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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hopkins_and_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hopkins and slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hopkins_and_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ستيفن هوبكينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن هوبكينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%86%DB%8C)" title="ایستفن هاپکینس (سیاستچی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستفن هاپکینس (سیاستچی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politik)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stephen Hopkins (politik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(Politiker)" title="Stephen Hopkins (Politiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephen Hopkins (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins" title="Stephen Hopkins – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stephen Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="استیفن هاپکینز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیفن هاپکینز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(homme_politique)" title="Stephen Hopkins (homme politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stephen Hopkins (homme politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins" title="Stephen Hopkins – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stephen Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1" title="סטיבן הופקינס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן הופקינס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_Hopkins" title="Stephanus Hopkins – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2_(%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%89)" title="ستيفن هوبكينز (محامى) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن هوبكينز (محامى)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%97%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9_(%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6)" title="スティーヴン・ホプキンス (政治家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーヴン・ホプキンス (政治家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سټیفن هاپکینز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټیفن هاپکینز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(polityk)" title="Stephen Hopkins (polityk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stephen Hopkins (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хопкинс, Стивен (политик) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хопкинс, Стивен (политик)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins" title="Stephen Hopkins – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stephen Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins" title="Stephen Hopkins – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Stephen Hopkins" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1399643#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Founding Father and judge (1707–1785)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Stephen Hopkins, see <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Stephen Hopkins (disambiguation)">Stephen Hopkins (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Stephen Hopkins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hopkins_(NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Stephen_Hopkins_%28NYPL_NYPG97-F76-420410%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="1636" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">28th, 30th, 32nd, and 34th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1755–1757</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">William Greene</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Greene</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1758–1762</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William Greene</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1763–1765</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Ward</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Ward</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1767–1768</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Samuel Ward</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Josias Lyndon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd, 5th, and 17th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court">Chief Justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 1751 – May 1755</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Babcock" title="Joshua Babcock">Joshua Babcock</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Francis Willet</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 1755 – May 1756</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Francis Willet</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_(Rhode_Island_governor)" title="John Gardner (Rhode Island governor)">John Gardner</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />June 1770 – October 1775</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James Helme</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">John Cooke</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 7, 1707<br /><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 13, 1785 (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">State of Rhode Island</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">(1) Sarah Scott<br />(2) Anne Smith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data">Martha Hopkins Round (sister)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a>, brother</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Surveyor, Politician, Chief Justice, Congressional Delegate, Governor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)'s signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png/128px-Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png/192px-Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png/256px-Stephen_Hopkins_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stephen Hopkins</b> (March 7, 1707 – July 13, 1785) was a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a governor of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_justices_of_the_Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="List of chief justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court">chief justice</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Supreme Court</a>, and a signer of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>. He was from a prominent Rhode Island family, the grandson of William Hopkins who was a prominent colonial politician. His great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_(settler)" title="Thomas Hopkins (settler)">Thomas Hopkins</a> was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_settlers_of_Rhode_Island#Signers_of_Providence_agreement_for_a_government,_1640" title="List of early settlers of Rhode Island">original settler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a>, sailing from England in 1635 with his cousin <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Benedict Arnold</a>, who became the first governor of the Rhode Island colony under the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter" title="Rhode Island Royal Charter">Royal Charter of 1663</a>. </p><p>As a child, Hopkins was a voracious reader, becoming a serious student of the sciences, mathematics, and literature. He became a surveyor and astronomer and was involved in taking measurements during the 1769 <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> across the Sun. He began his public service at age 23 as a justice of the peace in the newly established town of <a href="/wiki/Scituate,_Rhode_Island" title="Scituate, Rhode Island">Scituate, Rhode Island</a>. He soon became a justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas, while also serving at times as the speaker of the House of Deputies and president of the Scituate Town Council. While active in civic affairs, he also was part owner of an iron foundry and was a successful merchant who was portrayed in <a href="/wiki/John_Greenwood_(artist)" title="John Greenwood (artist)">John Greenwood</a>'s 1750s satirical painting <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam" title="Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam">Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam</a></i>. In May 1747, Hopkins was appointed as a justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, serving until May 1749.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became the third chief justice of this body in May 1751, serving until May 1755.<sup id="cite_ref-Manual_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manual-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1755, he was elected to his first term as governor of the colony, and he served in this capacity for 9 out of the next 15 years. </p><p>One of the most contentious political issues of his day was the use of paper money versus hard currency. His bitter political rival <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a> championed hard currency, whereas Hopkins advocated the use of paper money. The rivalry between the two men became so heated that Hopkins sued Ward for £40,000, but he lost the case and had to pay costs. By the mid-1760s, the contention between the two men became a serious distraction to the government of the colony, and they attempted to placate each other—initially without success. Ultimately, both agreed to not run for office in 1768, and <a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Josias Lyndon</a> was elected governor of the colony as a compromise candidate. </p><p>In 1770, Hopkins once again became chief justice of the Rhode Island Supreme Court, and he became a principal player in the colony's handling of the 1772 <a href="/wiki/Gaspee_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspee Affair">Gaspee Affair</a>, when a group of irate Rhode Island citizens boarded a British revenue vessel and burned it to the waterline. In 1774, he was given an additional important responsibility as one of Rhode Island's two delegates to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>, his former rival Samuel Ward being the other. Hopkins had become well known in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> ten years earlier when he published a pamphlet entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Colonies_Examined" title="The Rights of Colonies Examined">The Rights of Colonies Examined</a></i> which was critical of British Parliament and its taxation policies. </p><p>Hopkins signed the Declaration of Independence in the summer of 1776 with worsening <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palsy" class="extiw" title="wikt:palsy">palsy</a> in his hands. He signed it by holding his right hand with his left and saying, "My hand trembles, but my heart does not." He served in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> until September 1776, when failing health forced him to resign. He was a strong backer of the College of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (later named <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>) and became the institution's first chancellor. He died in Providence in 1785 at age 78 and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/North_Burial_Ground" title="North Burial Ground">North Burial Ground</a> there. Hopkins has been called Rhode Island's greatest statesman. In 1774, Hopkins owned six or seven slaves, making him among the top five percent of slaveholders in Providence at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry_and_early_life">Ancestry and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancestry and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins was born in Providence in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>, the second of nine children of William and Ruth (Wilkinson) Hopkins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887325_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887325-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandfather William Hopkins was very prominent in colonial affairs, having served for more than 40 years as a deputy from Providence, speaker of the House of Deputies, and major.