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id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spokes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spokes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Spokes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spokes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Wire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protruding_or_covering_attachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protruding_or_covering_attachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Protruding or covering attachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protruding_or_covering_attachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wheel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 155 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-155" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">155 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel" title="Wiel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad" title="Rad – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="चक्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चक्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C" title="Агьежь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Агьежь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9" title="عجلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عجلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda" title="Rueda – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rueda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroat%C3%A2" title="Aroatâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aroatâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda" title="Rueda – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rueda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apajere" title="Apajere – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apajere" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99k%C9%99r" title="Təkər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təkər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="تکر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تکر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="চাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhia-li%C3%A1n" title="Chhia-lián – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhia-lián" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%81" title="Тәгәрмәс – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәгәрмәс" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кола – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кола" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Кола – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кола" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पहिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पहिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruweda" title="Ruweda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ruweda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Колело – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колело" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radl" title="Radl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Radl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="འཁོར་ལོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཁོར་ལོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dak" title="Točak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Točak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod" title="Rod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Мөөр – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мөөр" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кустăрма – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кустăрма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligid" title="Ligid – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ligid" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo" title="Kolo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olwyn" title="Olwyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Olwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul" title="Hjul – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjul" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad" title="Raad – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Raad" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad" title="Rad – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratas" title="Ratas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ratas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Τροχός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τροχός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3da" title="Róda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Róda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda" title="Rueda – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rueda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rado" title="Rado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruea" title="Ruea – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ruea" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurpil" title="Gurpil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurpil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="چرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahiya" title="Pahiya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pahiya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roue" title="Roue – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roue" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjil" title="Tsjil – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjil" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruede" title="Ruede – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ruede" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roth" title="Roth – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roth" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuibhle" title="Cuibhle – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cuibhle" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A7%84" title="駄 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="駄" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%88%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="પૈડું – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૈડું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin-%C3%A9" title="Lin-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lin-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%99" title="Төгә – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Төгә" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%ED%80%B4" title="바퀴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바퀴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BE" title="Անիվ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անիվ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पहिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पहिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota%C4%8D" title="Kotač – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kotač" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roto" title="Roto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilid" title="Pilid – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pilid" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota" title="Rota – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Rota" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksraligaun" title="Aksraligaun – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Aksraligaun" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isondo" title="Isondo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isondo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%B3l" title="Hjól – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjól" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruota" title="Ruota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ruota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%9C" title="גלגל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלגל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodha" title="Rodha – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rodha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗಾಲಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾಲಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parulang" title="Parulang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Parulang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბორბალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბორბალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Дөңгелек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дөңгелек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ros" title="Ros – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ros" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudumu" title="Gurudumu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gurudumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%A7%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Гӧгыль – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гӧгыль" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rou" title="Rou – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Rou" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87erxe" title="Çerxe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çerxe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BA" title="Дөңгөлөк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дөңгөлөк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota" title="Rota – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritenis" title="Ritenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ritenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratas" title="Ratas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ratas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6a" title="Röa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Röa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raad" title="Raad – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C3%ADnga" title="Nzínga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzínga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeuda" title="Roeuda – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Roeuda" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ker%C3%A9k" title="Kerék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kerék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тркало – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тркало" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodiarana" title="Kodiarana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kodiarana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ചക്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചക്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="चाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B9ng-l%C3%B9ng" title="Lùng-lùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lùng-lùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B9" title="Дугуй – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дугуй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="ဘီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacatl" title="Malacatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Malacatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel_(voortbeweging)" title="Wiel (voortbeweging) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiel (voortbeweging)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad" title="Rad – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Rad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पाङ्ग्रा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाङ्ग्रा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE" title="घःचा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="घःचा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A%E8%BC%AA" title="車輪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="車輪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weel_(Rund)" title="Weel (Rund) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Weel (Rund)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul" title="Hjul – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjul" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul" title="Hjul – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjul" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reue" title="Reue – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Reue" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B2da" title="Ròda – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ròda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Орава – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Орава" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%95" title="ଚକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBildirak" title="Gʻildirak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻildirak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚੱਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੱਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پہیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiel" title="Wiel – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Wiel" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiil" title="Wiil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Wiil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B(wheel)" title="កង់(wheel) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កង់(wheel)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad" title="Rad – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%82o_(technika)" title="Koło (technika) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koło (technika)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda" title="Roda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6gerek" title="Tögerek – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tögerek" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roat%C4%83" title="Roată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalla" title="Qalla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qalla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Колесо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колесо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D0%B3%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Төгүр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Төгүр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱪᱟᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrota" title="Rrota – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrota" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota" title="Rota – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rota" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wheel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A6%D9%8A%D9%BF%D9%88" title="ڦيٿو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڦيٿو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koleso_(prenos_pohybu)" title="Koleso (prenos pohybu) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koleso (prenos pohybu)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolo" title="Kolo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Коло – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Коло" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaag" title="Shaag – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shaag" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ویل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Точак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Точак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota%C4%8D" title="Kotač – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kotač" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B6r%C3%A4" title="Pyörä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyörä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjul" title="Hjul – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjul" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulong" title="Gulong – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gulong" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81" title="சில்லு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சில்லு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%87" title="Тәгәрмәч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәгәрмәч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="చక్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చక్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD" title="ล้อ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ล้อ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekerlek" title="Tekerlek – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekerlek" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak_kyangcung" title="Tak kyangcung – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Tak kyangcung" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Колесо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колесо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%DB%8C%DB%81" title="پہیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پہیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rua" title="Rua – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kezr" title="Kezr – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kezr" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_xe" title="Bánh xe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bánh xe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%B5%C3%B5r" title="Tsõõr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsõõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowe_(mecanike)" title="Rowe (mecanike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rowe (mecanike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA" title="輪 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="輪" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliding" title="Kaliding – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaliding" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E7%9B%98" title="轮盘 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="轮盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93" title="ראד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%86" title="轆 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="轆" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek%C4%97nis" title="Tekėnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tekėnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%AA" title="輪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="輪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiping" title="Kiping – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kiping" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Circular component rotating on an axle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wheel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wheel (disambiguation)">Wheel (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheels_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wheels (disambiguation)">Wheels (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roue_primitive.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Roue_primitive.png/220px-Roue_primitive.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Roue_primitive.png/330px-Roue_primitive.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Roue_primitive.png/440px-Roue_primitive.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>An early wheel made of a solid piece of wood</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wheel</b> is a rotating component (typically circular in shape) that is intended to turn on an <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearing</a>. The wheel is one of the key components of the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheel and axle</a> which is one of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">six simple machines</a>. Wheels, in conjunction with axles, allow heavy objects to be moved easily facilitating movement or transportation while supporting a load, or performing labor in machines. Wheels are also used for other purposes, such as a <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">ship's wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a>. </p><p>Common examples can be found in <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> applications. A wheel reduces <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> by facilitating motion by <a href="/wiki/Rolling" title="Rolling">rolling</a> together with the use of <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>. In order for wheels to rotate, a <a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">moment</a> needs to be applied to the wheel about its axis, either by way of gravity or by the application of another external force or <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torque</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div> <p>The English word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wheel" class="extiw" title="wikt:wheel">wheel</a></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">hwēol</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <span title="Proto-Germanic-language text">*<i lang="gem">hwehwlaz</i></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">k<sup>w</sup>ék<sup>w</sup>los</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an extended form of the root <span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text">*<i lang="ine">k<sup>w</sup>el-</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">to revolve, move around</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>. Cognates within Indo-European include <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> <span title="Icelandic-language text"><i lang="is">hjól</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wheel, tyre</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κύκλος</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kúklos</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a></i></span>, the last two both meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">circle</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">wheel</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Archaeological artifacts demonstrate a slow development over centuries in many locales.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> civilization was credited with the invention of the wheel by several, mainly old sources.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some recent sources either suggest that the wheel was invented independently in both Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> or credit prehistoric Eastern Europeans with the invention of the wheel,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that unlike other breakthrough inventions, the wheel cannot be attributed to a single nor several inventors. Evidence of early wheeled carts has been found across the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. It is not known whether Chinese, Indians, Europeans and Mesopotamians invented the wheel independently.<sup id="cite_ref-newscientist_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newscientist-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thought_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thought-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The invention of the solid wooden disk wheel falls into the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, and may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances that gave rise to the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. This implies the passage of several wheel-less millennia after the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">invention of agriculture</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Aceramic_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceramic Neolithic">Aceramic Neolithic</a>. </p> <ul><li>4500–3300 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a>): invention of the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>; earliest solid wooden wheels (disks with a hole for the axle); earliest wheeled vehicles</li> <li>3300–2200 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>)</li> <li>2200–1550 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>): invention of the <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spoked</a> wheel and the <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>; <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">domestication of the horse</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_(oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg/220px-Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg/330px-Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg/440px-Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel_with_axle_%28oldest_wooden_wheel_yet_discovered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wheel" title="Ljubljana Marshes Wheel">Ljubljana Marshes Wheel</a> with axle is the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered dating to <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>3130 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Halaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Halaf">Halaf</a> culture of 6500–5100 BCE is sometimes credited with the earliest depiction of a wheeled vehicle, but there is no evidence of Halafians using either wheeled vehicles or pottery wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potter's wheels are thought to have been used in the 4th millennium BCE in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest surviving example of a potter's wheel was thought to be one found in <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) dating to approximately 3100 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Moorey1994_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moorey1994-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a potter's wheel found in <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">western Ukraine</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a>, dates to the middle of the 5th millennium BCE which pre-dates the earliest use of the potter's wheel in Mesopotamia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheels of uncertain dates have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> of the late 4th millennium BCE covering areas of present-day India and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest indirect evidence of wheeled movement was found in the form of miniature clay wheels north of the Black Sea before 4000<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE. From the middle of the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4th millennium BCE">4th millennium BCE</a> onward, the evidence is condensed throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the form of toy cars, depictions, or ruts, with the oldest find in Northern Germany dating back to around 3400<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, depictions of wheeled <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a> found on <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablet</a> <a href="/wiki/Pictographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictographs">pictographs</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Uruk#Eanna_District" title="Uruk">Eanna district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> civilization are dated to c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>3500–3350<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 4th<span class="nowrap"> </span>millennium BCE, evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared near-simultaneously in the Northern (<a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a>) and South <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cucuteni-Trypillian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucuteni-Trypillian culture">Cucuteni-Trypillian culture</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur_chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ur_chariot.jpg/220px-Ur_chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ur_chariot.jpg/330px-Ur_chariot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ur_chariot.jpg/440px-Ur_chariot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of an <a href="/wiki/Onager" title="Onager">onager</a>-drawn cart on the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> "War" panel of the <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_Ur" title="Standard of Ur">Standard of Ur</a> (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>2500 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>Depictions of a wheeled vehicle appeared between 3631 and 3380 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">Bronocice clay pot</a> excavated in a <a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker culture</a> settlement in southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In nearby <a href="/wiki/Zwierzyniec_(Krak%C3%B3w)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwierzyniec (Kraków)">Olszanica</a>, a 2.2<span class="nowrap"> </span>m wide door was constructed for wagon entry; this barn was 40<span class="nowrap"> </span>m long with three doors, dated to 5000 BCE, and belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Surviving evidence of a wheel-axle combination, from Stare Gmajne near Ljubljana in Slovenia (<a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Marshes_Wooden_Wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel">Ljubljana Marshes Wooden Wheel</a>), is dated within two <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard deviations">standard deviations</a> to 3340–3030 BCE, the axle to 3360–3045 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two types of early Neolithic European wheel and axle are known: a <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">circumalpine</a> type of wagon construction (the wheel and axle rotate together, as in Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), and that of the <a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (axle does not rotate). They both are dated to c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>3200–3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians believe that there was a diffusion of the wheeled vehicle from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> to Europe around the mid-4th millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_(2507526057).