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Ionizacija – Wikipedija/Википедија
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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Energija_ionizacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energija_ionizacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Energija ionizacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energija_ionizacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzroci_ionizacije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzroci_ionizacije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uzroci ionizacije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uzroci_ionizacije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mjerni_instrumenti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mjerni_instrumenti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mjerni instrumenti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mjerni_instrumenti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Mjerni instrumenti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mjerni_instrumenti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ionizacijska_komora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ionizacijska_komora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ionizacijska komora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ionizacijska_komora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geiger-Müllerovo_brojilo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geiger-Müllerovo_brojilo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geiger-Müllerovo_brojilo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wilsonova_komora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wilsonova_komora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Wilsonova komora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wilsonova_komora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zdravlje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zdravlje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zdravlje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zdravlje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ionizacija</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 71 jeziku" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 jezik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisasie" title="Ionisasie — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ionisasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تأين — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0onla%C5%9Fma" title="İonlaşma — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İonlaşma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyonisasyon" title="Iyonisasyon — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iyonisasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Іанізацыя — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іанізацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Йонизация — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йонизация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A8" title="আয়নন — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আয়নন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ionizacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionitzaci%C3%B3" title="Ionització — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ionització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ئایۆناندن — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئایۆناندن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizace" title="Ionizace — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ionizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιονισμός — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιονισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ionization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonigo" title="Jonigo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jonigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisatsioon" title="Ionisatsioon — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ionisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizazio" title="Ionizazio — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ionizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B4" title="یونش — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizaci%C3%B3n" title="Ionización — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ionización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9F" title="יינון — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יינון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A8" title="आयनन — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आयनन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniziranje" title="Ioniziranje — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ioniziranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Ionizáció — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ionizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Իոնացում — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իոնացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisation" title="Ionisation — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ionisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisasi" title="Ionisasi — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ionisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizzazione" title="Ionizzazione — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ionizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E5%8C%96" title="イオン化 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオン化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იონიზაცია — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იონიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Иондау — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иондау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8%ED%99%94" title="이온화 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Иондошуу — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иондошуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacija" title="Jonizacija — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joniz%C4%81cija" title="Jonizācija — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jonizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јонизација — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јонизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അയൊണീകരണം — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അയൊണീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengionan" title="Pengionan — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengionan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युत विच्छेदन — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विद्युत