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandmother Abigail Whipple Hopkins was a daughter of Providence settler <a href="/wiki/John_Whipple_(settler)" title="John Whipple (settler)">John Whipple</a>, sister of wealthy Providence merchant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whipple" title="Joseph Whipple">Joseph Whipple</a>, and aunt to Deputy Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Whipple_Jr." title="Joseph Whipple Jr.">Joseph Whipple Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His great-grandfather was Thomas Hopkins, one of the earliest settlers of <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Hopkins was orphaned and raised by his uncle <a href="/wiki/William_Arnold_(settler)" title="William Arnold (settler)">William Arnold</a>, and he sailed to <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> in 1635 with his Arnold relatives, including his cousin <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Benedict Arnold</a>, who became the first governor of the colony under the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter" title="Rhode Island Royal Charter">Royal Charter of 1663</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early part of Hopkins's life was spent in the wooded northern part of Providence known as Chopmist Hill, an area that became Scituate, Rhode Island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no schools in this area at the time, but the books belonging to the family were supplemented by a small circulating collection and provided him with reading material, which he consumed voraciously. Historian Irving Richman refers to Hopkins as "a close and severe student, filling up all the spare hours of his life with reading."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Sanderson writes, "He attached himself in early youth to the study of books and men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins gained skills in surveying from his grandfather Samuel Wilkinson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He used his surveying skills to revise the streets and create a map of Scituate, and later he did the same for Providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father gave him 70 acres (28 ha) of land when he was 19 because of his responsibility as a youth, and his grandfather Hopkins gave him an additional 90 acres (36 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846135_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846135-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins was interested in astronomy and other scientific endeavors, and he was involved in the observation of the <a href="/wiki/Transit_of_Venus" title="Transit of Venus">transit of Venus</a> across the face of the Sun on June 3, 1769. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(astronomer)" title="Joseph Brown (astronomer)">Joseph Brown</a> had obtained a complete set of the necessary instruments, including a <a href="/wiki/Reflecting_telescope" title="Reflecting telescope">reflecting telescope</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">micrometer</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>, and an observatory was erected on a hill in Providence (later named "Transit Street" in honor of the event). Brown was assisted by a group that included Hopkins, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West_(astronomer)" title="Benjamin West (astronomer)">Benjamin West</a>, and others who were also interested in science. The observation enabled them to very accurately determine the latitude of Providence to the nearest <a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" title="Minute and second of arc">second of arc</a>, after which the longitude was determined by comparing observations of the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> with similar observations made in Cambridge, England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1894294_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1894294-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to the revived <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_mercantile_pursuits">Political and mercantile pursuits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political and mercantile pursuits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins began his public service in 1730 at age 23 when he became a justice of the peace in the newly formed town of Scituate, a position that he held until 1735.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith190052–68_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith190052–68-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also became the clerk of Scituate in 1731 which he held for 11 years until moving to Providence in 1742.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his tenure as justice of the peace, he became a justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions from 1736 to 1746, serving as the clerk of the court for the last five of those years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith190074–115_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith190074–115-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other positions that he held during this time period included president of the Town Council, deputy, and speaker of the House of Deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1744, he was elected as a deputy from Providence, which he held for seven years, and he was the speaker of the House of Deputies during two of those years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-John_Greenwood_-_Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam_-_256-1948_-_Saint_Louis_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4554" data-file-height="2238" /></a><figcaption>Hopkins (dozing at the table) and other Rhode Island merchants in <i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Captains_Carousing_in_Surinam" title="Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam">Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam</a></i>, a 1750s satirical painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Greenwood_(artist)" title="John Greenwood (artist)">John Greenwood</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1742, Hopkins sold his farm in Scituate and moved to the settled part of Providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here he devoted much energy to commercial interests which helped Providence grow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a merchant who built, owned, and outfitted ships, and he was part owner of the privateering vessel <i>Reprisal</i> in 1745, in partnership with John Mawney, sheriff of Providence and son of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mawney" title="Peter Mawney">Peter Mawney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1750s, Boston portraitist <a href="/wiki/John_Greenwood_(artist)" title="John Greenwood (artist)">John Greenwood</a> was commissioned by a group of sea captains and merchants, including Hopkins, to create a satirical painting. The men were stopped at a major trading port in <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> on the north coast of South America where Greenwood was living at the time. Greenwood concocted a 22-figure tavern scene, showing himself among the affluent traders, many of whom were caricatured as intoxicated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerchants_Satirized_in_Art2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerchants_Satirized_in_Art2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Hopkins's enterprises later in life was as a manufacturer, and he became a partner with brothers <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Brown_Sr." title="Nicholas Brown Sr.">Nicholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brown_(astronomer)" title="Joseph Brown (astronomer)">Joseph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="John Brown (Rhode Island politician)">John Brown</a> in establishing the Hope Furnace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enterprise was concerned with iron works which made pig iron and cannons for use during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins's son <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Hopkins" title="Rufus Hopkins">Rufus</a> managed the business for four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governorships">Governorships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Governorships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hon._Samuel_Ward,_May_27,_1725-March_26,_1776,_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_(NYPL_b12349149-421946)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Hon._Samuel_Ward%2C_May_27%2C_1725-March_26%2C_1776%2C_Governor_of_Rhode_Island_and_member_of_the_Continental_Congress_%28NYPL_b12349149-421946%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hopkins's bitter rival <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a> fought with him over the use of paper money.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1755, Hopkins was elected to his first term as governor, defeating his predecessor <a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">William Greene</a> by a small margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year was mostly occupied with legislation and work related to the pending war with France. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Braddock's</a> <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">defeat</a> and the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crown_Point" title="Fort Crown Point">Crown Point</a> led the colony to send forces to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>. Late in the previous year, Hopkins and his Attorney-General Daniel Updike were delegates from Rhode Island to the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a>, which convened to discuss the common defense of the collective colonies and to hold a conference with the five Indian tribes to secure their assistance in thwarting French encroachment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136–37_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136–37-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and others considered <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s early plan for uniting the colonies, but the principles of the plan were rejected in both the colonies and Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846137_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846137-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war with France developed in February 1756, the General Assembly ordered the raising of 500 Rhode Island men for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George" title="Battle of Lake George">expedition to Lake George</a> in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After two years in office, Hopkins was defeated by William Greene for the governorship, but Greene died in office in February 1758, and Hopkins once again became governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most divisive political issue of the day was the use of hard money, or specie, versus the use of paper money, and Hopkins sided with paper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another issue was Newport interests versus Providence interests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For several years, Hopkins was locked in a bitter rivalry with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westerly,_Rhode_Island" title="Westerly, Rhode Island">Westerly</a>, a strong supporter of hard currency and also a champion of Newport, and Hopkins sued Ward for slander, putting damages at £40,000. The case was moved to Massachusetts for a fair trial; the judgment went against Hopkins by default in 1759, and he paid the costs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For ten years, the two men went back and forth as Governor of the colony, each at the head of a powerful party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ward led the wealth and conservatism of Newport, Narragansett, and Kent County, while Hopkins represented the growing strength of Providence and Bristol Counties. The two men had been likened to gladiators in an arena, thirsting for each other's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins eventually lost to Ward, who was finally elected Governor in 1762.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg/220px-Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg/330px-Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg/440px-Stephen_Hopkins_House_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_Stephen_Hopkins_House" title="Governor Stephen Hopkins House">Governor Stephen Hopkins House</a>, 15 Hopkins Street, Providence</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1763, Hopkins won back the governorship, and signs of reason between the two men appeared the following year when Ward wrote to Hopkins proposing that both resign their "pretensions to the chief seat of government."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, without the knowledge of this letter, Hopkins wrote to Ward inviting him to accept the position of deputy governor, which had just been vacated by the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_(Rhode_Island_governor)" title="John Gardner (Rhode Island governor)">John Gardner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither man accepted the proposal of the other, but the stage had been set for future cooperation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1765, the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act</a> was passed by both houses of Parliament in England. This act was a scheme for taxing the colonies, directing that all commercial and legal documents must be written on stamped paper sold at fixed prices by governmental officers, and also directing that a duty be applied to newspapers. Parliament assumed the right to tax the colonies and put additional duties on sugar, coffee, and other articles, and required that lumber and iron from the colonies only be exported to England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The news of the act infuriated Americans, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> of Massachusetts invited all the colonies to a congress of delegates to meet in New York to discuss relief from the unjust taxes. The Rhode Island General Assembly passed resolutions in August 1765 following the lead of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a> of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Rhode Island's appointed stamp distributor was Attorney General Augustus Johnson, who refused to execute his office "against the will of our Sovereign Lord the People."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhode Island General Assembly met again at <a href="/wiki/East_Greenwich" class="mw-redirect" title="East Greenwich">East Greenwich</a> in September 1765, choosing delegates to the New York congress and appointing a committee to consider the Stamp Act.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201076_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201076-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee reported six resolutions that pointed to absolving all allegiance to the British Crown unless the grievances were removed. The Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, with news reaching America in May to public rejoicing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201077_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201077-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1764, an act was passed incorporating the college in Rhode Island. Ward and Hopkins both strongly supported an institution of higher learning within the colony, and both became trustees of <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Rhode Island College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins also became one of the school's most generous supporters and the school's first chancellor, which position he held until his death in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg/150px-RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg/225px-RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg/300px-RightsColoniesExamined.cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Hopkins's pamphlet was widely circulated in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Rhode Island's election of 1767 was as hotly contested as ever, but Hopkins beat Ward by the widest margin of any of their previous elections. In 1768, Hopkins proposed to Ward that the two men should relinquish their claims on the elections and agree to a compromise candidate. Ward accepted the proposal, <a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Josias Lyndon</a> was elected as governor, and Ward and Hopkins met and united in a cordial friendship for the remainder of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Rights_of_Colonies_Examined"><i>The Rights of Colonies Examined</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Rights of Colonies Examined"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Colonies_Examined" title="The Rights of Colonies Examined">The Rights of Colonies Examined</a></div> <p>In November 1764, the Rhode Island General Assembly published Hopkins's pamphlet <i>The Rights of Colonies Examined</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pamphlet was directed primarily at the Stamp Act and helped build Hopkins's reputation as a revolutionary leader, with its broad distribution and criticism of taxation and Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846140_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text begins, "Liberty is the greatest blessing that men enjoy, and slavery the heaviest curse that human nature is capable of;" it goes on to present a clear and logical review of the relationship of the American colonies with England. The paper received widespread circulation and brought hearty approval from throughout the colonies. Historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bicknell" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bicknell">Thomas Bicknell</a> called it "the most remarkable document that was issued during the period preceding the War of the Revolution." Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> wrote of the paper, "it was conceived in a higher strain than any that were sent out by other colonies." It was printed widely, and Hopkins became recognized as one of the leaders of public opinion in the colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_Justice">Chief Justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chief Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1747, Hopkins was first appointed as a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" title="Rhode Island Supreme Court">Rhode Island Superior Court</a>, whose long title was the "Superior Court of Judicature, Court Of Assize, and General Gaol Delivery."