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg/220px-India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg/330px-India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg/440px-India_-_Kanchipuram_-_023_-_chariot_unveiled_for_upcoming_festival_%282507526057%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Solid wheels on a heavy <a href="/wiki/Temple_car" title="Temple car">temple car</a>, contrasted with the lighter <a href="/wiki/Wire-spoked_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire-spoked wheel">wire-spoked wheels</a> of the black <a href="/wiki/Roadster_(bicycle)" title="Roadster (bicycle)">roadster bicycle</a> in the foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>Early wheels were simple wooden disks with a hole for the axle. Some of the earliest wheels were made from horizontal slices of tree trunks. Because of the uneven structure of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, a wheel made from a horizontal slice of a tree trunk will tend to be inferior to one made from rounded pieces of longitudinal boards. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spoked</a> wheel was invented more recently and allowed the construction of lighter and swifter vehicles. The earliest known examples of wooden spoked wheels are in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, dating to c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>2000 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Krivoye_Lake" title="Krivoye Lake">Krivoye Lake</a>). Soon after this, horse cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region used horse-drawn spoked-wheel war <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> for the greater part of three centuries. They moved deep into the Greek peninsula where they joined with the existing Mediterranean peoples to give rise, eventually, to classical Greece after the breaking of <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> dominance and consolidations led by pre-classical <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> chariots introduced an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> rim around the wheel in the 1st<span class="nowrap"> </span>millennium BCE. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, wheel tracks dating to around 2200<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE have been found at Pingliangtai, a site of the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshan Culture">Longshan Culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar tracks were also found at <a href="/wiki/Yanshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanshi">Yanshi</a>, a city of the <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a>, dating to around 1700 BCE. The earliest evidence of spoked wheels in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> comes from <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, in the form of two wheel hubs from a site dated between 2000 and 1500<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Wheeled vehicles were introduced to China from the west.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, a large wooden wheel, measuring about 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, was uncovered at the <a href="/wiki/Must_Farm" title="Must Farm">Must Farm</a> site in East Anglia in 2016. The specimen, dating from 1,100 to 800 BCE, represents the most complete and earliest of its type found in Britain. The wheel's hub is also present. A horse's spine found nearby suggests the wheel may have been part of a horse-drawn cart. The wheel was found in a settlement built on stilts over wetland, indicating that the settlement had some sort of link to dry land.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCMF2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCMF2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg/220px-Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg/330px-Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg/440px-Remojadas_Wheeled_Figurine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>A figurine featuring the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>'s independently invented wheel. Among the places where wheeled toys were found, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> is the only one where the wheel was never put to practical use before the 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although large-scale use of wheels did not occur in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">the Americas prior to European contact</a>, numerous small wheeled artifacts, identified as children's toys, have been found in Mexican archeological sites, some dating to approximately 1500 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that the primary obstacle to large-scale development of the wheel in the Americas was the absence of domesticated large animals that could be used to pull wheeled carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closest relative of <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> present in Americas in pre-Columbian times, the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, is difficult to domesticate and was never domesticated by Native Americans; several horse species existed until about 12,000 years ago, but ultimately became extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only large animal that was domesticated in the Western hemisphere, the <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a>, a pack animal, was not physically suited to use as a draft animal to pull wheeled vehicles,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and use of the llama did not spread far beyond the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> by the time of the arrival of Europeans. </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamericans</a> never developed the <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">wheelbarrow</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>, nor any other practical object with a wheel or wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although present in a number of toys, very similar to those found throughout the world and still made for children today ("pull toys"),<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the wheel was never put into practical use in Mesoamerica before the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia.com-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly the closest the Mayas came to the utilitarian wheel is the <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">spindle whorl</a>, and some scholars believe that these toys were originally made with spindle whorls and spindle sticks as "wheels" and "axes".<sup id="cite_ref-smith_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a> traditionally used circular discs rolled along the ground for target practice.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubians</a> from after about 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>BCE used wheels for spinning <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Water_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Water wheels">water wheels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that Nubian waterwheels may have been ox-driven.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known that Nubians used horse-drawn chariots imported from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from the 18th century in West Africa, wheeled vehicles were mostly used for ceremonial purposes in places like <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_wheel_Africa_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_wheel_Africa-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wheel was barely used for transportation, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> well into the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Law_wheel_Africa_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law_wheel_Africa-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TricycleAntique.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TricycleAntique.jpg/220px-TricycleAntique.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TricycleAntique.jpg/330px-TricycleAntique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/TricycleAntique.jpg/440px-TricycleAntique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Three spoked wheels on an antique <a href="/wiki/Tricycle" title="Tricycle">tricycle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The spoked wheel was in continued use without major modification until the 1870s, when <a href="/wiki/Wire-spoked_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire-spoked wheel">wire-spoked wheels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic tire">pneumatic tires</a> were invented.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pneumatic tires can greatly reduce rolling resistance and improve comfort. Wire spokes are under tension, not compression, making it possible for the wheel to be both stiff and light. Early radially-spoked wire wheels gave rise to tangentially-spoked wire wheels, which were widely used on cars into the late 20th century. Cast <a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheels" class="mw-redirect" title="Alloy wheels">alloy wheels</a> are now more commonly used; forged alloy wheels are used when weight is critical. </p><p>The invention of the wheel has also been important for <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> in general, important applications including the <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cogwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cogwheel">cogwheel</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">antikythera mechanism</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Torquetum" title="Torquetum">torquetum</a>. More modern descendants of the wheel include the <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">flywheel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscope</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics_and_function">Mechanics and function</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the application to transport. For the simple machine, see <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">Wheel and axle</a>.</div> <p>A wheeled vehicle requires much less work to move than simply dragging the same weight. The low resistance to motion is explained by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">frictional work</a> done is no longer at the surface that the vehicle is traversing, but in the <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>. In the simplest and oldest case the bearing is just a round hole through which the axle passes (a "<a href="/wiki/Plain_bearing" title="Plain bearing">plain bearing</a>"). Even with a plain bearing, the frictional work is greatly reduced because: </p> <ul><li>The normal force at the sliding interface is same as with simple dragging.</li> <li>The sliding distance is reduced for a given distance of travel.</li> <li>The coefficient of friction at the interface is usually lower.</li></ul> <p>Example: </p> <ul><li>If a 100 kg object is dragged for 10 m along a surface with the <a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">coefficient of friction</a> <i>μ</i> = 0.5, the <a href="/wiki/Normal_force" title="Normal force">normal force</a> is 981 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical work">work</a> done (required <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>) is (work=force x distance) 981 × 0.5 × 10 = 4905 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joules</a>.</li> <li>Now give the object 4 wheels. The normal force between the 4 wheels and axles is the same (in total) 981 N. Assume, for wood, <i>μ</i> = 0.25, and say the wheel <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> is 1000 mm and axle diameter is 50 mm. So while the object still moves 10 m the sliding frictional surfaces only slide over each other a distance of 0.5 m. The work done is 981 × 0.25 × 0.5 = 123 joules; the work done has reduced to 1/40 of that of dragging.</li></ul> <p>Additional energy is lost from the wheel-to-road interface. This is termed <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> which is predominantly a deformation loss. It depends on the nature of the ground, of the material of the wheel, its inflation in the case of a tire, the net torque exerted by the eventual engine, and many other factors. </p><p>A wheel can also offer advantages in traversing irregular surfaces if the wheel radius is sufficiently large compared to the irregularities. </p><p>The wheel alone is not a machine, but when attached to an <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> in conjunction with bearing, it forms the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">wheel and axle</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">simple machines</a>. A driven wheel is an example of a wheel and axle. Wheels pre-date driven wheels by about 6000 years, themselves an evolution of using round logs as rollers to move a heavy load—a practice going back in pre-history so far that it has not been dated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the structure of a wheel. For the making of wire-spoked wheels, see <a href="/wiki/Wheelbuilding" title="Wheelbuilding">Wheelbuilding</a>. For the making of non-wire spoked wheels, see <a href="/wiki/Wheel_construction" title="Wheel construction">Wheel construction</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rim">Rim</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim (wheel)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg/220px-AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg/330px-AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg/440px-AluminumWheel_spoke_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminum</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">alloy wheel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>rim</b> is the "outer edge of a wheel, holding the tire".