विच्छेदन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisatie" title="Ionisatie — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ionisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisering" title="Ionisering — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ionisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacja" title="Jonizacja — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jonizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonisassion" title="Jonisassion — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jonisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Ionização — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ionização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizare" title="Ionizare — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ionizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ионизация — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniseren" title="Ioniseren — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ioniseren" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Severni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ionization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioniz%C3%A1cia" title="Ionizácia — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ionizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Ionizacija — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ionizacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondekedzo" title="Nondekedzo — Šona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nondekedzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Šona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonizacija" title="Jonizacija — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jonizacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonisering" title="Jonisering — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அயனியாக்கம் — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அயனியாக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%82" title="అయనీకరణం — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అయనీకరణం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแตกตัวเป็นไอออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0yonla%C5%9Fma" title="İyonlaşma — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İyonlaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Іонізація — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іонізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="آئیونائزیشن — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیونائزیشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizatsiya" title="Ionizatsiya — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ionizatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_ly" title="Điện ly — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ly" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionisoasje" title="Ionisoasje — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Ionisoasje" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyonisasyon" title="Iyonisasyon — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iyonisasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="电离 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电离" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="电离 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电离" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-ch%C3%BA-h%C3%B2a" title="Lī-chú-hòa — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-chú-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="電離 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電離" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190382#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ionizacija" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Ionizacija&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn"><span>Latinica</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl"><span>Ћирилица</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ionizacija"><span>Prikaži</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Historija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alatke</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ionization_energies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ionization_energies.png/400px-Ionization_energies.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ionization_energies.png/600px-Ionization_energies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ionization_energies.png/800px-Ionization_energies.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Ionizacijska energija neutralnih kemijskih elemenata</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ionization_chamber.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ionization_chamber.svg/300px-Ionization_chamber.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ionization_chamber.svg/450px-Ionization_chamber.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ionization_chamber.svg/600px-Ionization_chamber.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Skica <a href="/wiki/Ionizacijska_komora" title="Ionizacijska komora">ionizacijske komore</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg/300px-Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg/450px-Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg/600px-Ionizacni_komory_v_dozimetru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ionizacijska_komora" title="Ionizacijska komora">Ionizacijska komora</a> u <a href="/wiki/Dozimetar" title="Dozimetar">dozimetru</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Geiger_counter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geiger_counter.jpg/300px-Geiger_counter.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geiger_counter.jpg/450px-Geiger_counter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Geiger_counter.jpg/600px-Geiger_counter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2080" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geigerov_broja%C4%8D" title="Geigerov brojač">Geigerov brojač</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/300px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/450px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg/600px-Cloud_chamber_bionerd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maglena_komora" title="Maglena komora">Maglena komora</a> s vidljivim tragovima <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućeg zračenja</a> (kratki debeli tragovi su <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestice</a>, a dugi i tanki tragovi su <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-čestice</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/300px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/450px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg/600px-BubbleChamber-fnal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Komora_na_mjehuri%C4%87e" title="Komora