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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table des matières" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 58 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/21ste_eeu_v.C." title="21ste eeu v.C. – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="21ste eeu v.C." data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_21_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 21 ق م – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 21 ق م" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_21_%D9%82_%D9%85" title="القرن 21 ق م – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن 21 ق م" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XXI_e.C." title="Sieglu XXI e.C. – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XXI e.C." data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.%C9%99._XXI_%C9%99sr" title="E.ə. XXI əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="E.ə. XXI əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF%D1%80.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="21 век пр.н.е. – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="21 век пр.н.е." data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._vijek_p._n._e." title="21. vijek p. n. e. – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="21. vijek p. n. e." data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XXI_aC" title="Segle XXI aC – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XXI aC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._stolet%C3%AD_p%C5%99._n._l." title="21. století př. n. l. – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="21. století př. n. l." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._Jahrhundert_v._Chr." title="21. Jahrhundert v. Chr. – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="21. Jahrhundert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%80.%CE%A7." title="21ος αιώνας π.Χ. – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="21ος αιώνας π.Χ." data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="21st century BC" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/21-a_jarcento_a.K." title="21-a jarcento a.K. – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="21-a jarcento a.K." data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XXI_a._C." title="Siglo XXI a. C. – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XXI a. C." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.a._XXI._mendea" title="K.a. XXI. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="K.a. XXI. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B2%DB%B1_(%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF)" title="سده ۲۱ (پیش از میلاد) – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده ۲۱ (پیش از میلاد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._%C3%B8ld_f.Kr." title="21. øld f.Kr. – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="21. øld f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/21e_iuw_f.Kr." title="21e iuw f.Kr. – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="21e iuw f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/21%C3%BA_haois_RC" title="21ú haois RC – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="21ú haois RC" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_-XXI" title="Século -XXI – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século -XXI" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-21_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%94%22%D7%A1" title="המאה ה-21 לפנה"ס – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-21 לפנה"ס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._e._21._sz%C3%A1zad" title="I. e. 21. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. e. 21. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._%C3%B6ldin_f.Kr." title="21. öldin f.Kr. – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="21. öldin f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_secolo_a.C." title="XXI secolo a.C. – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XXI secolo a.C." data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%85%83%E5%89%8D21%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="紀元前21世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="紀元前21世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95._%E1%83%AC._XXI_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ძვ. წ. XXI საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძვ. წ. XXI საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%9B%90%EC%A0%84_21%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="기원전 21세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기원전 21세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_21_a.C.n." title="Saeculum 21 a.C.n. – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 21 a.C.n." data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._Joerhonnert_v._Chr." title="21. Joerhonnert v. Chr. – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="21. Joerhonnert v. Chr." data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einentwintegste_iew_veur_Christus" title="Einentwintegste iew veur Christus – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Einentwintegste iew veur Christus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_am%C5%BEius_pr._m._e." title="XXI amžius pr. m. e. – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XXI amžius pr. m. e." data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF.%D0%BD.%D0%B5." title="21 век п.н.е. – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="21 век п.н.е." data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-21_SM" title="Abad ke-21 SM – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-21 SM" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/21e_eeuw_v.Chr." title="21e eeuw v.Chr. – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="21e eeuw v.Chr." data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000-talet_fvt." title="2000-talet fvt. – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="2000-talet fvt." data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._%C3%A5rhundre_f.Kr." title="21. århundre f.Kr. – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="21. århundre f.Kr." data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XXI_abC" title="Sègle XXI abC – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XXI abC" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_wiek_p.n.e." title="XXI wiek p.n.e. – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XXI wiek p.n.e." data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XXI_a.C." title="Século XXI a.C. – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XXI a.C." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata_k%C3%B1" title="21 ñiqin pachakwata kñ – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="21 ñiqin pachakwata kñ" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XXI-lea_%C3%AE.Hr." title="Secolul al XXI-lea î.Hr. – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XXI-lea î.Hr." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D1%8D." title="XXI век до н. э. – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XXI век до н. э." data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._vijek_pr._n._e." title="21. vijek pr. n. e. – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="21. vijek pr. n. e." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_century_BC" title="21st century BC – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="21st century BC" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._storo%C4%8Die_pred_Kr." title="21. storočie pred Kr. – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="21. storočie pred Kr." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._stoletje_pr._n._%C5%A1t." title="21. stoletje pr. n. št. – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="21. stoletje pr. n. št." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/21._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BF._%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="21. век п. н. е. – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="21. век п. н. е." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_21_KK" title="Karne ya 21 KK – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 21 KK" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%96_21._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="MÖ 21. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MÖ 21. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80_(%D0%B1._%D1%8D._%D0%BA.)" title="XXI гасыр (б. э. к.) – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XXI гасыр (б. э. к.)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XXI_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%BD._%D0%B5." title="XXI століття до н. е. – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XXI століття до н. е." data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="اکیسویں صدی قبل مسیح – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اکیسویں صدی قبل مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil._av._XXI_asr" title="Mil. av. XXI asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mil. av. XXI asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_21_TCN" title="Thế kỷ 21 TCN – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 21 TCN" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-21_nga_gatostuig_UC" title="Ika-21 nga gatostuig UC – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-21 nga gatostuig UC" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D21%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" 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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirigé depuis <a href="/w/index.php?title=-2029&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="-2029">-2029</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:World_2000_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/World_2000_BCE.png/500px-World_2000_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="430" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/World_2000_BCE.png/960px-World_2000_BCE.png 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Le monde en <a href="/wiki/2000_av._J.-C." class="mw-redirect" title="2000 av. J.-C.">2000 av. J.-C.</a> avec à l’intérieur des lignes rouges, les régions du monde entrées dans l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze">âge du bronze</a>. En bleu et orange les états et <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_(sciences_sociales)" title="Société (sciences sociales)">sociétés</a> hiérarchisés; En vert les agriculteurs sédentaires et semi nomades isolés; En violet les éleveurs nomades; En jaune les chasseurs cueilleurs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg/190px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg/285px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg/380px-%C3%84gyptisches_Museum_Kairo_2016-03-29_Mentuhotep_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="4828" /></a><figcaption>Statue osirienne de <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_II" title="Montouhotep II">Montouhotep II</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_%C3%A9gyptien_du_Caire" title="Musée égyptien du Caire">Musée égyptien du Caire</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Egypte_louvre_250_pharaon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Egypte_louvre_250_pharaon.jpg/250px-Egypte_louvre_250_pharaon.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Egypte_louvre_250_pharaon.jpg/500px-Egypte_louvre_250_pharaon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" title="Bas-relief">Bas-relief</a> en calcaire de Montouhotep recevant des offrandes (antiquité égyptienne du <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" title="Musée du Louvre">musée du Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg/190px-Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg/285px-Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg/380px-Sumerian_-_Record_of_Temple_Workers_-_Walters_481767_-_View_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1066" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Tablette de la 37e année du règne de <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, contenant la liste des ouvriers construisant un temple dans la zone d'<a href="/wiki/Umma_(Sumer)" title="Umma (Sumer)">Umma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg/190px-P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg/285px-P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg/380px-P1150892_Louvre_figurine-clou-Ur_AO3142_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Figurine-clou de la fondation d’<a href="/wiki/Amar-S%C3%AEn" title="Amar-Sîn">Amar-Sîn</a>, roi d’Ur, représentant le roi portant la corbeille du constructeur, vers <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2039" data-sort-value="U-2039">2040 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Cuneiform_script2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png/190px-Cuneiform_script2.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png/285px-Cuneiform_script2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Cuneiform_script2.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>Tablette cunéiforme du règne d'<a href="/wiki/Amar-S%C3%AEn" title="Amar-Sîn">Amar-Sîn</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg/250px-Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg/330px-Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg/500px-Laments_on_the_ruin_of_Ur_AO6446_mp3h9139-40-41-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3087" data-file-height="4631" /></a><figcaption><i>Lamentations sur la ruine d'Ur</i>, tablette d'argile sumérienne du début du <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>, (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/IVe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IVe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="4ᵉ millénaire">IV<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <b><a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a></b> | <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="IIe millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> </p> </center> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/XXVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXVIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="28ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXVIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XXVIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXVIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="27ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XXVIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXVIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="26ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XXVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXVe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="25ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XXIVe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXIVe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="24ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/XXIIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXIIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="23ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XXIIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXIIe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="22ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <big><b><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b></big> | <a href="/wiki/XXe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XXe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> | <a href="/wiki/XIXe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C." title="XIXe siècle av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> </p> </center> <center> <p><a href="/wiki/Liste_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="Liste des siècles">Liste des siècles</a> </p> </center> <hr /> <p><br /> Cet article présente la chronologie des évènements du <b><abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b>, de 2100 à <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-1999" data-sort-value="U-1999">2000 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Égypte_et_Nubie"><span id=".C3.89gypte_et_Nubie"></span>Égypte et Nubie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Égypte et Nubie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Égypte et Nubie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 2150 à 2030 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_P%C3%A9riode_interm%C3%A9diaire" title="Première Période intermédiaire">Première Période intermédiaire</a> égyptienne. Période de division du pays en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte</a><sup id="cite_ref-O'Neill_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Neill-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2077<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ou 2074<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : début du règne d'<a href="/wiki/Antef_Ier" title="Antef Ier">Antef <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharaon" title="Pharaon">pharaon</a> de la <a href="/wiki/XIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XIe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième">XI<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)" title="Thèbes (Égypte)">Thèbes</a> (ou 2134<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li><b>2060 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_II" title="Montouhotep II">Montouhotep II</a>, roi de la <a href="/wiki/XIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XIe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième">XI<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a>, à <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A8bes_(%C3%89gypte)" title="Thèbes (Égypte)">Thèbes</a><sup id="cite_ref-ARD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 2050 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Sagesses_de_l%27%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Sagesses de l'Égypte antique">livre de sagesse</a> de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rikar%C3%AA_Ier" title="Mérikarê Ier">Mérikarê Ier</a>, roi de la <a href="/wiki/IXe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="IXe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Neuvième">IX<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Papin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 2030 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_II" title="Montouhotep II"><span class="nowrap">Montouhotep <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a>, victorieux des <a href="/wiki/Pharaon" title="Pharaon">pharaons</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Xe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="Xe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Dixième">X<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a> d’<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9racl%C3%A9opolis_Magna" title="Héracléopolis Magna">Héracléopolis Magna</a>, achève de réunifier l’<a href="/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique" title="Égypte antique">Égypte</a>, ce qui marque le début du <a href="/wiki/Moyen_Empire" title="Moyen Empire">Moyen Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (il s’agit peut-être d’<a href="/wiki/Antef_III" title="Antef III"><span class="nowrap">Antef <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a> qui aurait changé de nom après sa victoire). Il annexe l’oasis d'<a href="/wiki/Al-Kharga" title="Al-Kharga">Al-Kharga</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Des mouvements d’indépendance éclatent cependant dans le <a href="/wiki/Delta_du_Nil" title="Delta du Nil">delta du Nil</a>, et ce n’est que sous <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_III" title="Montouhotep III"><span class="nowrap">Montouhotep <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></span></a> que l’autorité des rois de Thèbes s’impose sur toute l’Égypte.<br />En Égypte, <a href="/wiki/Montou" title="Montou">Montou</a>, dieu des <span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Antef" class="mw-disambig" title="Antef">Antef</a></span> et des <span class="page_h"><a href="/wiki/Montouhotep" title="Montouhotep">Montouhotep</a></span>, joue un rôle important car on lui attribue la victoire et la réunification du royaume.</li> <li><b>2021 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : l'an 39 de son règne, <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_II" title="Montouhotep II"><span class="nowrap">Montouhotep <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a> prend un nouveau <a href="/wiki/Nom_d%27Horus" title="Nom d'Horus">nom d'Horus</a>, <i>Sémataoui</i>, « Celui qui a réuni les deux pays »<sup id="cite_ref-Grimal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2009 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Montouhotep_III" title="Montouhotep III">Montouhotep III</a>, roi de la <a href="/wiki/XIe_dynastie_%C3%A9gyptienne" title="XIe dynastie égyptienne"><abbr class="abbr" title="Onzième">XI<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie</a> (fin en 1998)<sup id="cite_ref-ARD_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sous son règne, le chancelier Henou mène des expéditions vers <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_Pount" title="Pays de Pount">Pount</a> (an 8 du règne)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Montouhotep <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr> réunit à la <a href="/wiki/Haute-%C3%89gypte" title="Haute-Égypte">Haute-Égypte</a> le pays de Ouaouat<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> et l’Oasis (Selimeh ?). Il lutte contre les <a href="/wiki/Libye" title="Libye">Libyens</a> à l’ouest.