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes up the outer circular design of the wheel on which the inside edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a> is mounted on vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>. For example, on a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_wheel" title="Bicycle wheel">bicycle wheel</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">rim</a> is a large hoop attached to the outer ends of the spokes of the wheel that holds the tire and tube. </p><p>In the 1st millennium BCE an <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> rim was introduced around the wooden wheels of <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hub">Hub</h3></div> <p>The hub is the center of the wheel, and typically houses a <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearing</a>, and is where the spokes meet. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Hubless_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubless wheel">hubless wheel</a> (also known as a rim-rider or centerless wheel) is a type of wheel with no center <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hub" class="extiw" title="wikt:hub">hub</a>. More specifically, the hub is actually almost as big as the wheel itself. The <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> is hollow, following the wheel at very close <a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">tolerances</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spokes">Spokes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spoke</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg/220px-Wheel_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Wheel_Iran.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>A spoked wheel on display at The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. The wheel is dated to the late 2nd millennium BCE and was excavated at <a href="/wiki/Choqa_Zanbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Choqa Zanbil">Choqa Zanbil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>spoke</i> is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycle hub">hub</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface. The term originally referred to portions of a log which had been split lengthwise into four or six sections. The radial members of a wagon wheel were made by carving a spoke (from a log) into their finished shape. A <a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">spokeshave</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tool</a> originally developed for this purpose. Eventually, the term spoke was more commonly applied to the finished product of the <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">wheelwright</a>'s work, than to the materials used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wire">Wire</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">wire wheel</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">rims</a> of <i>wire wheels</i> (or "wire spoked wheels") are connected to their hubs by wire <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">spokes</a>. Although these <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a> are generally stiffer than a typical <a href="/wiki/Wire_rope" title="Wire rope">wire rope</a>, they function mechanically the same as <a href="/wiki/Tension_(physics)" title="Tension (physics)">tensioned</a> flexible wires, keeping the rim true while supporting applied loads. </p><p>Wire wheels are used on most <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a> and still used on many <a href="/wiki/Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycles">motorcycles</a>. They were invented by aeronautical engineer <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> and first used in bicycles by <a href="/wiki/James_Starley" title="James Starley">James Starley</a>. A process of assembling wire wheels is described as <a href="/wiki/Wheelbuilding" title="Wheelbuilding">wheelbuilding</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tire">Tire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">tire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_tire" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycle tire">motorcycle tire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_tire" title="Bicycle tire">bicycle tire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BMW_tire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BMW_tire.jpg/220px-BMW_tire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BMW_tire.jpg/330px-BMW_tire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/BMW_tire.jpg/440px-BMW_tire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3852" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>A wheel with car tire made by <a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> company</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tire</b> (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian English</a>) or <b>tyre</b> (<a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a>) is a ring-shaped covering that fits around a wheel <a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">rim</a> to protect it and enable better vehicle performance by providing a flexible cushion that absorbs shock while keeping the wheel in close contact with the ground. The word itself may be derived from the word "tie", which refers to the outer steel ring part of a wooden cart wheel that ties the wood segments together (see <a href="#Terminology">Etymology</a> above). </p><p>The fundamental materials of modern tires are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a>, fabric, and wire, along with other compound chemicals. They consist of a tread and a body. The tread provides <a href="/wiki/Traction_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traction (engineering)">traction</a> while the body ensures support. Before rubber was invented, the first versions of tires were simply bands of metal that fitted around wooden wheels to prevent wear and tear. Today, the vast majority of tires are <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflatable structure">inflatable structures</a>, comprising a doughnut-shaped body of cords and wires encased in rubber and generally filled with compressed air to form an inflatable cushion. Pneumatic tires are used on many types of vehicles, such as <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycles">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment_(construction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy equipment (construction)">earthmovers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protruding_or_covering_attachments">Protruding or covering attachments</h3></div> <p>Extreme <a href="/wiki/Off-roading" title="Off-roading">off-road</a> conditions have resulted in the invention of several types of wheel cover, which may be constructed as removable attachments or as permanent covers. Wheels like this are no longer necessarily round, or have panels that make the ground-contact area flat. </p><p>Examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snow_chains" title="Snow chains">Snow chains</a> - Specially designed chain assemblies that wrap around the tire to provide increased grip, designed for deep snow.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreadnaught_wheel" title="Dreadnaught wheel">Dreadnaught wheel</a> - A type of permanently attached hinged panels for general extreme off-road use. These are not connected directly to the wheels, but to each other.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedrail_wheel" title="Pedrail wheel">Pedrail wheel</a> - A system of rails that holds panels that hold the vehicle. These do not necessarily have to be built as a circle (wheel) and are thus also a form of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Continuous track</a>.</li> <li>A version of the above examples (name unknown to the writer) was commonly used on heavy <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Specific examples: <a href="/wiki/Cannone_da_149/35_A" title="Cannone da 149/35 A">Cannone da 149/35 A</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(howitzer)" title="Big Bertha (howitzer)">Big Bertha</a>. These were panels that were connected to each other by multiple hinges and could be installed over a contemporary wheel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Continuous track</a> - A system of linked and hinged chains/panels that cover multiple wheels in a way that allows the vehicles mass to be distributed across the space between wheels that are positioned in front of / behind other wheels.</li> <li>"Tire totes" - A bag designed to cover a tire to improve traction in deep snow.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Truck and bus wheels may block (stop rotating) under certain circumstances, such as brake system failure. To help detect this, they sometimes feature "wheel rotation indicators": colored strips of plastic attached to the rim and protruding out from it, such that they can be seen by the driver in the <a href="/wiki/Side-view_mirror" title="Side-view mirror">side-view mirrors</a>. These devices were invented and patented in 1998 by a Canadian truck shop owner.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2></div> <p>While wheels are very widely used for ground transport, there are alternatives, some of which are suitable for terrain where wheels are ineffective. Alternative methods for ground transport without wheels include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski" title="Ski">ski</a> or <a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ekranoplan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekranoplan">ekranoplans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking" title="Walking">Walking</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian" title="Pedestrian">pedestrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litter_(vehicle)" title="Litter (vehicle)">Litter (vehicle)</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Walker_(machine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker (machine)">walking machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse riding">Horse riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Caterpillar tracks</a> (operated by wheels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedrail" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedrail">Pedrail</a> wheels, using aspects of both wheel and caterpillar track</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere" title="Sphere">Spheres</a>, as used by <a href="/wiki/Dyson_(company)" title="Dyson (company)">Dyson</a> vacuum cleaners and <a href="/wiki/Hamster_ball" title="Hamster ball">hamster balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw-propelled_vehicle" title="Screw-propelled vehicle">Screw-propelled vehicle</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/300px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/450px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg/600px-Jain_Cosmic_Time_Cycle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">wheel of time</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The wheel has also become a strong cultural and spiritual metaphor for a cycle or regular repetition (see <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and Yang</a> among others). As such and because of the difficult terrain, wheeled vehicles were forbidden in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">old Tibet</a>. The wheel in ancient <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is seen as a symbol of health and strength and used by some villages as a tool to predict future health and success. The <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a> of the wheel is indicator of one's future health. The <a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a> or wheel of time is also a subject in some forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">dharmachakra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Winged_wheel" title="Winged wheel">winged wheel</a> is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Panama" title="Coat of arms of Panama">coat of arms of Panama</a>, the logo of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Highway_Patrol" title="Ohio State Highway Patrol">Ohio State Highway Patrol</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_Railway_of_Thailand" title="State Railway of Thailand">State Railway of Thailand</a>. The wheel is also the prominent figure on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag of India</a>. The wheel in this case represents law (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>). It also appears in the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Romani_people" title="Flag of the Romani people">flag of the Romani people</a>, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins. </p><p> The introduction of spoked (<a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>) wheels in the Middle Bronze Age appears to have carried somewhat of a prestige. The <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">sun cross</a> appears to have a significance in <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_religion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bronze Age religion (disambiguation)">Bronze Age religion</a>, replacing the earlier concept of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_barge" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar barge">solar barge</a> with the more 'modern' and technologically advanced <a href="/wiki/Solar_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar chariot">solar chariot</a>. The wheel was also a solar symbol for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>In modern usage, the 'invention of the wheel' can be considered as a symbol of one of the first technologies of early civilization, alongside farming and metalwork, and thus be used as a benchmark to grade the level of societal progress.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Neopagans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wiccans</a> have adopted the <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wheel of the Year</a> into their religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg/200px-Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg/300px-Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg/400px-Ezekiel%27s_vision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Ezekiel's "chariot vision" of <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_1" title="Ezekiel 1">Ezekiel 1</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Matthaeus_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthaeus Merian">Matthaeus Merian</a> (1593-1650).