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900129_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1751, he became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_the_Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Justices of the Rhode Island Supreme Court">third Chief Justice</a> of this court, which he held until 1755 when he became governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900149–77_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900149–77-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins was once again appointed as Chief Justice of the court in 1770 after a total of nine years as governor; he served until October 1775 while simultaneously serving as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900290–325_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900290–325-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaspee_Affair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gaspee_Affair.jpg/220px-Gaspee_Affair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gaspee_Affair.jpg/330px-Gaspee_Affair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gaspee_Affair.jpg/440px-Gaspee_Affair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Burning of the <i>Gaspée</i></div></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most important events with which Hopkins dealt during his final tenure as Chief Justice was the <a href="/wiki/Gaspee_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspee Affair">Gaspee Affair</a>. In March 1772, Deputy Governor <a href="/wiki/Darius_Sessions" title="Darius Sessions">Darius Sessions</a> in Providence sent a letter of concern to Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wanton" title="Joseph Wanton">Joseph Wanton</a> in Newport, having consulted with Chief Justice Hopkins. Sessions expressed alarm that the British schooner <i>Gaspee</i> had been cruising the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>, disrupting the traffic by stopping and searching commercial ships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaples18453_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaples18453-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sessions wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have consulted with the Chief Justice thereon, who is of the opinion that no commander of any vessel has any right to use any authority in the Body of the Colony without previously applying to the Governor and showing his warrant for so doing and also being sworn to a due exercise of his office – and this he informs me has been the common custom in this Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaples18453_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaples18453-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sessions went on to request that the governor take measures to bring the ship's commander to account. A chain of threatening correspondence ensued between the governor and <i>Gaspee</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> commander Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/William_Dudingston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dudingston">William Dudingston</a>, and Dudingston's superior Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Montagu (Royal Navy officer)">John Montagu</a>. On the night of June 9–10, a party of incensed colonists attacked the vessel and burned it to the waterline.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, Sessions was outraged at the incident and offered the colony's assistance in bringing the perpetrators to justice. To ameliorate retribution by the British authorities, Rhode Island officials took visible steps to find the culprits who burned the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind the scenes, however, Sessions and Hopkins did all they could to thwart any attempts to identify the attackers. </p><p>A royal commission was appointed by the British to investigate the incident, and they demanded that any indicted person be sent to England for trial. This egregious threat to local liberty prompted the colonists to form the <a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of Correspondence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Loyalist">Loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a> further aggravated the colonists' sensitivities by urging Britain to rescind the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter" title="Rhode Island Royal Charter">Rhode Island Royal Charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sessions conferred with Chief Justice Hopkins, lawyer John Cole, and <a href="/wiki/Moses_Brown" title="Moses Brown">Moses Brown</a>, and the four men drafted a letter to Massachusetts' statesman <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a>. Adams replied by urging Rhode Island to remain defiant, or at least to stall matters by appealing the creation of the royal commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Wanton was put at the head of this commission but was compliant with Sessions' and Hopkins's attempts to frustrate the aims of the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sessions, Hopkins, and others coordinated their efforts to lose evidence, threaten potential witnesses, and discredit those who testified. The vast majority of Rhode Island's citizens were supportive of the attackers and kept quiet about their identities. A year after the incident, the royal commission was terminated without a single indictment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_Congress">Continental Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Continental Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1774, the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> convened, and both Ward and Hopkins were chosen as the delegates from Rhode Island. Hopkins, at age 68, was senior to every delegate there, and only he and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> had attended the <a href="/wiki/Albany_Congress" title="Albany Congress">Albany Congress</a> 20 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the previous several years, Hopkins had developed palsy in his hands, and this greatly affected his ability to write. At the seating of this congress, Henry Arniett Brown wrote, "yonder sits the oldest of them all. His form is bent, his thin locks, fringing a forehead bowed with age and honorable service, and his hands shake tremulously as he folds them in his lap. It is Stephen Hopkins."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The congress was called to protest the actions of Great Britain and to secure the rights and privileges of the 13 colonies. Both Hopkins and Ward had already predicted that independence would only come with war. Hopkins told his associates in Congress, "Powder and ball will decide this question. The gun and bayonet alone will finish the contest in which we are engaged, and any of you who cannot bring your minds to this mode of adjusting the quarrel, had better retire in time."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_Independence_(1819),_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_Independence_%281819%29%2C_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Trumbull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)">Declaration of Independence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>. Hopkins wears a hat and stands in the back near the door on the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hopkins was again elected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> which met on May 10, 1775, following the April <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">attacks on Concord and Lexington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This congress convened to manage the war effort, and eventually declared independence from Great Britain. In July 1775, they adopted a national postal system that was devised by <a href="/wiki/William_Goddard_(U.S._patriot/publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Goddard (U.S. patriot/publisher)">William Goddard</a>, with Benjamin Franklin appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a>. This was an idea that had already been implemented in Rhode Island a month earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1775, Hopkins was on a committee to report a plan for furnishing the colonies with naval armament. His knowledge of the shipping business made him particularly useful as a member of the naval committee established by Congress to purchase, outfit, man, and operate the first ships of the new <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>. Hopkins was instrumental in framing naval legislation and drafting the rules and regulations necessary to govern the fledgling organization during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War for Independence</a>. The first American naval squadron was launched on February 18, 1776. Hopkins used his influence to secure the position of commander in chief of the new navy for his brother <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a>, an appointment that proved to be unfortunate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905215–18_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905215–18-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations declared its absolute independence from Great Britain by a nearly unanimous vote on May 4, 1776; the Continental Congress adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> two months later on July 2. Hopkins had to support his palsied right hand with his left as he signed the document, remarking, "my hand trembles, but my heart does not."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gathering of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> was depicted in <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Trumbull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Trumbull)">Declaration of Independence</a></i>, where Hopkins is pictured standing in the back wearing a hat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> appreciated Hopkins's contributions during the congressional sessions: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Governor Hopkins of Rhode Island, above seventy Years of Age kept us all alive. Upon Business his Experience and judgment were very Useful. But when the Business of the Evening was over, he kept Us in Conversation till Eleven and sometimes twelve O Clock. His Custom was to drink nothing all day nor till Eight O Clock, in the Evening, and then his Beveredge was <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">Jamaica Spirit</a> and Water. It gave him Wit, Humour, Anecdotes, Science and Learning. He had read Greek, Roman and British History: and was familiar with English Poetry particularly <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pope" title="Alexander Pope">Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1700)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1700)">Tompson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a>. And the flow of his Soul made all his reading our own, and seemed to bring to recollection in all of Us all We had ever read. I could neither eat nor drink in those days. The other Gentlemen were very temperate. Hopkins never drank to excess, but all he drank was immediately not only converted into Wit, Sense, Knowledge and good humour, but inspired Us all with similar qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Adams_autobiography_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Adams_autobiography-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hopkins_and_slavery">Hopkins and slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hopkins and slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stephen