</li> <li><b>Vers 2050 à 1750 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : culture de <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a> moyen en Haute <a href="/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie">Nubie</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mésopotamie_et_Iran"><span id="M.C3.A9sopotamie_et_Iran"></span>Mésopotamie et Iran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Mésopotamie et Iran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Mésopotamie et Iran"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>2112 à 2004 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : <a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_dynastie_d%27Ur" title="Troisième dynastie d'Ur"><abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie d’Ur</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Elle pousse loin la puissance administrative : un <i><a href="/wiki/Ens%C3%AD" title="Ensí">ensí</a></i>, fonctionnaire nommé aux compétences civiles, se trouve à la tête des circonscriptions ; un <i><a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">shagin</a></i> aux pouvoirs militaires étendus, coiffant souvent ceux de l’<i>ensi</i> ; à un niveau inférieur on trouve des gendarmes, des contrôleurs, des courriers, des chargés de mission qui circulent à travers tout l’empire sur ordre du palais, assurent la cohérence de la politique d’ensemble et la sécurité générale, renforcent la centralisation administrative au profit de la capitale et transmettent l’information. Une bureaucratie minutieuse et tatillonne gère, compte et contrôle toute cette administration qui s’occupe aussi bien de l’économie que de la guerre ou du service des dieux. Le poids d’une telle administration a sans doute contribué à l’écroulement de l’empire. La documentation de la <abbr class="abbr" title="Troisième">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> dynastie d’Ur n’atteste pas l’existence d’une propriété privée mais au contraire une organisation étatique de la production agricole, image peut-être faussée parce que les textes proviennent de la gestion administrative de l’État et non d’archives privées. Cette documentation ne concerne pratiquement jamais les jardins et les palmeraies mais seulement les domaines céréaliers, exploités sous forme de grandes unités de production, même si des tenures de taille modeste sont concédées en guise de salaire. Toute une activité manufacturière se greffait sur le domaine<sup id="cite_ref-Margueron_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margueron-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<br />Littérature brillante en langue sumérienne<sup id="cite_ref-Papin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Version définitive de poèmes comme l’<i>Exaltation d’<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a> ou l’<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pop%C3%A9e_de_Gilgamesh" title="Épopée de Gilgamesh">Épopée de Gilgamesh</a></i>.</li> <li><b>2094 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : le roi d'<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur-Namma" title="Ur-Namma">Ur-Namma</a>, meurt en campagne. Son fils <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> lui succède, et règne jusqu'en <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2046" data-sort-value="U-2046">2047 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2077 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : alliance de <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> avec Warahshe (<a href="/wiki/Marhashi" title="Marhashi">Marhashi</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam">Élam</a>). Son souverain épouse la fille de <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2070 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : le roi d’<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, commence, en l’an 24 de son règne, une série de guerres au <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> (onze campagnes contre les <a href="/wiki/Hourrites" title="Hourrites">Hourrites</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Lullubis" title="Lullubis">Lullubis</a>) et dans le Sud-ouest <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">iranien</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam">Élam</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2066 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : Shulgi détruit l’empire créé en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam">Élam</a> par <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a>, s’empare de <a href="/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran)">Suse</a> et y installe un gouverneur <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">sumérien</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Retour en force de l’influence mésopotamienne, même sur le plan religieux (temple de <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>-Susienne). L’essor de Suse est indéniable et les rois d’Ur conduisent une politique active en <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.</li> <li><b>2060 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : révolte de l’<a href="/wiki/Anshan_(%C3%89lam)" title="Anshan (Élam)">Anshan</a>. Le <a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_dynastie_d%27Ur" title="Troisième dynastie d'Ur">roi d’Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, mène deux campagnes pour soumettre le pays<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2051 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : la forteresse de Simurrum, au <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>, est prise et incorporée dans le <a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_dynastie_d%27Ur" title="Troisième dynastie d'Ur">royaume sumérien</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2048 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Sargon_Ier" title="Sargon Ier">Sargon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, roi d’<a href="/wiki/Assyrie" title="Assyrie">Assyrie</a> (fin en <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2029" data-sort-value="U-2029">2030 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2047 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : mort du roi d'<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, soit assassiné, soit victime d’une épidémie<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il est enterré dans un splendide <a href="/wiki/Mausol%C3%A9e" title="Mausolée">mausolée</a>.