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><b>Types</b>: <a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artillery_wheel" title="Artillery wheel">Artillery wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ball_transfer_unit" title="Ball transfer unit">Ball transfer unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_wheel" title="Bicycle wheel">Bicycle wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caster" title="Caster">Caster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">Cogwheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dreadnaught_wheel" title="Dreadnaught wheel">Dreadnaught wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">Driving wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flywheel" title="Flywheel">Flywheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubless_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubless wheel">Hubless wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline_skates#Wheels" title="Inline skates">Inline skate wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansell_wheel" title="Mansell wheel">Mansell wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecanum_wheel" title="Mecanum wheel">Mecanum wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_wheel" title="Motorcycle wheel">Motorcycle wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omni_wheel" title="Omni wheel">Omni wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedrail_wheel" title="Pedrail wheel">Pedrail wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disteel" title="Disteel">Pressed Steel wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboard#Wheels" title="Skateboard">Skateboard wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Square_wheel" title="Square wheel">Square wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stairclimber#Stairclimber_wheels" title="Stairclimber">Stairclimber wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">Steering wheel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">Ship's wheel</a>), <a href="/wiki/Train_wheel" title="Train wheel">Train wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tweel" title="Tweel">Tweel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagon_wheel_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagon wheel (transportation)">Wagon wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheel</a></li> <li><b>Components</b>: <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skateboard_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Skateboard truck">Truck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_(mechanical_device)" title="Differential (mechanical device)">Differential</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drivetrain" title="Drivetrain">Drivetrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rim_(wheel)" title="Rim (wheel)">Rim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_chains" title="Snow chains">Snow chains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoke" title="Spoke">Spoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">Wheelset</a></li> <li><b>Related technologies and concepts</b>: <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_screw" class="mw-redirect" title="Archimedes screw">Archimedes screw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">Breaking wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferris_wheel" title="Ferris wheel">Ferris wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery wheel">Pottery wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinventing_the_wheel" title="Reinventing the wheel">Reinventing the wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">Spindle whorl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wagon-wheel_effect" title="Wagon-wheel effect">Wagon-wheel effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow" title="Wheelbarrow">Wheelbarrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelie" title="Wheelie">Wheelie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wheel of Fortune (disambiguation)">Wheel of Fortune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windlass" title="Windlass">Windlass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">Windmill</a></li> <li><b>Alternatives</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Air cushion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continuous_track" title="Continuous track">Continuous track</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screw-propelled_vehicle" title="Screw-propelled vehicle">Counter-rotating screws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leg_mechanism" title="Leg mechanism">Leg mechanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_levitation" title="Magnetic levitation">Magnetic levitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wing-in-ground-effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing-in-ground-effect">Wing-in-ground-effect</a></li> <li><b>History</b>: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wheel_in_Africa" title="History of the wheel in Africa">History of the wheel in Africa</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_The_Wheel_and_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="The Horse, The Wheel and Language">The Horse, The Wheel and Language</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems" title="Rotating locomotion in living systems">Rotating locomotion in living systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion_in_animals#Rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial locomotion in animals">Terrestrial locomotion in animals: Rolling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><b>Theory</b>: <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">Rolling resistance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotational_energy" title="Rotational energy">Rotational energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">Torque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel_and_axle" title="Wheel and axle">Wheel and axle (simple machine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheel_sizing" title="Wheel sizing">Wheel sizing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wheel">"wheel"</a>. <i>Online Etymology Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703044245/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wheel">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=wheel&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dwheel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=wheel&submit.x=42&submit.y=19">"American Heritage Dictionary Entry: wheel"</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720080559/http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=wheel&submit.x=42&submit.y=19">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary+Entry%3A+wheel&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt+Publishing+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dwheel%26submit.x%3D42%26submit.y%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Hans J. J. G.: The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archaeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY, Budapest, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5">978-615-5766-30-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zP45DAAAQBAJ"><i>Transportation</i></a>. BPI. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184972436" title="Special:BookSources/9788184972436"><bdi>9788184972436</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054636/https://books.google.com/books?id=zP45DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transportation&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=BPI&rft.isbn=9788184972436&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzP45DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_Lewis_Ditkoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell Lewis Ditkoff (May 2008). <i>Awake at the Wheel: Getting Your Great Ideas Rolling (in an Uphill World)</i>. Morgan James Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781600377709" title="Special:BookSources/9781600377709"><bdi>9781600377709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awake+at+the+Wheel%3A+Getting+Your+Great+Ideas+Rolling+%28in+an+Uphill+World%29&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Morgan+James+Publishing&rft.date=2008-05&rft.isbn=9781600377709&rft.au=Mitchell+Lewis+Ditkoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFY_C_Chiu2010" class="citation book cs1">Y C Chiu (2010). <i>An Introduction to the History of Project Management: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900</i>. Eburon. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789059724372" title="Special:BookSources/9789059724372"><bdi>9789059724372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Project+Management%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+A.D.+1900&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Eburon&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789059724372&rft.au=Y+C+Chiu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchier2015" class="citation book cs1">Schier, Wolfram (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PAkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">"Chapter 5: Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. In Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe</i>. OUP Oxford. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954584-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954584-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Neolithic+Europe&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954584-1&rft.aulast=Schier&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PAkBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2016" class="citation book cs1">Weil, David (3 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p79JDAAAQBAJ"><i>Economic Growth - David Weil - Google Books</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315510446" title="Special:BookSources/9781315510446"><bdi>9781315510446</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054604/https://books.google.com/books?id=p79JDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Growth+-+David+Weil+-+Google+Books&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-06-03&rft.isbn=9781315510446&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp79JDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2016" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard W. (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x341CwAAQBAJ"><i>The Wheel Inventions and Reinventions By Richard W. Bulliet page 98 (a BA and a PhD from Harvard university)</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231540612" title="Special:BookSources/9780231540612"><bdi>9780231540612</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054603/https://books.google.com/books?id=x341CwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+Inventions+and+Reinventions+By+Richard+W.+Bulliet+page+98+%28a+BA+and+a+PhD+from+Harvard+university%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.isbn=9780231540612&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx341CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDi8CB3B6vgC">Man and Wound in the Ancient World A History of Military Medicine from Sumer to the Fall of Constantinople By Richard A. Gabriel 65 page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newscientist-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-newscientist_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/definition/the-wheel/">"When was the wheel invented?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210820234924/https://www.newscientist.com/definition/the-wheel/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+was+the+wheel+invented%3F&rft.pub=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fdefinition%2Fthe-wheel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thought-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thought_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheel-1992669">"The Invention of the Wheel"</a>. www.thoughtco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210820235433/https://www.thoughtco.com/the-invention-of-the-wheel-1992669">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+Wheel&rft.pub=www.thoughtco.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fthe-invention-of-the-wheel-1992669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._Gordon_Childe1928" class="citation book cs1">V. Gordon Childe (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014"><i>New Light on the Most Ancient East</i></a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129">110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+the+Most+Ancient+East&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1928&rft.au=V.+Gordon+Childe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.215014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouxde_Miroschedji2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roux, Valentine; de Miroschedji, Pierre (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/007589109X12484491671095">"Revisiting the History of the Potter's Wheel in the Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Levant</i>. <b>41</b> (2): 155–173. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F007589109X12484491671095">10.1179/007589109X12484491671095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-8914">0075-8914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+History+of+the+Potter%27s+Wheel+in+the+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-173&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F007589109X12484491671095&rft.issn=0075-8914&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft.au=de+Miroschedji%2C+Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1179%2F007589109X12484491671095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moorey1994-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moorey1994_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorey1999" class="citation book cs1">Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC"><i>Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence</i></a>. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-042-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-042-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Materials+and+Industries%3A+The+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.place=Winona+Lake%2C+IN&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-042-2&rft.aulast=Moorey&rft.aufirst=Peter+Roger+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_Ixuott4doC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Haarmann" title="Harald Haarmann">Haarmann, Harald</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkL_DwAAQBAJ&dq=danube+river+civilization+potter%27s+wheel&pg=PA40"><i>Advancement in Ancient Civilizations: Life, Culture, Science and Thought</i></a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4075-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-4075-4"><bdi>978-1-4766-4075-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advancement+in+Ancient+Civilizations%3A+Life%2C+Culture%2C+Science+and+Thought&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-4075-4&rft.aulast=Haarmann&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkL_DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddanube%2Briver%2Bcivilization%2Bpotter%2527s%2Bwheel%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, Graham (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/July-2017/Why-Reinvent-the-Wheel">"Why Reinvent the Wheel?"</a>. <i>AramcoWorld</i>. <b>68</b> (4): 28–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-5821">1530-5821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AramcoWorld&rft.atitle=Why+Reinvent+the+Wheel%3F&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=28-33&rft.date=2017-08&rft.issn=1530-5821&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aramcoworld.com%2FArticles%2FJuly-2017%2FWhy-Reinvent-the-Wheel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Standage" title="Tom Standage">Standage, Tom</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoQWEAAAQBAJ&dq=wheel+originated+eastern+europe&pg=PA2"><i>A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next</i></a>. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 2–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63557-361-9"><bdi>978-1-63557-361-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1184237267">1184237267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Motion%3A+From+the+Wheel%2C+to+the+Car%2C+to+What+Comes+Next&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1184237267&rft.isbn=978-1-63557-361-9&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoQWEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwheel%2Boriginated%2Beastern%2Beurope%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchier2015" class="citation book cs1">Schier, Wolfram (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PAkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA113">"Chapter 5: Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. In Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan; Hofmann, Daniela (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe</i>. OUP Oxford. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954584-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954584-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954584-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Neolithic+Europe&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954584-1&rft.aulast=Schier&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PAkBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulliet2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Bulliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard W. Bulliet">Bulliet, Richard W.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/the-wheel-inventions-and-reinventions-0231173385-9780231173384-9780231540612_compress"><i>The Wheel: Inventions And Reinventions</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6, 51–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54061-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54061-2"><bdi>978-0-231-54061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wheel%3A+Inventions+And+Reinventions&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=6%2C+51-70&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54061-2&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-wheel-inventions-and-reinventions-0231173385-9780231173384-9780231540612_compress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Hans J. J. G.: The Earliest Wheel Finds, their Archaeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Series Minor 43. ARCHAEOLINGUA ALAPÍTVÁNY, Budapest, 2019. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5766-30-5">978-615-5766-30-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Marshall1996" class="citation book cs1">John Marshall (1996). <i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927, Volume 1</i>. Asian Education Services. p. 554. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Asian+Education+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.au=John+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://techzle.com/ancient-wheel-tracks-in-northern-germany">"Ancient wheel tracks in Northern Germany"</a>. 15 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019175829/http://techzle.com/ancient-wheel-tracks-in-northern-germany">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+wheel+tracks+in+Northern+Germany&rft.date=2022-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechzle.com%2Fancient-wheel-tracks-in-northern-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zenger.news/2022/04/29/wheel-i-never-europes-oldest-stone-age-cart-tracks-found/">"Wheel I Never: Europes Oldest Stone Age Cart Tracks Found"</a>. 29 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019182832/https://www.zenger.news/2022/04/29/wheel-i-never-europes-oldest-stone-age-cart-tracks-found/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wheel+I+Never%3A+Europes+Oldest+Stone+Age+Cart+Tracks+Found&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenger.news%2F2022%2F04%2F29%2Fwheel-i-never-europes-oldest-stone-age-cart-tracks-found%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Hans J. J. G. "The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus". <i>Archaeolingua Alapítvány</i>, Budapest, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9911-34-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9911-34-5">978-963-9911-34-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttemaLos-WeijnsPers2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&pg=PA11">"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East"</a>. <i>Palaeohistoria</i>. 47/48. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>: 10–28 (11). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789077922187" title="Special:BookSources/9789077922187"><bdi>9789077922187</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822123805/https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=Bronocice%2C+Flintbek%2C+Uruk%2C+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe%3A+The+Earliest+Evidence+of+Wheeled+Vehicles+in+Europe+and+the+Near+East&rft.volume=47%2F48&rft.pages=10-28+%2811%29&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=9789077922187&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+J.&rft.au=Los-Weijns%2C+Ma&rft.au=Pers%2C+N.+D.+Maring-Van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqEqjtKJQ3YC%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony,_David_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, David A. (2007). <i>The horse, the wheel, and language: how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05887-0"><bdi>978-0-691-05887-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+horse%2C+the+wheel%2C+and+language%3A+how+Bronze-Age+riders+from+the+Eurasian+steppes+shaped+the+modern+world&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05887-0&rft.au=Anthony%2C+David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Velušček, A.; Čufar, K. and Zupančič, M. (2009) "Prazgodovinsko leseno kolo z osjo s kolišča Stare gmajne na Ljubljanskem barju", pp. 197–222 in A. Velušček (ed.). <i>Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne in njen as. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4</i>. tisočletja pr. Kr. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16. Ljubljana.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Chris; Harding, Jan and Hofmann, Daniela (eds.) (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PAkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Neolithic Europe.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229070257/https://books.google.com/books?id=2PAkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">Archived</a> 29 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> OUP Oxford. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-166688-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-166688-2">0-19-166688-2</a>. p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttemaLos-WeijnsMaring-Van_der_Pers2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Maring-Van der Pers, N. D. (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&pg=PA19">"Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence of Wheeled Vehicles in Europe and the Near East"</a>. <i>Palaeohistoria</i>. 47/48. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>: 10-28 (19-20). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789077922187" title="Special:BookSources/9789077922187"><bdi>9789077922187</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822123802/https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&pg=PA19">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohistoria&rft.atitle=Bronocice%2C+Flintbek%2C+Uruk%2C+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe%3A+The+Earliest+Evidence+of+Wheeled+Vehicles+in+Europe+and+the+Near+East&rft.volume=47%2F48&rft.pages=10-28+%2819-20%29&rft.date=2006-12&rft.isbn=9789077922187&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=P.+A.+J.&rft.au=Los-Weijns%2C+Ma&rft.au=Maring-Van+der+Pers%2C+N.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqEqjtKJQ3YC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/202001/t20200119_5081197.shtml">"Central China discovers earliest wheel ruts"</a>. Xinhua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822123815/http://kaogu.cssn.cn/ywb/news/new_discoveries_1/202001/t20200119_5081197.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+China+discovers+earliest+wheel+ruts&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkaogu.cssn.cn%2Fywb%2Fnews%2Fnew_discoveries_1%2F202001%2Ft20200119_5081197.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbieri-Low, Anthony (February 2000) "Wheeled Vehicles in the Chinese Bronze Age (c. 2000–741 B.C.E)", pp. 11-12. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsden2021" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsden, Shaun (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp311_indo_europeans_china_zhou_dynasty.pdf">"Indo-Europeans in the Ancient Yellow River Valley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (311): 21–23. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9687">2157-9687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-9679">2157-9679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Indo-Europeans+in+the+Ancient+Yellow+River+Valley&rft.issue=311&rft.pages=21-23&rft.date=2021&rft.eissn=2157-9687&rft.issn=2157-9679&rft.aulast=Ramsden&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp311_indo_europeans_china_zhou_dynasty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRawson2017" class="citation journal cs1">Rawson, Jessica (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/china-and-the-steppe-reception-and-resistance/C8CFF543119597721F43956F2EDB4A28">"China and the steppe: reception and resistance"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>91</b> (356): 375–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276">10.15184/aqy.2016.276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=China+and+the+steppe%3A+reception+and+resistance&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=356&rft.pages=375-388&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15184%2Faqy.2016.276&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantiquity%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fchina-and-the-steppe-reception-and-resistance%2FC8CFF543119597721F43956F2EDB4A28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinduffSunCaoLiu2017" class="citation book cs1">Linduff, Katheryn M.; Sun, Yan; Cao, Wei; Liu, Yuanqing (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/ancient-china-and-its-eurasian-neighbors/B968699731758994BA2704D1864DF5EF"><i>Ancient China and its Eurasian Neighbors: Artifacts, Identity and Death in the Frontier, 3000–700 BCE</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108290555">10.1017/9781108290555</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41861-4"><bdi>978-1-108-41861-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China+and+its+Eurasian+Neighbors%3A+Artifacts%2C+Identity+and+Death+in+the+Frontier%2C+3000%E2%80%93700+BCE&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108290555&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41861-4&rft.aulast=Linduff&rft.aufirst=Katheryn+M.&rft.au=Sun%2C+Yan&rft.au=Cao%2C+Wei&rft.au=Liu%2C+Yuanqing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fancient-china-and-its-eurasian-neighbors%2FB968699731758994BA2704D1864DF5EF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCMF2016-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCMF2016_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-35598578">"Bronze Age wheel at 'British Pompeii' Must Farm an 'unprecedented find'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109203927/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cambridgeshire-35598578">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+wheel+at+%27British+Pompeii%27+Must+Farm+an+%27unprecedented+find%27&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cambridgeshire-35598578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkholm1946" class="citation journal cs1">Ekholm, Gordon F. (April 1946). 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New York: Norton. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa00diam/page/237">237</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31755-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31755-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326153817/https://archive.org/details/gunsgermssteelfa00diam">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carriage+Journal%3A+Vol+23+No+4+Spring+1986&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Carriage+Assoc.+of+America&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXyg-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia.com-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia.com_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChasin_Calvo" class="citation web cs1">Chasin Calvo, Sherri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/technology-incas-and-aztecs">"The Technology of the Incas and Aztecs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210820230953/https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/technology-incas-and-aztecs">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>There were no wheeled carts, or even wheelbarrows. Although wheeled toys and decorations have been found at Mesoamerican sites, the wheel was never put to practical use.