Hopkins was a slave owner, like the majority of the signers of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, and he mentioned five slaves in his 1760 will<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201212_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201212-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of a man, woman, and three boys. They were bequeathed to close members of his family with instructions for their care; this was highly unusual for any slave owner. The woman was named Fibbo (or Phibo, Phebe) and was to go to his wife Anne and be treated "so that Servitude may not be a Burthen to her"; the man was named Saint Jago and was to go to his oldest son Rufus and be treated "so that his Life may be rendered easy and comfortable." The will was never proved because Hopkins lived another 25 years, and circumstances changed its provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201213_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201213-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 28, 1772, Hopkins freed Saint Jago and wrote the following in the manumission document: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But, principally, and most of all finding that the merciful and beneficent goodness of Almighty God; by the blessed Gospel of Jesus Christ our Lord: hath by the blessed Spirit taught all, who honestly obey its Divine Dictates, that, the keeping any of his rational Creatures in Bondage, who are capable of taking care of, and providing for themselves in a State of Freedom: is, altogather inconsistent with his Holy and Righteous Will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hopkins felt that the bondage of self-sufficient "rational creatures" was against God's will; he also thought that unconditional freedom for some slaves would be irresponsible on his part. To this end, he refused to free his woman slave Fibbo, even though it cost him his membership in the Quaker meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rationale was that "she had Children that needed the Immediate Care of a Mother."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201215_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201215-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that Hopkins's remaining slaves were not freed until after his death, but at least two of them (Primus and Bonner Jr.) had been living semi-independently for several years before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201216_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201216-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins introduced a bill in 1774 while serving in the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island Assembly">Rhode Island Assembly</a> which prohibited the importation of slaves into the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846141_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846141-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became one of the first anti-slave trade laws in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905170_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905170-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were several pressures occurring in the colony which led to greater restrictions on the slave trade, the greatest of which was the pressure applied by the Quakers, who were a large percentage of Rhode Island's population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905171_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905171-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg/175px-Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg/263px-Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg/350px-Hopkins.Stephen.grave_stone.No_Bur_Gnd.20110722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Hopkins grave marker, <a href="/wiki/North_Burial_Ground" title="North Burial Ground">North Burial Ground</a>, Providence</figcaption></figure> <p>In September 1776, poor health forced Hopkins to resign from the Continental Congress and return to his home in Rhode Island, though he remained an active member of Rhode Island's general assembly from 1777 to 1779. He died at his home in Providence on July 13, 1785, at age 78, and he is buried in the <a href="/wiki/North_Burial_Ground" title="North Burial Ground">North Burial Ground</a> there.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins helped to found the <a href="/wiki/Providence_Athenaeum" title="Providence Athenaeum">Providence Library Company</a> in 1753, and he was a member of the Philosophical Society of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143–44_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143–44-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905334_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905334-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/Hopkinton,_Rhode_Island" title="Hopkinton, Rhode Island">Hopkinton, Rhode Island</a> was named after him. The <a href="/wiki/SS_Stephen_Hopkins" title="SS Stephen Hopkins">SS <i>Stephen Hopkins</i></a> is a <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">liberty ship</a> named in his honor, and it was the first U.S. ship to sink a German surface warship in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins was instrumental in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a> (now Brown University) as a founding trustee. He served as Brown's first chancellor from 1764 to 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharter_of_Brown_University1945_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharter_of_Brown_University1945-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Governor_Stephen_Hopkins_House" title="Governor Stephen Hopkins House">His home</a> was originally located at the corner of Hopkins and South Main Streets in Providence, but it was moved twice after his death, both times to other locations on Hopkins Street. It is now located at 15 Hopkins Street, at the corner of Benefit Street, on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> campus, and is a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his diary, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Stiles" title="Ezra Stiles">Ezra Stiles</a> wrote of Hopkins, "I well knew Gov. Hopkins. He was a man of penetrating astutious Genius, full of Subtlety, deep Cunning, intriguing & enterprizing." Stiles added that Hopkins was a "man of a Noble fortitude & resolution" and "a glorious Patriot!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201211_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201211-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins has been given strong accolades from numerous historians, including Sanderson, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Arnold" title="Samuel G. Arnold">Arnold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bicknell" title="Thomas W. Bicknell">Bicknell</a>, but Richman simply called him "the greatest statesman of Rhode Island."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905161_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905161-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hopkins married Sarah Scott in 1726, the daughter of Sylvanus Scott and Joanna Jenckes and a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Providence_Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Providence Plantations">Providence Plantations</a> settlers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Scott_(settler)" title="Richard Scott (settler)">Richard Scott</a> and Katharine Marbury; Marbury was the youngest sister of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Scott was the first Quaker in Providence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887274_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887274-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopkins had seven children, five of whom lived to maturity. His wife died on September 9, 1753, at age 46, and Hopkins married Anne Smith, the daughter of Benjamin Smith. They did not have children together. Hopkins's younger brother <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a> became the first commander in chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a>, and his brother William became a celebrated merchant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846161_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846161-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopkins's cousin was Quaker preacher <a href="/wiki/Jemima_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemima Wilkinson">Jemima Wilkinson</a>, with whom he was friends.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRomig1973" class="citation book cs1">Romig, Walter (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-FPXEGRo-YC&q=Hopkins&pg=PA272"><i>Michigan Place Names</i></a>. 081431838X: Wayne State University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814318386" title="Special:BookSources/9780814318386"><bdi>9780814318386</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Michigan+Place+Names&rft.place=081431838X&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780814318386&rft.aulast=Romig&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-FPXEGRo-YC%26q%3DHopkins%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernstein2009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernstein2009_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Bernstein" title="Richard B. Bernstein">Bernstein, Richard B.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingfathersr0000bern/page/176/mode/2up">"Appendix: The Founding Fathers, A Partial List"</a>. <i>The Founding Fathers Reconsidered</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 176–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199832576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199832576"><bdi>978-0199832576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+The+Founding+Fathers%2C+A+Partial+List&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers+Reconsidered&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176-180&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0199832576&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingfathersr0000bern%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manual-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manual_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3C4tAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA208">Manual - the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a></i> (1891), p. 208-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Donald R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022200510/https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2011_WinSpring.pdf">"A Slave Called Saint Jago"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Rhode Island History Journal</i>. <b>69</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rihs.