</li> <li><b>2046 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : début du règne d'<a href="/wiki/Amar-S%C3%AEn" title="Amar-Sîn">Amar-Sîn</a>, fils de <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, roi d’<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a> (fin en <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2037" data-sort-value="U-2037">2038 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<br /><a href="/wiki/Amar-S%C3%AEn" title="Amar-Sîn">Amar-Sîn</a> fait construire une fortification de 275 km entre le <a href="/wiki/Tigre_(fleuve)" title="Tigre (fleuve)">Tigre</a> et l’<a href="/wiki/Euphrate" title="Euphrate">Euphrate</a>, au nord de l’actuelle <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, pour se prémunir contre les incursions des tribus <a href="/wiki/Amorrites" title="Amorrites">amorrites</a> venues de l’ouest<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2037 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Shu-S%C3%AEn" title="Shu-Sîn">Shu-Sîn</a>, roi d’<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a> (fin en <time class="nowrap" datetime="U-2028" data-sort-value="U-2028">2029 <abbr class="abbr" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></time>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2028 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> succède à son frère <a href="/wiki/Shu-S%C3%AEn" title="Shu-Sîn">Shu-Sîn</a> comme roi d’<a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_dynastie_d%27Ur" title="Troisième dynastie d'Ur">Ur</a> (fin de règne en 2004 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L’empire sumérien se morcelle.<br />À <a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a>, construction d’un temple dédié à <a href="/wiki/Shu-S%C3%AEn" title="Shu-Sîn">Shu-Sîn</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2026 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : indépendance d’<a href="/wiki/Eshnunna" title="Eshnunna">Eshnunna</a> par rapport à Ur, dans la basse vallée de la <a href="/wiki/Diyala" title="Diyala">Diyala</a>. Son roi <a href="/wiki/Shu-iliya" title="Shu-iliya">Shu-iliya</a> et ses successeurs agrandissent leurs territoires<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2025 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : <ul><li>début du règne de <a href="/wiki/Napl%C3%A2num" title="Naplânum">Naplânum</a>, roi <a href="/wiki/Amorrites" title="Amorrites">amorrite</a> de Larsa (fin en 2005)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Indépendance supposée de <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> par rapport à Ur.</li> <li>le roi d'Ur <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> mène une expédition contre Simurrum<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>indépendance de <a href="/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran)">Suse</a> par rapport à Ur<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>2023 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : <ul><li>indépendance d'<a href="/wiki/Umma_(Sumer)" title="Umma (Sumer)">Umma</a> vis-à-vis d'Ur<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>le roi d'Ur <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> marie sa fille au prince de Zabshali (<a href="/wiki/Lorestan" title="Lorestan">Lorestan</a>), dans l’espoir de contrebalancer la puissance croissante des rois de <a href="/wiki/Simashki" title="Simashki">Simashki</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>2022 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : indépendance de <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> vis-à-vis d'<a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2017 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : les <a href="/wiki/Amorrites" title="Amorrites">Amorrites</a> envahissent <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a>, qui a perdu de vastes et fertiles provinces, est en proie à la famine. <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> charge <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> d’aller acheter du grain à Isin et Kazallu. Bloqué par les envahisseurs, Ishbi-Erra se proclame roi d’<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> (fin de règne en <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1980_av._J.-C." title="Années 1980 av. J.-C.">1985 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2007 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam">Élamites</a>, alliés aux gens du Nord (<a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a>) et aux Su (<a href="/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran)">Susiens</a> ?) traversent le <a href="/wiki/Tigre_(fleuve)" title="Tigre (fleuve)">Tigre</a> et marchent sur <a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a>, conduits par Kindattu, roi de <a href="/wiki/Simashki" title="Simashki">Simashki</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> d'Ur s’apprête à soutenir un siège quand <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> les refoule<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2005 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : fin du règne de <a href="/wiki/Napl%C3%A2num" title="Naplânum">Naplânum</a> à <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2004 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-chronologie_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : <ul><li>début du règne d'<a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a>, roi de <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> (fin en 1977 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lam" title="Élam">Élamites</a> ravagent <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ur_(M%C3%A9sopotamie)" title="Ur (Mésopotamie)">Ur</a> est pillée et incendiée, son roi <a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> emmené en captivité en <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(%C3%89lam)" title="Anshan (Élam)">Anshan</a><sup id="cite_ref-GRoux_13-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fin de la <a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_dynastie_d%27Ur" title="Troisième dynastie d'Ur">troisième dynastie d'Ur</a>. Début de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_pal%C3%A9o-babylonienne" title="Période paléo-babylonienne">période paléo-babylonienne</a> (fin en 1595 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Vers 2100-2000 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sokhteh" title="Shahr-e Sokhteh">Shahr-e Sokhteh</a>, la « cité brûlée », dans l'est de l'<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, est abandonnée par ses habitants<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatolie">Anatolie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Anatolie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Anatolie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 2000 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <ul><li>séparation entre l'<a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> et les <a href="/wiki/Hourrites" title="Hourrites">Hourrites</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>annexion de <a href="/wiki/Izmir" title="Izmir">Smyrne</a> par les <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers 2100-2000 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : construction de la structure du double cercle de « pierres bleues » de la phase <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique" title="Néolithique">Néolithique</a> final de <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> (Stonehenge <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr>), dans le <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Azéma_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azéma-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 2100-1900 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_minoenne" title="Civilisation minoenne">Minoen ancien <abbr class="abbr" title="3"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">III</span></abbr></a> en <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A8te" title="Crète">Crète</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Introduction du <a href="/wiki/Tour_(machine-outil)" title="Tour (machine-outil)">tour de potier</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Hi%C3%A9roglyphes_cr%C3%A9tois" title="Hiéroglyphes crétois">Écriture hiéroglyphique</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 2100-1800 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b> : <a href="/wiki/Culture_de_Sintachta" title="Culture de Sintachta">culture de Sintachta</a>, née au sud de l'Oural, puis qui s'étend dans le nord de la steppe eurasienne<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>2049 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></b><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : date d’abattage des arbres du site de <a href="/wiki/Seahenge" title="Seahenge">Seahenge</a>, structure de bois de 55 poteaux de chêne, découvert sur une plage du <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_(comt%C3%A9)" title="Norfolk (comté)">Norfolk</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Angleterre" title="Angleterre">Angleterre</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p><br /><br /><br /><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small lower-alpha" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-chronologie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-18">s</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-chronologie_12-19">t</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon la chronologie moyenne qui place le règne d'<a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> entre 1792 et 1750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Selon la <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XXIe_si%C3%A8cle_av._J.-C.&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:40em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-O'Neill-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-O'Neill_1-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="O'Neill1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_P._O'Neill1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> John P. O'Neill, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids</cite>, Metropolitan Museum of Art, <time>1999</time>, 536 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-87099-907-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-87099-907-9"><span class="nowrap">978-0-87099-907-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=mxAZpKoo-YwC&pg=PAPR20">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egyptian+Art+in+the+Age+of+the+Pyramids&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft.date=1999&rft.tpages=536&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-907-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">selon <a href="/wiki/Detlef_Franke" title="Detlef Franke">Detlef Franke</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">selon <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lehner" title="Mark Lehner">Mark Lehner</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">selon <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence:Pharaonic_King-Lists,_Annals,_and_Day-Books:_A_Contribution_to_the_Study_of_the_Egyptian_Sense_of_History_(Donald_B._Redford)" title="Référence:Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals, and Day-Books: A Contribution to the Study of the Egyptian Sense of History (Donald B. Redford)">D. B. Redford</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ARD_5-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-ARD_5-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rosalie_David1999"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ann_Rosalie_David1999"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Ann Rosalie David, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt</cite>, Oxford University Press, <time>1999</time>, 382 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-513215-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-513215-1"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-513215-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=RulD63Y3BlAC&pg=PA9">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Ann+Rosalie+David&rft.date=1999&rft.tpages=382&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513215-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Papin_6-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Papin_6-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denis_Papin1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves_Denis_Papin1998">Yves Denis Papin, <cite class="italique">Chronologie de l'histoire ancienne</cite>, Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot, <time>1998</time>, 126 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-87747-346-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-87747-346-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-87747-346-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3K-nOHQEWJcC&pg=PA8">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+de+l%27histoire+ancienne&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.au=Yves+Denis+Papin&rft.date=1998&rft.tpages=126&rft.isbn=978-2-87747-346-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_7-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Grimal_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grimal1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nicolas_Grimal1988"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Grimal" title="Nicolas Grimal">Nicolas Grimal</a>, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l’Égypte ancienne</cite>, Fayard, <time>1988</time>, 602 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-213-64001-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-213-64001-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-213-64001-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Mgh3jasIvFoC&pg=PA194">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%E2%80%99%C3%89gypte+ancienne&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.aulast=Grimal&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.date=1988&rft.tpages=602&rft.isbn=978-2-213-64001-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="GroussetLéonard1956"><span class="ouvrage" id="René_GroussetÉmile_G._Léonard1956">René Grousset et Émile G. Léonard, <cite class="italique">Histoire universelle</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Gallimard, <time>1956</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=iFXTAAAAMAAJ&q=Mentouhotep+II+annexe+Khargeh">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 169<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+universelle&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft.au=%C3%89mile+G.