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Technology+of+the+Incas+and+Aztecs&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft.aulast=Chasin+Calvo&rft.aufirst=Sherri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fscience%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Ftechnology-incas-and-aztecs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Herman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ambergriscaye.com/museum/digit4.html">"Real smart folks, but no wheel"</a>. Dig It. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210820225839/https://ambergriscaye.com/museum/digit4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+smart+folks%2C+but+no+wheel&rft.pub=Dig+It&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fambergriscaye.com%2Fmuseum%2Fdigit4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFkoorihistory.com2019" class="citation web cs1">koorihistory.com (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koorihistory.com/wheel/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Aboriginal people never even invented the wheel."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Koori History - Aboriginal History of South Eastern Australia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074912/https://koorihistory.com/wheel/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Koori+History+-+Aboriginal+History+of+South+Eastern+Australia&rft.atitle=%22Aboriginal+people+never+even+invented+the+wheel.%22&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.au=koorihistory.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoorihistory.com%2Fwheel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E5D71E3BF934A15751C0A962958260">"Crafts – Uncovering Treasures of Ancient Nubia"</a>. <i>NYTimes.com</i>. 27 February 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822123811/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/27/nyregion/crafts-uncovering-treasures-of-ancient-nubia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NYTimes.com&rft.atitle=Crafts+%E2%80%93+Uncovering+Treasures+of+Ancient+Nubia&rft.date=1994-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9C00E5D71E3BF934A15751C0A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/1994/jun/whatthenubiansat393">"What the Nubians Ate"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301170920/http://discovermagazine.com/1994/jun/whatthenubiansat393">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=What+the+Nubians+Ate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F1994%2Fjun%2Fwhatthenubiansat393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageOliver1975" class="citation book cs1">Fage, J. D.; Oliver, Roland Anthony (1975). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage"><i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage/page/278">278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21592-3"><bdi>978-0-521-21592-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610192051/https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory05fage">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Africa&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21592-3&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Roland+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory05fage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law_wheel_Africa-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Law_wheel_Africa_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_wheel_Africa_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1980" class="citation journal cs1">Law, Robin C. (1980). "Wheeled Transportation in Pre-Colonial West Africa". <i>Africa</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 249–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1159117">10.2307/1159117</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1159117">1159117</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148903113">148903113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Wheeled+Transportation+in+Pre-Colonial+West+Africa&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-62&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148903113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1159117%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1159117&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Robin+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChavesEngermanRobinson2012" class="citation cs1">Chaves, Isaías; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Engerman" title="Stanley Engerman">Engerman, Stanley L.</a>; Robinson, James A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032919/http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/the_wheel_in_africa_february_2012.pdf"><i>Reinventing the Wheel: The Economic Benefits of Wheeled Transportation in Early Colonial British West Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_Center_for_International_Affairs" title="Weatherhead Center for International Affairs">Weatherhead Center for International Affairs</a>. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/jrobinson/files/the_wheel_in_africa_february_2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2014</span>. <q>One of the great technological puzzles of Sub-Saharan African economic history is that wheeled transportation was barely used prior to the colonial period. Instead, head porterage was the main method of transportation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Wheel%3A+The+Economic+Benefits+of+Wheeled+Transportation+in+Early+Colonial+British+West+Africa&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Weatherhead+Center+for+International+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chaves&rft.aufirst=Isa%C3%ADas&rft.au=Engerman%2C+Stanley+L.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+James+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fjrobinson%2Ffiles%2Fthe_wheel_in_africa_february_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/research/wheel-and-axle-woi/">bookrags.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527182437/http://www.bookrags.com/research/wheel-and-axle-woi/">Archived</a> 27 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Wheel and axle</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJewel2006" class="citation book cs1">Jewel, Elizabeth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUE0bazkcxAC&pg=PA722"><i>The Pocket Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 722. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530715-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530715-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504123938/https://books.google.com/books?id=fUE0bazkcxAC&pg=PA722">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pocket+Oxford+Dictionary+and+Thesaurus&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530715-3&rft.aulast=Jewel&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUE0bazkcxAC%26pg%3DPA722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=?p=snow+chains">"Examples of snow chains"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212164743/https://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=?p=snow+chains">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examples+of+snow+chains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%3B_ylt%3D%3Fp%3Dsnow%2Bchains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tires.tirerack.com/tires/Tote">"Examples of "tire totes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517200408/https://tires.tirerack.com/tires/Tote">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Examples+of+%22tire+totes%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftires.tirerack.com%2Ftires%2FTote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.tesla.com/product/tire-tote">"Another example of "tire totes"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103071434/https://shop.tesla.com/product/tire-tote">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Another+example+of+%22tire+totes%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.tesla.com%2Fproduct%2Ftire-tote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/here-is-what-those-strips-hanging-off-of-truck-wheels-a-1848314282">"Here Is What Those Strips Hanging Off Of Truck Wheels Are For"</a>. <i>Jalopnik</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220107161233/https://jalopnik.com/here-is-what-those-strips-hanging-off-of-truck-wheels-a-1848314282">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jalopnik&rft.atitle=Here+Is+What+Those+Strips+Hanging+Off+Of+Truck+Wheels+Are+For&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjalopnik.com%2Fhere-is-what-those-strips-hanging-off-of-truck-wheels-a-1848314282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Newman1991" class="citation book cs1">John Newman (1991). "Blurb/description". In Geshe Lhundub Sopa (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGDCQNn0C9oC"><i>The Wheel of Time: Kalachakra in Context</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Publications" title="Shambhala Publications">Shambhala</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-779-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-779-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054604/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGDCQNn0C9oC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blurb%2Fdescription&rft.btitle=The+Wheel+of+Time%3A+Kalachakra+in+Context&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-779-7&rft.au=John+Newman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGDCQNn0C9oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Huntington, Dina Bangdel, <i>The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art,</i> p. 524. <br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2005" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Adelaide S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcOmjiAWXAC"><i>A Glossary of Important Symbols in Their Hebrew: Pagan and Christian Forms</i></a>. Cosimo. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59605-593-3"><bdi>978-1-59605-593-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508012358/https://books.google.com/books?id=OxcOmjiAWXAC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glossary+of+Important+Symbols+in+Their+Hebrew%3A+Pagan+and+Christian+Forms&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59605-593-3&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Adelaide+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxcOmjiAWXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Liz (29 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/29/paganism-part-3-wheel-year-dates">"Paganism, part 3: the Wheel of the Year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026082614/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/29/paganism-part-3-wheel-year-dates">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Paganism%2C+part+3%3A+the+Wheel+of+the+Year&rft.date=2013-07-29&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2013%2Fjul%2F29%2Fpaganism-part-3-wheel-year-dates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li>University of Kiel. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/details/news/051-wheel-tracks#">3400 BC: The oldest evidence for the use of the wheel and wagon originates from Northern Germany</a>". Online: April 11, 2022. Retrieved: April 14th, 2022.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wheels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wheels">Wheels</a></b></i> and <wbr /><i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Automobile_wheels" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Automobile wheels">Automobile wheels</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div 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gearbox">Direct-shift gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">Drive shaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission" title="Dual-clutch transmission">Dual-clutch transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_manual_transmission" title="Automated manual transmission">Automated manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrorheological_clutch" title="Electrorheological clutch">Electrorheological clutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing" title="Epicyclic gearing">Epicyclic gearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_coupling" title="Fluid coupling">Fluid coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drive" title="Friction drive">Friction drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gear_stick" title="Gear stick">Gearshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giubo" title="Giubo">Giubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_drive" title="Hotchkiss drive">Hotchkiss drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">Limited-slip differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locking_differential" title="Locking differential">Locking differential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">Manual transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manumatic" title="Manumatic">Manumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_pawl" title="Parking pawl">Parking pawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_by_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Park by wire">Park-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preselector_gearbox" title="Preselector gearbox">Preselector gearbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">Semi-automatic transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift-by-wire" title="Shift-by-wire">Shift-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_converter" title="Torque converter">Torque converter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaxle" 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title="Electric generator">Electric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chassis_control_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chassis_control_systems" title="Template talk:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis_control_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chassis control systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chassis_control_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rolling_chassis" title="Rolling chassis">Chassis</a> control