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/2011_WinSpring.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhode+Island+History+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Slave+Called+Saint+Jago&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rihs.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F02%2F2011_WinSpring.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887325-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887325_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin1887">Austin 1887</a>, p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887324_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin1887">Austin 1887</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoriarity1944224–25_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoriarity1944">Moriarity 1944</a>, pp. 224–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201078_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1078.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846135-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846135_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold1894294-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold1894294_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold1894">Arnold 1894</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bell, Whitfield J., and Charles Greifenstein, Jr. <i>Patriot-Improvers: Biographical Sketches of Members of the American Philosophical Society</i>. 3 vols. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1997, I:481-87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith190052–68-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith190052–68_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1900">Smith 1900</a>, pp. 52–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201079_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1079.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith190074–115-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith190074–115_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1900">Smith 1900</a>, pp. 74–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201080_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1080.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009_18-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaspee_Virtual_Archives2009">Gaspee Virtual Archives 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerchants_Satirized_in_Art2009-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerchants_Satirized_in_Art2009_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerchants_Satirized_in_Art2009">Merchants Satirized in Art 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846145_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136–37-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846136–37_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, pp. 136–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846137-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846137_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201081_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1081.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201074_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1074.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201075_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1075.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201082_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1082.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201076-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201076_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1076.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201077-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201077_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1077.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201083_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1083.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846140-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846140_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900129-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900129_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1900">Smith 1900</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900149–77-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900149–77_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1900">Smith 1900</a>, pp. 149–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1900290–325-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1900290–325_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1900">Smith 1900</a>, pp. 290–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStaples18453-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaples18453_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStaples18453_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStaples1845">Staples 1845</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201084_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1084.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19201085_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1920">Bicknell 1920</a>, p. 1085.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905215–18-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905215–18_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1905">Richman 1905</a>, pp. 215–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence">Interactive Declaration of Independence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)">Key to Declaration of Independence (Am Rev)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence">Key to Declaration of Independence</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn_Adams_autobiography-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn_Adams_autobiography_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn_Adams_autobiography">John Adams autobiography</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201212-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201212_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201213-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201213_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201214_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201215-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201215_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201216-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201216_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846141-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846141_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905170-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905170_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1905">Richman 1905</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905171-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905171_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1905">Richman 1905</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogak2004" class="citation book cs1">Rogak, Lisa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GN9s5DkJxbIC&q=north+burial+ground+notable+burials&pg=PA159"><i>Stones and Bones of New England: A Guide to Unusual, Historic, and Otherwise Notable Cemeteries</i></a>. Globe Pequot. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762730001" title="Special:BookSources/9780762730001"><bdi>9780762730001</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stones+and+Bones+of+New+England%3A+A+Guide+to+Unusual%2C+Historic%2C+and+Otherwise+Notable+Cemeteries&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780762730001&rft.aulast=Rogak&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGN9s5DkJxbIC%26q%3Dnorth%2Bburial%2Bground%2Bnotable%2Bburials%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143–44-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846143–44_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, pp. 143–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905334-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905334_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1905">Richman 1905</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharter_of_Brown_University1945-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharter_of_Brown_University1945_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharter_of_Brown_University1945">Charter of Brown University 1945</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201211-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBambergHopkins201211_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBambergHopkins2012">Bamberg & Hopkins 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichman1905161-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichman1905161_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichman1905">Richman 1905</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin1887274-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin1887274_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin1887">Austin 1887</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846161-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandersonConrad1846161_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandersonConrad1846">Sanderson & Conrad 1846</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisbey2009" class="citation book cs1">Wisbey, Herbert A. Jr (2009) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nu_Kk0mwm00C"><i>Pioneer Prophetess: Jemima Wilkinson, the Publick Universal Friend</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-7551-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-7551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Prophetess%3A+Jemima+Wilkinson%2C+the+Publick+Universal+Friend&rft.pages=54-55&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-7551-1&rft.aulast=Wisbey&rft.aufirst=Herbert+A.+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnu_Kk0mwm00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1894" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_G._Arnold" title="Samuel G. Arnold">Arnold, Samuel Greene</a> (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsshnZ-FUssC&pg=PA50"><i>History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i></a>. Vol. 2. Providence: Preston and Rounds. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429022767" title="Special:BookSources/9781429022767"><bdi>9781429022767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+State+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations&rft.place=Providence&rft.pub=Preston+and+Rounds&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=9781429022767&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Greene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMsshnZ-FUssC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin1887" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Osborne_Austin" title="John Osborne Austin">Austin, John Osborne</a> (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LA7ntaS11ocC&q=abbott%2C+daniel+235"><i>Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island</i></a>. Albany, New York: J. Munsell's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-0006-1"><bdi>978-0-8063-0006-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogical+Dictionary+of+Rhode+Island&rft.place=Albany%2C+New+York&rft.pub=J.+Munsell%27s+Sons&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-0-8063-0006-1&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=John+Osborne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLA7ntaS11ocC%26q%3Dabbott%252C%2Bdaniel%2B235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambergHopkins2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bamberg, Cherry Fletcher; Hopkins, Donald R. (January 2012). "The Slaves of Gov. Stephen Hopkins". <i>New England Historical and Genealogical Register</i>. <b>33</b>: 11–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7884-0293-7"><bdi>978-0-7884-0293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Historical+and+Genealogical+Register&rft.atitle=The+Slaves+of+Gov.+Stephen+Hopkins&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=11-27&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7884-0293-7&rft.aulast=Bamberg&rft.aufirst=Cherry+Fletcher&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Bicknell" title="Thomas W. Bicknell">Bicknell, Thomas Williams</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TF0EAAAAYAAJ&q=Greene"><i>The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York: The American Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1953313">1953313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+State+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+American+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1953313&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTF0EAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DGreene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1883" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Charles Henry (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJo-AAAAYAAJ&q=lawrence+wilkinson+mary+conyers&pg=PA288"><i>Americans of Royal Descent</i></a>. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americans+of+Royal+Descent&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Porter+%26+Coates&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJo-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dlawrence%2Bwilkinson%2Bmary%2Bconyers%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarity1944" class="citation journal cs1">Moriarity, G. Andrews (April 1944). "Additions and Corrections to Austin's Genealogical Dictionary of Rhode Island". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Genealogist" title="The American Genealogist">The American Genealogist</a></i>. <b>20</b>: 224–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Genealogist&rft.atitle=Additions+and+Corrections+to+Austin%27s+Genealogical+Dictionary+of+Rhode+Island&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=224-25&rft.date=1944-04&rft.aulast=Moriarity&rft.aufirst=G.+Andrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman1905" class="citation book cs1">Richman, Irving Berdine (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhodeislandastu00richgoog"><i>Rhode Island: A Study in Separatism</i></a>. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhodeislandastu00richgoog/page/n210">191</a>. <q>Stephen Hopkins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhode+Island%3A+A+Study+in+Separatism&rft.place=Boston+and+New+York&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Irving+Berdine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhodeislandastu00richgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandersonConrad1846" class="citation book cs1">Sanderson, John; Conrad, Robert Taylor (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sandersonsbiogr00unkngoog"><i>Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence</i></a>. Philadelphia: Thomas, Cowperthwait & Company. <q>Stephen Hopkins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+the+Signers+to+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Thomas%2C+Cowperthwait+%26+Company&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Robert+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsandersonsbiogr00unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1900" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph Jencks (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilandmilitar00smitgoog"><i>Civil and Military List of Rhode Island, 1647–1800</i></a>. Providence, RI: Preston and Rounds, Co. <q>hopkins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+and+Military+List+of+Rhode+Island%2C+1647%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Preston+and+Rounds%2C+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Jencks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilandmilitar00smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaples1845" class="citation book cs1">Staples, William R. (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentaryhist00stapgoog"><i>The Documentary History of the Destruction of the Gaspee</i></a>. Providence: Knowles, Vose, and Anthony. <q>Hopkins.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Destruction+of+the+Gaspee&rft.place=Providence&rft.pub=Knowles%2C+Vose%2C+and+Anthony&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Staples&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdocumentaryhist00stapgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><i>Online sources</i> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1776,_the_Musical2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgetowner.com/articles/2012/mar/15/1776-musical-still-tugs-americas-heart/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'1776,' the Musical Still Tugs at America's Heart"</a>. The Georgetowner. March 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%271776%2C%27+the+Musical+Still+Tugs+at+America%27s+Heart&rft.pub=The+Georgetowner&rft.date=2012-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgetowner.com%2Farticles%2F2012%2Fmar%2F15%2F1776-musical-still-tugs-americas-heart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_family2012" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~edburton/fam01666.htm">"Burton family"</a>. Rootsweb at Ancestry.com. 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burton+family&rft.pub=Rootsweb+at+Ancestry.com&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com%2F~edburton%2Ffam01666.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharter_of_Brown_University1945" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/about/administration/corporation/sites/brown.edu.about.administration.corporation/files/uploads/charter-of-brown-university.pdf">"Charter of Brown University"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brown University. 1945<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Governor+%28and+Chief+Justice%29+Stephen+Hopkins+%281707%E2%80%931785%29&rft.pub=Gaspee+Virtual+Archives&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgaspee.org%2FStephenHopkins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInteractive_Declaration_of_Independence" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quiz-tree.com/Declaration-of-Independence-Trumbull.html">"Interactive John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Quiz-tree.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+John+Trumbull%27s+%22Declaration+of+Independence%22&rft.pub=Quiz-tree.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quiz-tree.com%2FDeclaration-of-Independence-Trumbull.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Adams_autobiography" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211142518/http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A1_28&numrecs=19&archive=all&hi=on&mode=&query=jamaica&queryid=&rec=1&start=1&tag=text#firstmatch">"John Adams autobiography part 1"</a>. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A1_28&numrecs=19&archive=all&hi=on&mode=&query=jamaica&queryid=&rec=1&start=1&tag=text#firstmatch">the original</a> on February 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Adams+autobiography+part+1&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masshist.org%2Fdigitaladams%2Faea%2Fcfm%2Fdoc.cfm%3Fid%3DA1_28%26numrecs%3D19%26archive%3Dall%26hi%3Don%26mode%3D%26query%3Djamaica%26queryid%3D%26rec%3D1%26start%3D1%26tag%3Dtext%23firstmatch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey_to_Declaration_of_Independence_(Am_Rev)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanrevolution.org/deckey.html">"Key to "Declaration of Independence"</a>. American Revolution.