+L%C3%A9onard&rft.date=1956&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="VercoutterVandersleyen1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_VercoutterClaude_Vandersleyen1995">Jean Vercoutter et Claude Vandersleyen, <cite class="italique">L'Egypte et la vallée du Nil : De la fin de l'Ancien Empire à la fin du Nouvel Empire</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Presses universitaires de France, <time>1995</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-046552-2" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-046552-2"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-046552-2</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=DuQtAQAAIAAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Egypte+et+la+vall%C3%A9e+du+Nil+%3A+De+la+fin+de+l%27Ancien+Empire+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Nouvel+Empire&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Vercoutter&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Claude+Vandersleyen&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=2&rft.isbn=978-2-13-046552-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adu_BoahenKi-Zerbo1985"><span class="ouvrage" id="Albert_Adu_BoahenJoseph_Ki-Zerbo1985">Albert Adu Boahen et Joseph Ki-Zerbo, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, UNESCO, <time>1985</time>, 925 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-201708-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-201708-6"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-201708-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=OJ9RJ6snDacC&pg=PA272">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=Albert+Adu+Boahen&rft.au=Joseph+Ki-Zerbo&rft.date=1985&rft.volume=2&rft.tpages=925&rft.isbn=978-92-3-201708-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edwards2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_N._Edwards2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David N. Edwards, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Nubian Past : An Archaeology of Sudan</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <time>2004</time>, 360 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-134-20087-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-134-20087-0"><span class="nowrap">978-1-134-20087-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3z-yDRgxn5MC&pg=PA81">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nubian+Past&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.stitle=An+Archaeology+of+Sudan&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=360&rft.isbn=978-1-134-20087-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GRoux-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-23">x</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-GRoux_13-24">y</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roux1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Roux1995"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux_(assyriologue)" title="Georges Roux (assyriologue)">Georges Roux</a>, <cite class="italique">La Mésopotamie : essai d'histoire politique, économique et culturelle</cite>, Seuil, <time>1995</time>, 473 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-02-008632-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-02-008632-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-02-008632-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=EXRtAAAAMAAJ">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+M%C3%A9sopotamie&rft.pub=Seuil&rft.stitle=essai+d%27histoire+politique%2C+%C3%A9conomique+et+culturelle&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=1995&rft.tpages=473&rft.isbn=978-2-02-008632-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margueron-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Margueron_14-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Margueron2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Claude_Margueron2012">Jean-Claude Margueron, <cite class="italique">Le Proche-Orient et l'Égypte antiques</cite>, Hachette Éducation Technique, <time>2012</time>, 416 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-01-140096-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-01-140096-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-01-140096-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sju7HyZjbIoC&pg=PA174">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Proche-Orient+et+l%27%C3%89gypte+antiques&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation+Technique&rft.aulast=Margueron&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=416&rft.isbn=978-2-01-140096-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Larousse1960"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Larousse1960">Pierre Larousse, <cite class="italique">Grand Larousse encyclopédique</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 9, Larousse, <time>1960</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ft9MAQAAIAAJ&dq=2048+-+2030&pg=PA602">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+Larousse+encyclop%C3%A9dique&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.aulast=Larousse&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=1960&rft.volume=9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frayne1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Douglas_Frayne1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Douglas Frayne, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia : Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, University of Toronto Press, <time>1990</time>, 853 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-8020-5873-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-8020-5873-7"><span class="nowrap">978-0-8020-5873-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=u2nUT_RtyQ8C">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+inscriptions+of+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.stitle=Old+Babylonian+Period+%282003-1595+BC%29&rft.aulast=Frayne&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=4&rft.tpages=853&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5873-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Foltz2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_C._Foltz2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Richard C. Foltz, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Iran in World History</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <time>2016</time>, 168 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-19-933550-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-19-933550-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-19-933550-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zuASDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=168&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933550-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WIL"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> G. <span class="nom_auteur">Wilhelm</span>, <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">« Urartian »</cite>, dans R. Woodard (dir.), <cite class="italique" lang="en">The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</cite>, Cambridge, <time>2008</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 