system</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">Automobile</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">Suspension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-roll_bar" title="Anti-roll bar">Anti-roll bar (sway bar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">Axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axle_track" title="Axle track">Axle track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Beam axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camber_angle" title="Camber angle">Camber angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_handling" title="Automobile handling">Car handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_spring" title="Coil spring">Coil spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Dion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="De Dion tube">De Dion tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_wishbone_suspension" title="Double wishbone suspension">Double wishbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic" title="Hydrolastic">Hydrolastic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrolastic#Hydragas" title="Hydrolastic">Hydragas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropneumatic_suspension" title="Hydropneumatic suspension">Hydropneumatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">Independent suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_spring" title="Leaf spring">Leaf spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_axle" title="Beam axle">Live axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-link_suspension" title="Multi-link suspension">Multi-link suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhard_rod" title="Panhard rod">Panhard rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_absorber" title="Shock absorber">Shock absorber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">Swing axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_(automotive)" title="Toe (automotive)">Toe angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">Torsion bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Trailing arm">Trailing arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsprung_mass" title="Unsprung mass">Unsprung mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watt%27s_linkage" title="Watt's linkage">Watt's linkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_alignment" title="Wheel alignment">Wheel alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steering" title="Steering">Steering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering_geometry" title="Ackermann steering geometry">Ackermann steering geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_angle" title="Caster angle">Caster angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(automotive_part)" title="Kingpin (automotive part)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Oversteer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_steering" title="Power steering">Power steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">Rack and pinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torque_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Torque steering">Torque steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understeer_and_oversteer" title="Understeer and oversteer">Understeer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brake" title="Brake">Brakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collision_avoidance_system" title="Collision avoidance system">Automatic braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">Anti-lock braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_rollover_protection" title="Active rollover protection">Active rollover protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_bleeding" title="Brake bleeding">Brake bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fade" title="Brake fade">Brake fade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_fluid" title="Brake fluid">Brake fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_lining" title="Brake lining">Brake lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_braking_system" title="Combined braking system">Combined braking system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_brake" title="Disc brake">Disc brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_brake" title="Drum brake">Drum brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_park_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric park brake">Electric park brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_brakeforce_distribution" title="Electronic brakeforce distribution">Electronic brakeforce distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">Electronic stability control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_braking" title="Engine braking">Engine braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">Hydraulic brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inboard_brake" title="Inboard brake">Inboard brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">Parking brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">Regenerative brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_servo" title="Vacuum servo">Vacuum servo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roadwheels</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tire" title="Tire">Tires (Tyres)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alloy_wheel" title="Alloy wheel">Alloy wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custom_wheel" title="Custom wheel">Custom wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drive_wheel" title="Drive wheel">Drive wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubcap" title="Hubcap">Hubcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tires" title="Outline of tires">Outline of tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostyle_wheel" title="Rostyle wheel">Rostyle wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_(wheel)" title="Spinner (wheel)">Spinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewall_tire" title="Whitewall tire">Whitewall tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wheel" title="Wire wheel">Wire wheels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cars" title="Portal:Cars">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cars" title="Category:Cars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Locomotive_design" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Locomotive_design" title="Template:Locomotive design"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Locomotive_design" title="Template talk:Locomotive design"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Locomotive_design" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Locomotive design"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Locomotive_design" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotive</a> design</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cab_(locomotive)" title="Cab (locomotive)">Cab</a> positioning <br /><a href="/wiki/Short_hood" title="Short hood">Short hood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Long_hood" title="Long hood">Long hood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cab_forward" title="Cab forward">Cab forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharknose" title="Sharknose">Sharknose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplecab" title="Steeplecab">Steeplecab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_unit" title="Cab unit">Cab unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_unit" title="Hood unit">Hood unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowl_unit" title="Cowl unit">Cowl unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxcab" title="Boxcab">Boxcab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_stand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual control stand">Dual Control Stand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheel_arrangement" title="Wheel arrangement">Wheel arrangement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAR_wheel_arrangement" title="AAR wheel arrangement">AAR wheel arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIC_classification_of_locomotive_axle_arrangements" title="UIC classification of locomotive axle arrangements">UIC classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_locomotive_and_railcar_classification" title="Swiss locomotive and railcar classification">Swiss classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whyte_notation" title="Whyte notation">Whyte notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valve_gear" title="Valve gear">Valve gear</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Allan_straight_link_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Allan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_valve_gear" title="Baker valve gear">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnall%E2%80%93Price_valve_gear" title="Bagnall–Price valve gear">Bagnall–Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baguley_valve_gear" title="Baguley valve gear">Baguley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulleid_chain-driven_valve_gear" title="Bulleid chain-driven valve gear">Bulleid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprotti_valve_gear" title="Caprotti valve gear">Caprotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_valve_gear" title="Gab valve gear">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear#Gooch_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresley_conjugated_valve_gear" title="Gresley conjugated valve gear">Gresley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackworth_valve_gear" title="Hackworth valve gear">Hackworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_valve_gear" title="Joy valve gear">Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_slide" title="Kuhn slide">Kuhn slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentz_valve_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Lentz valve gear">Lentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_valve_gear" title="Southern valve gear">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephenson_valve_gear" title="Stephenson valve gear">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walschaerts_valve_gear" title="Walschaerts valve gear">Walschaerts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAR_type_A_switcher_truck" title="AAR type A switcher truck">AAR type A switcher truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnoux_system" title="Arnoux system">Arnoux system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_bogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated bogie">Articulated bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissel_truck" title="Bissel truck">Bissel truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blomberg_B" title="Blomberg B">Blomberg B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogie#Cleminson_system" title="Bogie">Cleminson system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grovers_bogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Grovers bogie">Grovers bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobs_bogie" title="Jacobs bogie">Jacobs bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krauss-Helmholtz_bogie" title="Krauss-Helmholtz bogie">Krauss-Helmholtz bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Bogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason Bogie">Mason Bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Pony truck">Pony truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_steering_truck" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial steering truck">Radial steering truck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheffel_bogie" title="Scheffel bogie">Scheffel bogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt_II_bogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie">Schwartzkopff-Eckhardt II bogie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Running_gear_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Running gear (railway)">running gear</a> elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_axle" title="Adams axle">Adams axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axlebox" class="mw-redirect" title="Axlebox">Axlebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beugniot_lever" title="Beugniot lever">Beugniot lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_wheel" title="Carrying wheel">Carrying wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">Coupled wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">Driving wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalising_beam" title="Equalising beam">Equalising beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lsdorf_axle" title="Gölsdorf axle">Gölsdorf axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal box">Journal box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klien-Lindner_axle" title="Klien-Lindner axle">Klien-Lindner axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_wheel" title="Leading wheel">Leading wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutterm%C3%B6ller_axle" title="Luttermöller axle">Luttermöller axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_axle" title="Radial axle">Radial axle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_tire" title="Railway tire">Railway tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road%E2%80%93rail_vehicle" title="Road–rail vehicle">Road–rail vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_wheel" title="Trailing wheel">Trailing wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_wheel" title="Train wheel">Train wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelset_(rail_transport)" title="Wheelset (rail transport)">Wheelset</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive_exhaust_system" title="Steam locomotive exhaust system">Exhaust system</a> types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giesl_ejector" title="Giesl ejector">Giesl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylchap" title="Kylchap">Kylchap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kylpor_ejector" title="Kylpor ejector">Kylpor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre_exhaust" title="Lemaître exhaust">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempor_ejector" title="Lempor ejector">Lempor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemprex_ejector" title="Lemprex ejector">Lemprex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive_exhaust_system" title="Steam locomotive exhaust system">exhaust system</a> elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blastpipe" title="Blastpipe">Blastpipe</a></li> 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