (15 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2005/mar/15/heritage.israelandthepalestinians">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This is ours and ours alone'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=%27This+is+ours+and+ours+alone%27&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.au=Chris+McGreal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2005%2Fmar%2F15%2Fheritage.israelandthepalestinians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kofi Annan commented at the opening, "The number of Holocaust survivors who are still with us is dwindling fast. Our children are growing up just as rapidly. They are beginning to ask their first questions about injustice. What will we tell them? Will we say, 'That's just the way the world is'? Or will we say instead, 'We are trying to change things—to find a better way'? Let this museum stand as a testimony that we are striving for a better way. Let Yad Vashem inspire us to keep striving, as long as the darkest dark stalks the face of the earth." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c4israel.org/au/articles/Spring2005/5765_C4INZ-W05-FINAL.pdf">Facing the Consequences of Dividing Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060506215127/http://www.c4israel.org/au/articles/Spring2005/5765_C4INZ-W05-FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> 6 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/heritagecampus/index.asp">About the new collection center</a>, Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Borschel-Dan" class="citation web cs1">Amanda Borschel-Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/yad-vashem-to-break-ground-on-new-artifacts-center-on-holocaust-remembrance-day/">"Yad Vashem to break ground on new artifacts center on Holocaust Remembrance Day"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Yad+Vashem+to+break+ground+on+new+artifacts+center+on+Holocaust+Remembrance+Day&rft.au=Amanda+Borschel-Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fyad-vashem-to-break-ground-on-new-artifacts-center-on-holocaust-remembrance-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1942plan-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1942plan_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1942plan_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1942plan_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsther_Zandberg2014" class="citation news cs1">Esther Zandberg (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/.premium-plan-for-yad-vashem-already-drafted-1942-1.5317288">"Holocaust Memorial Yad Vashem Was Already Being Planned in 1942"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Memorial+Yad+Vashem+Was+Already+Being+Planned+in+1942&rft.date=2014-01-31&rft.au=Esther+Zandberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fculture%2F.premium-plan-for-yad-vashem-already-drafted-1942-1.5317288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/archive/hall-of-names/pages-of-testimony.html">What are Pages of Testimony</a>, on Yad Vashem website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation cs2">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, <i>Irena Sendler (1910–2008)</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irena+Sendler+%281910%E2%80%932008%29&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310080431/http://gariwo.net/eng_new/foreste/yadvashem.php">"Gardens of the Righteous Worldwide – The Yad Vashem Garden of the Righteous"</a>. Gariwo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gariwo.net/eng_new/foreste/yadvashem.php">the original</a> on 10 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gardens+of+the+Righteous+Worldwide+%E2%80%93+The+Yad+Vashem+Garden+of+the+Righteous&rft.pub=Gariwo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gariwo.net%2Feng_new%2Fforeste%2Fyadvashem.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/statistics.html">"Names of Righteous by Country"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem</i>. 1 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem&rft.atitle=Names+of+Righteous+by+Country&rft.date=2021-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Frighteous%2Fstatistics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Why-wont-Yad-Vashem-honor-Jewish-rescuers">https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-Ed-Contributors/Why-wont-Yad-Vashem-honor-Jewish-rescuers</a> – by Dr. Mordecai Paldiel who directed the Yad Vashem <i>Righteous</i> department for decades</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Yad-Vashem-and-Jewish-rescuers-of-Jews-472621">https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Yad-Vashem-and-Jewish-rescuers-of-Jews-472621</a> – by Dr. Mordecai Paldiel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrazer" class="citation web cs1">Brazer, Jenni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/polands-wartime-consul-named-righteous-among-nations-for-role-in-saving-jews/">"Poland's wartime consul named Righteous Among Nations for role in saving Jews"</a>. <i>jewishnews.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishnews.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+wartime+consul+named+Righteous+Among+Nations+for+role+in+saving+Jews&rft.aulast=Brazer&rft.aufirst=Jenni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishnews.timesofisrael.com%2Fpolands-wartime-consul-named-righteous-among-nations-for-role-in-saving-jews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Eldad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelhayom.com/2019/04/30/after-yad-vashem-honors-rokicki-fight-over-bernese-group-continues/">"After Yad Vashem honors Rokicki, fight over Bernese Group continues"</a>. <i>israelhayom.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/educationcms/units/prasisrael/tashlag/tashmab_tashlag_rikuz.htm?dictionarykey=tashlag">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Prize+Official+Site+%E2%80%93+Recipients+in+1973+%28in+Hebrew%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2Feducationcms%2Funits%2Fprasisrael%2Ftashlag%2Ftashmab_tashlag_rikuz.htm%3Fdictionarykey%3Dtashlag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsag/YadVashem/">"Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) – Recipient's C.V. (2003)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Prize+Official+Site+%28in+Hebrew%29+%E2%80%93+Recipient%27s+C.V.+%282003%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2FEducationCMS%2FUnits%2FPrasIsrael%2FTashsag%2FYadVashem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsag/YadVashem/NimokyHsoftim.htm">"Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew)- Judges' Considerations for Grant of Prize to Recipient in 2003"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Prize+Official+Site+%28in+Hebrew%29-+Judges%27+Considerations+for+Grant+of+Prize+to+Recipient+in+2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcms.education.gov.il%2FEducationCMS%2FUnits%2FPrasIsrael%2FTashsag%2FYadVashem%2FNimokyHsoftim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222509/http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/12-september-2007-14-51.html">"Yad Vashem Receives Prince of Asturias Award for Concord"</a>. 