119<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.atitle=Urartian&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.date=2008&rft.pages=119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="FrangoudakiKeyder2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anna_FrangoudakiÇağlar_Keyder2007"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Anna Frangoudaki et Çağlar Keyder, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Ways to Modernity in Greece and Turkey : Encounters with Europe, 1850-1950</cite>, Londres, I.B.Tauris, <time>2007</time>, 265 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84511-289-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84511-289-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84511-289-9</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb42148964d.public">42148964</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=f5T11rHKReMC&pg=PA218">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+to+Modernity+in+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.stitle=Encounters+with+Europe%2C+1850-1950&rft.aulast=Frangoudaki&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=%C3%87a%C4%9Flar+Keyder&rft.date=2007&rft.tpages=265&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-289-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azéma-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Azéma_20-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="AzémaBrasier2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marc_AzémaLaurent_Brasier2016">Marc Azéma et Laurent Brasier, <cite class="italique">Le beau livre de la préhistoire : De Toumaï à Lascaux 4</cite>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Dunod" title="Éditions Dunod">Dunod</a>, <time>2016</time>, 420 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-10-075789-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-10-075789-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-10-075789-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YYo-DQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT371">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+beau+livre+de+la+pr%C3%A9histoire&rft.pub=Dunod&rft.stitle=De+Touma%C3%AF+%C3%A0+Lascaux+4&rft.aulast=Az%C3%A9ma&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Laurent+Brasier&rft.date=2016&rft.tpages=420&rft.isbn=978-2-10-075789-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Protopsaltis2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Demetrios_Protopsaltis2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Demetrios Protopsaltis, <cite class="italique" lang="en">An Encyclopedic Chronology of Greece and Its History</cite>, Xlibris Corporation, <time>2012</time>, 402 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4691-3999-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4691-3999-9"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4691-3999-9</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ld0iu883LTUC&pg=PA37">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedic+Chronology+of+Greece+and+Its+History&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.aulast=Protopsaltis&rft.aufirst=Demetrios&rft.date=2012&rft.tpages=402&rft.isbn=978-1-4691-3999-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tulard1978"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Tulard1978">Jean Tulard, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la Crète</cite>, Que sais-je ?, <time>1978</time>, 128 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-13-065663-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-13-065663-0"><span class="nowrap">978-2-13-065663-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=4CxYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT72">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Cr%C3%A8te&rft.pub=Que+sais-je+%3F&rft.aulast=Tulard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1978&rft.tpages=128&rft.isbn=978-2-13-065663-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pichot2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="André_Pichot2014">André Pichot, <cite class="italique">La naissance de la science : Grèce présocratique</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Gallimard" title="Éditions Gallimard">Gallimard</a>, <time>2014</time>, 480 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-07-253206-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-07-253206-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-07-253206-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=1gI8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT15">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+naissance+de+la+science&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.stitle=Gr%C3%A8ce+pr%C3%A9socratique&rft.aulast=Pichot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.date=2014&rft.volume=2&rft.tpages=480&rft.isbn=978-2-07-253206-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="HanksLinduff2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bryan_K._HanksKatheryn_M._Linduff2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Bryan K. Hanks et Katheryn M. Linduff, <cite class="italique" lang="en">Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia : Monuments, Metals and Mobility</cite>, Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <time>2009</time>, 417 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-521-51712-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-521-51712-6"><span class="nowrap">978-0-521-51712-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=fEK-BkqXfJAC&pg=PA47">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Complexity+in+Prehistoric+Eurasia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.stitle=Monuments%2C+Metals+and+Mobility&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Bryan+K.&rft.au=Katheryn+M.+Linduff&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=417&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51712-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Murphy2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_Murphy2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Peter Murphy, <cite class="italique" lang="en">The English Coast : A History and a Prospect</cite>, Londres, Continuum International Publishing Group, <time>2009</time>, 282 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-84725-143-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-84725-143-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-84725-143-5</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb43524882h.public">43524882</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=DeW9hRZ_yPUC&pg=PA169">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Coast&rft.place=Londres&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.stitle=A+History+and+a+Prospect&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2009&rft.tpages=282&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-143-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXXIe+si%C3%A8cle+av.+J.-C."></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Monde_antique" title="Portail du monde antique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg/24px-Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg/36px-Portal_Antiquity_icon.svg.png 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