na mjehuriće">Komora na mjehuriće</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ionizacija</b> ili <b>ioniziranje</b> je nastajanje električki nabijenih čestica, <a href="/wiki/Ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion">iona</a>, iz neutralnih <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a>. Ionizaciju može izazvati druga električki nabijena čestica (ion, <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pozitron" title="Pozitron">pozitron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">mezon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestica</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deuteron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deuteron (stranica ne postoji)">deuteron</a>) koja se giba kroz plinovitu, kapljevitu ili čvrstu tvar, ako je <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetička energija</a> čestice dovoljno velika da u sudaru s neutralnim atomima ili molekulama izbaci iz njih <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a>. Najmanja za to potrebna energija je <b>energija ionizacije</b> (ionizacijski potencijal), to jest <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> koja je dovoljna da izolirani atom ili molekula u plinovitom stanju izgube jedan elektron, pri čemu nastaje ionski par: pozitivno nabijeni ion i izbačeni elektron. Energija ionizacije mjera je sposobnosti nekog <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijski element">kemijskog elementa</a> da ulazi u <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska reakcija">kemijske reakcije</a> uz stvaranje iona. <b>Prva energija ionizacije</b> odnosi se na gubitak najslabije vezanog elektrona u neutralnom atomu, druga, veća energija ionizacije odnosi se na ionizaciju tako nastaloga <a href="/wiki/Kation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kation">kationa</a> i tako dalje. Ukupan broj ionskih parova nastalih na jedinici duljine uzduž puta čestice naziva se <b>ionizacijska gustoća</b> (specifična ionizacija) i mjeri se najčešće u odnosu prema ionizacijskoj gustoći u <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraku</a>. Ona ovisi o energiji, <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_naboj" title="Električni naboj">naboju</a> čestice, za razliku od <b>totalne ionizacije</b>, to jest ukupnoga broja ionskih parova nastalih uzduž cijele staze čestice, koji ovisi uglavnom samo o energiji s kojom je čestica ušla u tvar. Atomi ili molekule mogu ionizacijom izgubiti po jedan elektron ili više njih, a izbačeni elektron može kratko vrijeme ostati slobodan, može se vezati uz neki neutralni atom ili molekulu i tako stvoriti negativno nabijen ion, ili se pak spojiti s nekim pozitivno nabijenim ionom. Prosječni put koji oslobođeni elektron prijeđe prije nego što se spoji s drugom česticom naziva se <b>srednji slobodni put</b> i ovisi uglavnom o <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaku</a> plina i stupnju ionizacije, to jest o omjeru između broja nastalih iona i preostalih neutralnih atoma, odnosno molekula. Gibajući se kroz sredstvo, čestica koja uzrokuje ionizaciju postupno gubi energiju i konačno se može zaustaviti. U zraku pri temperaturi od 15 <a href="/wiki/Celzij" class="mw-redirect" title="Celzij">°C</a> i tlaku od 101 325 <a href="/wiki/Paskal" title="Paskal">Pa</a> utrošak energije po nastajanju jednog ionskoga para iznosi oko 32,5 <a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a> i ne ovisi o uzročniku ionizacije. </p><p>Uz primarnu ionizaciju, koju izravno uzrokuje čestica, zbiva se i <b>sekundarna ionizacija</b>, to jest proces nastajanja iona djelovanjem elektrona i iona koji su nastali primarnom ionizacijom, ako su prilikom svojega postanka dobili dovoljno veliku energiju. Neutralne čestice, na primjer <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> ili neutralni <a href="/wiki/Mezon" title="Mezon">mezon</a>, mogu uzrokovati samo sekundarnu ionizaciju, predajući ili svu svoju energiju ili samo njezin dio nekoj električki nabijenoj čestici, na primjer <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protonu</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energija_ionizacije">Energija ionizacije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Energija ionizacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Energija ionizacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Energija ionizacije ili ionizacijska <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energija</a> je energija nužna da <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Molekula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekula">molekula</a> u plinovitom stanju izgubi jedan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Graf prikazuje koliko ona iznosi za neutralne atome i može se uočiti da se uglavnom najteže daju ionizirati <a href="/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Plemeniti plinovi">plemeniti plinovi</a>. No neke se molekule teže ioniziraju nego <a href="/wiki/Helij" title="Helij">helij</a>, na primjer ionizacijska energija <a href="/wiki/Kisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisik">kisika</a> O<sub>2</sub> iznosi 50 <a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozona</a> O<sub>3</sub> 11,7 eV, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a> H<sub>2</sub>O 12,6 eV. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izbačeni elektron može kratko vrijeme ostati slobodan, može se vezati uz neki neutralni atom ili molekulu i tako stvoriti negativno nabijen ion, ili se spojiti s nekim pozitivno nabijenim ionom. Koliko dugo će elektron biti slobodan ovisi uglavnom o tlaku plina, temperaraturi i stupnju ionizacije, to jest o broju nastalih iona i preostalih neutralnih atoma. Čestica koja uzrokuje ionizaciju postupno, svakim sudarom, gubi <a href="/wiki/Kineti%C4%8Dka_energija" title="Kinetička energija">kinetičku energiju</a>. Sekundarna ionizacija je proces nastajanja iona djelovanjem elektrona i iona koji su nastali primarnom ionizacijom, ako su oni prilikom svojega postanka dobili dovoljno veliku kinetičku energiju. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzroci_ionizacije">Uzroci ionizacije</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Uzroci ionizacije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Uzroci ionizacije"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ionizaciju može uzrokovati <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetsko</a> ili čestično <a href="/wiki/Zra%C4%8Denje" title="Zračenje">zračenje</a> dovoljno velike energije ([[[ultraljubičasto zračenje|ultraljubičasto]], <a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" class="mw-redirect" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgensko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gama-zra%C4%8Denje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gama-zračenje">gama-zračenje</a>), bilo <a href="/wiki/Fotoelektri%C4%8Dni_u%C4%8Dinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotoelektrični učinak">fotoelektričnim učinkom</a>, tako da jedan od vezanih elektrona u atomu preuzme svu energiju <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvanta</a> zračenja, bilo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comptonov_u%C4%8Dinak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comptonov učinak (stranica ne postoji)">Comptonovim učinkom</a>, kada elektron preuzme samo dio te energije. Ionizaciju uzrokuje i <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajuće zračenje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivno zračenje</a>). </p><p>Ionizaciju može izazvati <a href="/wiki/Trenje" title="Trenje">trenje</a> zmeđu slojeva tvari. Tako nastaje električni naboj <a href="/wiki/Oblak" title="Oblak">oblaka</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_izboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Električni izboj">Električni izboji</a> u <a href="/wiki/Plin" class="mw-redirect" title="Plin">plinovima</a> također se svode na ionizaciju. Ako nema djelovanja <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnog polja</a>, ioni stvoreni u nekom plinu brzo se rekombiniraju i plin se ponovno vraća u neutralno stanje. No ako se plin nalazi u električnom polju, nastali se ioni gibaju prema <a href="/wiki/Elektroda" title="Elektroda">elektrodama</a>, i to negativno nabijeni prema <a href="/wiki/Anoda" title="Anoda">anodi</a>, a pozitivno nabijeni prema <a href="/wiki/Katoda" title="Katoda">katodi</a>. Na taj način nastaje <b>struja ionizacije</b>. Pri malim tlakovima i u dovoljno jakom električnom polju nastaje električni izboj. Zbog djelovanja polja tako stvoreni ioni, gibajući se prema elektrodama, dobivaju dovoljnu energiju, pa i oni ioniziraju druge atome i molekule. Ta se pojava naziva <b>kaskadni proces</b> i uzrok je ionizacije većega dijela plina, što se očituje svjetlosnim pojavama, kao u Crookesovoj cijevi (<a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a>), a uz povećanje tlaka i napona, izbijanjem električnih iskara ili stvaranjem <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_luk" title="Električni luk">električnog luka</a>. </p><p>Ioni mogu nastati i zbog <a href="/wiki/Toplina" title="Toplina">toplinskog</a> gibanja atoma i molekula pri visokim <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturama</a>, na primjer u <a href="/wiki/Plamen" title="Plamen">plamenu</a>. Tada atomi i molekule imaju dovoljnu kinetičku energiju da u međusobnim sudarima jedni druge ioniziraju. Pri visokoj temperaturi (10 000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>) nastaje <a href="/wiki/Plazma" class="mw-disambig" title="Plazma">plazma</a>, električki vodljiva plinska smjesa koja sadrži znatnu koncentraciju kationa i elektrona. Kod vrlo visokih temperatura, na primjer kod jakih električnih pražnjenja, stvaraju se dvostruko ili višestruko ionizirani atomi i prirodna plazma. Na ekstremno visokim temperaturama, kao u unutrašnjosti zvijezda, atomi mogu izgubiti sve elektrone. I dio Zemljine atmosfere (<a href="/wiki/Ionosfera" title="Ionosfera">ionosfera</a>) ioniziran je zbog stalne apsorpcije <a href="/wiki/Kozmi%C4%8Dke_zrake" title="Kozmičke zrake">kozmičkoga zračenja</a> iz <a href="/wiki/Svemir" title="Svemir">svemira</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunčeva</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastoga zračenja</a>. </p><p>Ionizacija se zbiva i u vodi i drugim <a href="/wiki/Otapalo" title="Otapalo">otapalima</a> kada se u njima otapaju i s njima reagiraju takozvani potencijalni elektroliti, koji se prije <a href="/wiki/Elektrolitska_disocijacija" title="Elektrolitska disocijacija">elektrolitske disocijacije</a> ne sastoje od iona. Tako na primjer plin <a href="/wiki/Klorovodik" class="mw-redirect" title="Klorovodik">klorovodik</a> (HCl) u reakciji s <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodom</a> daje hidronijev ion (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) i ion <a href="/wiki/Klor" class="mw-redirect" title="Klor">klora</a> (Cl<sup>–</sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mjerni_instrumenti">Mjerni instrumenti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Mjerni instrumenti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Mjerni instrumenti"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Na načelu ionizacije zasnivaju se mnogi <a href="/wiki/Mjerni_instrument" title="Mjerni instrument">mjerni instrumenti</a> u fizici i kemiji. Najpoznatiji su ionizacijska komora, Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo, Wilsonova komora, različiti <a href="/wiki/Spektrometar" title="Spektrometar">spektrometrijski instrumenti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ionizacijska_komora">Ionizacijska komora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Ionizacijska komora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Ionizacijska komora"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Ionizacijska_komora" title="Ionizacijska komora">Ionizacijska komora</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Ionizacijska komora je uređaj za proučavanje ionizacije plinova, otkrivanje (detekciju) i mjerenje intenziteta <a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">ionizirajućega zračenja</a>. Glavni su joj dijelovi zatvorena cilindrična komora, u kojoj se nalazi plin pod određenim <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlakom</a>, i dvije elektrode s različitim <a href="/wiki/Potencijal" class="mw-disambig" title="Potencijal">potencijalima</a>. To je jedan od prvih detekora ionizirajućega zračenja kojemu se načelo detekcije zasniva na sabiranju ionskih parova koji nastaju u plinu u električnom polju komore. Prolaskom <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a> ili neke nabijene čestice dovoljne energije kroz komoru, ioniziraju se ili pobuđuju molekule plina uzduž staze čestice. Ionizacijom neutralne molekule nastaju pozitivni ion i slobodni elektron, koji se nazivaju ionskim parom. Iz nastalih ionskih parova stvara se strujni signal, koji se dalje može oblikovati i pojačavati u izlazni signal, razmjeran intenzitetu (broju čestica i energiji) upadnoga zračenja. Ionski parovi nastaju izravnim ioniziranjem, ali su mogući i drugi procesi kojima upadno zračenje gubi energiju bez stvaranja iona (procesi pobuđivanja molekula). <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geiger-Müllerovo_brojilo"><span id="Geiger-M.C3.BCllerovo_brojilo"></span>Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Geigerov_broja%C4%8D" title="Geigerov