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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reductions</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_indios" title="Pueblo de indios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo de indios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="ریداکش‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریداکش‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9duction_(missions_catholiques)" title="Réduction (missions catholiques) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réduction (missions catholiques)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riduzioni_gesuite" title="Riduzioni gesuite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riduzioni gesuite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukci%C3%B3_(int%C3%A9zm%C3%A9ny)" title="Redukció (intézmény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Redukció (intézmény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redukcja_misyjna" title="Redukcja misyjna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Redukcja misyjna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jezuitsk%C3%A1_redukcia" title="Jezuitská redukcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jezuitská redukcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E6%B8%9B%E5%9C%B0" title="縮減地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="縮減地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q350735#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesuit_reduction&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reduction</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish colonial settlements for relocation and Christianization of natives</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Reduction (disambiguation)">Reduction</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_indios" class="extiw" title="es:Pueblo de indios">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(June 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Spanish#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Spanish">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 1,082 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Spanish_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Spanish Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Pueblo de indios]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Pueblo de indios}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Reductions" title="Talk:Reductions">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg/300px-Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg/450px-Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg/600px-Misi%C3%B3n_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_Loreto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="904" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>A church was always at the center of the reductions; this one is in <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Baja_California_Sur" title="Loreto, Baja California Sur">Loreto, Baja California Sur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span><br />Part of <i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Catholicism_in_South_America" title="Category:History of Catholicism in South America">a series</a></i> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/170px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/255px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg/340px-Franciscan_missionaries_in_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Missions in North America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">The Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janos,_Chihuahua" title="Janos, Chihuahua">Chihuahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Virginia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_South_America" title="Spanish missions in South America">Missions in South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_Mission" title="Circular Mission">Chiloé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Chiquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Block_and_Estancias_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_La_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_de_Paran%C3%A1_and_Jes%C3%BAs_de_Tavarangue" title="Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue">Itapúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Jesuit Missions of Moxos">Moxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_of_Nahuel_Huapi" title="Mission of Nahuel Huapi">Nahuel Huapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainas_missions" title="Mainas missions">Mainas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Eastern Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_of_R%C3%ADo_Bueno" title="Mission of Río Bueno">Río Bueno</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reductions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Catholic_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish Catholic missions in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Catholic_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish Catholic missions in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Catholic_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Catholic missions in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Reductions</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es"><b>reducciones</b></i>, also called <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><b>congregaciones</b></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt"><b>reduções</b></i>) were settlements established by <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Spain">Spanish rulers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese-speaking Latin America</a>, such reductions were also called <i>aldeias</i>. The Spanish and Portuguese relocated, <a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">forcibly</a> in many cases, indigenous inhabitants (<i>Indians</i> or <i>Indios</i>) of their <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">colonies</a> into urban settlements modeled on those in Spain and Portugal. The Royal Academy of Spain defines <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">reducción</i></span> (reduction) as "a grouping into settlement of indigenous people for the purpose of evangelization and assimilation."<sup id="cite_ref-Real_Academia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Real_Academia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">colonial Mexico</a>, reductions were called "congregations" (<i>congregaciones</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forced resettlements aimed to concentrate indigenous people into communities, facilitating civil and religious control over populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Austin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Austin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concentration of the indigenous peoples into towns facilitated the organization and exploitation of their labor. The practice began during Spanish colonization in the Caribbean, relocating populations to be closer to Spanish settlements, often at a distance from their home territories, and likely facilitated the spread of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reductions could be either religious, established and administered by an <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">order</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> church (especially the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Order">Jesuits</a>), or secular, under the control of Spanish or Portuguese governmental authorities. The best known, and most successful, of the religious reductions were those developed by the Jesuits in Paraguay and neighboring areas in the 17th century. The largest and most enduring secular reductions were those imposed on the highland people of the former <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> of Peru during the rule of Viceroy <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a> (1569–1581). </p><p>During the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Christianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianisation">Christianisation</a> of the Americas, Spanish Catholic authorities might establish ecclesiastical missionary proto-<a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">parish</a> subdivisions - <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">doctrinas</i>; singular: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">doctrina</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'doctrine' – for the indoctrination of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_West_Indies">Spanish West Indies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spanish West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></div> <p>The policy of reductions was begun in 1503 by Spanish colonists on <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean</a> islands. In the words of the Spanish rulers, "It is necessary that the Indians be assigned to towns in which they will live together and that they not remain or wander separated from each other in the backcountry."