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorable+quotes+for+1776&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0068156%2Fquotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins (politician)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40">Chronological list of Rhode Island leaders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402010637/http://www.quahog.org/factsfolklore/index.php?id=40">Archived</a> April 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colonialhall.com/hopkins/hopkins.php">Stephen Hopkins's Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906060308/http://www.colonialhall.com/hopkins/hopkins.php">Archived</a> September 6, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Rev. Charles A. Goodrich (1856) at ColonialHall.com</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressH000781" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000781">"Stephen Hopkins (id: H000781)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Stephen+Hopkins+%28id%3A+H000781%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DH000781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephen+Hopkins+%28politician%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0240">Encyclopedia Brunoniana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190710171052/https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/Databases/Encyclopedia/search.php?serial=H0240">Archived</a> July 10, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bbunce77/Wilkinson023.html">Biography VI - Stephen Hopkins</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502040342/http://freepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~bbunce77/Wilkinson023.html">Archived</a> May 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brown.edu/Research/Slavery_Justice/documents/SlaveryAndJustice.pdf">Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/declaration/bio21.htm">National Park Service biography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Folsom" title="Nathaniel Folsom">Nathaniel Folsom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts Bay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Thomas Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Dyer" title="Eliphalet Dyer">Eliphalet Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Low" title="Isaac Low">Isaac Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alsop" title="John Alsop">John Alsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boerum" title="Simon Boerum">Simon Boerum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Kinsey" title="James Kinsey">James Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane_(Continental_Congress)" title="Stephen Crane (Continental Congress)">Stephen Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smith_(Continental_Congress)" title="Richard Smith (Continental Congress)">Richard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_De_Hart" title="John De Hart">John De Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Humphreys" title="Charles Humphreys">Charles Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Biddle" title="Edward Biddle">Edward Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Lower Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland" title="Richard Bland">Richard Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton" title="Edmund Pendleton">Edmund Pendleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Caswell" title="Richard Caswell">Richard Caswell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton" title="Henry Middleton">Henry Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(statesman)" title="Thomas Lynch (statesman)">Thomas Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Template talk:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Declaration of Independence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Physical history of the Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary author</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">John Hancock</a> (Massachusetts)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Josiah Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">William Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Matthew Thornton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">William Ellery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Samuel Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Connecticut_politician)" title="William Williams (Connecticut politician)">William Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris" title="Lewis Morris">Lewis Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton_(Continental_Congressman)" title="Richard Stockton (Continental Congressman)">Richard Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Francis Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="John Hart (New Jersey politician)">John Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Abraham Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Benjamin Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Smith (Pennsylvania politician)">James Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Taylor (Pennsylvania politician)">George Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Thomas Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Charles Carroll of Carrollton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">Thomas Nelson Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">Francis Lightfoot Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn_(North_Carolina_politician)" title="John Penn (North Carolina politician)">John Penn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Jr." title="Thomas Lynch Jr.">Thomas Lynch Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Button Gwinett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Lyman Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">George Walton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates voting<br />for Independence<br />(did not sign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>New York</b>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Robert R. Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a><br /> <b>Maryland</b>: <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(Continental_Congress)" title="John Rogers (Continental Congress)">John Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights" title="Virginia Declaration of Rights">Virginia Declaration of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grievances_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Grievances of the United States Declaration of Independence">27 grievances</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_history_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence">Document's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence">signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Matlack" title="Timothy Matlack">Timothy Matlack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li>Anniversaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a> (Washington, D.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signers_Monument" title="Signers Monument">Signers Monument (Georgia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Voting_Independence" title="Congress Voting Independence">Pine portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Trumbull portrait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Template:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Colonial governors of Rhode Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges of Portsmouth<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1638–1640)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Rhode_Island_judge)" title="William Hutchinson (Rhode Island judge)">Hutchinson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="294" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge of Newport<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1639–1640)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governor of Newport and Portsmouth<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1640–1647)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Officer (Providence<br />and Warwick) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1644–1647)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(Patent of 1644) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1647–1663)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Coggeshall" title="John Coggeshall">Coggeshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarke_(governor)" title="Jeremy Clarke (governor)">J. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(President_of_Rhode_Island)" title="John Smith (President of Rhode Island)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gorton" title="Samuel Gorton"><i>Gorton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(President_of_Rhode_Island)" title="John Smith (President of Rhode Island)"><i>Smith</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dexter" title="Gregory Dexter"><i>Dexter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brenton" title="William Brenton">Brenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a><br />(Coddington Commission) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1651–1654)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sanford_(governor)" title="John Sanford (governor)">J. Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter of 1663">Royal Charter of 1663</a>) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1663–1686)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brenton" title="William Brenton">Brenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cranston_(governor)" title="John Cranston (governor)">J. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sanford" title="Peleg Sanford">P. Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington_Jr." title="William Coddington Jr.">Coddington Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bull_(governor)" title="Henry Bull (governor)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors under <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion<br />of New England</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1686–1689)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley"><i>Dudley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter of 1663">Royal Charter of 1663</a>) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1690–1776)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bull_(governor)" title="Henry Bull (governor)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Easton" title="John Easton">J. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Carr_(governor)" title="Caleb Carr (governor)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cranston" title="Samuel Cranston">S. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenckes_(governor)" title="Joseph Jenckes (governor)">Jenckes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wanton" title="William Wanton"> W. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wanton" title="John Wanton">John Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ward_(governor)" title="Richard Ward (governor)">R. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Wanton" title="Gideon Wanton">G. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Wanton" title="Gideon Wanton">G. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">S. Ward</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">S. Ward</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Lyndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wanton" title="Joseph Wanton">Joseph Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cooke" title="Nicholas Cooke">Cooke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> Gorton, Smith and Dexter were presidents of Providence and Warwick only, since Coddington had received a commission to remove Newport and Portsmouth from their jurisdiction, valid from 1651 to 1654; before and after these dates the President presided over all four towns of the colony. Dudley presided over the "Narragansett Country" only, later to become Washington County, Rhode Island; Andros subsequently presided over the entire colony.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1399643#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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