brojač">Geigerov brojač</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo je naprava za detekciju ionizirajućega zračenja, odnosno brojenje prolaska ionizirajućih čestica ili fotona. Najčešća je izvedba brojila u obliku <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metalne</a> cijevi ili staklene cijevi s metalnom oblogom, koja ujedno ima ulogu katode. Anoda je tanka metalna <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDica" title="Žica">žica</a> koja prolazi kroz os cijevi. Elektrode su spojene na visoki <a href="/wiki/Napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napon">napon</a>, a cijev je ispunjena smjesom plemenitoga plina (na primjer <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argona</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neona</a>). U trenutku kada ionizirajuća čestica ili foton u prolazu kroz brojilo ionizira plin, produkti ionizacije (pozitivni ioni i elektroni) razdvajaju se pod djelovanjem električnoga polja. Ioni se ubrzano gibaju prema katodi, a elektroni prema anodi i pritom u plinu uzrokuju daljnju, lavinsku ionizaciju. Time se nakratko zatvara <a href="/wiki/Strujni_krug" class="mw-redirect" title="Strujni krug">strujni krug</a> i na <a href="/wiki/Otpornik" title="Otpornik">otporniku</a> u vanjskome dijelu kruga nastaje <a href="/wiki/Napon" class="mw-redirect" title="Napon">naponski</a> <a href="/wiki/Impuls" title="Impuls">impuls</a>. Ti se impulsi odbrojavaju u elektroničkom brojilu, koje često ima i mali <a href="/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dnik" title="Zvučnik">zvučnik</a> za zvučnu indikaciju zračenja. U takozvanom mrtvome vremenu, dok je plin ioniziran, brojilo ne može indicirati novo zračenje. Stoga se za prekidanje (gašenje) daljnje ionizacije i stalnog izboja u cijev dodaju i male količine drugih plinova ili para. Važno je svojstvo brojila učinkovitost, to jest omjer broja indiciranih i ulaznih čestica ili fotona. Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo može služiti i za detekciju <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>, premda oni, električki neutralni, ne uzrokuju ionizaciju. Međutim, neutroni mogu uzrokovati sekundarnu ionizaciju, i to oslobađanjem <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestica</a> u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">nuklearnoj reakciji</a> s elementom <a href="/wiki/Bor_(element)" title="Bor (element)">borom</a>, pa u tu svrhu cijev brojila treba sadržavati plinoviti borov trifluorid. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wilsonova_komora">Wilsonova komora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Wilsonova komora" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Wilsonova komora"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Maglena_komora" title="Maglena komora">Maglena komora</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><b>Wilsonova komora</b> (po škotskom fizičaru <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilsonu</a>), prvi uređaj kojim se mogla registrirati staza nabijenih čestica, posebno <a href="/wiki/Alfa-%C4%8Destica" title="Alfa-čestica">alfa-čestica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> emitiranih iz <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnih materijala</a>. U osnovi je to posuda ispunjena smjesom <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraka</a> i <a href="/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para">vodene pare</a>, u kojoj se brzim povećanjem njezina <a href="/wiki/Volumen" title="Volumen">volumena</a> s pomoću pokretne membrane i <a href="/wiki/Klip_stroja" title="Klip stroja">klipa</a>, zbog pada tlaka i temperature, postiže prezasićenost zraka vodenom parom, pri čem dolazi do <a href="/wiki/Kondenzacija" title="Kondenzacija">kondenzacije</a> vodene pare duž staze nabijene čestice. Prolaskom kroz komoru, nabijena čestica izaziva ionizaciju molekula zraka, koje tako postaju središta kondenzacije. Na tom osnovnom načelu razvijena je <a href="/wiki/Maglena_komora" title="Maglena komora">maglena komora</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett (stranica ne postoji)">Patrick Blackett</a>) i <a href="/wiki/Komora_na_mjehuri%C4%87e" title="Komora na mjehuriće">komora na mjehuriće</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Glaser</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zdravlje">Zdravlje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Zdravlje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Zdravlje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Mjerne_jedinice_ioniziraju%C4%87eg_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja">Mjerne jedinice ionizirajućeg zračenja</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Ioniziraju%C4%87e_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ionizirajuće zračenje">Ionizirajućim zračenjem</a> ionizira se i <a href="/wiki/Tkivo" title="Tkivo">tkivo</a>, prije svega <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">voda</a> kao glavni sastojak tkiva, pri čemu nastaju kemijski vrlo reaktivni <a href="/wiki/Radikal" class="mw-disambig" title="Radikal">radikali</a>, koji uzrokuju ozbiljna biološka oštećenja organizma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionizacija&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>ionizacija</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=27752">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of physics</i>, Walter Benenson i dr., Springer, New York, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>ionizacijska komora</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=27753">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Geiger-Müllerovo brojilo</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=21512">[3]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Wilsonova komora</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=66207">[4]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> </ol> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐5bn4n Cached time: 20241123110724 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.073 seconds Real time usage: 0.197 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 328/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 510/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 178/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 4/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 2450/5000000 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 5.251 1 -total 65.82% 3.456 4 Šablon:Glavni --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key shwiki:pcache:idhash:254393-0!canonical!sh-latn and timestamp 20241123110724 and revision id 20057820. 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