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish ordered Indian villages to be destroyed and selected sites where new villages should be built. The concentration, or <i>reducción</i> of the Indian population, facilitated the Spaniards' access to Indian labor, the promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and the collection of taxes and tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the reduction of the Indians was intended to break down ethnic and kinship ties and <a href="/wiki/Detribalize" class="mw-redirect" title="Detribalize">detribalize</a> the residents to create a generic, pan-Indian population, disregarding their numerous tribes and different cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish began creating reductions in Mexico shortly after <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernan Cortés">Hernan Cortés</a>'s conquest in the 1520s. They were begun in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> in the 17th century and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the late 18th century. Reductions in Mexico were more commonly known as <i>congregaciones</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_missions_among_the_Guaran%C3%AD" title="Jesuit missions among the Guaraní">Jesuit missions among the Guaraní</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">Indian reductions in the Andes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Jesuit Missions of Moxos">Jesuit Missions of Moxos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mainas_missions" title="Mainas missions">Mainas missions</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">Indian reductions in the Andes</a>, mostly in present-day <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, began on a large scale in 1570 during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo" title="Francisco de Toledo">Francisco de Toledo</a>. Toledo worked to remake the society of the former <a href="/wiki/Inca_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca empire">Inca empire</a>, with some success. In a few years, he had resettled about 1.4 million Indians into 840 communities, many of which were the nuclei of present-day cities, towns, and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Probably the most famous of the reductions were in the areas of present-day <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and neighboring <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were created and governed by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Reductions">Jesuit</a> order of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_East_Indies">Spanish East Indies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish East Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Spanish Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Spanish colonial government</a> founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled on towns and villages in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The authorities often adopted a policy of reductions for the <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">resettlement</a> of inhabitants from far-flung scattered <a href="/wiki/Barrio" title="Barrio">barrios</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barangay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay state">barangays</a> to move into a centralized <i><a href="/wiki/Municipio" title="Municipio">cabecera</a></i> (town/district capital), where a newly built church and an <i><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">ayuntamiento</a></i> (town hall) were situated.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePhilAPastRev_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePhilAPastRev-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed the government to defend, control and <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianize</a> the indigenous population in scattered independent settlements, to conduct <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">population counts</a>, and to collect <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tributes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enforced resettlement led to several revolts in the 17th century, often led by community shamans (<i><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a></i>). In some cases, entire villages would move deeper into island interiors to escape the reductions.<sup id="cite_ref-aguilar98_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguilar98-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar policy was implemented in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Chamorro_Wars" title="Spanish–Chamorro Wars">Spanish–Chamorro Wars</a> (1670–1699).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reductions_in_the_Andes" title="Indian reductions in the Andes">Indian reductions in the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a> – Imprisonment or confinement of groups of people without trial</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Real_Academia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Real_Academia_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/reducci%C3%B3n">"Reducciones"</a>. <i>Dicionario de la Lengua Espanola</i>. Real Academia Espanola<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dicionario+de+la+Lengua+Espanola&rft.atitle=Reducciones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Freducci%25C3%25B3n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Cline, Howard F.</a> "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>, vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Western Chinantla, New Spain, 1599-1603." <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">The Americas</a>, vol. 12, no. 2, Oct 1955, pp. 115–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Austin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Austin_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2020" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Shawn Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/book/80789"><i>Colonial Kinship</i></a>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 219–220<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Kinship&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=219-220&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Shawn+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fbook%2F80789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Altman" title="Ida Altman">Altman, Ida</a>. <i>Life and Society in the Early Spanish Caribbean: The Greater Antilles 1493-1550</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021, pp.33, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/doctrina">"doctrina"</a> [doctrine]. <i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i> (in Spanish). Madrid: Real Academia Española. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>En América, distrito eclesiástico servido por un sacerdote expresamente nombrado para adoctrinar a la población indígena. [...] En América, pueblo de indios recién convertidos, cuando todavía no se había establecido en él parroquialidad o curato.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=doctrina&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fdoctrina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2017" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Garry, ed. (3 July 2017). "Highland Maya Theological Production". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDoqDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Americas' First Theologies: Early Sources of Post-Contact Indigenous Religion</i></a>. AAR Religion in Translation. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190678319" title="Special:BookSources/9780190678319"><bdi>9780190678319</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>This particular use of the term <i>doctrina</i> by Dominicans to refer to a specific kind of geographic locale that predated the parish in the region should not be confused with the other more general understanding of <i>doctrina</i> as doctrine, teaching, or instruction in the religious or non-religious sense [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Highland+Maya+Theological+Production&rft.btitle=The+Americas%27+First+Theologies%3A+Early+Sources+of+Post-Contact+Indigenous+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=AAR+Religion+in+Translation&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.isbn=9780190678319&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDoqDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMumford2012" class="citation book cs1">Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AbJcJQg3x7EC&pg=PA44"><i>Vertical Empire: The General Resettlement of Indians in the Colonial Andes</i></a>. Durham, NC: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5310-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5310-2"><bdi>978-0-8223-5310-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertical+Empire%3A+The+General+Resettlement+of+Indians+in+the+Colonial+Andes&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5310-2&rft.aulast=Mumford&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+Ravi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAbJcJQg3x7EC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, Jeremy Ravi (2012, <i>Vertical Empire: The General Resettlement of Indians in the Colonial Andes,</i> Durham: Duke University Press, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stern, Steve J. (1993), <i>Peru's Indian Peoples and the Challenge of Spanish Conquest,</i> Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leal, Juan Felipe and Rountree, Mario Huacuja (2011), <i>Economic y sistema de haciendas en Mexico</i>, Juan Pablos, Editor, D. R. Voyeur, pp. 22-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caraman, Philip (1976), <i>The Lost Paradise: the Jesuit Republic in South America</i>, New York: Seabury Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThePhilAPastRev-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThePhilAPastRev_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantinoConstantino1975" class="citation book cs1">Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. (1975). "Chapter V - The Colonial Landscape". <i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited (Vol. I)</i> (Sixteenth Printing (January 1998) ed.). Manila, Philippines: Renato Constantino. pp. 60–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-895-800-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-895-800-2"><bdi>971-895-800-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9180911M">9180911M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V+-+The+Colonial+Landscape&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited+%28Vol.+I%29&rft.place=Manila%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=60-61&rft.edition=Sixteenth+Printing+%28January+1998%29&rft.pub=Renato+Constantino&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9180911M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=971-895-800-2&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft.au=Constantino%2C+Letizia+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbinalesAmoroso2005" class="citation book cs1">Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA53"><i>State and Society in the Philippines</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 53, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC&pg=PA68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1024-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-1024-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+the+Philippines&rft.pages=53%2C+68&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1&rft.aulast=Abinales&rft.aufirst=P.+N.&rft.au=Amoroso%2C+Donna+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxiOQdEzgP9kC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aguilar98-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aguilar98_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguilar1998" class="citation book cs1">Aguilar, Filomeno V. Jr. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui"><i>Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui/page/27">27</a>–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820824" title="Special:BookSources/9780824820824"><bdi>9780824820824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clash+of+Spirits%3A+The+History+of+Power+and+Sugar+Planter+Hegemony+on+a+Visayan+Island&rft.pages=27-46&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824820824&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Filomeno+V.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofspiritshi00agui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro1999" class="citation journal cs1">Navarro, Atoy M. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/011719689900800107">"Philippines-Marianas Relations in History: Some Notes on Filipino Exiles in Guam"</a>. <i>Asian and Pacific Migration Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (1–2): 120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F011719689900800107">10.1177/011719689900800107</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144752846">144752846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+and+Pacific+Migration+Journal&rft.atitle=Philippines-Marianas+Relations+in+History%3A+Some+Notes+on+Filipino+Exiles+in+Guam&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=120&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F011719689900800107&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144752846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Atoy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F011719689900800107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReductions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reductions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Cline, Howard F.</a> "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a>, vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369 </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_missions_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish missions in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish missions in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish missions in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_missions_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions of the Catholic Church in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda_of_Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro">Sierra Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Yucatan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Ajacán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Missions in Spanish Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="List of missions in Spanish Florida">List of missions in Spanish Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Texas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_South_America" title="Spanish missions in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit reduction">Jesuit reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Chiquitos" title="Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos">Chiquitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_Mission" title="Circular Mission">Circular Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Block_and_Estancias_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_La_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_de_Paran%C3%A1_and_Jes%C3%BAs_de_Tavarangue" title="Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue">Itapúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Missions_of_Moxos" title="Jesuit Missions of Moxos">Moxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_of_Nahuel_Huapi" title="Mission of Nahuel Huapi">Nahuel Huapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_of_R%C3%ADo_Bueno" title="Mission of Río Bueno">Río Bueno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reductions</a> <ul><li><a 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