7 May 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/12-september-2007-14-51.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+Receives+Prince+of+Asturias+Award+for+Concord&rft.date=2018-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpress-release%2F12-september-2007-14-51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/press-release/30-may-2011-14-50.html">"Yad Vashem Chairman Avner Shalev to Receive 2011 Patron of Jerusalem (Yakir Yerushalayim) Award"</a>. Yad Vashem. 7 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+Chairman+Avner+Shalev+to+Receive+2011+Patron+of+Jerusalem+%28Yakir+Yerushalayim%29+Award&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fpress-release%2F30-may-2011-14-50.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYad+Vashem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Herzl"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Herzl" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_and_monuments_at_Mount_Herzl" title="List of memorials and monuments at Mount Herzl">Facilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Missing_in_Action" title="Garden of the Missing in Action">Garden of the Missing in Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Museum" title="Herzl Museum">Herzl Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_children_in_Yad_Vashem" title="Monument to the children in Yad Vashem">Monument to the children in Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Hall_For_Israel%27s_Fallen" title="National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen">National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Theodor Herzl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Concord"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Vicariate_of_Solidarity" title="Vicariate of Solidarity">Vicariate of Solidarity</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Villa_El_Salvador" title="Villa El Salvador">Villa El Salvador</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Communities</li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicus_Mundi_International" title="Medicus Mundi International">Medicus Mundi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/AmfAR" title="AmfAR">American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR)</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Gesto_por_la_Paz" title="Gesto por la Paz">Association for Peace in the Basque Country</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Movement_of_Street_Children&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Movement of Street Children (page does not exist)">National Movement of Street Children</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messengers_of_Peace_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messengers of Peace (Spain) (page does not exist)">Messengers of Peace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a></li> <li>1995: H.M. <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein I</a>, king of Jordan</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Rostropovich" title="Mstislav Rostropovich">Mstislav Rostropovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a></li> <li>1998: Nicolás Castellanos, <a href="/wiki/Vicen%C3%A7_Ferrer_Moncho" title="Vicenç Ferrer Moncho">Vicente Ferrer</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sanz_Gadea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquín Sanz Gadea (page does not exist)">Joaquín Sanz Gadea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Caritas_Spain" title="Caritas Spain">Caritas Spain</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Royal Spanish Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim" title="Daniel Barenboim">Daniel Barenboim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a></li> <li>2004: The <a href="/wiki/Camino_de_Santiago" title="Camino de Santiago">Way of St. James</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li>2007: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt" title="Íngrid Betancourt">Íngrid Betancourt</a></li> <li>2009: The City of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manos_Unidas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manos Unidas (page does not exist)">Manos Unidas</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_50" title="Fukushima 50">Fukushima 50</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Federation_of_Food_Banks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spanish Federation of Food Banks (page does not exist)">Spanish Federation of Food Banks</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/ONCE" title="ONCE">Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE)</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Caddy_Adzuba" title="Caddy Adzuba">Caddy Adzuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Concord" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Concord</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Hospitallers_of_Saint_John_of_God" title="Brothers Hospitallers of Saint John of God">Hospitaller Order of St John of God</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/SOS_Children%27s_Villages" title="SOS Children's Villages">SOS Children's Villages</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li>2019: The City of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></li> <li>2020: Spanish health workers on the front line against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Spain" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Spain">COVID-19</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Andr%C3%A9s" title="José Andrés">José Andrés</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Central_Kitchen" title="World Central Kitchen">World Central Kitchen</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Ban" title="Shigeru Ban">Shigeru Ban</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Mary%27s_Meals" title="Mary's Meals">Mary's Meals</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_Photos" title="Magnum Photos">Magnum Photos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121108967">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000112818318">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134058521">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1930299/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/539207/">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1006993-8">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5068697-5">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139449">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12080645q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12080645q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35507239">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yad va-shem, rashut ha-zikaron la-Sho'ah vela-gevurah"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2013797276&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4073481">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000662333&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000001690722">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007309116205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0426287X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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